Evening Star Newspaper, August 20, 1927, Page 8

" |IE EVENING STAR With Sunday Morning Edition. WASHINGTON, D. C. { "TURDAY.....August 20, 1927 ' .IEODORE W. NOYES. .. .Editor ‘. 21e Evening Star Newspaper Company Business Office 11th St. and Pennsy] New York Office: 110 Chicago Office: Tower Building. Office: 14 Regent St.. London. England, ening Star with the Sunday morn- < Withn % 60 cents per mont conis per month: Sundava only month O hone Main fer at end of each wmonth. Rate by Mail—Payable in Advance. Maryland and Virginia. 1 yr.. $0.00: 1 mo. 131 23005 1 m. 131, 83.00: 1 mo.. £ uly and Su wly only s ‘nday only All Other States and Canada. ¢ and Sunday.1v ol o i only..l 1 i1yl $400:1 moll ated Pre or reput radited to The Agso. news s of publication in are aleo resorved Keeping the Flag Afloat. Americans generally will applaud | desire of President Coolidge for | privately owned American overseas vierchant marine. But desire is one iing. Accomplishment another. With a surplus of American capital cking investment, it been slow » turn to merchant shipping, the| sason being that the shipping laws | * the United States make it difficult * not impossible to compete With the | ower costs of ship operation under ! other flags. Ships now privately oper- | ting under the American flag have) t.een purchased from the Government | with comparatively small outlay of capital. It is easier to make a return on $100,000, for example, than on 31,000,000, The real problem which | the private .owners face is replace- | ment as the ships obtained from the | Government at low prices become ob- | colete. { The President is represented in press dispatches from Rapid City as favoring the sale of the Go\-ernmem,! owned fleet to private interests with sufficient guarantee that they will be kept in operation. He is represented, too, as opposing the construction by Government of any replacement ships. American overseas shipping has continued since the war largely be- cause the Government has been back | ©f it, has owned and operated it, either directly, as in the case of the United States Lines, or through man- eging operators. The Government. represented by Congress, has declined to adopt. measures designed to aid| private American shipping. It has| adopted no constructive program for | shipping, and it is high time that it | does so. If President Coolidge can prevail upon Congress to adopt such @ program, he will have accomplished much. Throwing the Government- owned ships into private hands, at low prices, is not likely to prove a so- lution of the problem. Such a pro- cedure may play into the hands of foreign shipping interests which have waited hopefully since the war to see the backing of the American Gov- ernment withdrawn from the -Ameri- can merchant marine, believing that they will be able to sweep the Ameri- can competition from the seas in that event. Either America should have a mer,| chant marine or it should not. The needs of American commerce and American national defense speak loudly in favor of the merchant marine. While a privately owned merchant fleet is desirable, as between an American merchant marine and no merchant marine, a Gpvernment- owned fleet is distinctly preferable. The Government-owned fleet can only be continued through replacements. Mr. Coolidge points out that the merchant marine has cost the people between $3,000,000,000 and $3,500,000,- 000. He does not take into considera- tlon the benefits which grew out of the construction and operation of the fleet, first during the war and secondly dur- ing the postwar period as an aid to American commerce. But he who runs may read that the huge cost men- tioned by the President was due to| the fact that no American merchant marine worthy of the name existed when war came. If the merchant ma- rine again disappears from the seas, what reason is there to assert that the American people may not in the future be called upon to furnish billions of doliars for ships? Far better to ex- pend some hundreds of millions and to maintain a merchant fleet, which in itself will bring a return to America through its aid to the forelgn com- merce of this country e the the is An expert aviator, much against his will, exerts an influence toward mak- ing airplane work seem easy. Col. Lindbergh is careful to show, step by step, the laborious effort he made be- fore qualifying even as a solo flyer. A spirit of brilliant reckiessness has followed his display of intrepidity guided by masterful caution. R One-Man Cars. Reference by the Public Utilities Commission of the one-man car ques- tion to the Citizens’ Advisory Council is an evidence that the commission de- sires to ascertain the public feeling on this matter., It has already been ex- pressed, in point of fact, strongly enough to guide the commission. Citi- zens' associations have manifested their opposition to an extension of the one-man service. One of the associa- tions, representing the region directly affected by the proposed addition to the equipment, has given a qualified approval. Washin generally regards the one-man car as a cheap expedient, as a deterioration of service in the interest of economy. That the one-man car is less efficient than the two-man car is evident from any observation of work- ing conditions. It inot traverse the road as speedily, it cannot be started during the process of unload- ing and loading and taking fares. It *“drags the road,” impedes traffic and 1s conducive to accident in the streets. The only positive reason advanced for extension of the one-man car sery ton as the ice Y di | person at one of the loca | tion by it Is necessary to prevent an appli- cation for an Increase In fares, being a cheaper service. This implies that the residents of the regions served by these cars must endure poorer service in order that other residents may have their present service at the present rates. But the imposition is not alone upon the residents of the areas served by the one-man cars. It affects all street users along the routes covered by them. Many thousands in addition to those who use these cars are im- peded in their travel. Thus the pen- alty becomes