Evening Star Newspaper, September 5, 1926, Page 23

GREAT FIGHT ON TARIFF IS NEAR, EXPERT BELIEVES American Bankers’ Policy of Investing in Foreign Securities Opposes Manu- facturers’ Interests, Editor Says. WILLIS J, BALLINGER. HE United ftates stands on the brink of another great taviff battle, which is goinz to have far-reaching effect on Ameri- can husiness and is going to Play some strange pranks on existing political parties. This is the view of Lynn Haines. nationally known editor. Mr. Haines gives his time to sitting in a watch tower and observing the movements going on among the nations’ rulers and Jaw-makers. B I had heard that the farmers and BY : n the tariff as a means of retaliating on the industrial inter- ests, which are said to control Con gress, and with the hope of frighten- ing them into some kind of farm re- lief measure. I asked Mr. Haines about that and whether on not he belleved a revival of tariff agitation was coming. He answered—"Yes"—kut the rea- #on which he gave was altogether dif- ferent from the one I expected. “Once upon a time the so-called business interests of the country were more or less united on the pro- tective tariff issuc. The predomi- nance of Business control, particularly in one of thesgreat partfes, made the ariff possible. Now a rift ap- peared in the business interests. The clurers, who the direct es of the tariff, ned, and in m raised higher. But the fin terests ave coming around an alvocacy of a lower tariff. Reason Lies in Loans. “The reason is to be found in our enormons loans abroad—the loans, 1 tean, being made to foreign indus tries. The su of these loans and of still larger ones in prospect will depend on the industrial rehabilita- tion of Europe and the development of the favored industries in all sec- tions of the world. Those industries must have a market. They must be Able (o sell in Americ: It they do cell in America, they will come into collision with our manufacturers. If they cannot sell here the soundness of the loans will be impa‘red “Ihe bankers buck of the loans therefore. want our tariff reduced so 1hat these industries can find markets here. Our manufacturers want the tariff raised so that they will be kept out. means a division between 1wo forces which were once united.” “Do I understand that the loans we have made to foreign governments and our still pending war loans have hing to do with this?" s, but only indirectly. Remem- ber, we have made two kinds of loans ¥ we have loaned to uropean governments. Then in the Jast two years we have been lending mostly to private industries. But we have been putting our money there in an entirely different manner ahout which y* little has been heard. American capitalists hage been ally investing in privite s These investments have been of two kinds. Amdrican industrial institu- tions have been establishing produc- ing plants in forelgn countries. But also capitaiists have been buying up Jarge biocks of stock in foreign in- dustrial enterprises. In my .opinion the loans to private industry are much smaller than the investments in pri- wvate industry Must Have U. y “Now the only W in which those fndustries- can pay dividends is by solling goods. And as we are the only great nation with a real, vigorou: purchasing power, they must sell them to us. And those who have in- ves'ed their money abroad are inter- ested in giving their investments the best possible conditions in which to flourish. And this means opening the gates in our tariff wall so as to per- mit the products of these industries to enter. A “Thus we will soon see one of the first Market. important domestic effects of our new policy of londing money to the world. And this effect is going to be to divide American Yusiness men on the ques- *ion of the tarlff-—the bankers against the manufacturers. “I do not want to stress the purely par implications of this. But, of ow s, it is obvious we cannot have a great political quarrel over the tari without serious effects on the parti- san agencies through which the peo- ple express themselves, The most se- rious effects will undoubtedly be found in the Republican party, and already we can notice the lines being formed. But the Democratic party has its tariff babies and its tariff ad- vocates just as well. Some of. them are outspoken. And others are quite as faithful to the tariff idea for their own industries, though they talk against the tariff. The South for a long time has been interested in sugar and rice and lumber and other products. But now the South is be- coming a great industrial region, and it is adding new tariff-protected com- modities to its list—iron and textiles, to say nothing of numerous other articles. All this is having a pro- fouhd effect on the tariff beliefs of Democrats. Wedge Between Leaders. “One of the first purely political effects of this struggle will probably he a wedge between the President and his Secretary of the Treasury. I do not speak of an open breach. I mean a drifting apart. Mr. Mellen has been foremost among -those American financiers vho have stressed the im- portance o loans abroad. On the other hand, Senator Butler of Massa- chuseétts, who is the President's friend .as well as adviser, represents a region which is dependent upon tariff protection in a very high de- gree. The clash between these two interests is inevitable.” Do you see any other danger con- nected with this crisis in the tariff? as | | . T do. 1 see grave danger it our foreign industrial cred- cannot pay their bills. And as I have pointed out, there will be an excellent chance of their not paying those loans if they cannot sell in this market, “Already Juropean economists have pointed out that if America keeps on lending to Furope at the present. rate and refuses to lower her tariff walls to permit her debtors to sell here, then the rest of the world will be in peonage te the United States U. S. Would Be Dictator. “The United States would be in a position to dictate at will to its debtor nations, who would be forced to bar. gain for an extension of the time of payment often. Thus, the United States could easily become a creditor Colossus and bestride the world with an ominous shadow. “How long would the rest of the world abstain from a common cause against a_perpetual creditor? Would they seek rellef by waging war against thelr oppressor, or would they be forced to defend themselves from an attack by their oppressor if they repudiated their debts. 