Evening Star Newspaper, December 31, 1928, Page 15

i‘orei'gn, ISomestic | - and Local Affair s REVIEW OF THE YEAR The Toening Star WASHINGTON, D. MONDAY, 3 DECEMBER 5 1928. PAGE 15. HERBERT HOOVER . . 5 o Reparations Still Unsettled —China’s e v . . Civil War Won by Nationalists. Hirohito Crowned. BY EDWARD W. PICKARD. the United States were to be limited, ERBERT HOOVER was the and that, turning to land forces, Great dominating figure of the year | Britain agreed to abandon her opposi- 1928 in the U‘“%‘:d States. | tion to the principle of conscription. :fl'c‘éf,,‘;y,,?f,fi?';,“csmc““f,‘;fegefiiwhtch would enable France to main- tion at th close of the most interesting | tain, the larget army on the conti: campaign the country had had in many | nent. A storm of disapproval broke ou Campagn e Chood will" tour of the | Nt only in America but also in Eng- {atin. American republics. Until the |land and France, and the statesmen verdict of the polls was rendered, Mr. | Who had negotiated the agreement were Hoover's rival for the presidency, Gov, |denounced for their stupidity, for it Al Smith of New York, was almost | ¥aS immediately evident that the United N ih ho public eye and the public | States would not countenance such an Economically and financially | arrangement. Governm the country enjoyed a prosperity that |10t slow to express formally lts Tejec has seldom been equaled, mnotwith- tion, and Italy followed suit. The result tanding the fact that the problem of | Wfl; lant ;hc ggrecment was. disavowed o - |and abandoned. clizving the troubles of the agricultur- | *g,gcation of the Rhineland and the i 7 tstanding | EXing of the total of the reparations Internationally, _the —outs 2 | obligations was_still insisted on by event of the year was the putting for- | Germany. By the terms of the Dawes | ward of the so-called Kellogg multi- lateral treaty to outlaw war and its cignature in Paris by nearly all the civilized mations of the world. BROUS | coming no nearer. The allics at last to_accomplish & reduction of aWMA- | recognized this intolerable situation and Tite zesults, but the Kellogg pact was |ETesS of experts should be topvened fo looked on by, most people as & £al S | the total reparations. France persisted :t;\;saar;‘i V\:tr ‘hpmfigmm:ne found the | in the l}:‘l?s‘;h::lhxe;uesuur; gt rfipsra-{ versary e e tions shoult tied up with that of questions of German reparations still |} o0 "qebt to the United States, but agreement she was paying large sums regularly on account, but the Our Governmenty was+| time | when the payments should end was| unsettled, but the governments most concerned were about to open a con- ference for the purpose of determining finally what and how the Germans must pay. The close of the year also saw steps being taken by President Coolidge’s administration for the re- opening of the question of American adherence to the World Court in the| hope that the European nations might accept the American reservations. In the Far East China provided much of the interest and to the relief of the world its internecine warfare was ended with the victory of the National- ts. Japan furnished a spectacular in- dent in the formal coronation of Em- peror Hirohito. Latin America was rather more peace- ful than usual, with the-exception of | Nicaragua, and in that republic the American Marines and diplomats suc- ceeded in bringing an end to the civil warfare and in giving the little republic a real election of a president. INTERNATIONA! Early in January President Coolidge created a precedent by journeying to Havana, Cuba, to attend the opening of the Pan-Aberican conference and | to deliver an address before that body. | He returned at once, leaving the interest of the United States in the able | hands of Charles Evans Hughes and | his fellow delegates. At the instance | of Mexico it was decided that the| union should not have power to con- sider political questions, though some of the delegates tried earnestiv to make | it virtually an American lcague of nations, Honorio Pueyrredon. head of the Argentina delecation, insisted that | e union adopt a declaration against | the maintenance of tariff wall beiween | the American republics, and when Mr. | Hughes would not listen to this and it was turned down by the conference, Pueyrredon resigned both from delegation and as ambassador to Wash- ington. .Before this occurred he and many others found occasion to de- nounce intervention by one nation in the internal affairs of another, the attack, of course, being aimed at the policy of the United States in the case of Nicaragua. As it was evident that a resolution embodying these views could not be carried unanimously, | further discussion of the subject was referted to the seventh conference. Definite results of the session were:| The acceptance by 20 States of a code Washington made it plain that this could not be. Disarmament Talk. In the annual