a universal one. It has not been demonstrated to the on of the public that the pres- ent rate of fare is not adequate or that it is not sufficient to permit the main- tenance of all the lines on a two-man bas The commission will act wisely if it refuses to permit this one-man car motion to prevail and calls for a show- ing of costs and income on the basis of a full equipment of the city’s trac- tion lines with the type of cars that yield maximum service with minimum sadvantage to traffic. e The Issue Is Joined. The Star has received many letters on the subject of the appearance in theaters of a performer who several years ago was in effect barred from the films be- e of his identification with a loath- some happening. Most of these com- munications strongly indorse the posi- taken by this paper in disap- proval of the enterprise of presenting this person to public view as an enter- ainer. Others take the opposite posi- tion, some of them imputing unworthy | niotives to The Star for having called | attention to the projected appearance. Having already published numerous | expressions of this character, on both sid it is no longer possible, for lack of space, and inasmuch as the ‘‘per- sonal appearance” is about to take place despite protests, to continue the printing. It is needless to justify The Star's protest, or to repeat the statements al- ready made in behalf of public de- cency. Persistence in the purpose of presenting the performer as a public attraction permits no appeal or re- course. There will doubtless be some acclaim, for evidently there are those who believe that a man who has sought to redeem his life by proper conduct after a grievous moral disaster should be given another chance. There will certainly be a feeling of disgust on the part of a great many persons that considerations of business should seek to thrust back to public view an in- dividual whose name is associated with a nauseating and unpardonable offense. The Star called this matter to at- tention realizing full well that in do- ing so it was risking the giving of un- due publicity to the enterprise. But that consideration could not prevail as against a sense of duty to the com- munity which this newspaper has served faithfully and in the interest of righteousness for three-quarters of a century. It was necessary to run that risk in order to record the disapproval which most people feel with regard to the sordid considerations of manage- ment by which certain classes of pub- lic entertainment are now governed. A Costly Race. The five Dole race flyers who at- tempted, for fame and fortune, to span the Pacific from California to Hono- lulu have not been found and are be- lieved drowned in the watery wastes between the islands and the mainland. Yesterday in a frantic endeavor to aid in the search two aviators who had not been able to get ready for the race zoomed off over the ocean. They are.now reported missing. If they are not found before the sea lashes their frail craft into bits, the Dole contest will go down in history as one of the most costly and foolhardy expeditions ever conceived by man. Ten persons will have paid with their lives in an attempt to win a twenty-five-thousand- dollar prize. What a setback to the development of aviation! There is one gain, however. Public opinion from this time on will discourage prize of- ferings that lure the untralned and THE TVENING STAR. WASHINGTON, D. ¢ THIS AND THAT has been clouded even in this coun- try. Persistent and shrewd mis- statements of the record have ralsed doubts in the minds of some Ameri- cans who are not inclined toward communism or other forms of radi- calism. These three British authors in their appeal take no cognizance of the long record of painstaking re- search into the case by the sworn officers of the law in Massachusetts. Without understanding the situntion, being affected by the thought that persecution has been visited upon these men, they take it for granted that the prisoners have been denied fair trial and are the victims of thelr own political views. Had this case occurred in England these men would have been sent promptly to execution. There would have been no lapse of seven years caused by their appeals and the de- lays permitted by propaganda and paid agitation. Doubtless these au- thors who are now condemning the American judicial system would never have protested such char- acteristically summary proceedings in their own land. They have in all likelihood heretofore scorned the slowness of the American law in dealing with criminals. Their appeal will be of no avail. 1t is discredited by the evideénce contained in their very plea that they do not know the facts. Their assumption that these men are assuredly inno- cent deprives their petition of any force. ) Zero Hour—The First Wave. The first wave of the American Legion has reached Paris. Being good soldiers they will set about doing the jobs usually assigned to the first wave, consolidating the position and digging in to await the arrival of the support and main body. Ten years ago much depended upon the gallantry and the valor of that handful of American soldiers who marched through the streets of Paris as the first wave of the hosts of their countrymen then preparing to follow. Nor were they found wanting. Amer- ica was proud of them, France was thankful for them. But that is all of the past. The first wave of the American Legion has reached Paris, They must dig in well and “mop up” as they go, not with trench tools, bayonets and hand grenades, but with discreet conduct and words that are carefully chosen; not looking upon themselves as con- querors, baring their heads for laurel crowns or waiting for roses to be strewn in the path of their chariots, but as meek strangers in a strange and proud land. They come on a pil- grimage, not a picnic. They come for a reunion on hallowed ground; a re- union not of forgotten faces alone, but of forgotten days, of forgotten things, of forgotten places, of sacred memories that must not be forgot. May this first wave of today remem- ber that vanguard of ten years ago! May their conduct, and the conduct of those to follow, make