Evening Star Newspaper, June 1, 1930, Page 31

b THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, JUNE 1, 1930—PART TWO. BRIAND FEDERATION PLAN RECALLS FORMER EFFORTS Differs From Predecessors by His Pro- posal for Organization Within Organization. N_proposing a federation of Europe France’s many times premier and veteran statesman, Aristide Briand, now foreign minister, adds his name to a long list of peace lovers ©of many nations, Some of these names, like those of Henry VI of France—who probably does not deserve the distinction—Willlam Penn and Immanuel Kant, are familiar to everybody. Others, like that of the Abbe de St. Pierre and John Bellers, are less widely known. Briand's plan differs from that of any of his predecessors in one striking particular—it proposes a federation within a federation. For the French statesman the twentieth century has to reckon with a fact which did not and could not enter into the dreams of carlier political philosophers. That fact is the League of Nations, a going concern which gives the name of an American, Woodrow Wilson, a special place In the roster of those who have ‘imagined a union of countries living in peace with ane another instead of a discordant group of countjies forever fighting. Subjects of Study Are Economie. But since the League of Nations is in existence, a going concern, why an- other federation, especially one which would frankly be subordinate to the Yeague? When Briand first put his idea forward, it was supposed that the new federation would deal with economic matters, as the League deals with polit- ical matters. But the plan as actually get forth places political union first and economic _organization second. Yet most of the specific subjects which Briand mentions as suitable for study by the federation are economic. These subjects include tariffs, public ‘works, communication and transporta- tion, finance, labor questions, hygiene, intellectual co-operation and interpar- liamentary relations. Some of these sub- Jects, as labor questions and intellectural co-operation, have already been under- taken by the League of Nations. In reference to them there would have to be a careful delimiting of action— agreement upon spheres of influence, so to speak—between the League and the federation. » _ There could be no dispute between the two organizations upon this point, for Briand states squarely that the federa- tion “cannot substitute itself for the League of Nations in tasks confined to that bocy by pact or treaties,” and that “even In {ts own domain of the organi- gation of Europe it should co-ordinate its particular activities with the general activity of the League of Nations.” ‘This declaration, however, will hardly prevent the satirists—of whom Briand’s own country has its full quota—from slyly suggesting the formation of a super federated League of Nations to decide questions arising between the Briand federation and the League or to prevent actual hostilities from break- ing out between them. The plans of most of Briand's pred- ecessors in the business of federa- tion making were much less compre- hensive than his. All they aimed at was an international organization which might reduce or eliminate the likelihood or the possibility of war, But one of the most famous of these plans, the Grand Dessein of Henry IV, stopped at nothing. ‘This plan, according to the story, was formed by the French monarch— the dashing Henry of Navarre—duly set down in the memoirs.of his minis- ter of finance and favorite, the Duc de Sully, in 1634 and discovered nearly & century latter by the Abbe de St. Pierre, who found the book buried in an olgon en. History takes the credit for the plan from the King and gives it to the min- ister, but it was politic to ascribe it to the monarch in the first place, be- cause the ascription might win for it something of the popularity of the King and also enable it to avold creat- ing offence in important political circles. Balance of Power Proposed. ‘The great design proposed to divide Europe among 15 nations in such a ,way that the balance of power should be established and preserved. These 15 nations were to form jointly a Christian republic, based upon the free- ‘ dom and the equality of its members. ‘The armed forces of the federated Tepublic were to be supported by fixed contributions—as the expenses of the League of Nations are met. ‘There was to be a general council, composed of representatives from the 15 nations, which was to make all laws that mught be deemed necessary for consolidating the union and maintaining it. The members of the council, or senate, were also to “deliberate on ques- tions that might arise, to occupy them- selves with discussing different interests, to settle quarrels amicably, to throw light upon and arrange all the civil, political and religious affairs of Eu- Yope, whether internal or foreign.” A rather large order, but it lost none of its vastness at the hands of its dis- coverer and expounder, the Abbe de St. Pierre, who had an eye—and a will- , for details. The abbe did not confine himself to 15 nations. He proposed a perpetual union—how many «perpetual Wnions have been proposed in this world !hk‘h never were formed at all or soon roke hopelessly! The abbe proposed a perpetual union of all Christian sovereigns, of whom he suggested as many as 19 the Czar being excluded, this union “to preserve unbroken peace in Europe.” There was to be a permanent congress or senate, composed of deputies of the federated nations. The union was to protect weak sovereigns (no pretense about a republic here), minor heirs- . apparent during & regency, and so on, and to put an end to both civil and international war. Revolutions to Be “Impossible.” Revolutions were to be made impossi- le, for the union was to ‘“render prompt and adequatc assistance to rulers and chief magistrates against seditious persons and rebels. Despite the avowed aim of “unbroken peace in Europe” wars were not excluded from consideration—in the Jargon of our day they were not “un- thinkable”—but they would be very different from preceding wars, for they would be waged, not between nation and nation or alliance and alliance, but between the federation and the enemy or enemies of European security, whether those enemies were outsiders or insurrectionary members of the union. Here is a distinct forecast of the central alm of the League of Na- tions. ‘The troops at the disposal of the union were to be made up of con- tingents