1 used the word ‘oppressor.” A good many loans now being made abroad are by power- ful banking houses. They could hold a life-and-death power ovar foreizn industries. No one could think of them as being charitable in the long run. They could undoubtedly foreclose and take over the property of their debtors. That has happened to many countries in the past—foreign credi- tors have simply closed and begun a controlling economic influence within a country that has been a constant embarrassment to foreign govern- ments. That's the crux of the matter. If our debtors can’t pay there will be trouble, and if we permit them to pay there will be trouble. The tariff is | bound to be the center of a furious at- ack ear future.” tack In the Boos he. 1026.) EVOLUTION LAW DEPENDENT ON DEFINITION OF LIBERTY Supreme Court Has Previously Held Teachers Cannot Be Interfered With in Giving Instruction in Languages. BY CHESTER L Former President Amerlean A\ is liberty? It is vecogn' the Constitution. of the pur- poses set out in the preamble is “to secure the blessings ol liberty to our welves and our posterity.” In the fifth amendment, which is a restriction on Cungress, it vided that no person shall prived of life, liberty or propert with- out due process of law. The four- teenth amendment says that no State shall deprive a person of life, liberty or property without due Jaw. We have had many decisions about the taking of lite and property without due proc of law, but very few about taking a v liber The Supreme Court has recently de- fined liberty. The States of Nebraska, JTowa and Ohio passed laws that re: stricted the freedom of learning. They prevented the teaching of modern Janguages in the schools of the spective States below the eighth grade. Nebraska and lowa prohibited all modern languages. while Ohio said that German should not be taught in the schools of that State below the eighth grade. The question arose whether a teacher who had qualified himself for teaching’ modern lan- Janguages could thus have his occu- pation interfered with. The Supreme in deciding these cases, defined liberty as follows: What Liberty Is? Liverty denotes mbt merely free dom from bodily restraints, but also the right of the individual to contuct, 10 engage in any of the common occu pations of Wfe, to acquire useful knowledge, to marry. to estgblish home and bring up children, to w ship God according to the dictates of his own conscience, and generally to enjoy those privileges long recognized at common law as essential to the or Bar Associa One is pro: be de derly pursuit of happiness by free men. :x was decided in those cases that the lberty of the teacher to teach could not be thus impaired. In Ove zon a law w enacted that would have destroyed all private schools be- Jow the elghth grade. The Supreme court decided that the liberty of the parents or guardians to choose a school for the child was Invaded. The court sald”that the child did not be long to the State, but that the parent or guardian:had the liberty of choos- ing the school for the child. That law was declared unconstit onal as an invasion of liberty. In Tennessee a law passed that in teaching biology It must be tauzht . certain way: that there must not be a conflict with the Bible story of cre- ation, taken literally. A teacher vio- process of ! lated the law: he was convicted: that . e is on its way to the Supreme Court of the United States to dete_l‘ mine whether Tennessee can by legis lative enactment control opinions. Interest of Lawyers. Lawyers, as lawvers, are not inter- ested in the contest between the fun- damentalist and the modernist. They are not interested, as lawyers, wheth. er biology wught in our schools and colleges or the Bible story of cre | ation, taken literally, is correct. That is for the theologian and scientist. They are interested, as lawyers, In de- termining whether a State can contyol our opinions by legislative enfict- ments, as it does our actions. That question concerns all of us. Lawyers, as lawyers, are concerned in the ques tion as to- whether or not the State can say how a certain subject must be taught in the schools of the State. and thus interfere with the student in acquiring useful knowledge. His de- sire to learn both sides of any que: tion should not be denied. Lawyers are concerned with the question whether the law interferes with the liberty of the teacher to teach in Ten- nessee, as the liberty of the teacher to teach modern languages was inter- fered with in Nebraska, Ohio and Towa: also whether there is an inter: ference with the liberty of the child to.learn. That is the question, and that is what the lawyers and the bar associations of this country have : right to consider. The question is | whether the law interferes with the : principles on which our Government is founded. Has not the State the right, either by law or through its | boards of education. to say what shall | be taught in the schools? It has, If its restrictions are reasonable. It can not be arbitrary. The Supreme Court | decided that the States had acted in an unreasonable and arbitrary man- | ner. and no State can do that. We live with persons who have rights equal to our own. To secure our own rights we must submit to reasonable regulation of our actions. This is necessary in society. While we must submit to reasonable regulations of our actions there is ¢ tendency to regulate our opinions ac well. “This can not be done in a land of liberty. Constitutional limitations forbid. (Copyright, 1926.) e 3,000-Year-Old Bread Served. At a Brussels banquet bread taken from the pyfamids and said to be more than 3,000 years old was eaten with butter said to have been made during the time of Queen Elizabeth. Wine centuries old and apples 1,800 vears old, taken from the ruins of Pompeiigare on record also as hav- ing beer® consumed. FY THE SUNDAY League of Nations Is on Public Trial In Session About to Begin in Geneva ¥ BY FRANKAT. SIMONDS. any “forecast of what is to happen at the meeting of the as- sembly at Geneva it 1s