America proud of them and France thankful now, as then, for their coming! ——————— A judge while engaged in lunacy hearings has decided that women must take off their hats as men do. Some of the hats represent a degree of eccentricity that might easlly sug- gest rivalry with the subject of the hearing. —————————— Gertrude Ederle was the first wom- an to swim the English Channel, but her press agents were not fast enough workers to enable her to clean up financlally to the extent that was ex- pected. » ———— - Americans are constantly advised to cultivate thrift. Many are doing so in hope of saving up enough for a ring- side seat at Tex Rickard’s next fight. ——————— An old proverb says, “He who sur- vives, conquers.” It is grimly true in gviation. ——————————— A “‘columnist” was once supposed to be funny. Now he makes trouble by taking himself too seriously. unequipped to risk .of life in hazard- ous undertakings, and there will be no more such fiascos as the Dole race. ————— The place of the late Judge Gary will never be filled. His genius was constructive. He left a completed work which calls only for conscien- tious vigilance to prevent it from dis- integrating. R — Begging the Question. Three eminent British authors, whose works are widely read and whose names are highly respécted in this country, have appealed to Gov. Fuller of Massachusetts to grant pardons to Sacco and Vanzettl, in order mot to “stain the history of the State with the blood of two innocent men.” This plea begs the question. It assumes that Sacco and Vanzetti are assuredly guiltless and that their execution would be an “abhorrent violation of justice.” Herein lies the root of the mischief that has been done by the fanaticlsm of the radical partisans of Sacco and Vanzetti. They have persistently maintained that these men were not given a fair trial, that the judge and the jury were prejudiced, that the evidence against them was manufac- tured and that the courts denied a proper review through technicalities, Had it not been for the identification of the defendants with a radical or- ranization seeking to overthrow government in this country there would have been no such agitation. The case would have proceeded to doubtless a much speedler issue with- out attracting the attention of any- hody outside of the State in which the crime occurred. It. has been artificially elaborated into what the French call a “cause celebre.” American justice and not Sacco and Vanzett! has been denied a fair trial. The proceedings themselves have been misrepresented abroad and at home. Facts have been distorted. Special pleaders devoted .to the cause in which the defendants were en- listed have misstated the situation in writings and in public speech, until | foreign sentiment on the part of some who are not infected with radicalism —r—e——— SHOOTING STARS. BY PHILANDER JOKNSON. Bound to Be s Killer. His boat that traveled on the sea, Where moonbeams rippled in their glee— It was too tiny to equip For service as a battleship. ‘Alas!” he murmured in his pride, “This craft now seems undignified. Tt has its lines of grace, and still It has no means to hurt and kill. ‘A way I certainly must find To make it dangerous to maakind. This boat of mine, in days to come, Shall be employed in running rum!” Disagreement. “Can you sing ‘The Star Spangled Banner'?” “I'm sorry you brought the subject up,” said Senator Sorghum. “I think I can. But it's the one point on which 1 seriously disagree with my family.” Ruthless Comedy Methods. The world must face a state of gloom. Life will be tough When they who make us laugh as- sume To treat us rough. Jud Tunkins says you can't get something for nothing unless you run a restaurant with a cover charge. “He who resolves to speak nothing but the truth,” sald Hi Ho, the sage of Chinatown, “must discipline him- self to maintain many discreet si- lences.” Broader Scope Demanded. “Do you think a college education is valuable in the real struggle of life?” “Yes,” answered Miss Cayenne. “But they ought to teach the boys to sing something besides ‘Sweet Ade- line. ™ Taking His Medicine. A man promoting discontent By methods impolite Up in his own explosion went— Which seems no more than right. “I goes to church every Sunday,” has been aroused. Through these partisan endeavors is that the ecomomy effected the public understanding of the case choir instead of a jazz bang* said Uncle Eben, “an’ it seems 'most like Heaven to hear de organ and de ATURDAY, ATGTUS BY CHARLE The need for sunshine in our lives, in an actual, not a figurative sense, is coming to be more and more feit by the American people. sday there are more people play ing in the sun than ever hefore in the history of the United States, not only because there are mo rsons, but principally because the need for bath ing i the direct of the light of this world has {my rd itself upon the minds of civilization. The latest development, showing this trend, is in the advertising of window glass which will admit the so-called ultra-violet rays filtered out by ordi nary window gluss Wealthy persons being solicite to build sun rooms of a new kind for their children, glazed with such glass, 80 that the little ones may enjoy all Winter the henefits which they re celved in outdoor play during the Summer. Most familles, however, cannot af. §1,400 up for a small room. S conservatory” for the children is beyond the pocketbook of the average parent. The only solution, then, is to allow the kids to sop up enough sunshine during Spring and Summer to carry them through the Winter, when they cannot be out so much, and also when the sun is less intense, and therefore not such a powerful agency for good K ok ok K There are too many persgons fin ‘Washington still afraid of the Sum- mer sun, despite the great increase In the number of golf courses, and the wholesome spread of other out- door sports, in the pursuit of which men, women and children come into direct contact with the sunbeams. In a recent walk up Connecticut avenue from H street to Dupont circle, the present writer encountered only six persons, by actual count, walking along the east side of the