contributed _equally by its member nations. Disputes arising within the union were to be settled, if possible, by arbitration — compulsory arbitration—the general council or sen- ate being the arbitrator. But on one matter there would be nothing to arbi- trate—the military forces of the fed- eration were to be used in a d-termined effort to drive the Turks out of Europe. Another forecast of the League of Nations appears in the provision that there was to b2 a rational rearrange- ment of boundaries, after which no change in the map of Europe would be _ permitted. A piquant feature of the abbe's pre entation of this plan s his recognition | of objections. As if to take the wind out of the salls of critics, he advances no fewer than 62 arguments against it— arguments which he proceeds to analyze with acuteness and to answer with elgguence. But him from persecution for his aydacity. He was expelled from the French Academy and narrowly escaped the Bastille, ?MWWEI- this candor did not | imagination of an American who had a part in the formation of an actual union of states which has made a good start toward being perpetual. After the close of the convention in Philadelphia which framed the Consti- tution, Benjamin Franklin wrote to a | friend in Europe: “I send you enclos'd | the propos'd new Federal Constitution | for these States. I was engag'd four | Months of the last Summer in the Con- vention that form'd it. It is now sent by Congress to_several States for their Confirmation. If it succeeds, I do not see why you might not in Europe carry the Project of good Henry the 4th into | Execution, by forming a Federal Union and One Grand Republick of all its different States & Kingdoms; by means of a like Convention; for we had many Interests to reconcile.” S About 50 years after Sully had com- mitted the Great Design to paper and while it was awaiting discovery at the hands of St. Pierre—in 1682, to be ex- act—William Penn submitted to the va- rious governments in Europe a plan for maintaining peace. He was trying in his province of Pennsylvania what he termed “a holy experiment” in govern- ment, one of the novel features of which was the absence of any armed force. Even when threatened by the Indians the Quaker rulers of Pennsylvania were extremely reluctant to take military wmeasures, to Franklin's great disgust. It was natural, therefore, that Penn should think of an experiment in peaceful gov~ ernment for his own continent. Coercion Advocated. Penn’s plan envisaged a parliament of Europe, meeting every three years, which should settle all questions among the countries represented. But sup- pose that some country refused to sub- mit to the decision of the international parliament. Then the peace-loving Penn, like Sully and St. Pierre and many others down to and including ‘Woodrow Wilson, would have had the recalcitrant nation coerced by its fel- low states. An_ingenious feature of Penn's plan was his suggestion of a circular room for the meeting place of the parliament, with a door for every nation. In a circular room everybody could consider himself to be at the head of the table and with a door for the representatives of every nation there could no awakward question of precedence. No two representatives of different nations would ever find themselves attempting to enter or leave a door ahead of each other, ‘We may smile at Penn’s circular room and individual doors, but if he were alive today he could point to the Gann- Longworth contest for precedence in Washington and argue that his archi- tectural arrangement for a European parliament in the seventeenth century might serve a useful purpose in the America of the twentieth century. In- ternationally, however, we seem fo have made some progress in the vexed posi- tion of precedence. The League of Na- tions gets along very well in a hall of conventional design. Yet it may be noted that Briand, in his plan for a European federation, proposed that the presiding officer be chosen annually from each nation in turn. X K % x Paradoxically enough, it was another Quaker who made the first suggestion of an_international army. This was John Bellers, who in 1710 put forward a plan for a European Parliament to be denominated “The Christian Com- monwealth.” Previously, the force which it had been proposed to place at the disposal of the tentral organi- zations would have been a combination of continents from the member nations. Bellers advanced the idea of an inter- national army, Europe being divided | into a hundred provinces, each province to supply at least 1,000 men or equiva- lent in money or ships. Even more striking is another of the proposals of Bellers—nothing less than reduction of armaments. ‘Without, | such reduction, Bellers contended, peace would be little better than truce. St. Plerre believed that when people came to have confidence in arbitration, dis- armament would follow. We are still struggling with both of these methods. Briand’s plan does not need to con- sider the settlement of disputes or the preservation of peace. Those matters are for the League of Nations or the World Court. His plan is something new under the sun—a European fed- eration for objects mainly economic. But it must face jealousy and rivalries which are as sharp as those of politics. Can it mitigate those jealousies and rivairies by supplying a Tallying sound against the economic competition of the United States—a Nation which was not even in existence when most of the plans for a European federation were put forward? Or, like all of those plans previous to the League of Nations covenant, will it remain a dream? Its reception is not particularly promis- ing. Briand's name is likely to be re- membered for Locarno rather than for & European federation. 