Evening Star Newspaper, June 13, 1930, Page 5

FEARS NAVAL RACE FPACT IS DELAYED Stimson, in Forum Address, Says Postponement Would Void 10 Years’ Work. (Continued From First Page) movement has just culminated in the Tondon naval treaty of 1930, and that | treaty is now pending before the gov-| ernments of the United States, Great Britain, Japan, France and Italy for ratification. To understand the issues which are thus presented to the peoples of these countries it is necessary to survey the background and history out of which this movement and this treaty have arisen. The causes of this movement date back to the great war. When that war ended the United States was fini-hing a great navy, which had been authorized in order to place America in a position “to defend itself against the possible attacks of German militarism if that force should succeed in dominating Europe. The British nation had like- Wise a large navy, which had been in “creased by the necessities of the war The Japanese navy had also been fected by the situation before and dur- ing the war. After the war was ended and German imperial militarism had been succeeded by a peaceful republic, a new condition arose. Nearly all the ations of the world had been engaged the war, and all of them were hun- gry for peace. The large navies which had been created for the exigencies of the war had become not only unneces- sary but an actual source of danger, as well as involving a great burden of cost. Their size was sufticiently t to suggest the constant possibility of offensive action. The contemplation of this possibility produced continual iri- tation between the various countries, It was primarily to remove this that * the American Government called the Washington conference and at that conference led in the formulation of the Washington treaty of 1922 Great Victory of Peace. of peace. It demonstrated a specific method of working for peace by limitation, and it convinced the this method was practical and efficient. It is true that prior to that date there had been treaties of naval limitation, and they had been successful. 'For over one hundred cears the experience of the United States and Canada with the Rush-Bagot agreement, which limited warships upon the Great Lakes of America, had shown that this arrangement contributed greatly to the good relations between those countries. Similarly, in 1902 the * republics of Argentina and Chile had found a treaty of naval limitation a potent help in solving the difficulties that had arisen over their bound line, and with its aid had succeeded in inaugurating a new era of friendly re- | lations, which still exists. But neither of these instances, striking and impor- tant as they were, had aflected enough nations of the werld to haye brought this method of preserving peace into general recognition. The Washington treaty of 1922 did this. It convinced the world that naval limitation was possible, and directed the consclence of the world toward an insistence upon such limitation. Although it only suc- sceeded in arresting competition in two classes of warsk the battleship and the aircraft carrier—it commenced & movement for further limitation which will not cease until all naval compe tlon has been arrested. It not only did this, but it had an immediate bene- ficial effect upon the relations of the nations which participated in it, par- ticularly of the United States and Ja- pan. Prior to the Washington treaty there had grown up in these countries which were both engaged in building great fleets of battleships, a spirit of suspicion and distrust. Irresponsible people in both nations were beginning to talk of the possibility of war. The Washington treaty, ending not only the competition in battleships but also pro- viding that neither nation should in- crease their fortifications and naval bases in certain regicns, put & stop to this growing ill will. The willingness of both parties to make sacrifices in armament ended the tendency to look upon each other as possible -enemies 4 and make possible the beginning of a new era of good will But in spite of these great successes the Washington Conference left & loop- hole for future trouble. Only two kinds of warships were limited: cruisers, destroyers and submarines were not. After the conference adjourned com- petition began in Europe in these un- regulated types, and, as always happens, | that competition gradually spread to other nations. No less than seven in- ternational meetings were called. one after another, for the purpose, either directly or indirectly, of meeting this situation and trying to close the loop- hole. Six of these were meetings of the Preparatory Commission of the League of Nations, and the seventh was the three-power conference of America, | Britain and Japan, which was called| at Geneva in 1927. None of them was successful, and the failures, together, with the increasing competition in these | three classes of warships, tended to| rouse again a spirit of friction and ill will. Between the United States and Brifain it became particularly notice- able and unfortunate, and it became evident that the governments of both nations