thorough- fare, where there was plenty of sun- shine. It being afternoon, the pedestrian traffic had transferred itself to west side, so that it might walk in the shade. But the afternoon was a cool, gorgeous one, when walking in the sun might have been enjoyed by every one. The seven of us on the east side, getting the full benefit of the after- noon sun, might be pardoned for be- lieving that we had distinctly the best of the bargain, and that we were, in- deed, displaying just a little bit more intelligence than the walkers in the shade, Much the same phenomenon may be Witnessed on 'F strect, during the Summertime, when the crowds invari- ably seek the shady side of the street. * oKk k All this running away from the &un, mark you, in a day and age when more people than ever are walking di- rectly into it, hs stated! Wise ones are seeking the sunshine, everywhere, for they know that here is the one opportunity of the year for most men and women to store up in their systems something essen- tial which the sun alone gives them. Perha?s the best way in the world to get plenty of sunshine in the most assimilable form and pleasant manner is to go swimming. The fact that the writer of these lines does not go, himself, has nothing to do with his conviction that this is the one best way in the world to ab- Word from the Black Hills that Pres- ident Coolidge favors a moderate na- val building program, including the au- thorization of additional cruisers, stim- ulates a new discussion of what Con- gress may do as a result of the break- down of the Geneva conference. The American press generally deprecates any suggestion of a construction race with Great Britain, though most edi- tors assume that the United States.will build to meet adequately its own re- quirements on the sea. The extent of these requirements is expected to fur- nish plenty of basis for controversy when Congress meets, *“The reaction of the Geneva flasco,” according to the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, “has been to stimulate im- mensely the big-Navy sentiment of the country. The administration holds the door wide open for an accommodation. London will be wise to see in the re- sumption of the eight-cruiser program the first step toward an inevitable building to a parity, implying a ton- nage that good will and good sense in the British government would make altogether unnecessary.” The Charles- ton Evening Post thinks the President “seems disposed to favor a consider- able expansion, although it is hardly to be concluded that he has joined the ranks of the big-Navy advocat. s It would be a mistake,” the ening Post adds, “to conclude from reports that there is in prospect anything like a race in naval expansion between the United States and Great Britain, It is a most remote contingency that Con- gress would authorize construction of ‘warships on a scale which might bring about such a situation.” * ok ok ok ‘That there should be no contest be- tween the two nations in construction, but that the United States should have an adequate Navy, is the judgment of the Norfolk Ledger-Dispatch. The Manchester Union says that “our cruis- er strength is far below the require- ments of national defense,” and the Albany Evening News declares that “there is no reason why this Nation should go ahead and build the ‘great- est Navy in the world,’ but there every reason why it should keep Navy to a standard that insures the national defense.” The Oklahoma City Times suggests that “it isn‘t necessary that we should be mistress of the seas,” while the Milwaukee Journal holds that “there is a vast difference between honestly looking to our re- quirements and the campaign that has been launched in some quarters to ‘put Britain in her place.’ " ““There is no occasion for the United States becoming an international Pol- lyanna,” observes the Wichita Bea con, however, and the Fort Wayne News-Sentinel argues that “neither the American people nor their govern- ment is hysterical or jingoistic, but the time has arrived when we can- not afford to neglect further our na- tional defense requirements.” With the statement that “we believe in re- duced armament, and prefer no arma- ment at all,” the Worcester Evening Gazette offers the opinion that “if we should again seck to lead & move of the kind, the more ships we may have, the better our chances of suc- cess.” The Pasadena Star-News feels that the American people and the British people “are broad enough and sym- pathetic enough to be loyal to the long-standing friendship between the two countries and to trust each other in the matter of armaments, with each on a par with the other on the seas.” * K Kk “The agreement, for the moment at least, proved impossible,” says the Du- luth Herald. *But that does not mean that we should build as many cruisers as we can. We could build a great many of them. We are able to do it. If the race goes to the nation with the longest purse, of course we would win it. We could build two cruisers -0 Great Britain’s one, if we wanted to, and still not be terribly burdened. But what would be the use of it?” The Columbus Ohio State Journal re- marks that ‘“there are many things the money might be spent for to bet- ter advantage, Mississippi River flood protection for instance.” “‘But our problems as a great Na- tion,” asserts the Asheville Times, the | TRACEWELL. sorb sunshine. A little observation | on the part of any one will convince the same any one that those who g0 swimmin’ are the healthiest people in_the world. The outdoor bather gets a triple dose of sunshine. He gets the rays divect, on as much bare skin as the law allo nd the law s doing pretty well, thank you! The law is eminently sensible, nowadays. Then he gets the sunheams as re- flected by the water. This is no little sunshine, in itself, The third "in which he gets ays into his tem s by he magnifying ties of the water | Little drops of water only the burning power rays, but impress more henefits of the said r human system Thus the bather, whether in ocean, lake, river or outdoor pool, gets more | sunshine upon him and in him, in a | kiven space of time, than in any other sport, and