5 =l Japanese Have Problem In School Admittance Regardless of its policy to use meth- | ods which are as up-to-date as possible, | the Japanese ministry of education has |decided that the written examination {15 the best test of & student’s grasp of |a given subject. Two years ago the authorities announced that entrance cxaminations to the middle schools would be abolished and that candidates would be taken on the basis of their principal’s recommendations, plus an | oral intelligence test. The Japanese middle school roughly corresponds to the last three years of grammar school | |and the first two of high school in the United States. Sufficient time has | passed, it is said, to show that the new | system' is not satisfactory. There are | enough middle schools in the country to take care of all those who wish to attend, but some of the institutions in he larger cities are popular and many more seek admittance yearly than can | be accepted. Under these circumstances | the students cannot be selected care- | tully enough without some sort of writ- |ten”test. Many principals are swayed by personal feelings, the authorities | state, and oral examinations offer no | | more than a superficial idea of what | the students really know. | | e 2 Asquith Suggests éloner Study of Human Body | Opening the new health soctety's re- cent exhibition of things one should | eat, wear and do in order to keep well, Lord Asquith has suggested that in future instead of pictures we shall have on the walls diagrams and trans- parencies of our own_bod| | Teferring to the exhibits I German Health Society’s museum, which makes & propagandist round of the Ger- man cities. Most interesting of these exhibits, all of which reveal charac- thoroughness, is the By a clever device one is able to study the organs of the body as they would look to eyes that could pierce like X-rays. The effect of seeing in this way what goes on within the body 1s almost startling. for nothing Is so exciting as the revela tion of the miracles that go on unknown | behind _the mask of flesh and bone The German health propagandists | seem” also in advance of this country in the use of models and mechanisms to illustrate such matters as care of the teeth, diseases of child- hood and ravages of BY CHANNING POLLOCK. OULD you believe that nearly half the successful plays produced in New York are stolen from poor and per- manently unknown authors? That Eugené O'Neil and Sidney How- ard and David Belasco and other pre- sumably honest men and good citizens, trade and earning distinction in it, almost never produce anything worth while that wasn't really written some theretofore—and _thereafter—ol scure barber or stagehand? That at least two Pulitzer prizes have been awarded men who had merely lifted their material from the archives of Miss George Lewys and the Messrs. Grubb, Schayer and North? Of course you wouldn't! Neither would any one else—but it costs about $100,000 per annum to con- vince the courts, and. usually, from 3 to 20 years time and productiveness. During all man. Managers and motion picture | magnates are fearful of dealing with him, even if there were occasion—which generally there isn't, because an author harassed.in this fashion, realizing that his reputation and his life’s savings hang in the balance, is far more likely to spend his days collecting evidence and preparing his defense than in thinking out imaginary _troubles purely fictitious heroes and heroines. Thriving Infant Industry. The plagiarism sult business 1is among the most thriving of our infant industries, In recent years it has in- volved as many as 40 per cent of the plays whose success has carried them through 200 performances or more and there is scarcely a writer of standing in America who hasn't been haled to court to prove his innocence. “The plagiarism racket,” Howard Barnes ed it in a recent magazine article, ahd a racket it often is, involving all the machinery of legalized chicanery. It is the sort of mulcting long levied on doctors, dentists and motorists, but the stakes are higher and the evidence is far less painful to the alleged vic- tim. Small wonder that a good many easy-money seekers who used to wait on the pavement for an automobile to hit them are learning that it is simpler and potentially more lucrative to dash off 20 or 30 pages of what the uninitiat- ed might call “a play,” and wait for John Galsworthy or George Bernard Shaw to “steal it.” If they don't and know they can prove they didn't, there is always the chance of settlement cut of court. Only unwillingness to be branded a plagiarist prevents this generally hoped- for adjustment, because fighting these cases is the best example of “heads I lose, tails you win” ever devised by man. ‘The operation is always, or almost, suc- cessful, but if the defending patient doesn’t die he is fairly certain to be crippled, physically, mentally and finan- clally, for the next 10 years. Case Decided by Court. On March 18 the Court of Appeals at Albany unanimously decided what every- body else should have known since Jan- uary, 1912—that Richard Watson Tully wrote “The Bird of Paradise.” In doing 50 it voided a previous verdict of $781,- 000 against Mr. Tully and his manager, Oliver Morosco, and left them the some- what meager remains of their earnings from what had been, for Mr. Tully, the labor of 10 years. The plays at issue, according to Justice Lehman, “are en- who have spent years learning their | of . the defendant’s | this period, of course, he is a marked | for | Authors Pirate Victims | scribable, Rancho.” in it. ally ill and over again. dress. tirely dissimilar. . . . the Tecord discloses no evidence which | hundreds of printed pages, but as many could fairly lead to an inference that ‘Tully copled the plaintiff’s play and ap- propriated her property. the basic theme of his play before he had opportunity to read the play.” This conclusion follow ing verdict to the contrary and 18 years of litigation, during which the defend- ant's property was tide up, his creative energles were paralyzed and his mental anguish must have been almost inde- broken man.” Plagiarism Suit Business Is One of Most Thri | IT IS PROBABLE THAT HE WOULD GO TO THE INEXHAUSTIBLE AND UNPROTECTED TREASURES OF THE PAST. A reading of | He received aintifl’s crush- T met Mr. Tully when he first came to New York, in 1901, with the play David Belasco produced as “The Rose of the He was an alert, well edu- cated, straightforward young man, clear- eyed and vigorous, of the most meticu- lous integrity and with an indomitable will to learn his craft and win standing Our association was fairly close while he was writing “The Bird of Para- dise,” and on the night of its trium- phant production in New York, follow- ing rather more than the usual trials and travafls of authorship, I thought him one of the happiest, healthiest and most promising of our crowd. Vindication Comes Late, A year ago last December, after we had spent & couple of hours together, I described him to my wife as “a tragic- He is vindi- cated now, but he has lost seven of the best 20 years of his life as completely and devastatingly as though he had been convicted and sent to prison, and at 50 or