session of the League of Nations Assembly there was much talk' about disarmament, but little if any advancement toward that end. The preparatory commission had adjourned in March without result, and Louden of Holland, its chairman, urged that before another session there should be s private conference of the naval| powers. This was not liked, nor was the suggestion of Bernstor® of Ger- many that there be an early meeting | of the disarmament conference without waiting for the preparatory commission to act. Finally a resolution was adopted calling for a meeting early in 1929. John Bassett Moor2, American, re- signed on April 28 as a member of the Permanent Court of International Jus- tice, commonly known as the World Court. Most of the national groups nominated Charles Evans Hughes to succeed him, and the Assembly and Council of the League of Nations over- whelmingly confirmed the choice on September 8. Just as the new year began Central Europe was thrown into great excite- ment by the discovery at the Austro- Italian frontier of five carloads of ma- chine guns shipped surreptitiously from Italy to Hungary in violation of the ireaty of Trianon. The powers of the Little Entente demanded that the League of Nations make an investiga- ion, but this was opposed by Mussolini, and Hungary merely destroyed the guns without offering any excuse for the in- cident and before the League could take action. Moreover, Hungary de- nied the League’s right of investigation. Italy finally consented to an inquiry, and nothing much further was heard of the affair. Great Britain pursued the even ten- or of its way, but was not in good economic_condition. The great num- ber of the unemployed, especially in the mining districts, led the govern- ment to try the experiment of help- ing many men to migrate to Canada and Australia_to engage in agricul- | This was successtul to | tural work. a limited extent, but did not especially | please_the dominions. Early in the year Parliament passed the woman's franch: measure, known as the of private international law; adoption | “flappers’ bill,” and thus about 5,000 of resolutions that disputes of a juridi- | 000 more women were given the vote. cal nature be submitted to arbitration, | During the session of Parliament the | that aggressive war the republics of America committed to sion proposed by the authorities of the use of peaceable means for lhe‘thz Church of England, and Churchill settlement of all disputes between them; | introduced a spectacular budgetary the beginning of the codification of scheme for reforming local govern- international law; the signing of a con- | ment and relieving industrial depres- vention on commercial aviation, and|sion. J. H. Whitley resigned as speak- the putting into full effect of the pan- | er, and Capt. E. A. Fitzroy was elected American sanitary code. to s‘i"‘écew l’nm’ dAltacxs an1 the met- 2 e ropolitan police led to a parliamentar; Serious Threat of Warfare. investigation and to Lhnp&nppomtmcn{ In December there was a serious of Lord Byng as commissioner. threat of warfare between Bolivia and | King George contracted inflamma- Taragany over the disputed Gran Chaco | tion of the lungs late in November region. At the same time a Pan- | and his condition became so alarm- American conference on _conciliation ing, that, the [Prince ‘c( Wales and bis - & , | brother, the Duke of Gloucester, hur- o T Threr. oorie wore - dirceied | Fiedly fetumed from a ‘hunting trip loward averting this outbreak of | i Africa. His mojesty appointed a hostilities. The council of the League | foVal commission, ~headed by th of Nations also urged the two republics| Queen, o act for him during his 1o settle thelr quarrel without resort to | Ress. arms. On February 6, the one hundred and fiftieth _anniversary of the signing of toe Arst treaty between the United | States and France, the two nations| resigning in July, and Dr. Cosmo signed a new arbitration pact, binding | Lang, Archbishop of York, was ap- cach party not to go to war with the pointed to take the place. The Earl of other. The American Government at| Birkenhead resigned as sccretary of the same time suggested that a better | state for India and was succeeded by way would be to unite the efforts of | Viscount Peel. On February 1 James the two powers to obtain th» adhesion | McNeil was installed as governor gen- of all the principal powers of the world | eral of the Irish Free state. Perhaps to a declaration denouncing war as an | the most interesting event in the em- instrument _of their national policy.