essential firdt at all to recall the major circumstances of the special meeting of the league last March. The | business of the March assembly, like jthat of the present gathering, was primarily to admit Germany to the league und bestow upon her that per- manent seat on the council which it was agreed at the Locarno meeting should be hers. Moreover, the admis- sion of Germany would thus consum- mate the agceements’ of Locarno, which were accepted the world ovei as the promise, the first authentic | Promise, of European peace. i The March meeting ended in flasco | and failure for two different reasons: First of all, a fight between the Locar- no powers over the allocation of addi- tional seats in the council to Poland, Spain and_ Brazil, and, secondly, when the Polish problem had been disposed of and the Locarno powers were in agreement, by reason of the veto of Brazil, which refused to as- sent to German admission unless Bra- zil also received a permanent seat. Spain, while taking a similar line, did not actually interpose a veto, per- haps, in part, because mone was necessary after Brazil had acted. The fight over Poland was precipi- tated by the insistence of France that her Polish ally should have a perma- nent seat on the council along with Germany, thus insuring the Poles a place of equal importance with Ger- many when, inevitably, German-Polish issues should be ised. While in sisting upon Poland’s recognition, France was favorable to Spanish and Brazilian claims. Italy backed— the French hand; Britain, through £ usten Chamberlain, had assented, but his in- fluence wax paralyzed by a subse- {uent revoltif the whole British pub- ic. = Charge Made of “Packing. This revolt followed the public dec- laratlon of the German chancellor that Germany would not enter the league if at the same moment Poland were to be elevated to a place of equal Importance, and, as she argued, the council was thus to be packec against her. Germany did not object in principle to seats for Brazil and Spain; her target was Poland and she was, in the nature of things, obliged to insist that she come alone to establish a_principle. Before the assembly mat at Geneva the whole controversy had been alred in the press of Paris and Berlin and a situation had arisen where the pres- tige of both the Briand and Luthe; Stresemann cabinets was involved, and neither could hope to survive a diplomatic defeat at Geneva. There was then a deadlock the moment the Geneva sessions began. This dead- lock was complicated by the fall of the Briand cabinet, which made for delay and the absence of the French premier, and made his situation the more delicate when he had formed a new cabinet. In the opening days of the session, too, the deadlock w made absolute because, while Germany was not a member of the league and was thera. fore without a vote, although the German representatives could threat- en withdrawal in case of Polish eleva- tion to a permanent seat, Sweden, a member holding a council seat, an- nounced that she would veto all ad- missions save the German. Compromise Is Accepted. gotiations led at last to an ingenfous and -saving compromise which was accepted by both Germany and France, real antagonists in the quar- rel. Sweden, having precipitated the issue, proposed to retire from the council in favor of Holland, while BY HENRY W. BU HE following is a_brief mary of the most important news of the world for the seven days e¢nded Septem- her_4: The British Empire.—The delegates’ conference of the miners’ federation having authorized the miners’ execu- tive committee to “submit proposals for the setting up of a national agree- ment for the coal mining industry,” the latter have notified the govern- ment that they “stand ready to enter negotlations for a national agreement, with a view to a reduction in labor costs to meet the immediate nece: sities of the industry.” This is a de- velopment holding some promise; not overmuch, because the owners have stood out with invincible obstinacy for district autonomy in the matter of wage agreements. Documents published by the gov- ernment _of Bengal, India, show that the Red Russians are moving by characteristic propaganda for a “Fed- erated Republic of the United States of India,” to be established “by organ- ized and armed revolution.” It seems to be beyond question that, as charged by Sir Austen Chamberlain, the Brit- ish forelgn secretary, and the Karl of Birkenhead, secretary of state for India, the Russian Soviet government has egregiously violated its treaty e gagement not to propagandize in any part of the British empire. The people of the Australian com- monwealth are soon to vote by way of referendum upon certain proposed amendments to the commonwealth constitution, enactment . of which would very greatly increase the power of the central government and legisla- ture in respect of labor organization and management and the settlement of labor disputes; this at the expense of the governments of the component states. The result of the referendum will be awaited with peculiar interes EE } Spain.—A vast number of rumors are abroad importing that Primo de Rivera is losing his grip on Spain that his hold of power is imperiled: |that not merely has he stirred up a hornets’ nest by his change in the mode of promotion of army officers: not merely have some of his policies estranged the King, but popular cri icism also is voicing itself to an ominous extent. The people, we are told, are not pleased with the slaps sum- volved in the mew rapprochement with Italy. But these rumors blend so perfectly, despite variety of hue, as to arouse suspicion of artistry; our sensitive olfactories seem (o detect the odor of propaganda. Primo de Rivera gives the lie direct to them all. But still the rumors are so per- sistent that one is worried a little about the Spanish dictatorship and keeps a watchful eye on the so dili- gently censored dispatches from Spain. *ox ok x Fayal—The sympathy of the world zoes out to the people of Fayal, one of the Portugese .Azores, where a terrible earthquake, accompanied by tidal wave, occured on Tuesda Though not so very great (according to an official s*atement, only nine deaths and 200 injuries reported in a total population of about 23,000), the