should take steps to check its growth. | Failed to Remove Danger. The fact that at this very time vir- tually all the nations of the world had ' entered into a solemn covenant in the| pact of Paris, the so-called Kellogg- Briand pact, to renounce war as an in- strument of national policy and in fu- ture to solve their controversies only by | pacific means, did not of itself remove | + the danger which was being created by naval competition. True, the execu- tion of that instrument was a vitally! important event. It laid down a new international policy, and it had behind | it a general and overwhelming pop\llar‘ support. It proposed a new era, but new eras do not come out of old con ditions merely by virtue of good reso. lutions for the future. To cure evil: < which have been created by mischiev-| ous conditions the conditions them- selves must be changed. In order to create a situation where no nation will yesort to war as an instrument of na- tional policy there must be established, in addition to the promise not to make war. a larger measure of confidence than now exists in the ability of the reslau 07~9~11~13 G St NW'* (0)¢ DRE ~1logg-Briand pact. different, nations of the world to main- tain_their pacific_intentions under all the temptations which are sure to con. front them. Affirmative, practical steps must be taken to carry out the good resolution and to begin the evolution in international good will upon which the success of that resolution depends. Otherwise the failure of the good reso- lution may produce a condition worse than if it had never been made. Thus the situation as it stood & year ago may be summed up as follows: ‘The nations of the world had been taking definite, practical steps toward a new regime of peace by the partial naval disarmament of the Washington treaty. They had also entered into a formal covenant to renounce war altogether as a national policy. But the practical steps of disarmament were incomplete, and new suspicions and irritations were { growing up in consequence. And the .peace pact was thus far a mere paper promise. Its fate was trembling in the balance, Whether this paper was to become & live system, and thus to mark the opening of a really new era in the world’s progress, or whether, like many other good resolutions, it should fade | away into nothingness, depended on the practical steps which should be taken to make it good. From this background the Govern- | ment of the United States, under Presi- dent Hoover, and that of Great Britain, {under Prime Minister Macdonald, Istarted last year the movement to | change the old dangerous conditions, to complete the work begun by the Wash- ington Conference, to close the last possibility of naval competition between | their_own peoples and the other peo- ['Ples of the world. and thus to take & |long step forward toward making ef- fective the noble intentions of the Kel- Negotiations be- tween the two governments were begun {in the Summer of 1929. They were g ied on at the personal conference of Mr. Hoover and Mr. Macdonald at the Rapidan in_October. Their pur- poses were set forth in the following | joint statement, issued by them on Oc- lober 97 after this personal meeting: | Joint Statement. ! “We have been guided by the double hope of settling our own differences on naval matters, and so establishing un- clouded good will, candor and confi- dence between us. and also of contrib- | uting something to the*solution of the | problem of peace, in which all other nations are interested and which calls tor their co-operation. | “In signing the Paris peace pact 56 naticns have declared that war shall | not be use@ as an instrument of na- tional policy. We have agreed that all disputes shall be settled by pacific “Both our governments resolve to, accept the peace pact. not as a declara- tion of good intentions, but as & posi- tive obligation to direct national policy in_accordance with its pledge.” Out of these beginnings came the call | for the London Conference, and out of | { the London Conference came the Lon- | don naval treaty. Thus that treaty is| I not merely an attempt to establish a | relationship fcr the time being between | { the three fleets of America, Britain and Japan; it is the culmination of a 10- year movement toward peace between | the various naval powers of the world, | and &lso a step in the vitalization of the Kellogg-Briand pact. Of course, it is not equal to the vision of the two men who tssued the Rapidan statement. In | human affairs no realization ever| matches the vision, and limitation U(‘ larms s not a single step but a con-| | tinuous process. But the treaty is a| long step forward in that evolutionary | process. It prescribes & complete limi- | and a cessation of compe {ive tation building between the navies of Amelica Britain and Japan -the three greatest naval powers of the world. Between | them, if this treaty is ratified, there is to be no further naval competition or the rivalry, suspicion and ill-will which is sure to arise out of it. With these three pow France and Italy—have joined in cer- tain impotrant agreements in the treaty They have joined in a six-year