thereabouts, was beginning all ‘The law gives him no re- ‘The plaintiff is assessed “‘court costs,” which probably do not exceed & few hundred dollars. ged me through three courts was order- ed to pay $5,000 of my counsel fees, and promptly went into bankruptcy, A man who drag- —From an etching by R. G. Matthews. The facts in the Tully case cover of them as are fairly typical may be summarized here in a paragraph. In February, 1910, after several years' work on the subject, Tully finished an 85- page scenario of “The Bird of Paradise” and sold it to Winthrop Ames. Later he went to Honolulu for more material and made numerous revisions, complet- ing and copyrighting the play in April, 1911, As s00n as it achleved success at Daly's Theater in 1912, & lady named Grace A. Fendler charged its author with having appropriated an opus en- titled “In Hawail,” which she later ad- mitted having written in a week, and which had never—and has never--been printed or produced. The action was not brought to trial until 12 years later. Miss Fendler did not copyright her play until 1916, four years afier the institu- tlon of her suit, and “did not produce at the trial any manuscript which had any existence prior to the publication and production of Tully's play.” Defendant’s Brief Quoted. The defendant’s brief, from Wwhich this sentence is quoted, adds that, while “the plaintif’s personal access {o and inspection of Tully’s play prior to the making of the charges . . . is ad- mitted, no one testified that af y time before’ this suit Tully saw or was in- formed of the plaintiff or of any writ- ing by her.” Notwithstanding, in May, 1924, Jus- tice Mitchell L. Erlanger awarded Miss Fendler all the past and future profits of “The Bird of Paradise.” Last year these were set at $781,000, and Tull was ordered to pay over $608,000 of this amount and_assign all rights in his| play to Miss Fendler or go to jail. This 1s thé decislon that was finally reversed in March. ng Rackets—Costs $100,000 Yearly to Fight | sort. reward for one week’s work by & lady who “never had a public performance of any composition,” and it is not re- markable that soon afterward she threatened to sue Horace Liveright, Theodore Dreiser and Patrick Kearney for having infringed on another of her plays in “An American Tragedy.” Few if any of these claimants have ever had anything published or pro- duced. Their chances of recognition and profit are not in the theater, but in | court. Unless some one robs them they | are lost. Apparently the most avid pla- glarist finds nothing worth stealing in the works of established authors, who rarely if ever bring an action of this The stuff that tempts strong men and noted writers beyond their endur- ance is that which gets its hearing at the bar of justice and nowhere else. Indeed, production or publication would seem to be the worst misforiune that could befall the average creator of these treasure troves. When David Be- lasco gave & single matinee of “Tainted Philanthropy” at the Belasco Theater to_demonsirate that it was not crimi- nally like William De Mille's “The Woman," the hysterical hilarity of the audience constituted an opinion from which there could be no possible appeal. Eleven Years Without a Sale. The stagehand who wrote “Soldiers of the Common Good,” and afterward asked someihing like $2,000,000 of me for using his material in “The Fool,” had had 11 years to sell his play before the production of mine provided a dif- ferent opportunity. “The plaintiff was & student of the Bible,” his brief tells us, “and, having been born on Christ- mas, his interest in the life of Christ was 'intensified.” . ‘This interesi resulted in & second act in which a hero identified with the Saviour by having been named Jesse Christy is discovered in “a brothel.” A former rival accuses him of trying to “steal my girl,” and, in the ensuing altercation, In the classic language of “Gentlemen Prefer Blondes,” the lady in question “becomes shot.” The mur- derer's father urges him to add himself to the casually list. Reluctantly fol- lowing this paternal counsel, “Morgould, e, . saliva drooling from his Open mouth . bites the barrel” of the revolver and “wilh a scream Jamesy turns complelely around, his legs tied around each other, stomach doubled up. Presses one hand to stomach, an- other to mouth. Turns, staggers toward father, his lips, chin and hand dripping red. Throws handful of blood at fa- ther, screaming, ‘My blood on your head.” Curtain. Climax of Act 2. The alleged likeness of this play to “The Fool” fully occupled several years of my Ilife and cosi me well over $20,000. The plaintiff carried his case to the Supreme Court of the United States, which followed the example of the United States Circult Court of Ap- peals in declining to reverse Judge Thomas D. Thacher's original and sweeping verdict in my favor. I had produced 25 plays before this action, and I have produced one or two since, but “Soldiers of the Common Good,” 1 believe, remains the sole claim to fame of the author who signed his manu- script “Edrex Guelph, nee P. Waxman." If this seems to you & comic experi- ence, consider the case of “The Spider,” the Fulton Oursler and Lowell Bren- tano mystery play, which was claimed, almost simultaneously, by six different authors. Things equal to the same thing being axiomatically equal to each Seven hundred and al;hty-one thou- sand dollars seems a fairly generous Note—One hundred years ago the Belgian people established their in dependerice. The story of their strug- gle and of the further development of the Belgian state is vividly de- scribed here by Dr. Leonid I. Stra hovsky, a graduate of the famous University of Louvain. At present Dr. Strakhovsky is lecturer in po- litical and diplomatic history of Eu- rope at the School of Foreign Serv- ice, Georgetown University. BY DR. LEONID STRAKHOVSKY. HE day of August 25, 1830, was | nearing its end. The sun {l- luminated the sky with a go geous display of color. And on this background the first feeble flames of street lanterns shone like candles at a funeral. A general feeling of nervous tension and unease held the city in its pitiless grip. People in the streets gathered in groups and commented in excited voices the events that occupied the mind of the whole population of Brussels, The thunder of the July revolution in Paris still echoed through the air and everything seemed to indi- cate that a new storm was gathering. The day before, anniversary of King William of