greater part of the work of men's hands on Ten days of futile and furious ne- | in the face to France and Britain in- | the human casualties were | STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C.. SEPTEMBER 5, 1926—PART 2. Czechoslovakia made way for Polapd. Thus Poland would appear but only holding a temporary mandate and only if elected by the votes of the as- sembly, which remained in doubt. Germany accepted this because no new seat was created and she could not technically claim to influence events before she became a member, this compromise, of course being put in effect before she came in. France assented because Poland was to get something, and there was patently no hope for more. Thus by the second Tuesday of the meeting, which, it had been expected, would be over in three days, the dif- ficulty which had bulked largest and concentrated all world attention was eliminated, not without leaving much bitterness, however. But now _there arose a new complication: Brazil, which had steadfastly maintained that she would, as a.council member, veto German admission unless she received a permanent seat, announced that she intended to persevere in her determi- nation, while Spain, which had been equally 'insistent, announced that she would retire if she did not also get a permanent seat. Twenty-four hours of desperate effort failed entirely to move Brazil, and in a memorable ses- sion the Brazilian spokesman brought jthe Geneva session to a close by re- affirming his irrevocable veto. Ger- many was still outside the league. Locarno was still incomplete, and hard on the heels of these things came the notice of Brazillan withdrawal from the league and Spanish abstention until Spain should be duly admitted to 1 permanent seat. Many Changes Follow. Such, briefly, was the history of the March meeting. Since that tirie there have been many changes. The Luther cabinet has fallen, the Briand cabinet Is gone, Marx and Poincare have re- placed Luther and Briand, although Stresemann and Briand may meet as foreign ministers at the new sessfon. Poland has had a revolution and will send another representative. Belgium is in a full crisis, political and finan- cial. Even in Czechoslovakia a polit- ical upset has changed the situation of Benes materially and compelled his withdrawal, not as foreign minister, but as a member of Parliament. Only Italy and Britain return with un- changed conditions. ' Marx, who has succeeded Luther, is committed to the Locarno policy with membership in the League as an essentlal detail. But Germany has in the meantime made a separate treaty with Soviet Russia which has aroused apprehensions both in Paris and Lon- don. This treaty has led to no little recrimination and has, justly or un- justly, a little shaken the Western belief in the depth of German absorp- tion of the spirit of Locarno. Poincare in France has come back not to conduct foreign policy hut to save the franc and it may be doubted if he will seek to interfere much with the action of Briand at Geneva, but he is almost certain to urge and even impose a champlonship ‘of Poiish claims even more active than that of Briand in the Spring. And Poland re- mains a candidate for a scat on the council. The old issue survives, only the compromises whic gone by the board, nor is there any real reason to suppose Germany will be more willing now than six months ago to see Poland admitted to sit beside her on the council Franco-German Relations. On the whole it is.fair to say that Franco-German relations, despite the Russian treaty, have bettered rather than worsened in the delay, the com- mercial agreement recently” signed be- ing sound evidence to this@fact. Neither in Paris nor in Beglin is there real reason to think that the publie or political opinion has been modi- the island secms to have heen de- stroyed. Horta, the chief town, with a_population of about 7,000, was ter- ribly hard hit, and some villages were almost obliterated. Tents and other relief supplies are on the way to Horta from this country. The very plcturesque mountainous Island of Fayal has an area of 63 square miles. Horta is a cable center, and its fine harbor was the scene of the famous affair in the war of 1812, in which the American privateer brig Gen. Armstrong, Capt. Samuel Ches. ter Reid, commanding, won no small glory. * ok k ok Germany—The third vear of the Dawes plan_began September 1. In the Dawes plan year just ended nearly 54 per cent of the German reparation payments were made in kind. The schedules of the first two years were sy and do not furnish adequate is for a forecast of what is to be when the plan s in full b expected flourish. * ok % * Ttaly—A decree abolishing munici- pal elections throughout Italy has been womulgated. (Early in the year they were abolished for towns of pop- ulation less than 5,000.) The execu- tive power in cities and towns will hereafter be vested exclusively in the podesta, an official appointed by royal decree for five years, with eligibility for re-appointment. The so-called consulta, or advisory council, will supersede the former elective local bodies. It will be optional for towns of population less than 5,000, obliga- tory for larger towns. Its member- ship will be named partly by the provincial prefect, (an appointee of the central government), partly by local industrial and commercial organ- izations of the new Fascist type. The functions of the consulta will be purely of an advisory type, relating to budgetary matters only, though in- dividual members may be assigned to administrative duties in strict sub- ordination to the podesta. The new decree is a little tough on those Italian women who were re- cently granted the right to vote at municipal elections: the first suffrage privilege vouchsafed to Italian women and then only as a special honor to certain ‘“deserving” categories; such as war widows. # Many Itallan women have been So bold as to declare that Mussolini's de- cree requiring long hair and long | skirts shall lapse ingloriously. * ok ok X China.