the benefit is in | creasingly manifest * % Ek Walking without the hat in Sumi- ¢ is perhaps the next best method absorbing sunshine, for walking i fter all, nothing but land swimming, in which one makes larger use of the legs and less of the arms than in water swimming. olf must be included in the cate- gory of walking—perhaps it might be termed a sublime form of walking, in which the zest of competition in an attractive form is added to the benefits of plain walking. Those who, through inclination or otherwise, do not go in for golf may | get much of the benefit of that royal game if they will put in enough time at walking, especially in the rays of the sun. Common sense upon his skin, augment not of certain forcibly the upon the must bhe used, of | course, in all exposure. Some people are not able to stand sunshine on the head for a very long period, and such would be foolish to continue in it when the heated feeling comes to the back of the head, where the first warning of overexposure usually is felt. The advantage of outdoor bathing —another advantage—is that the wind always blowing keeps the head cool, in a literal sense, and enables almost any one to stand prolonged and in- tensive doses of sunshine. * X kK There are thousands of people who, if they could not do any better, would benefit themselves and others if they would do no more than just sit in the sunshine. One can go to indoor places of en- tertainment all year round, but only in Spring and Summer is it possible for one to be in the sunshine. This is the slowest and least enter- taining method of sunshine bathing, of course, but it sweetens the skin and the disposition at the same time, and is a method which deserves public commendation, not the sneering which it sometimes faces. After all, the big thing is to get sunshine into the system, no matter how it gets there. This is the one big tonic, that comes out of the sky, instead of out of a bottle, and that may be secured in a back-yard garden almost as well as on a 160-acre golf course, LT RS U b e Coolidge Attitude Toward Navy Stimulates Debate on Program ‘“are mot the problems of Britain or any other great nation. There is a world of difference between a navy to [safeguard American interests and a navy the equal of Great Britain The St. Louis Post-Dispatch asks, “Is ruinous competition to be the sinister outcome of the Geneva failure?” The Chicago Daily News avers that “ would be stupid for either Great Britain or the United States, because of the absence of a general limitation agreement, to construct needless war craft.” i The Charleston Daily Mail predicts a sane medium between the plan of the big-Navy men and that of the pacifists.” Anticipating a battle, the Newark Evening News says, “Mr. Coolidge has shown little willingness to ‘buck’ the Congress since he has been Chief Magistrate, but he will have an opportunity to do good service in the final days of his administration if the big-Navyites attempt to push through their program.” U. S. Army Called Out More Than 100 Times From the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, It seems open to question if there is any - solutely pacific, non-belligerent people on the footstool. It is our boast and ur belief that we are, and our 8chool histories tell of only six wars in which we have engaged. Yet our ‘War Department has a list of a hun- dred other crises that called an Ameri- can Army into conflict with an armed enemy—Indians, Mexicans, Filininos, Haitlans, Nicaraguans and others. None of these enemies could stand against us. The outcome in every in- stance was a foregone conclusion and our claim in every case was that we bhad right upon our side. From our point of view we had, and the other party was always in the wrong. But the fact remains that we fought, when we reasoned that we had to, every people who got into our way; and over & hundred armed clashes, little wars, in the century and a half of nationhood, must be taken to establish our readi- ness o fight at the drop of the hat whenever it appeared to us that we must do so in order to maintain our rights. Probably Great Britain has had ss many minor clashes in that period somewhére on the fringes of her mighty empire. But what other na tion in Lurope, or in the world, can equal those records? The explanation is, of course, that the English-speal- ing nations are in direct contact with all' the back peoples of earth; and while they aim to be just they find it necdful to insist that their views as to relitionshly, and conditions in civ lized soclety must prevail. This scmetimes called Imperialism which overrides the weaker races; but un- questicnably its effect on the whole is to stimulate their development and Improve their general conditions, as we have in the Philippines. And from the beginning of things raclal migrations and, the growth of nations have been under what seems nature’s law that the waste places of earth belong to the people who can make the best use of them, develop their resources and cover them with prosperous and progressive popula- tions. To this extent we have been imperialistic; but what else counts in human affairs except power and ca- pacity to govern wisely and justly? ..nd the end and effect of it is to make the earth blossom, equal to supporting Its_growing popuiation and slowly te weld the human families into one. s Put a Poser. From the Detroit Free Pres Probably Mr. Coolidge never sus- pected that one simple word could have so many different meanings. o Dry in One Respect. From the Tulsa World. Senator Jim Reed, who is said to be wet, is demanding better conservation of flood waters. r means | and reflecting prop- | THE LIBRARY TABLI By the Booklover. The culture of the colonial perlod in our history e described, with inalysis of momic canses and ¢ ditions, in the chapter “Provinc srica” of the first volume of rd's “Rise of There is an of econcrete detail it is often humorous. Of course, titled per England sniffed as they caught the smell of tar and salt fish on the garments of the mercantile order of the Back Bay, but sturdy Puritans did_not worry ahout the snub.” A Marblehead sailor is quoted ng