exten- sion of the battleship holiday. They have also joined in a covenant to out- law ruthless submarine warfare—the kind of warfare which dragged America into the great war. And. finally, they have given to the limitation treaty of the other three powers their approval | and hearty concurrence, with the prom- ise to continue their own negotiations, in the hope of ultimately joining the other three in a similarly complete limi- tation. ‘This limitation treaty is now pending | | for final ratification in each o the three countries to which its full restric- THE EVENING - STAR, WASHINuwiuN, D. C, SECRETARY Who last night urged ratific; System. STIMSON, tion of the arms treaty in & speech in the National | | Radio Forum arranged by The Star and sponsored by the Columbia Broadcasting | Harrls-Ewing Photo, FrIDAY, o Uiy L ol 1930. be s gross injustice to the two services and to the many broad and fair- minded officers within them. For two years, as Secretary of War under Presi- dent Taft, I had the honor of being in constant association with the officers of the general staff of the Army, and among them were many men whose grasp of these questions was conspicu- ously broad and fair and statesman- like. Again, at the London Conference we delegates had the benefit of the assistance and advice of the com- mander-in-chief of the American fleet, Admiral Pratt, as well as of several other able naval officers, than whom I cannot imagine men with fairer minds or a better balanc d view of all of the conditions which entered into the mak- ing of ‘the treaty. Admiral Pratt' statement in favor of the treaty before the Senate committee on foreign re- lations was conspicuous for its states- manlike analysis and fair appraisal of the opposiug elements of the problem. I am speaking of a tendency—the tendency of the professional military viewpoint, That viewpoint has cropped out in all three countries in respect to the treaty, and it has been conspicuous in some of the testimony which has been given before the Senate committees. It is narrow. It only covers & portion of the fleld which must be considered in matters of national security and de- fense, and itx limitations and dangers have long been recognized by the Ameri- can people, From the very foundation of their Government, the American people have placed the decision of these matters in the hands, not of their admirals and generals, but in the hands of their cvilian tepresentatives. By our Con- stitution the size and character of the American fleet, so far as it is deter- mined by appropriation, rests with the President and Congress; so far as it is determined by treaty it rests with the President and the Senate. The naval officer is relegated to the function sim- ply of giving advice on technical mat- ters to these cjvil officers who have the dutly of making the declsion, In these respects the American people have only tions will apply—America, Britaln and weigh the factor of international good | carried out the traditions and methods will or rightly evaluate machinery which|of all the English-speaking peoples of Japan. In each of these countries it is quarters. But the source of this oppo- sition and the arguments which are made against it give fresh evidence of its true value and of the real upon which it stands. In each country extremists among the professional war- time in_each couniry civilian opinion_is giving it overwhelming sup- port. Furthermore, the things are said in criticism of the treaty by warriors In one country are divectly in | the other conflict with the things which are said | must thus are American admirals are | than the horizon. It in_eriticism of 1t warriors in the other countries. saying that the treaty will not estab- lish parity between America and Brit- amn, but will make the American Navy inferior to the British na At the very same moment British admirals and ex-lords of the admiralty are de- claring that the treaty imposes naval inferiority upon Great Britain and supremacy upon the United States American admirals are declaring that the treaty makes impossible a success- ful war with Japan, while at the same moment Jupanese admirals declare that | the treaty makes it impossible for the Japanese navy “adequately to protect the Japanese nation.” In Japan one unfortunate naval officer is even re- ported to have committed suicide as & protest against the treaty, and two others have recently resigued for the same Teason. Out cf this clash of opinions two re- sults are clear. First, that a treaty so evenly criticized on opposite grounds by by will prevent war between nations. by substituting other eXCIUDg VIgorous opposition in ¢ertain | pepiedies for the seitlement of disputes| least three hundred years. They are thus likely | Englishman have existed for at The last | create & the world which who sought to to be blindfolded to one-half of the|navy larger than the wishes of the rep- horizon for them & very important half. basis | these circumstances they are naturally | | against all naval limitation. the opposition comes mainly from some | difficuly it i to see that naval|&s “ship mone Under | resentatives of the British people was