Holland, went by. Burning of fireworks and a general ilumination of the city had been countermanded at the last minute under pretext of inclement weather. But the real rea- son was that the population of the| Belgian capital not only did not par- | ticipate in the preparations, played a definite hostility toward them, accusing the Dutch government of spending for them over 7,000 florins that came out of the Belgian tax- payer's pocket. Moreover, a strange inscription in charcoal had appeared on the walls of the States General | Building. It read: “Monday, fireworks, ‘Tuesday, illumination, day, revolution!” | peaceful people of the | ted. At the same time ed to be ady to assist st the ‘performance of “The Dumb Girl of | which was to be given at the | i their hist Royal Theater. It seemed that this| performance was going to be an open manifestation against the oppressive rule of the House of Orange. And the capital were exi everyone appea | Belgian people had good reasons fo be discontented with Dutch rule. When at| o | the Congress of Vienna, in that memo- rable year of 1815, that saw the irrep- ! arable disaster of Napoleon, Belgium was united with Holland, the Belgian people did not protest, as the guaranties given to them assured them much more liberty than they had ever enjoyed, and contrasted particularly with the iron | regime imposed upon them during Na- poleon’s time, Ground Prepared for Revolt. It is true that during these 15 years of their union with Holland their ma- terial and economic welfare progressed considerably, but a series of measures taken by the Royal Dutch government concerning the freedom of the press, the freedom of religion and of educa- tion, culminating in the introduction of the Dutch language as the official Ianguage of the provinces, which auto- matically eliminated the large French- speaking population of Belgium from ny government office, gave way to loud | oriticism and_discontent, followed by persecution, and prepared the ground for an open revolt. Thus, when at 7 o'clock of that me- | morable evening, the curtain rose on the first act of the opera, the theater ‘was packed by nationally minded r- triotic citizens of Brussels. King but _dis- |} ‘Therefore, nationalistic manifestation, loud applause. KING, LAW AND LIBERTY REVERED BY BELGIANS Story of Their Struggle for Independence Hundred Years Ago Is One Marked by Intense Patriotism. Sang Around Crowd. liam of Holland could hardly forsee that the performance of “The Dumb Girl of Portici,” which he had applauded him- self a year ago, would be taken now as the signal for & national uprising. The authorities of the regency in Brussels on the other hand, well aware of the spirit of discontent reigning in the Bel- glan capital, did not dare to refuse the authorization for this performance, for fear of driving the discontented popu- lation to desperate acts. nothing prevented people of Brussels from transforming the brilliant pexformance into a heated | Every song, every air appealing to patriotism to the desire of freedom was met with the or But when the then famous tenor of the cou reverberation ntr; ns. The doors them with tears in their eyes. s the from menacing. Some one Duteh! ple rushed the around the Dow! Some one lit & torch and a flow of peo the residence of Van Maanen, the all and haled minister of King William, to that of de Kuljff, chief of police, and to the offices of ‘the official Dutch newspaper, National. oppressors shouted: with Van to powerful Then Latenillade started the well known air beginning with the words, “Saered love " the whole audience stood up as one man, listened to the song in profound silence as if it were a national anthem or a prayer and then burst into such applause that the walls of the theater seemed to shake into the street flung open, the crowd that was waiting outside rushed in, every space in the large hall was filled and Latenil- lade had to repeat his song. Then the people embraced each other, many of with Love of their country overfilled their That feeling mixed with hatred and the crowd theater became “Down_with the Maanen!” flames SPrang out and stretched high into the sk revolution ‘Thus began which was to gain for the Belglan peo ple their independence for the first time the cith “bourgeols’ Baron d’Hoogvorst. the Belgian ory. in of Meanwhile the Dutch troops of the garrison remained In the face of this inactivity and view ing the danger of possible mob riots, Brussels organized & their quarter: guard under the command Emmanuel Vanderlinden Two days alter a deputa- tion was sent to The Hague with an address to the King asking him to grant | the fulfillment of the demands of the people for justice and observance of the fundamental law But the Dutch did not realize the im- portance of fort. sees, the the movement. (Continued From First Page.) Thelr press accused the Belgians of ingratitude, (Continued on Fourth Page.) Unpopular Regard for Senate Shown By Primaries Throughout Nation of them found themselves voting for causes they did not believe in—and a course of acting contrary to conscience is a potent source of spiritual discom- ‘The sum of it all is that the Senate is unhapply within itself. Because it is unhappy it does things that are ill- judged and disagreeable in the eyes of the public. Because of what the public Senate 1s unpopular, And be- WITH GANDHI From talks I have had in Simla, it is obvious that the government intends taking even a stronger hand In sup- pressing the present outbreaks arising out of the clvil disobedience campaign before it will contemplate en- tering Into any negotiations with its | leaders. Exemplary of this firm stand are two ordinances promulgated by Viceroy Lord Irwin late last night, under both of which arrests may be made without warrants, and both of which strike at the very heart of Mahatma Gandhi's crusade These ordinances, which can be made applicable to any province in which they are thought to be required, are (1) the unlawful instigation ordi- nance and (2) the prevention of in- timidation ordinance. The first deals with agitation en- couraging non-payment of land rev- enues, municipal dues, agricultural rents and so forth. This strikes at the roots of Gandhi's chief campaign, since by encquraging the villagers to refuse to pay revenues as well as to boycott officials, he intended either to paralyze the British administrative arm throughout the countryside or force the government to use such force in the collection of dues that wholesale disturbances would result. Picketing and Boycotting Hit. The second deals with picketing shops | and boycotting of officlals or public Servants. It is noticeable that under hoth of these ordinances instigators themselves can be arrested who might be advocat- | Ing such lawbreaking even from a spot outside the province. For instance, an agitator in Allahabad preaching non- payment of land revenues in Bombay | presidency can be arrested if the ordi- |nance is operative in Bombay. As Bombay presidency 15 at present under- | going a campaign in certain sections to lrvfu.