to his pastor, “Our ‘ame not here for religio main_end was atch fish.”” The prevafling habit historfans of at tributing ‘strictness and ascetiefsm to the Northern colonies and a sybarite manner of life to the Southern col- onics is not altogether in accord with s ards, for “rum as hot ies as rich as any that graced the planter’s table we found on the boards of the noblest divines and the strictest me hants of Boston. On the other under genial Southern vkies, were reared the families that brought forth in America the two out standing pietists of the nineteenth century, Robert E. Lee, whose lips were never profaned by an oath isky or tobacco, and Stonewall <on, who opened every battle with " Traditions of aristocracy, from England, lingered long 'n and Southern col- rvard and Yale author nds and chattels deter- of students in the In churches, Puritan alike, gations cording to age, social position and estate. One old Virgini mily displayed its regard for the commoners of the vi nity every Sun day by requiring them to wait out side the church until the superiors were duly seatcd in the largo especially provided for them.”. x k k¥ The origing, both social and eco- nomic, of colonial culture were Ing lish, and “the prevailing class struc- ture by which the provincial culture of America w S0 lar conditioned was derived in the main from the mother country. Mr. and Mrs. Beard think that the idea of the colonies as local democracies, founded cording to the principles of a philosophy of their own and nourishing from the start economic equality, is chiefly fic. tion. In reality, the distinctions and privileges of the landed gentry, mer- chants and yeomen of England “were reproduced in a new environment.” The economic foundation of New Eng- lund was merchantile, of the Southern colonies agricultural, and in this the South more resembled England at the time of colonial settlement. The two economic elements were mingled in the middle colonies, where both land and trade were cultivated. “In Penn- sylvania rich merchants usually car- ried off the emoluments and the hon- ors, political and cultural. In New York patroons and mercantile families of Dutch origin retained their high place in society when the English took over their inheritance, but in time new houses ruled by the con- querors rose beside Dutch establish- ments in town and country. * * iven the pocket boroughs of old Eng- land had copies on the banks of the Hudson. Some of the lordly masters of New York manors were represented in the provincial Legislature by dele- gates of their own choosing, with the assent of their tenants a matter of form.” There were five social orders in the colonies. The wealthy leading families, landowners or merchants, corresponded with the English landed gentry, the farmers with the English yeomen, the free artisans and laborers and the indentured servants for agri- culture or menial work with the same English classes, but the black slaves, the lowest class in the colonies, had no English precedent. t is true that the status of the ruling element was not as plainly marked by legal signs as in the mother country and that the gates of entry were slightly more ajar, but its grip upon industrv and local politics was no less secure.” * ok ok ok The “Orient Express” of John Dos Passos runs from Ostend, where the author landed from a channel boat, to Venice, through the kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, through Bulgaria, across a strip of Greece, to Constantinople, to Trebizond. through the Caucasus, to Tiflis, around Mount Araraf, to Teheran, along the Tigris and across the plain of ancient Babylonia, to Bagdad, across the desert to Damascus, and finally by airplane over Morocco, across the Straits of Gibraltar to Malaga, ~Valencia, Barcelona, and over the Pyrenees. The experiences of Mr. Dos Passos on this tour in the East were far from those of the conventignal conducted traveler and are described in anything but con- ventional terms. Interesting sights were purchased by the endurance of many discomforts, the worst of which were caused by dirt and its associated odors, if one may judge from the frequency with which he speaks of this subject. On the Tiflis Express, “the bedbugs took the insect powder like snuff and found it very stimulat- ing.” At Erivan were “long, straight, grassgrown streets full of a sickly stench of dung and ditchwater.” On the train from Erfvan to Nakhtchevan a woman in the nmext car died of typhus. On the plain about Mount Ararat, on the frontier of Armenia, there was “an evilsmelling freight- yard full of trains, beside a ruined station” and “on the wind comes a sour smell of filth and soldiers and garbage.” Mianej is “a town famous for its flies, its gnats, its mosquitoes, and especially its white bedbugs which breed a private fever of their own which has made the town’s name renowned in the annals of medicine.” From such encounters with offensive and menacing things tangible and in- tangible, and of course with other things more agreeable, emerged the “Orient Express,” but it is not strange that at times the author in some un- usually trying situation found him- self wondering why he was there and “trying to make myself believe that a roving life was the life for me.” A International relations following the World War, from the Treaty of Ver- sailles, which failed to settle things, through the Locarno pact, are ana- lyzed by Frank H. Simonds, veteran new aper correspondeft, in his book, “How FEurope Made Peace Without America.” Mr. Simonds says that “American withdrawal was . . . the first step toward the solution of the suropean problem.” Failure of under- standing _between Europe and the United States was 'a root trouble, Europeans “interpreted the fact that America had entered the war and that Mr. Wilson had come to Paris as final proof that the people of the United States would unhesitatingly consent to bear all the burdens, run all the risks, accept all the difficulties incident to perpetual intermixture in uropean_affairs. None paused to sk the simple question of what ma- terial and practical return the Ameri- can people could derive from a policy which imposed such manifest burdens and dangers. All took it as a fore- gone conclusion that the people of the United States, who had resigned title and interest in the fruits of the common victory, would be satisfied to accept a contract by which Europe subscribed, With reservations, to the vaguest of moral principles, while the United States undertook the most specific and farreaching material responsibilities.” * X X % 3dwin Arlington Robinson In his recent romantic poem, “Tristram,” describes the famous Isolt of Ireland agrecable ons in Old their to of a pri hrought in both onies ity, houses, mined the academic and Anglic were seated pew | ANSWERS TO QUESTION Q. of a What Is the diam Mton fibe . W. H A. The age diameter of a ton fiber is from .001040 to | inches. ; In playing auc points and makes high while has 10 points | makes Juck, which wins? the bidder.