—Since ‘April I have said little_about developments in China, for the sufficient reason that I had little to say. Competent forgign ob- servers, resident in China, have been bewildered and powerless to interpret developments, The dspatches Rave been even more meager than usual, and have warned us to receive them most cautiously, as being largely based on propagandish sources. Of late, however, there has been some clari- fication; enough to justify a brief sketch. It was in mid-April that those mighty sons of Mars, Marshals Wu {Pei ¥u and Chang Tso Lin, came to an understanding of sorts and co-op- erated in driving the Kuominchun (national people’s army) forces out 'of Peking and northwest toward their base at jplgan. The provision- | ! | | i | fled to such'an extent that the Locarno pacts have become unpopular or are in danger. In Britain, one may say justly that the demand for German admission and the final consumma- tioh of the Locarno settlement is just as strong as ever. As to Italy, no one can be quite sure. The Italians are hostile to the league, they do not believe in it, they suspect it as a possible means to be employed by Britain and France in blocking their hopes of ultimate ex- pansion. They have, too, a continu- ing sense of bitterness toward Ger- many over the Upper Adige question and the firm resolve to block any union between Aystria and Germany. Any development which lowered the prestige of the league would be popu- lar in Italy, but, on the other hand, it is doubtful if Mussolini would come out Into the open and force a new failure at Geneva. What may be done behind the scenes is another matter. That France, Britain and Germany are all agreed in desiring Germany in the league is not to be doubted and there is not the smallest evidence to justify the suspicion last Spring that French Influence was behind Brazil's veto. With Brazil gone and Spain absent it is not easy to see any new veto among the remaining council members, who are Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Sweden, Czechoslovakia and Uruguay. One may suspect, too, that, by contrast with last time, the situation hasbeen well convassed in advance. Another Fiasco Fatal. A factor which makes for success this time is the universal recognition that a new fiasco would be of well nigh fatal import for the league it- self and, whatever the various mem- ber nations, the great powers pri- marily, may think of the league pri- vately, their publics remain on the whole, save in the [taliam case, in- sistent' that the league experiment shall continue and would be highly critical of any failure of their repre- sentatives to support it. Following the March failure, it was universally acknowledged that the league has suffered, had lost prestige and would need some real success to restore its position. The least pos- sible contribution to league prestige would be sufficlent preconvention agreement to insure a smooth and satisfactory session. And on the sur- face this seems assured. Another circumstance which makes for peace at Geneva Is the well nigh universal concentration of national attention upon national problems. In France it is the financial question, as it §s in Belgium. In Britain it is an economic crisis of enormous propor- tions. German§ faces an unemploy- ment as great as British and an in- dustrial depression almost sive. Italy ack on war bread as one detall in meeting her own eco- nomic and financial difficulties. Effect of Bad Session. Failure in Geneva would not. of course, have any immediate economic consequences, but it would certainly to the existing depression. Its chological effect within and with- out Europe would be considered and | its American repercussions would be serious. Here, again, is a sound rea- son for expecting that the new ses- sion will e quite different from the previous spectacle and will have a brief and prosperous history. Of course, if unforseen quarrels did arise and German admission were again postponed it is hard to belleve that any German government could again come to Geneva or risk o third humiliation, then the whole Locarno settlement would be put in jeopardy and it would remain to d it or seek In some way to pre without reference to the league. powers concerned might Locarno pacts to exclud ‘The amend the all reference al government, “headed by Marshal Tuan Chi Jui. likewise took flight, and with them went the Chinese del- exates to the international conference on Chinese customs, then in session at Peking. Profoundly and very trustful of . each other. Chang, postponed a pe ence, but through their tives they arranged for a shadow government at Peking. It does not appear that they took any steps what- ever toward concerting a genuine tional program. They did at las meet briefly near the end of June, on which occasion it was agreed that Wu, commanding allied forces, should undertake to “liquidate” the rem- nant (a considerable body) of the Kuominchun. About July 1 behold China (. e, the 24 provinces) parceled out as follows: i 1. The Manchurian provinces and the provinces of Chili _and Shan; tung adhering to Chang Tso Lin, w his capital at Mukden. 2. A group of provinces, including at least Honan, Hupeh, Hunan, Shen. si and Shansi, adhering to Wu Pei Fu, whose capital was Hankow. 3. A group of five provinces— Kiangsl, Kiangsu, Anhwel, Cheking and Fukien—adhering to Marshal Sun Chuan Feng, with Nanking for cap- ital. 4. The Canton or South China Re- public, comprising the - provinces of Kwangtung and Kwangsi, now in the eleventh year of its variegated and fantastic career. (I lack information concerning the affiliations of the prov- inces of Yunnan, Szechuan, Kwie- chau and Kansu.) 