Charles I, and his action in trying to collect for that purpose what was known without the consent of limitation itself, by checking mutual | the House of Commons resulted in the viors of that country, while at the same | suspicion and promoting good will, 18| civil war in which he lost his head. war. Which | that a navy which seems to them merely | PUbIiC | one of the most effective preventives of | Those Americans today who are sug- It is hard for them to rTealize | gesting that the size and character of the American, fleet must be determined large enough for defense may seem to| solely in accordance with the views of be They for nation to be so large that it|the admirals of the fleet are not only intended for offense. apt to ask for larger navies| cenjuries, but are suggesting the sur- man who can see the whole rentier of what has hith is especially difficult seeking to reverse the traditions of three 0 been re- garded &s one of the most priceless them to make the decision which must| rights of the American people. and one be made by every government as to the | Most necessary for the protection of its proper size of an armament reasonably for defensive which will not seem provocative or dis- turbing to other nations Minister when he was here last year, willing to take the risks of war, but they are no. willing to take the risks sufficient guage of Prime of peace’ Do not misunderstand me. no intention of including all naval and | constructive military men in this criticism. but In the lan-| acdonald | breadth of view They are | than in the case of the present treaty. liberty. Breadth of View Needed. Certainly never was the necessity of shown more clearly Certainly never were the dangers of a narrow ~ militaristic viewpoint more | clearly made manifest. Here is a treaty I have| which represents the latest step in a progress toward interna- It would | tional good will of over 10 years, It OPEN EVENINGS AND SUNDAY -A New Meaning for 0.K. s two other powers— | | parently so_evenly distributed that ex- [ | i naval officers—fighting men. | to make war less likely. extremists in all three countries must come pretty near to the central line of fairness and justice between all three All treaties which, like this one, in- volve & compromise of opposing inter- ests, must essarily contain some concessions by each party. In the case of this trealy the concessions are ap- Times have changed; once O. K. meant only all right or satisfactory. Today with Ourisman it means car-velue plu it means @ $0-day guaraitee to you and we stake our veputation upon 1its suc- cessful completion. No car is tagged O. K. to sell until it 1% ready to vender the service you expect. URISMAN 0 Chevrolet Sales Company 625 H St. N.E. 13th and Good Hope Rd. S.E. sider the preventive measures of inter- national relations which are intended N Used Cars @ actly opposite results are being claimed to flow from the trealy in each of the three countries. All of these predictions of evil cannot be true; probably none of them is. But there is a deeper reason why these criticisms should mnot prevail against the treaty. The critics are They are handicapped by & kind of training which tends to make men think of war as the only possible defense against war, It is not their function to con- 7z 2 “WASHINGTON’S FAMILY JEWELERS—Since 1888” that please “PERFECT” DIAMONDS GRADUATION Watches—Jewelry—Silverware At Cash Prices—On Convenient Terms ACII vear for the past forty-two (42) vears parents and friends have been buving GRADUATION, WEDDING, ANNIVER- SARY and BIRTHDAY 'S from Chas. Schwartz & Son. vou will find one of the LARGEST SELECTIONS OF |E Here QUALITY MERCHANDISE sold at popular cash prices on convenient weekly or monthly terms. city's Gruen—Elgin—Hamilton—Benrus Bulova—Iillinois Watches $1 a Week Special GRUEN $39.75 15-Jewel Take your choice of these world famous watches in STYLE! FOR MEN OR WOMEN FOR ONLY §1 A WEEK. One of the city's largest watch stocks awaits your selection. The Bride’s Silver is & result of negotiations begun over & year ago and carried on through 14 weeks of careful deliberation in Lon- don. So far as the security of America is concerned, those American rights were represented by a delegation of aeven gentlemen at least three of whom had worn the uniform of the United States as soldiers during the last great war, and who, therefore, from personal experience are well aware of the rav- ages of war and of the vital need of a proper national defense. The treaty deals with a proposed American fleet of a total tonnage of 1,125,000 tons. ‘The chief differences of opinion in the Navy relates merely to 30,000 tons, or' three ships, and merely to the method | in_which those three ships should be armed— whether with 8-inch or 6-inch mns. And as to this question there is & difference of opinion within the Navy itself, where the commander-in-chief of the fleet and many others agree that the treaty Is right. Yet because of this slight difference of opinion in respect to less than 3 per cent in tonnage of the total fleet certaln opponents of the naval affairs, also held public sessions and its proceedings were fully reported