| pire, outside of Great britain, was This was the inception of the multi-, the decisive defeat of prohibition in laterel treaty which Secretary of State | New South Wales and Canberra, the Kellogg later proposed to the chief | federal district of Australia. In No- powers, One by one the nations ac-|vember the South African cabinet of cepted the plan in principle, some or‘Premler Hertzog resigned and he them with reservations, and finally the | formed a new government. pact was drawn up to suit all. France| France, as always, devoted an enor- thereupon invited 14 other nations to |mous amount of attention to politics. send representatives to Paris to sign | Premier Poincare held power through- the treaty. All responded and on|out the year. In the elections on August 27 the ceremony was performed. | April 22, "he won a decided victory, k a0t was left open for the ad-|and when he resigned in November he of other nations and within a| Was persuaded to retain office and eks most of the governments of | form a new ministry. The radical ine civilized world had accepted it | Soclalists were recalcitrant and Poin- Promising as this movement mward]care left them .,out of his government. ~eneral peace seemed, it was regarded ‘The tenth anniversary found France by certain elements in some countries, | In a gratifying state of rehabilitation. cspecially the United States and Italy, | Most of the farm homes and buildings “ith cynical derision. Approval by the | had been rebuilt, the flooded coal Amerioan Senate 15 necessary to give | mines had been restored to production it vere | and factories had been restored and it effect, and some of the Senators N eoe |all were busy. The franc had been Ko 0 b PO 0t eign Telar | Stabllized and the foreign trade show- tions committee, however, gave the|°d @& large increase. Une};‘&?)&fi:} ety 48 was almost non-existent. treaty his warm indorsement. munists created disturpances during Franco-British Pact. th> Summer in Limoges Troyes snd i Ivry, but were effectually suppressed. Great Britain and France announced Several _Alsatian sutonomisis were cn July 30 that they had reached an| o vies “in Ma: y and sentenced to ogreement that would be a basis for | SORFstel 1n, AOF BRR SCRIACC negotiating the _reduction of naval | RO BEb PR CRRE 20O P e armaments—which the United States granting of divorces by the Paris had vainly sought to bring about. The!conrts to Americans led to reforms terms of the agreement were not fully [ {2'the procedure of those tribunals, revealed, but it was soon discovered that they provided that Great Britain Germany on Upgrade, should have all the light cruisers, de-| Germany, laboring under the burden stroyers and submarines of 600 tons or fof Archbishop Resigns Dr. Randall Thomas Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury and primate the reparations payments, was said rss that she desired: that capital ships |by her Ambassador to Washington to #é the size and armament needed by k> distinctly [N be outlawed and | House rejected the prayer book revi- | ¢ land reclamation and utilization. of England, created a precedent by | ITALIA CRUL';ES [OVER NORTH POLE TAE S0LID SOVUTH SLIPS notwithstanding rather unfavorable | business conditions and an increase in | the number of unemployed. =The gov- ernment’s method of settling labor dis- putes by forced arbitration failed to function in the Fall when the Rubr in- dustrials locked out 225,000 metal workers despite the award of the spe- cial Arbitration Court which granted the men a small wage increase. The coalition cabinet was split wide open |early in the year, chiefly over a dispute concerning religious instruction in cer- tain schools. Parliamentary elections were held on May 20, with 30 parties contesting. The result was a mumi)h for the parties of the Left, especially the Social Democrats, and a corre- sponding setback for the parties of the Right. ~The Nationalists were the | heaviest losers. The election also was interpreted as an indorsement of For- eign Minister Stresemann’s policy of reconciliation and fulfillment of inter- national obligations. Hermann Mueller, Socialist leader, took the post of chan- cellor and formed a new coalition cabi- !net from members of five parties. On | October 1 about 50,000 ship yard work- ers went on strike for more pay. With Premier Mussolini still its dic- tator, Italy seemed to be making steady progress, and the supremacy of the Fascist party was confirmed and | strengthened. The duce put into full | effect his plan for reorganization of the |government to put practically all power |in the hands of the grand council, ac- complished monetary reform and put through a law for his pet scheme oAf | vast amount of public works was started that gave employment fo many thou- sands. On October 28 the entire coun- trv celebrated the sixth anniversary of the march on Rome and the advent to |power of the Fascisti, and as part of |the ceremonies Mussolini, in front of |the tomb of the Unknown Soldier, pub- | licly burned public debt -certificates amounting to $7,000,000 which had been |returned by ~ public-spirtied _citizens. | Treaties of amity were signed during the year with Turkey and Greece. On April 12 an attempt was made to as- | sassinate King Victor Emmanuel in Milan with