5% Groups 1 and 2 professed allegiance Justly dis- Wu and sonal confer- representa- h to the shadow government of Peking, | the South China Repubilc claimed ab- solute independence and a like claim had recently been asserted by Mar- shal Sun Chuan Feng for the group of five rich provinces headed by him and which had been called the Lower Yangtse Republic. Well, about July 1 undertook to “liquidate” the remnant of the Kuominchun and set vigor- ously about it. The benevolent neu- trality of his old lieutenant, Marshal Sun Chuan Feng, seemed assured. As of old, the Canton government threatened dire things, but since that republic had recently been terribly torn and presumably weakened by civil conflict, Wu's leutenant in Hunan was expected to handle with- out difficulty any menace from that quarter. So Wu went after the Kuominchun forces. They put up a stiff fight and it was not till mid- August that he was able to dislodge them from the Nankow Pass; whence they fell back, apparently in_ fairly good order, to thelr base at Kalgan, about 115 miles northwest of Peking. Wu followed up and they evacuated Kalgan. At last report they were retreating westward upon Ta Tung in Shensi Province. About August 20 Wu decided that he could safely devolve on a subor- dinate the further conduct of the northern campaign, and he hurried south to Hankow. His decision had been fatally postponed. For at Can- ton there had emerged yin the per- son of Gen. Chang Kai Shek, the new commander-in-chief of the Cantonese forces, a sure enough soldler. Start- exten- | Wu Pei Fuj Ito the league, but Y prictice this | would pe difficult if not impossible. Moreover, Chamberlain, Briand and Stresemann are sincerely hocarnists For all three this new system of Eu- ropean peace has a very real mean- ing. It is their handiwork, they have fought for it at home, they have achieved international reputation by | virtue of having made it and in the last analysis they are likely to fight to save it. Their final agreement at Geneva last March over the Polish compromise is good evidence of this feeling. Again, on the whole, they trust each other, they.have become accustomed to dealing with each other and there is a real personal adjustment, which counts for more than one believes ccmmonly in international affair Even in the heat of the Geneva crisis last Spring there no real host ity between Stresemann and Briand. Each recognized the other was facing domestic political difficulties and try- ing to find a compromise which wouid save his face and yet preserve the Locarno arrangement. 0ld Difficulties Remain. Yet one must perceive that the old difficulties within the league remain— the rivalry between great and small powers, the unsatisfactory machinery by which council members are chosen, the tendency of great powers to ig- nore and coerce small. There is a profound, league resentment over the fact that the great powers went out- side the league and made the Lo- carno agreements without regard to the league, and then undertook to make the league a mere registering board, even in the matter of the allo- on of council se There are, too, all sorts of politics within the league—rivalries between smaller states for council seats, The consent of Benes to resign his s favor of Poland last Spring very near- Iv split the little entente, for the belonged by reversion to Rumania, and if it were retained by Poland the little entente would find itself for the first time unrepresented in the coun- cil. Holland, Switzerland and sthe Scandinavian states have a standing agreement which gives each in rota- tion a seat on the council. Belgium has held hers by reason of the sur- great part Spain_has | viving memories of the played by her in the war. sat_ hitherto as the greatest of Euro- pean neutrals. Moreover, in the council Belgium, Czechoslovakia and from time to time Spain have stood with France. One great objection to the admission of | Poland has been that it would auto- | matically give France another seat. That Is the key to British hostility. Balance May Be Upset. When Germany comes in hound to upset the balance and see te make new combinations. Again, as the little entente is breaking up and Jugoslavia and Rumania are tending toward Italy, still another combina- tion may presently be sketched. In a word, the council is becoming the center of endless intrigues and the place of collision of many rivalries. The weakness of the league has been and remains that the men who attend the sessions officially are pri- marily the agents of their own coun- | tries ‘and only incidentally members of the league. They come to Gen { as advocates of national causes, and | they are only ready to act impartial- | ly ‘and in the spirit of the league where their own national interests are | not affected or are affected favorabl Agreement on schemes for the re- | ilitation of Austria or Hungar: are relatively easy to make, becaus Lall countries are williag to See thes small countries put on their feet en the Polish ally of France Vilna, when Ttaly goes to Corfu, (Continued on Fourth p ing north abhout the 1st met the Hunanese arm: tuchun of the province, Wu's man, | and drubhed it; and that whole army went over to him. But he had still | to face much larger forces, made up | of contingents from other provinces, These he drove bhack steadily and | when Wu arrived on the scene, tha worthy found his _southern ar thoroughly demoralized, makin last stand outside the walls of Wu Chang. He appealed to Marshal Sun Chuan Feng for help, but in It Is even hinted that Sun reg the plight of his former chief with | a certain complacency. With much ill and more gallantry Wu tried to retrieve the situation. but it was t00 late. The defen: the Cantonese troops occupied storied Wu Chang on September 1. According to ome account Wu is dead of a wound received in action; according to another, his officers have chosen another commander and iplaced him under arrest. Unless the i prts have greatly exaggerated the | “antonese successes, all sort of possi- bilities are opened up thereby. . Our Government has addressed a sharp note to the Chinese government reminding the latter of the sundry “unfulfilled liabilities in respect of the arrears of service of the Chinese gov- ernmental obligations due to American { citizens and companies.” It seems { that a certain Chinese domestic loan, {due to become extinguished in 19 | has been cared for by ignment to jits service from the maritime customs of the equivalent of $5,500,000 yearl: and that the Chinese government has in contemplation flotation of another { domestic loan to be served from the same source. Our Government pro- tests that, instead of such a proceed. ing, the revenue freed by extinguish- ment of the old loan should be ap- plied to the arrears of debts to Ameri- can citizens and companies. * Kk k% of July, he under the | | Miscellaneous.—On August 27 the closing quotation of the French franc on New York Exchange was, 2.86 cents; on Septembei 3 it was 2.921; cents. 