\t' to pay land revenues, the above | ordinances have already been made ap- plicable there and 1 understand that they will be applied in certain other provinces within the next few days. From these conversations it is also made plain that while the government is neither rattled nor vindicative, it will not “send for Gandhl.” The situation here may be summed up this: That while the government will not send any emissary, official or otherwise, to talk terms with the Mahatma, at the sam time 1t probably would not oppose any body of sober Indian opinion from at tempting to see him with & view of per- | suading him to call off his civil dis- | obedience movement. The feeling here 1S that such a move is likely to happen, owing to the gen- e cause the Senate as a whole s unpop- ular, many individual Senators are going to find their States rejecting them in_primaries or elections this year. It seems a pity merely to say the Senate is unpopular and stop at that. It seems futile to say the Senate is less able than it used to be and stop with saying that. Merely to complain and merely to defeat a Senator is not much (Continued on Fourth Page.) BRITISH WILL NOT PARLEY AT THIS TIME |Growing Communal Uneasiness May Lead Indian Leaders to Plead eral discontentment over the disruption and even the stalemate of business and also because of an old but hitherto quiescent factor which is now looming on the horizon. Communal Uneasiness Grows. ‘There are the increasing signs within the last few days of growing communal uneasiness. The Rangoon riots between Indians and Burmans, in which 85 per- sons were killed, 1s one such incident; the Hindu-Mcslem fighting at Dacca, which 1s still golng on, is another, and within the t 10 days there has been increasing activity among the Moslems in Punjab to band themselves together for mutual protection. In the City of Lahore, in fact, the Moslems are already forming an organ- izatlon with the avowed intention of protecting themselves against the In- dian National Congress with a Hindu boycott. The feeling here, however, is that any action on the part of Gandhi must con- sist of more than mere verbal promises and must show that he is actually able Lo call off the forces he has started in operation. Have Government Support. Answering the allegation so often made in Bombay and other parts of In- dia that the Summer Simla government, perched hundreds and even & thousand miles off among the cool foothills of the Himalayas, 15 out of touch with the realities of the situation, it is said here that apparently the agitators in India do not yet understand that the viceroy and his government have the full sup- port of the British government, that not one local government has been refused any power it wished to put down local lawlessness—several even have had such urged upon them-—and that no politicai advance can be forced on the govern- ment by threats, (Copyright, 1930, by North American News- paver Alliunce. Exports of Canadian Produce Show Decrease Exports of Canadian produce in 1929 amounted to $1,182,412,313, a decrease of $167,339,090 from 1928. This de- crease is more than accounted for by the reduction in the exports of wheat, which dropped more than 154,500,000 bushels in volume and $184,400,000 in value from the preceding year. It is of interest to note that the total do- mestic exports in 1929 were higher than in the years 1921 to 1924 and that the limited quantity of wheat exported in greater than in any year pre- to 1923. The value of wheat ex- ts in 1928 was $249,347,174, which was greater than In any year previous to 1923, with the exception of 1917 and 1920, when high prices per bushel pre Imports for the calendar year of 1929 amounted to $1,299,027.480, an increase of $76,709,564 over 1928 and only exceeded in the year 1920, the peak of the post-war inflation period. The amount of money paid out by manufac- turing industries in wages and salarles reached a new high record in 1929. In 1927 when the dominion bureau of sta- tistics employment index for manu- facturing industries was 103.4, the ag- gregate pay roll of these industries amounted to $694, 285. As the em- good unless we can find some way of making sure that the new ones elected are better men. l ployment index for 1929 was 117.1, the amount of money out in salaries and wages propartionately. DESPERATE DON QUIXOTE FIGHTS FOR FREE SPAIN Don Miguel de Unamuno, Philosopher, Author and Patriot, pion of Youth BY ANGEL FLORES. HE trains were overcrowded on that hot July afternoon in 1928. Tourists from Biarritz and St. Jean-de-Luz were flocking to < San Sebastian to attend a prize fight between Paulino and Winter. Some young fellows were trying to hide my valise. They did not want me to get off at Hendaye. I showed them my Spanish visa and finally convi iced them with one last optimistic argument “Why the trolley car leaves every half hour. Besides, it takes only 50 minut to get to San Sebastian. Youll see me there soon.” They were tall, well proportioned chaps, with quick, bubbling laughter; they spoke in perfect Spanish, but could shift to equally good French and Eng- lish. I said in English, “What are you fellows, anyway?” as they escaped from one language into another. Thfi_l’ berets, drooping on one side, with a little tail saucily appended, gave them a childish look of candor. “We are medical stu dents from the University of Vienni But they represented to me typical European students, Spanish or Austrian, it's all the same. Adventuring Kéenly. familiar with many languages, very much interested in the political destiny of their native country. omnivorous readers, they are swashbuckling gal- lants in life and letters. Thus my jolly Austrian friends went on to see an exciting fisticuffs duel. I walked across the station plaza to the Hotel Brocca and sat comfortably in tront of a glass of chacoll. Despite the pleasant chat with my medical