—J. C. A. The bidder scores first he ix not a possible winner, the points scored in following order: Jack, game. B who and Jack, wins an linmeter or n pitch and and 1 | low, points ime. had 10 11-point Q. When should evergreen tr planted?—G. M. R. A. August and September | best times to p t evergree s he are the | @ | for | for it When a fruit cake recipe cal andy, what may be substitute M. H. er and fruit juice of brandy in fru Q. Who founded the Jof maker Store in New York Ci | A. A, T. Stew: Q lake are used Where i3 the in the world?— | A. Gatun Lake | Canal, having a sur square miles.” It construction of Q. called s formed by the Dam. Why is the day of gradu Commencement day?—R A. The school period is regarded |as a time of preparation for life. herefore the close of school is looke | upon as the commencement of life's ities and the-day upon which duation exercises are held is known ¥ |as Commencement day. brain heavies: How much does weigh? Who has had | brain on record?. | A From 11,000 | Topinard finds an : he adt the br | for woman. Of the ¥ of promi- nent men examined up to the pres. ent time it is said that Daniel Web. ster's was the heaviest, Q. Did a prior to the Civil War?” A. A great many negroes owned slaves prior to.the Civil War. It was quite customary for a negro man on own slaves PoW. wife, children, or other relatives and in this way in effect become their absolute owner. . Q. Was there a Lincoln in the Revolutionary War? A. Benjamin Lincoln of Ma prominent . N the average at once convey that may not ial significance, for Dr. Salmon was a professor of medicine in_ Columbia University, away off in New York ( medical circles it means that the lead- ng researcher in psychiatry ha his important work. ously by falling, unseen, off a yacht jinto Long Tsland Sound, and his body was recovered. it was shown that the direct cause of his death was a tumor on the brain producing a faint. in which he had fallen over- board. His specialty was the brain, and no man of this generation has brought more hope to men afflicted with brain trouble than did Dr. Sal- mon. This applies particularly to his studies of “shell shock” in battle, * X kX any general practitioner, or even such as specialize in insanity what is shell shock, and the probabili- ties are that the answer will be that it is a form of insanity which comes to patients having a natural mental weakness. They will perhaps explain that even without the excitement of battle such weakness would eventu- ally have brought a mental break- down—*insanity.” Ask others who make no pretense of medical learning what is shell shock, and the answer will come from many who never smelled the smoke of battle: “Shell shock? Oh, that is just an- other name for ‘vellow’” That was the actual conversation at an Ameri- can camp of demobilization hetween a lieutenant and_a major who had Ask almost out the World War. * kK ok Dr. Salmon proved that shell shock not insanity. . It is not malin ellowness” of a coward. It one of the most terrible afflictions of sol- diery, but it is far more curable than most forms of insanity. The main treatment consists in occupational therapy and rest. It is the most prevalent of any of the ailments of the war, and it is real, distinctive and_grievous to the patient and his family. But there is hope for the shell shocked. Only in America has it come to be the fash- ion to belittle it and say there is no such thing as shell shock. Upon our entrance into the war Salmon was sent to Europe by the Rockefeller Foundation to make spe- cial studies of the mental effects of battle. He became the head of the Neuropsychiatric Division of the A EF In a book entitled “Shell Shock, written by Dr. Norman Fenfon, Ph. D., associate professor of psychol- ogy, Ohio University, and during the war in charge of the chief base hos- pital (117) for shellshock cases, ap- pears this: “The documeni A tion begins with the report by Salmon on the methods used by the Ensglish army to combat the serious military menace of shell shock. * * * In. asmuch as he was (from May to July, 1917, and from December, 1917, tiil the Spring of 1919) senior consultant in the Division of Neuropsychiatry in the Army abroad, Dr. Salmon was able actually to organize and direct N. P. work of the Army in France on the basis of the scientific premises, which his discussions with colleagues in America and with experts of the allied armies, his knowledge of litera- ture and his direct study in" England had given him.” Dr. Fenton gives official statistics which show that in June, 1918, the number of shell.shock cases admitted to Hospital 117, in proporticn to the number of deaths in battle, was 20 per cent. merican history of the hiatric organiza- line. In August, when 270,000 Amer- icans were fighting, the shell-shock cases constituted only 10 per cent of the number of battle deaths. In Octo- ber, when we had 1.450.000 in battle, the shell-shock cases were only 3 per cent of battle deaths. Dr. Fenton adds: %t 1s the opinion of those compe- tent to judge that when the meuro- psychiatric organization as planned (by Dr. Salmon) was at work with a unified American Army, the war neu- roses ceased to be the dangerous mili- tary menace they had been earlier in the history of the A. E. F. military