3 ‘There was considerable fluctuation in the interval. During the same pe- riod the Belgian franc advanced from ) 2.74% to 2.76%, with some fluctuation. ‘Auguste Henri Ponso: has been ap- pointed French high commissioner for Syria, in succession to Henri De ! Jouvenel, resigned. M. Ponsot is an expert on Islamic affairs. The new Greek constitution, pro- mulgation of which was held up by Dictator Pangalos, has just been pro- mulgated. 2 Nicaragua has been, apparently still is, enjoying another little insurgection. But of course it's quite impossible to keep track of revolutfons, insurrec- tions or rebellions in Nicaragua. American marines have been landed. ‘The forty-first session of the Council of the League of Nations opened on September 2. The seventh session of the League of Nations Assembly opens at Geneva tomorrow. 1 forbear to speculate as to the re- sults of the controversy over Leagus council seats: and similarly as to the actlon 6f the conference of signatories | FOREIGN SERVICE SCHOOL OF U..S. PROVING SUCCESS Third Term Begins October 1 at State Department—“Students” Paid Salaries BY WILLIAM RUFUS SCOTT. N October 1 the third term of | the Foreign Service School of the Department of State will begin with an “enroll ment” of 12 students bearing commissions as “foreign serv. lce_officers, unclassified.” Salaries of $2.500 a year are paid to the students while learning how to do their pros- pective work in the consular and diplomatic service and are a unique feature of this school, which was cre- ated by executive order of Presiden Coolidge in 1924, ‘The number taking the course is not a measure of the interest in the school, but is determined by the needs of the State Department and vacan: cies in the foreign service. Thus, in the first term, April to September, 1925, there was a class of 18, and the second term, November, 1925, to June, 1926, had a class of 13. In the latter class was D. K. E. Bruce, whose mar- riage to Miss Ailsa Mellon a bril- liant soclal event of this year. Mr. Bruce, on graduation, was appointed vice consul in Rome. . For the term about to begin some 110 applicants were examined in every section of the country. Of this num- ber 31 passed successfully, but only 12 have as yet been commissioned to take the course, in view of existing vacancies or new posts to be filled. The 19 remaining of the 31 will st; on the eligible list for two years for future terms of the school. Personnel of Class. No Washington man is among the 12 this term, but in the first class in 1925 there were four, Selden Chapin, Allen Dawson, Harvey Gerry and David McK. Key, while in the second term there were two, McCeney Wer- lich and Lloyd Yates. The personnel of the 1926 class follo: Henry A. W. Beck of Indianapolis, Ind; J. Ernest Black of Pittsburgh, Cabot Coville of Los Angeles, lif.; John B. Faust. of Denmark, S. Walton C. Ferris of Milwaukee, : Willlam M. Gwynn of Los An- geles, Calif.; Lawrence Higgins of Boston, Mass.; John B. Ketcham of Brooklyn, N. Y.: Gordon P. Merriam of Lexington, Mass.: Samuel Reber, jv., of New York City: Thomas F. herman of Boston, Mass.. and S. x}m‘gv Washington of Charles Town, The Foreign Service School was instituted as a period of training and probation with-the object of sending | better equipped men into the service. To this end a careful sifting of ap- {plicants is made by an examination which requires a sound education to pa requisite. ~For instance, an applicant must know one modern language, French, German or Spanish, and pass tests on international, maritime and commercial ‘law; political and com- mercial geography; arithmetic: nat- ural, industrial and eemmercial re- sources and commerce of the United States; political economy; American kistory, government and institutions, and modern history (since 1850) of Jurope, Latin America and the Far East. Procedure Is Stated. Any one desiring to take the course must be between 21 and 35 yea and make application to the Department for examinations usually held in January. The applications should be received several months before that time and, if approved, the applicant Is designated to take the examination. If the examination is passed the applicant then is ap- pointed by the President as foreign service officer, unclassified. Thus the “students” are in the service while taking the course. The coming ‘erm probably will run until next June. In addition to lec- tures by State Department officers, bys officlals from other departments of the vernment and by authori- ties outside the Government, there is tical work within the State De- rtment learning the actual methods andling as, sports and other duties of foreign service officers, as well as the activities of the various divisions under the supervision of the While Taking Course. , @hough college degrees are not | division chief: The lectures are tended twice daily, from 9:30 to 10.30 a.m. and 2 to 3 p.m. The class which finished last June heard 193 formal lectures, 14 b State Department officals and 44 fr other Federal devartments and outside the Government. There i« school board in charge of the schoo and a chief instructos ho is Wi liam Dawson of the forelgn personn. division. When the term closes all considere to have measured up to the standari are sent into the field at salaries of $2,500 3 motion then comes by merit up to tt rank of ry. $9,000, just | low the grade of ministe Hughes on Merit System. Charles E. Hughes State when the school w: stressed the advantaze of promotions within the foreign service on merh rather t result polit pressure, men ent the servici cer attaining the cretary s established . Sstiiietion in ¥ Secretary Kellc That it is be the fact that present came up fro liam Phil Fletcher, Rom Buenos Aires Rio de Janefro, In addition there 15 ministers who were promoted lower grad The foreign service does not monetar: rewards such as m won in private industry, or in some other branches of the Governmont but the advanta in cultural tunities in trave nd acquai with foreign lands and in vital to the country attract men of fying type. The course offered by the schoo! i ' er than mere tech al t smuch as the students are ziven insight into the operation of the Gov ernment and some of the major proi lems confronting it. They study inter