in the public press. Finally, the Senate is having for its deliberations the benefit of the advice of two of its leading members. Senator Robinson and Senator Reed, members of each of the two great national parties, who also were members | of the American delegation-in London | and who are acquainted With every step of the negotiations. Probably never within the history of this country have there been before the Senate for deci- sion questions where there has been more opportunity given the Senate for obtaining information and less chance of the Senate belng takem by surprise or deceived, On the other hand, what will be the ' consequences of delay? Discussion of | the treaty thus far has been entirely without regard to party politics. In the negotiations in London, as well as in the discussions before the Senate com- | mittees, Democrats and Republicans | have considered the questions before | | them purely as national and never as party questions. This is as it should A-S BANDITS GET 20 YEARS | Three Youths Were Captured in Baltimore Gem Robbery. BALTIMORE, Md., June 13 ().— Four young bandits, three of them caught when police frustrated a jewelry shop hold-up here, May 21, were sen= tenced Wednesday to 20 years each in the penitentiary. " The three, taken police as they prepared to depart wi $20,000 in jewelry after binding the proprietor and two patrons, were George Meredith, Alfred Hyatt and Charles Cramer, who said their homes were at Jacksonville. Edward West, 25, was arrested short- ly afterward at the apartment where the three had been staying, and he was sentenced for complicity in the previous hold-up of a lottery establishment. Judge's View of Childless Homes. NEW YORK, June 13 (#).—Childless treaty would throw overboard all of the | he, and s our Constitution intended | homes, in the bellef of Justice Harry benefits of this great movement, all of the admitted advantages of the treaty, and go back to an era of unrestricted competition with Japan and Great Britain. Never was the narrowness and intolerance of militarism exhibited in & more striking light. Never was the wise foresight of our forefathers which placed the decision of such matters in different Uands more clearly vindicated. ‘The opponents of the treaty are now urging that its consideration should be postponed until next Autumn. after the elections. They say that more time is required for its proper considegation by the Senate. Lei us look at that argu- ment. Probably no treaty has ever been before the Senate of which the essential questions involved have had those of this treaty. For the i this treaty which are in controversy are very narrow, and they have been pub- licly debated for over three years. comparative values of the 6 and 8 inch cruisers, as well as the tonnage of each which may be required by the three powers, were the chief questions dis- cussed at the Geneva Confereuce in 1927. ‘Those questions have heen well known by the public ever since. Over one hundred press correspon- dents attended the London Conference last Winter and flooded the press of the world with a continuance of this dis- cussion, When the treaty reached the| Senate an lnnovation on former com- mittee procedure in such matters was determined on, and the treaty was dis- cussed before the commiltee on foreign relations, not as heretofore, in private sessions, but in public sessions, with & large press representation in attend- ance. Not only that, but & second com- mittee of the Senate, the committee on such long and thorough publicity 8s|and Britain or Japan would be dis- | | o [ New Mouldings L] | in’ the senatorial consideration of in- | ternational treaties. | But if the ratification of the treaty should be postponed until the Autumn, | | there will be projected Into every senu- | | torial contest the bitter efforts of a single group of newspapers which is now | devollng _itsell to the defeat of the| treaty. These efforts do not now and | would not then consist in & discussion |of the real questions involved in the | treaty. The irresponsible misrepre- | sentation, the spirit of international | suspicion and 111 will which thus far has | marked the editorials of this group | would be poured Into every canvass in an effort to align candidates on one or the other side of this controversy. The | possibility of war between this country | ues of | cussed in every district, and alleged sinister motives and purpcses toward us on the part of these two other na- | | e | tiona would be conjured up and paraded | | Save Money, Too! ‘This would have no other result than to breed unfounded suspicion and il will. It would not only tend to drag the treaty into party phlitics, but it would go far to neutral- ize the efforts which our Government has made during the past 10 years to cultivate friendship and good will with these other nations. It would go far 10 destroy the benefit and purpose of the treaty when ratified. ‘The London naval treaty represents a definite, constructive step on the Jong road toward international good wn- dersianding and peace. Its ratification will insure that step. 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