op- erations, and that this organization was of primary importance in lessen- ing their seriousness. Gen. Pershing recognized this in a fine tribute to the Ireland with her pallid mask of pride.” Tsolt of Brittany is “Isolt of the white hands,” “Isolt, so frail, so as “the dark Isolt,” “Isolt of the wild frightened violet eyes,” and “Isolt of light, and yet, with all, mysteriously That was the beginning of { tivities at the front, when j 000 Americans were on_the flzhlll’l):| medical officers engaged in the work.” ; width | it Al sither is | High. | caight of which attaining his freedom to purchase his wchu- | tion Bureau, Frederie J. Haskin, setts participated in many of the en- | recto Salmon is dead. To bravely held a Virginia fort through- | | | | er BY FREDERIC J. HASKIN. agements. He was elected Lieuten svernor of Massachusetts i nd was a member of the s entlon that ratified the Constit of the United States. Q. v man fum would it eighing 10 cubie feet of take to pounds 200 IEA: e Navy Department says that | 167 | nece: feet ry to raise of helium wou 1 dirigible the is 10 pounds to : t of 200 feet 5 cubic feet gas would be necessar feet of hydrogen | h 147 cubic Q. What xpression Kinz A An anci sometimes ob time is th married the v R Syrian eustom whic N or and many s and navis write, t What —R is me H. W s to Ant ge . is situated on 2 of 10,000 feet. the Letters are going every nule from our free Information Burcau i Washington telling readers whatere | they want to know. They are i to all kinds of querics of subjects. from all Kine Make use of this free ser ive which The Evening Star fs mai taining for you. Its only purpose i to help wou and e want pow - | benefit from it. Get the habit of | writing to The Evening Star Informa Di- r, Washington, D. ¢ BACKGROUND ' OF EVENTS BY PAUL V. COLLINS. The above indicates the high quali- flcations of Dr. Salmon as an author ity on shell shock and other forms of mental disease. In his official report, in 1917, after his investigations in the British Army, he “There is statistic idence which indicates that the insanity rate in the British Army is less at the present time than it was in the first year of the war, and that it has not reached the hizh rates reported in recent wars. ‘The high and constantly in- creasing rate for the war neuroses suggests that the latter disorders ar taking the place of psychoses in mod- ern war. How much this phenome- ‘mon is due to an actual change in in- cidence and how much to former er- rors in diagnoses cannot be stated ac- e is a high suspicion that the high insanity rate in_the Spanish- American and the Boer Wars was due, in part at least, to failure to recog nize the real nature of the severe neu roses which are grouped under the term ‘shell shock’ in this war. This may account for the remarkable re-. covery for ‘insane’ soldiers in other wars. It i3 certain that in the early months of the present war many sol- diers suffering from war neuroses were regarded as insane and disposed of accordingly. When one remem- bers that the striking manifestations cen in these cases were unfamiliar in men, to physicians in general prac- tice, it is not surprising that some of the severe disturbances should have been interpreted as signs of insanity.” So Dr. Salmon clearly differentiated between insanity and “war neuroses,” or “shell shock,” which, it is stated, is not done by the medical staft of the Veterans' Bureau, nor of St. Eliza- beth's Hospital. In another report by Dr. Salmon quoted by Dr. Fenton, is this encour- aging word: “Few more hopeful cases exist in the medical services of the countries at war than those suffering from war neuroses grouped under the term ‘shell shock,” when treated in special hospitals by physicians and nurses fa- miliar with the nature of the fun tional nervous diseases and with their management. * ok ok ok How important is this question of shell shock or “war neuroses” in the present-day conditions among the veterans in the Government hospitals must be judged in the light of the fact that mental patients exceed in num ber all other cases combined. Yet they are all carried as “N. P.” cases— short for insanity cases. The Vet ns’ Bureau reports the three divi- sions of cases in bureau hospitals each vear as follows (June 30 each yvear ex- cept 1927 and August 20 for 1927): 190 Tuberculosis E Neuropsyehiatiie 8 25.354 Only part of the “mental cases” (N. P.”) are actually insane, but Dr. Sal mon alleged that most physicians fail to note the difference. A technical book, Shock: Commotional and Emotional Aspects,” written by Dr. Andre Leri professor to the Faculte de Paris confirms Dr. Salmon's general diagno ses. The book is translated into Eng lish by Sir Alfred Keogh and Lieut Gen. Sir Thomas Goodwin, and pul lished as one of the Military Medicul Manuals of the British Army. In prefatory note it is said: tention to the differenc: conditions which though ap parently similar are essentially differ ent, and call for diametric treatment, entitled *“Shell A book, Lessons,” by Dr. G. Elliot Smith, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Pro fessor of Anatomy. and Dr. T. H Pear, B. Se.—both of Oxford, England —contains th “A common way of describing the condition of a man sent back wit shock is to say that has lost h reason,’ or ‘lost his senses.’ Asa this is a singularly inept expre Whatever may be the state of mind of the patient immediately after the mine explosion, the burial in the dug- out, the sight and sound of his luc erated comrades, or other appalling e> periences which finally incapacit: him for service in the-firing line, it is true to say that by the time of his arrival in a hospital in England his reason and senses are not lost but functioning with painful deficiency. * * ¢ Ina word, it is not in the in tellectual but in the emotional sphere that we must look for terms to de- scribe these conditions.” Not “insanity”—shell shock is dis- tinctive. Not necessarily immediate— sometimes “deferred.” “And now—in our hospitals, exceeding all other so strong,” and ‘unchangeable, half |cases combined. chilldlike l’ half womanly.* (Copyright. 1027, by Paul V. Collias.)