a dynamite bomb. The ruler i.:!c‘aged injury, but 14 persons were ed: Rumania was torn by dissension, the Peasant party demanding a_ share in the government. Finally the revolt grew so serious that Premier Bratiano was forced by the regency to resign and Juliu Maniu, leader of the peasants, came into power as head of a coalition government. Zogu Becomes King. Ahmed Zogu, the handsome young dictator of Albania, decided that his country should have a King nnmm- moted himself to that position, ing the title of Scanderbeg III. Toward the close of the year it was reported he had broken his engagement to the daughter of a commoner and would seek a bride of royal blood. Since he is devout Mo- hammedan his choice was limited, and it was believed he might select a daugh- ter of the King of Egypt. Soviet Russia’s rulers have not yet solved the great issuc of how to rec- oncile the conflicting interests of the industrial and the agrarian sections of the population, and during the year there were sporadic revolts of the peas- ants, without results. The government continued its earnest efforts to enlist financial aid from abroad, and one of its successes was the completion of a contract with the International Gen- eral Electric Co. of New York for the purchase of $25,000,000 worth of electric equipment in this country. The ex- ploitation of the country’s rich oil re- §7” LEVIN FIRSY FLIGHT, NEW YORK To HAVANA. VINE, NON-5T0P FINISH- oF PRESIDENTIAL HANDICAP FARRELL BEATS | GEN.OBREGON ISASSSSINATED TReats BEATS NATIONAL OPEN.- QS o AR modified in September. Generally speaking, Russia was in a healthier con- dition than at any time since the revo- lution. ‘Under the rule of President Mustapha Kemal, Turkey moved steadily onward toward modernization. Islam was de- creed to be no longer the state religion, and late in the year the government o dered the substitution of a new alpha- bet, with Latin characters instead of Arabic. The status of women continued to improve. The Assembly passed a new law of nationality containing many Interesting features. Nationalists Win Victory. Victory of the Chinese Nationalists was won after long and hard fighting and despite the opposition of Japan. Marshal Chang Tso-lin, Manchurian war lord, was forced to abandon Pe- king on June 3, and on his way fo Mukden his train was bombed and he was fatally injured. The Nationalists established a complete government and constituted Nanking the capital of the republic. Chiang Kai-Shek, their gen- eralissimo, was elected president of the Council. The name of Peking was changed to Peiping, meaning “Northern Peace.” The United States took the | first step toward recognition of the new government by negotiating a treay granting China tariff autonomy. Great Britain, Germany, France and Italy all began negotiations with the Nanking government, Japan alone holding aloof treaty with China was still in effect. In Kansu Province, Western China, there was an uprising of Mohammedans and more than 200,000 persons were reported to have been slain. Famine conditions in Shantung and Chihli Provinces continued practically unre- lieved, and in September it was re- ported that 2,500,000 persons were facing starvation. Hirohito's formal enthronement as the 124th Emperor of Japan, which took place on November 10, was preceded, accompanied and followed by a succes- sion of extraordinary ceremonies, in ac- cordance with immemorial custom. These spectacles were witnessed by many thousands of Japanese and by throngs of tourists from all parts of the world, In September the heir pre- sumptive to the throne, Prince Chichibu, was married to Miss Setsuki Matsu- daira, descendant of one of Japan's most ancient families, but herself a commoner. She is well known in Wash- ington, where her father was Ambas- sador from Japan until recently. The first universal suffrage election in Japan was held on February 20, the gofi:mmcnt winning by a scant plu- rality, Obregon Assassinatéd. Gen. Alvaro Obregon, being the only surviving candidate for the presidency of Mexico after the recalcitrants had been suppressed, was elected on July 1, to take office on December 1. But on July 17, as he was attending a ban- quet in his honor, he was assassinated by a young native named Toral. The crime created a great sensation and the trial of the murderer and his alleged accomplices was watched with immense interest. In November Toral was con- victed and condemned to death, and a nun, Mother Concepcion, who was ac- cused of being the “intellectual author” of the crime, was condemned to 20 years in prison. It was up to the Na- tional Assembly to choose a provisional President to serve 14 months from De- cember 1, and, President Calles refusing the job, it was given to Emilio Portes Gil. * The government showed rather more leniency toward the Catholics sources was carried on energetically. The rules governing concessions to for- on the upgrade. This