stu- dents, I was not able to forget the words I had read, an hour before, on une dial of the fifteenth century church at Urrugne: “Vulnerant omnes, ultima necat”—“They all wound, the last one kills, Last Hour May Be Best. 1Indeed, time scars and flays us; but, after all, maybe the last hour is the best. It was rather incongruous to be thinking of death when the oaks and chestnuts and araucarias, the blue skies and the green meadows, were all speak- ing of life. But I was there, in a little hotel between Spain and France, wait- ing to see & man who had lived in- tensely, who had challenged death. One of his books bore the significant title: “The Tragic Sense of Life.” Perhaps the hot, disturbing breath In that work of Don Miguel de Unamuno had made me think of the dial at Ur- rugne, Don Miguel had moved from the hotel. His family had arrived from Salamanca and he had taken a house near Hendaye-Plage. I walked up the steeply inclined streets, asking for Don Miguel's home. It was late. The servant, & pretty little Basque girl, led me directly into the dining room. Large and well fur- nished, the room looked small, for seated at a long table were enough people to give one the impression of & crowd. I shook hands with Don Miguel, and soon found myself seated by him, before a fragrant demi-tasse. Don Miguel was proud of his family. He was prond to be a grandfather, that he had given pledges to the future. Senora de Unamuno, & stout, magnificent ma- tron, tender and kind-hearted, sat at his left. Arcund the table were six or seven of his elght children, Don Miguel sat there like a patriarch. ‘Thick, short gray hair, high forehead, very fair skin, rosy cheeks, pointed grayish beard, curved aquiline nose, clear serene eyes casting penetrating glances through gold-trimmed spectacles —here was the veteran warrior, not yet |, retired from the battlefield, one whose colors were still flaunted bravely as he challenged fate, not waiting for attack. Has Hands of Artist. But if his spiritual attitude is that of the werrior-philosopher, his hands betray him to be also a sensitive artist. While he talked he played with bread crumbs, shaping birds, fishes and men as if he were modeling in cla) His hands were like a farmer's—rough, powerful and stocky, but the uncanny fingers populated the world with floury archetypes, Don Miguel told us storles, anecdotes, brimming with humor, surcharged with philosophical implications. He was no longer a thinker past his sixties, one of the leading minds of cotemporary Europe: as Keyserling said, “probably the most important Spaniard that has ever lived since Goya.” Don Miguel was just a child, amusing himself get. ting ready his own Christmas tree. “Yes, sir, Spain has produced three great Miguels—Miguel de Cervan Miguel Primo de Rivera and myself. His eyes glittered maliciously. One of the three Miguels had been respon- sible for his four years of suffering, for his exile. But he assured me that It would not be long before he would re- turn to Spain. Although he had been pardoned by the King, it was not time yet. He would live to be & hundred, 200 if necessary, but he would yet re- turn to Spain, and with his head up- lifted. After a while his family left, with demonstrations of affection for the kind old patriarch before they retired. I remained alone with him. A tete-a-tete with Unamuno is something one cannot easily forget. He is so original, his thoughts are so torrential, his opinions 50 recalcitrant. Niletssche and Kierke- gaard were probably like him—men full of warmth “and vehemence, thinking aloud, paradoxical, electrifying. ‘The mere mention of Thomas Hardy’s Has Become Cham- of His Nation. sity should be s0 concerned with politi~ cal_problems. Unamuno was born September 29, 1864, in Bilbao, the capital of Vizcays, and he is proud of the fact that he is of pure Basque descent. Bilbao was once celebrated for its iron and steel manufactures. The Elizabethans used the term bilbo for rapier, and Falstaff described very picturesquely his con- dition in the buck-basket as “com- passed, like a good bilbo, in the eire | cumference of a pick, hilt to point, heel to head.” Residents Are Aloof. | This stormy land of eroded contours | and wailing winds, of precipitous rivers | and snow-clad peaks, seems to roughen the bodies of its inhabitants. They | are stern, sturdy people living on | solitary mountains or on valley farms |as landlords and masters, proud of their local customs and almost hyper- | borean ancostry. They were the earliest settlers of the Iberian Peninsula—and perhaps it is because of this priority and of the pre-Aryan blood in their veins that they defend their liberty so passionately and keep so aloof from the rest of Spain. Unamuno spent the years of child- hood and adolescence in Bilbao; it was there that he received the early im- pressions that molded his spirit. In 1874, before he was quite 10 years old, he saw his native city bombarded the Carlist troops. This episode lef a deep scar in him. It was his “heroic age.” In the company of other small boys he seized the smoking shells of exploded bombs while they were still S0 hot that they burned his hands, to hurl them through the windows of d serted, dilapidated stores. ‘While still very young Unamuno, like his ancestors, struggled, in a most frantic and intense way, to find God. He dreamed of living in a monastery and seeking God with asceticism and ecstasy. He wanted to be a saint. He attended the impressive cereme services of the church. His wide read- ing took him to Kant, Descartes and Hegel, but he always gave preference to poets, especially to those who were more abstract, whose voices rang with mystic wavers. He bought a little not book and began to set down in it a new system of philosophy: “Very sym- metrical, bristling with formulae, with the most labyrinthine, cabalistic and complex premises I could devise.” In 1880 he moved to Madrid, to cone tinue there his studies in literature and philosophy. Three years later he received the doctor's degree. He was excellently equipped in classical, Teu= tonic and romance languages, and he had studied Danish so as to be able to read Soren Kierkegaard in the original. Several times he attended competi- tive examinations for vacancies in the universities, twice in Latin, once in psy- chology, once in metaphysics . . . to fail in receiving his coveted appointe ments, His independent spirit and fear- less free thinking no doubt contributed largely to these failures. Then, taking