national relations and™ politico-cco nomic questions from peculiar well informed viewpoint date issues as the lations, disarmament, « concessior: nd other problems ay d, as are the subjects of inter al banking, ex thing, in &hort merce of the United States, or its j litlcal relations with othér nation and the rights of its citizens in for eign lands. School Not for Dabblers. It §s becoming understood now that the foreign service school are mnot for one wanting a ple with no expense On the contr the school who only as to zen character, personality, nd other traits needed m the difficult role of consular officer and ultimately of diplomatist. In drawing up regulations for ad mission to the forelgn service it wis provided that the political and re liglous affilintions of candidates will not be constdered in examinations oi certifications. The graduates must go to the posts designated for them. although mitted to express prefer first two cla choices, some going to the Far East, others to Latin America and stili others to Furope. Of the total of 31 graduates in the first two terms 29 are now in the service, and in the future some most likely will reach the grade of minister or r. The growing - sentiment ap pointments to the posts by merit_fr enced foreign sery i s this, School of the has no con widel md it an abroad lified, not tion, b Department of State : tion with any other school of the same name, and no one can ente the Government school except by the procedure mentioned, of application, examination and appointment. POWER 6F CONSCIENTIOUS PRESS TO AVERT WORLD WARS UPHELD [nl'ormea, Fearless, Indefatigable Journalism Would Have Prevented Recent Conflict Says Ameri can Writer BY EDWARD PRICE BELL, President Association . of American Corre- spondents, London Failure of the press of the world is failure of the peace of the world. “But,” some one may say, ‘“‘world peace is assured. Neither govern- ments nor peoples ever again will con- template war. They know all about war now. They know how mad it is. They know how horrible it is. We are living in an era quite different from that before the big German guns began to thunder at the gates oY Liege.” . How many of you belleve that? The peace of the world is notoriously inse- cure. Great and honest men are striv- ing to make It secure. In the vears since the war—the past eight years— more consecration, more moral ener; and more intellectual capacity have been put into the peace movement than in all the previous course of his- tory. Prodiglous have been these ef- forts, and prodigious is the honor due those who thus have lavished their renown, their character and their in- telligence in the premier cause of humanity. But workd peace still trem- bles in the balance. Peacemakers are only on the threshold of their labors. Not long ago_in the official resi- dence, Tokio, 1 was talking to that greatest of all Asiatic diplomats, the late Viscount Kato, prime minister of Japan. This is what he said to 'me about journalism: “Food, water and air scarcely af- fect human life more widely or essen- tially, for newspapers afford spirituai and intellectual sustenance for the masses of the world.” Ana the statesman-philosopher addea: . “pure newspapers, informed and honest newspapers, generous and fear- less newspapers, it probably is not too much to say, would insure the mental and moral health of nations, and nations morally and mentally healthy | would have no desire to go to war.” Journalism’s greatest faflure since it appeared on the stage of human affairs was its failure to prevent the World War. Was such an achieve- ment at all within the domain of pos- sibility? Well, if it was not, it might have been. If the press of Europe had been great enough—as well in- | formed and honest and sympathetic and fearless and indefatigable as rea son would hnave dictated --it migh have been out of the question—and | I believe it would have been out of of the World Court protocol concern. ing the reservations attached to our Sen:xe resolution of adhesion to the prot the question—for any group of leaders to plunge Europe into war. FEurope lacked an internationally-minded and powerful press, long and skillfully = Y | in London. r. and war came at, though not its painful and termath, is over now—a ten in blood and f 1 tears, so far as we may he abl | turn that mournful failure to accoun et us be more self-curious, self critical. Let us be mor 2 tive and more constructive, seen that we cannot take granted that free society is en that we cannot granted that world peace is safe. We have seen great and g difficulttes and hazards attend the political and soclal navigation of the world. T am writing as an Am v jour nalist. What is our problem? What Jean we do? Our problem is that of doing our part—and a very great part it is—in making this giant nation spiritually and intellectually worthy of its material greatness and of its moral opportunitics in a hard-smitten half-distracted, necessitous All t dangerou it 'f'-l fe. We ike it for | groping, yorld. If we do this achieve th j result—I can tell you that we sha have made popular liberties sife the United States; that we virt shall have made certain throu coming s the peaceful progre: humanit, (Copyright, 1926.) Old Manuscript Deals With Woman Suffrage An unpublished manuscript consti tuting the earliest known treatise on | the political rights of women is now the property of the Newberry Library of Chicago, having been purchased in London by Plerce Butler, director of the Wing collection in the library. The manuseript, 248 o long, w written by Henry Howard, Earl Northampton, and is dated 1590. The | learned earl was asked to draw up a reply to scurrilous pamphlets at tacking . the right of Elizabeth (or of any weman) to occupy the British {throne. In dealing with the subject he chose to go heyond the question tof Elizabeth's status and discuss the i political rights of women in general. The Northampton manuseript, en- { titled “A Dutiful Defense of the Law ful Regimen of Women,” was a fea |ture of the collection of Sir Sidn Lee. the Shakespearean scholar, who bequeathed it to East London college The college, needing funds, offered the work for sale and Mr. Butier acquired just before leaving Lomdon fef ris.