elgn business interests were radically than in the previous year, and on Sep~ tember 17 it ordered all churches re- opened. However, all through. the because of her claim that her old | LoS ANGELES REFUELS AT SEA oS~ f—~ ST.FRANCIS DAM (CALIFORNIA) GIVES WA LORADO ROCKIES 1S OPENED B “'u\ S \ NEW SHARE SALES f 'RECORD OF OVER 6,000,000 Yy IN NINTH OLYMP! REVIVAL 0N 7484‘; r GENE TUNNEY TURNS HIS BACK ON BOXING | US.PoLo TEAM DOWNS ARGENTINE COMMANDER BYRD LEAVES TOR THE POLAR REGIONS - )>_— ©THE INTERNATIONAL SYNDICATE. . twelvemonth the rebels, often led, it was said, by priests, continued their ac- tivities, and the conflicts with the troops were numerous and sometimes san- guinary. Early in the year new petro- leum regulations were promulgated by the government that went far toward ending that old dispute with the United States. ‘While American Marines were trying quite successfully to pacify Nicaragua and quite unsuccessfully to catch San- dino, the rebel chieftain, Brig. Gen. Frank McCoy as the head of an Amer- ican electoral commission was arrang- ing for an honest and impartial presi- dential election. This was authorized by a decree of President Diaz. The voters were properly registered in ad- vance, and when they went to the polls on November 4 each man was required to dip his thumb in a stain to prevent peaceably and resulted in the choice of Gen. Jose Maria Moncada, the Liberal candidate_ . His majority over Adolfo Benard, Conservative, was about 20,000. Dr. Vincente Colindres was elected President of Honduras, and President Machada of Cuba was re-elected. On October 12 Dr. Hipolito Irigoyen was inaugurated President of Argentina. He is over 70 years of age, has been in pub- lic life for 40 years and is deeply be- loved by the mWsses of the Argentine people. Don Florencio Arosemena was | elected to the presidency of Panama and was inaugurated on October 2, and Dr. Jose Guggiari was chosen President of Paraguay. Nothing else was so interesting to the people of the United States as the busi- ness of selecting their next President. ‘The campaigning started early, and from the beginning it was tolerably ap- parent that Secretary of Commercé Herbert Hoover would win the Republi~ can nomination and that Gov. Al Smith of New York would head the Demo- cratic ticket. The G. O. P. national convention met on June 12 in Kansas City with the Hoover delegates strongly entrenched, the only other prominent candidates being Frank O. Lowden of Illinois and Senator Charles Curtis of Kansas. Lowden was supported by the I ders of farm organizations who wanted the McNary-Haugen agricul- tural relief bill, and they promised that there would be a tremendous demon- stration by farmers if the convention did not at least adopt a platform plank to their liking. This turned out to be a false alarm, and Hoover went over easily on the first ballot after the reso- lutions committee had fixed up a plat- form to conform to his policies. Sen- ator Curtis was consoled with the nomi- nation for Vice President. Mr. Hoover selected Secretary of the Interior Hu- bert Work for chairman of the na- tional commiitee, and the campaign work was promptly organized. Democrats Convene. The Democrats met in national con- vention in Houston, Tex., on June 26, and from that moment there was no doubt of Smith's victory. The South- ern Democrats, however, being nearly all dry and Protestant, made such fight as they could, and on June 28 accepted the nomination of Smith on the first ballot with wry faces. The enthusiasm of the governor's supporters was such that there were many assertions that the party would stand solidly behind him. How wrong the prediction was is known to all. It took only one bal- lot for the convention to choose Sena- tor Joe Robinson of Arkansas as Smith's running mate. He was the first resl- dent below. the Mason and. Dixon line. repeating. The election was carried off | since the Civil War to be named on a presidential ticket by either of the major parties, and his selection was regarded as a wise, strategic move. Gov. Smith, on receiving word of nis nomination, rather upset the conven- tion by a telegram in which he de- clared he had not changed his opposi- tion to the present prohibition laws and methods of their enforcement. John J. Raskob, chairman of the finance committee of the General Motors Cor- poration, was made Democratic na- tional chairman, and under his leader- ship the party, for the first time in many long years, obtained ample funds for the campaign. Both candidates made several speak- ing tours, and for the first time radio was used extensively in the campaign. The &eople were uwmflly aroused, and the religious issue, ugh depre- cated by the leaders of both parties, would not down. It and &lso the pro- hibition issue cut both ways. In the Middle Western and Western States the question of farm relief was played up, but in the end it was overshad- owed by