advantage of his linguistic ability, he tended the examination in Greek, &and finally succeeded in 1891, when he was named professor of Greek at the University of Salamanca, “omnium sci- entiarum princeps.” In that same year he settled there and dedicated his time to his two courses, one in Greek the other in the history of the Spanish lan- guage, Was Dean of University. In 1901 he was named dean of the University of Salamancs, He had been finding that he was Voice to cry out against political social injustices, and now Was !F'- less in taking determined stands at all times on all public ;uuuml. In 1908, during the “juegos florales” in an An- dalusian city—a literary contest in the manner of the old troubadours, in which the prize for the best poem is always s natural flower—Unamuno, as principal Jjudge, was supposed to develop the theme, “Patrio, Fides, Amor.” Instead, to the intense amazement of the au- dience and the ludicrous dismay of the other judges, the paradoxical professor discussed with Shavian venom the ag- ricultural problem of Spain! He ex- erted his force on the outer world, pressing himself upon it. He conducted, vear after year, violent journalistic cam~ pajgns, with aggressive independence attacking everything that fetters, dogma and governmental tyranny. This cost | him the position he held; in 1914 he presented his resignation and continued as professor of Greek. | Still ne did not abandon his attacks. When he courageously began to direct them at the Spanish crown, he was condemned for the crime of lese ma- jeste to 16 years' imprisonment, but & royal pardon saved him from suffering the penalty that had been imposed. He continued with his Greek pro= | fessorship; and he continued his politi~ cal struggles, in molding public opinion and in exposing wrongs, always with a more widespread appeal and with | stronger faith. Remembering the adolescent mystical devotion and fervors, one might wonder what had turned the dreamy into a man of action, when his whole en- vironment and calling invited him te philosophy, to the investigation of the tranquil flelds of Hellenic literature and poetry. But Unamuno himself explains the change in him. Felt Duty Was to Country. His salary was the product of the work of his countrymen. The bresd degth made him range over the whole | that his children ate was given to him history of English fiction, and he fell oinst” and “Wuthering Heights, Praises Melville's Novels. England led us to America. praised, above all, “The Education of Henry Adems” and the novels of Mel- ville.” During his analysis of American letters he quoted profusely from Tho- reau and Emerson. But the mention of Mencken made him smile. But his was not all bookish taste. Literary gossip was duly interpolated with spicy remarks on sports, cookery, architecture. Naturally, to a ‘man like Unamuno life is the important thing. Life in all its broad, complex aspects. He is an Inveterate hiker; he likes to challenge young fellows in a Basque exercise somewhat similar to wrestling. Unamuno is very young, despite his 60-odd years. His great passion is the open fields, the open sky. He strolls about hatless, with & merry gait, ing the sun and the clouds, smelling with avid nose the scents from the trees and the plants, In the country he can dream. And he has stored plenty of fresh air in his lungs to aerate the thoughts cached in the printed pages. When we left the table I could see that he was rather tall than short, with a | hard, athletic body. His feet are firm on the earth thai he loves and he treads it with dynamic vigor, being in | harmony with it. Quite different from our typical con- ception of a professor of Qreek— | although, of course, that has been the chair that he has occupled since 1891 in the oldest university of Spain, the University of Salamanca—Unamuno is full of ideas. He is a stormy center of thought and expression. His opera omnia cover more than 25 volume: embracing all the literary —genres novel, short story, criticism, essay, philology and philosophy, poetry and drama. . . . His works have been translated into most European lan- guages, and have come from the press nervous and vigorous, injecting the sleepy complaisance of European thought with a restless tempo, with a fulminating passion, with ‘ne dis- by his country; and he felt that his first duty was to that country. There were In Spain too few people feeling fervently that there was a need for rational renovation—too few—and since He | he happened to be one of the few he felt that he was called upon to further | that work, to dedicate himself to that cause, supremely patriotic, supremely sacred, a duty of gratitude. With renewed ardor he delved into the essence of his gospel: “Every day I believe less in the social question, the political question, the esthetic question, the moral question, the re- ligous question, and all those other questions people have invented to keep themselves from resolutely facing the only true question that exists: The human_question, which is mine, and yours, and that of every one and of all.” Like Don Quixote, Don Miguel does not tlt his lance for ideas, but for the spirit. In Unamuno's masterpiece “The Tragic Sense of Life,” one of the most personal books ever written, is summed up the Spanish character. In its warm prose throbs the very heart of his coun- r) Unamuno voices Spain's lack of Interest for science, intellect, beauty— an attitude which leads tQ realism in art. And then he goes on in search of the man of flesh and bones, to find religious instinct. a hunery asceticism for ¢ These two opposing forces which are incarnated in the stark real- ism of the novel roguery on the ome hand and in the mystic warblings of St. John of the cross on the other, in Quevedo and in Sancho—these two out~ wardly extremely opposed forces are the two great figures in the Spanish soul. By 1920 Unamuno was candis for the House of Representatives on the Republican ballot. There came the coup d'etat of September, 1923, with the establishment of a military dicta- torship in Spain. Unamuno continued to be the inveterate enemy of mili- tarism, the indomitable champion of free speech and liberty. His writings flowed, as always, from his sharp, sa- tirical pen. In April, 1924, the dicta- torship decided that he was persona non grata in Spain, and a decree of turbing dreams. It is rare that the man teaching Greek in an old univer- v et B, ) exile was issued. He was given 24 (Continued on Fourth