Evening Star Newspaper, July 13, 1926, Page 7

' MUSSOLINI, EXILED, 58 SHAPEDHS CAREER Absorbed - Radical Philoso- phies, But Modified Them to Fasoist Forms. Phls is the second articl sorie gedting 10tk A Saoet Tramarty, re BY HIRAM K. MODERWELL. Correanondence of The lar and 1he Chicago ly Nows. ROME, Italy, June 4.—Mussolini came by his revolutionizing honestly. His father was a village agitator for Karl Marx's first Socialist interna- tional. His own police record, kept in the provincial capital of Forl, be- gan early, and accumulated rapidly through 14 prison sentences. ‘When he went to Switzerland in his earliest twenties (partly to escape the attention of the home-town police), he went as an orthodox Marxist. His first night in Switzerland he slept un- der a bridge—not for romantic rea- sons, but because he had nothing left of the little fund of money which his mother had given him. He took jobs as they appeared and bought books with his savings. He sat at the feet of notorlous Russian Socialist exiles, whose followers he later caused to be shot down by the thousands. He wan- dered a good deal, chiefly because the Swiss police expelled him from canton after canton, until the greater part of Switzerland was closed to him. Student of Nietzsche'’s. . In Switzerland he added to his orthodox soclalism the following items, which shaped the whole course of his future career: He learned from Nietzache that the strong man creates his own morality; from Wilfred Pareto (whose lectures he heard at the Uni- versity of Lausanne) that the strength of the state is in the execu- tive, and from Willlam James that successful action creates truth. £ Mussolini already was hunting for the way to succéed. He took the rev- olution business seriously. He finally rejected the Marxian dogma, that the revolution would *“come,” in favor of “the Nietzschean dictum that history is made by the will of strong men. ., +Early in life_ he made up his mind ' that he would be such a man. ‘This was the m he brought back from Switzerland to the Italian Socialist party and trumpeted through a provincial paper, the Class Struggle, which he published single-handed. He told it incessantly, to workmen, to politicians, to judges: ‘“We are not out to talk about the revolution; we are out to make it.” Directly he appeared on the scene the party was in convulsions. In the crisis which followed he won the fight and the prize—the editorship of the rmy organ, Avanti, at a salary of 100 & month. The spasm of terror which seized the Italian capitalists about this time (1912-14) was chiefly the work of Mussolini. Incited Troops to Mutiny. He thundered against the Lyblan ‘campaign, incited the troops to nl:u- in July, 1914. He led it literally in his own physical person in the public f - Milan. The which has never left him.) No revo- lution here! ¥ The European war broke out. Mus- solini thundered -g-um intervention Mussolini renounced pacifism and in‘ ternationalism and threw ail his en- ergy into forcing tie Soclalist party into the interventionist camp. But still in the name of revolution! “His. tory shows,” said, “that great wars are nearly always the prelude torevo-. lution.” "He was expelled party for heresy. No revolution herel Accepted French Loan. 1t was the first defeat of his career and he took it with extraordinary bit- .. “You think the Mussolini gase s finished,” he growled. “You see,” Within a week after his expulsion Mussolini accepted a subsidy from the French government to und his, Interventionist. the Popolo @'Italia. “Judas money!" screamed the Soclalists. “Merely a business loan,” replied Mussolini, And years later he paid back the money with interest. But in war he got no nearer to his revolution. Instead the revolution which he had scorned as hopeless be- gan to succeed—in Russia completely and in Germany .and Hungary fl.ch tially. And the magnificent ‘l which Mussolini had promised his countrymen as a result of the war began to evaporate at Ve lles. “Your war was a fraud,” muttered millions of Italians.. No revolution here! At least not for Mussolini. For nearly two years after this, his second great defeat, Mussalini re- mained in semi-obscurity. He contin- ued to write in the Popolo d'ltalia about. the coming revolution which the young war veterans would make against the old crowd of incompetent politicians. But his few followers did little. D'Annunzio at Flume was get ting all the glory. B But a true Nietzschean never stays licked. Mussolini was waiting for his moment. Used Government Guns. By the end of 1920 the Bolshevist movement was effectually broken, though not crushed. 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