the fact that the country in general was exceedingly prosperous, and the voters did not care to make an ex- perimental change. Nor did most «f them relish the idea of entrusting the | Government to a Tammany man and his friends. All in all, the prosperity issue probably was the deciding factor. Voters Go to Polls. The American people, men and wom- en, went to the polls on November 6 in unprecedented numbers, and when lthelr llots had been cast Hoover and Curtis carried 40 States with a total of 444 electoral votes, and Smith and Robinson had carried 8 States, with 87 votes in the electoral college. Hoover’s majority exceeded even that of Wil- son in 1912. Moreover, he smashed the solid South, winning Florida, Mary- land, New Mexico, North Carolina and Texas. Smith's States were Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Massa- | chusetts, Mississippi, Rhode Island and South Carolina. He failed to carry New York, though Franklin Roosevelt (Democrat) was elected governor .of that State. When the popular vote was considered, the defeat of Smith did not seem so humiliating. The tatal vote cast was approximately 35,000,000, and of these Smith received about 15,000,000. The Republicans made important gains in both houses of Congress, so that Mr. Hoover is assured of legislative support for his measures for at least two years. Threc more women were elected niembers of the lower house, bringing the total to seven. The only Soctalist in Congress, Representative Berger of Wisconsin, was defeated. Oscar de Priest, who ran as a Repub- lican in Illinois, was the first negro elected to the House in 35 years. Two weeks after the election Mr. Hoover sailed from 8an Pedro, Calif., on a good will tour of the republics of Central and South America that was to last about two months, and he an- nounced that he would not select his cabinet until after his return. On his trip he was received everywhere with enthusiasm by the officials and people of the countries visited and it was be- lieved the tour would do much to ce- ment the friendly relations between the Latin American nations and the United States. Legislation for naval construction, flood control and farm relief occupied much time in Congress from the first of the year. The first, as finally , provided for the construction of 15 cruisers and one plane carrier and car- ried $364,000,000. In the matter of flood control President Coolidge insisted.that the States especially interested must share the. cost,.and.the. measure. ado) 192g] PERIOD OF PROSPERITY ALMOST UNPARALLELED {U. S.. Marines and Diplomats End Nicaraguan Warfare and Give Nation Real Election. recognizea this principle and appropri- Cave, British statesman, and Gustav ated $325,000,000 for the work. Thc‘Adlur.‘:X-F“rogldem of s“-u]z;rmnd. Preat > : . n’ April—Chauncey M. Depew: Repe esident was equally insistent against | osoneative J. A. Gallivan of Boston and the McNary-Haugen farm relief meas- | Martin B. Madden of Chicago; Stane ure and when both houses passed it he |ley J. Weyman, novelist; R. C. Carton, vetoed it. Another major piece of legis- | dramatist, and Charles Sims, artist, all lation was-the finance bill which reduced | of Engiand; Dr. Sanger Brown, noted taxes more than $200,000,000. The |alicnist: John A. Dix, former Gove Boulder Canyon dam project, so dear to | ernor of New York; E. M. Statler, hotel California, was the subject of along and | owner; Floyd Bennett, famous aviator; bitter fight. The House passed the bll, | Archbishop Mora y del Rio of Mexico: but when Congress adjourned on May | Baron Peter Wrangel, leader of “White” 29 it was left as unfinished business in | Russians. the Senate. | " C:;‘Z’“Si.:"‘;"“’}"g for the short term | Death Takes Legislator. on December 3 with small prospect of | In May—Representative T. v passing any important measures except | of New York and & & Butior gi Psc“nrr:'-; the necessary supply bills. The Repub- sylvania; Sir Edmund Gosse of Eng= licans decided that the matter of tariff | land and Bessie Van Vorst of America, revision should be taken up early in|authors; Allan Dale, dramatic critic: January, but it was virtually agreed | Prof. Hideyo Noguchi and Dr. W. A upon that this and farm relief should be | Young of the Rockefeller Institute: passed on to a special session which MT. | Herschel Jones of Minneapolis and E. Hoover had said he would call. Presi- | B. Piper of Portland, Oreg., journalists: dent Coolidge in his message gave an|Dr, Edgar F. Smith of Philadelphia, account of his stewardship for five and a half years and pictured the state of the Nation as most favorable, with peace, prosperity and good will unprece- | dented. Chief among his recommend- ations to the law makers were: | A system of farm relief consisting of | a Federal farm board and stabilization corporations to handle crops surpluses, financed in the beginning by the Gov- ernment revolving fund. Passage of the bill providing for-15 additional cruisers and one airplane carrier, but without the requirement, for | laying them down in three years. Ratification of the Kellogg multi-| lateral treaty for the renunciation of | war as an instrument of national policy. | A more effective law to promote the consolidation of the railroads into a few great systems. Budget Submitted. Next day he submitted a budget for the fiscal year 1930, calling for expen- ditures of $3,780,719,647. This would | leave a Treasury surplus estimated at | $60,576,182, which he declared offered | no immediate prospect of further tax | reduction. President and Mrs. Coolidge spent their Summer vacation at a fishing ladge in Northern Wisconsin. Their | son John went to work in the offices | of an Eastern railroad, and in Novem- ber his engagement to Miss Florence Trumbull, daughter of the Governor of Connecticut, was announced. Prohibition’s best friends could not say much for the success of its en-, forcement during the year, and its foes were provided with ammunition by the rather frequent cases of reckless use of firearms by enforcement agents. The Attorney General's annual report ad- mitted “that little progress has -been made in suppressing the smuggling of liquor across the Canadian border, al- though the Dominion government did what it could to help in various wa; There was, however, no reason to be: lieve that the dry law would be modi- fled, for the newly elected Congress was believed to be strongly dry. The convention of the American Legion was held in San Antonio, Tex., in October and Paul V. McNutt was elected national commander. At _the | same time the United Spanish War Vet- erans met in Havana, Cuba. In September the Grand Army of the Re- public held its encampment in Denver and chose John Reese for its com- ‘mander-in-chief. DISASTERS No disasters comparable to the Mis- sissippi floods afflicted the United States in 1928, but Southern Florida was swept by another tropical storm in September that killed 2,200 persons and did vast property damage. The | same storm already had ravaged the Antilles, the losses in Porto Rico being especially heavy. A sensational event in November was the sinking of the steamship Vestris off the Virginia capes with the loss of 111 lives. Of other disasters the worst were: In January: Russian steamer foundered in the Black Sea, 200 being drowned: mine explosion at West Frankfort, Tenn., killed 21. In February: Twelve killed by oil refinery explosion in Everett, Mass.; fire in Hollinger gold mine at Timmins, Ontario, killed 39. In March: Landslide in Santcs, Brazil, | killed 200; San Francisquito Dam | near Los Angeles broke and 436 were | drowned: destructive earthquakes in Italy and at Smyrna with many deaths. In April: Earthquakes in the Balkans, in Greece and in Peru fatal to many. In May: Mine explosion at Mather, Pa., killed 198. In June: One hundred per- ished in a tornado in Oklahoma. In July: Three hundred drowned when a Chilean transport sank; Libog, in the Philippines, destroyed by volcanic erup- tion. In August: Italian submarine was sunk in collision, 27 men drown- ing. In September: Theater fire in Madrid, Spain, was fatal to about 120. In October: French submarine was sunk | by a steamer and 43 were lost. In No- | vember: Destructive floods in Missouri and Kansas: terrible storms on the At- | lantic Coast of Europe and on the | Black Sea, resulting in the loss of many | lives. In December: An earthquake in | Southern Peru wrecked several towns and killed about 200 persons. Among the well known persons taken by death during the year were the fol- lowing: In January—Loie Fuller, dancer; Emily Stevens and Dorothy Donnelly, actresses; Marvin Hughitt, railroad builder; Thomas Hardy and Vicente Blasco Ibanez, novelist; Louis Post, Talcott Williams and Arthur Clarke, journalists; F. H. Stead, English edi- | tor: Earl Haig, commander-in-chief of British Armies in the World War, and Admiral J. M. de Robeck of the Brit- ish Navy; Maj. Gen. G. W. Goethals, builder of the Panama Canal; Rear Admiral Victor Blue, U. S. N.; Andrew MacLeish, E. L. Ryerson and William Du Pont, commercial magnates; Count Hugo Hamilton, Swedish statesman, and the Earl of Warwick. In February—Herbert Asquith, Earl of Oxford, former British premier; Prince Charles Lichnowsky, German diplomat; Marshal Armando Diaz, Italian commander-in-chief in World ‘War; Eddle Foy, veteran comedian; E. B. Butler, Chicago millionaire mer- chant; James L. Ford, author. In March—Willlam H. Crane d Nora Bayes, actors; Rodman Wana- maker, merchant prince, and J. W. | can war con might station on | eminent chemist: Federal Judge W. H. Sanborn of St. Paul; William D. Ha; wood, former 1. W. W. chief, in Moscow, In June—Holbrook Blinn, Robert B, Mantell, Leo Ditrichstein and John Dooley, actors, and Avery Hopwood, playwright; Jobn D. Work, former Sen- ator from California; Federal Judge Adam C. Cliffe of Sycamore, IIL; E. T. Meredith, former Secretary of Agri- culture; Senator Frank R. Gooding of Idaho: Don Byrne, Irish-American novelist; Dr. Otto Nordenskjold, Swed= ish explorer; J. R. Bone, edifor To- ronto Daily Star; Mrs. Emeline Pank- hurst, English = suffragist; Marshal Chang Tso-lin, Manchurian leader; g:r;‘.mswmemr‘. American soldier of t~ In July—Capt. Alfred Lowenstein, Belgian capitalist; Howard . road executive; G. E. Chnmbgll’:i';,’!aoix{- mer Senator from Oregon; Representa« tive H. R. Rathbone of Illinois; Ellen Terry, English actress; D. C. Davies, director of Field Museum, Chicago; Giovanni Glolitti, Italian statesman: Dr. George Colvin, president University of Louisville; Rear Admiral W. M. Folger, retired; Federal Judge D. C. Westerhaver of Cleveland; T. B. Walker, wealthy Minneapolis lumbere man and art patron. In August—George E. Brennan, Mli- nois Democratic leader; George K. Mor= ris, New York Republican leader; Col. George B. Harvey, publicist; Repre= sentative L. A. Frothingham of Massa- chusetts; Gov. A. R. Sorlie of North Dakota; Maude Granger, actress; Gil Robinson, circus man; D. M. Delmas, f | noted San Francisco attorney; J. B. Laughlin, steel magnate; Viscount Hal~ dane. British statesman; Marshal Emile Fayolle, noted French strategist; Mary | Garrett Hay, suffragist. Cabinet Member Dies. In September—Maurice Bokanowsk, French cabinet member; Rear Admiral G. F. Winslow, retired; Bishop J. C. Hartzell of Cincinnati; Urban Shocker, base ball pitcher; Lincoln Eyre, Amerie ondent; Roy K. Moul= ton. humorist; R. F. Outcault, .comic artist: Brig. Gen. W. N. Bixby; E. A. Stilwell. railroad man; Sir Horace Dare win, scientist. In October—C. W. Barron, editor of Wall Street Journal; George Beban and Larry Semon, motion picture stars; A. F. Seested, publisher of Kansas City Star; W. J. Flynn, former chief of United States Secret Service; Benja= min Strong, governor of New York Fed- eral Reserve Bank; Rdbert Lansing, former Secretary of State; George Barr McCutcheon and Frances Newman, novelists; Rev. R. A. Torrey, evangelist; Sir Frank Dicksee, English artist; Dow= ager Empress Marie of Russia; Brig, Gen. F. R. McQuigg, former come mander of American Legion. In November—Dr. Frank Crane and Eliza Scidmore, American writers: Prof, T. C. Chamberlin of University of Chi« cago, noted geologist; Dr. John Hard- ing, father of late President Harding; Representative W. A. Oldfield of Ar- kansas; G. H. Jones, chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey; Thomas F. Ryan, New York financier; Rear Ad= miral F. F. Fletcher, retired: Gen. Baron Jacques, Belgian commander in World War; Admiral Scheer, com= mander of German fleet in Battle of Jutland. In December—Henry A. Haugen, Chi- cago banker; Lord Tennyson, son of the poet; Ezra Meeker, last of the Ore- gon Trail pioneers; Miss Alice Long< fellow, daughter of the American poet;' James A. Patten, Chicago financier; Jacob M. Dickinson, former Secretary of War. (Copyright by McClure Newspaver Syndicate.) SCIENCE. Compiled by H. H. Sheldon. proe fessor of physics. Neio York Univer- sity. for The Star andl The New York Herald-Tribune. Electrical Engineering. The advance in electrical engineering has been characterized by research with high voltages and by large power dee velopments. One of the first and pere haps most remarkable of the high volt= age developments was the 900,000-volt cathode ray tube announced early in the year. At this time it was an: nounced that a similar tubz of $.000,« 000 volts would be equivalent to a ton of radium. Almost immediately transe formers capable of developing this volt< age were forthcoming, aithough tubes to withstand the high tension have not yet appeared. A Tesla coil has also been built which will give voltages as_high as 5,000,000 volts. By a change in construction of the window of the cathode ray tube an- other experimenter has obtained copius rays with but 35,000 volts. A corona an instrument which ful purpose in furnishe tension (ransmission data. While not much data was obtained two parties in this country and one in Europe passed last Summer studying high tension lightning discharges and their effect on power lines. Giant Power Plants Developed. Among the large power developments be mentioned the Conowingo the Susquehanna River, which uses the largest turbines yet built; the Louisville development on the Ohio River, matic station the largest propeller wheels. Buck’s Creek plant on Feather River uses the largest head of water, 2,562 feet, and Big Creek 2A boasts impulse units of record capacity of 56,000 horsepower, the largest semi-auto= in existence and using Packard, automobile W. N. Ferris of Micl and Frank B. Willis of Ohio; A, W. C. Sproul, former | The tying up of Rted.! Governor. of. Pennsylvania;, Viscount, (Continued.on.Sixieent And the list is not completed, but mere ly contains the outstanding stations. any_stations into k4