Evening Star Newspaper, May 30, 1926, Page 23

SCIENTIST SEEKS ORIGIN OF EARLIEST 'AMERICAN Smithsonian lnstitfitio;; Is Sending Dr. Ales Hrdlickd to Bering Strait Region to Solve Riddle. BY REX COLLIER. Smithsonian Institution, in r. Ales Hrdlicka to Strait region of an ethnological expedition, is making what is regarded as the first definitely ap- bointed attempt to answer the intrigu ing_questio Whence came the first Ameriean? Anthropologists have differed widel in their opinions regarding the orig: inal habitat of the red man. For many years it was generally thought he w ded from u group of who set out, many narrow Bering Straits to cial characteristics of the skimo had strengthened this belief [vith reference to that people particu- r Of late years, however, the trend of opinion among recognized ethnolo- mists has been to regard the Lskimo as an offshoot of the Indian family, who took root in the land of ice and snow after a daring pioneering Jjourney from his former home farther south. This theory did not settle the prior allabsorbing question regarding the orifin of the_Indian, however Sages of some of the Indian tribes have told their children of a legendars conflict which took place long, long Ag0 between their forefathers and strange invade from the western seas. The great battle is supposed to have occurred in Alaska. These tories, of course, are purely tradi- ¥onary, but they have a peculiar at vaction for those inclined to look for ;,\longoll:m. or Asiatic, orlgin of the 2 ndian. The effect of near into this problem hus been to con- the Asiatic theo There is an alternative suggestion The first Indian certainl me from somewhere. He could not readily have “just grown up.” like Topsy. Traditions of the Indlans themselves, furthermore, serve to give eredence to the belief that all of the tribes emigrated to their modern loca- tions over the North and South Amer- ican continents from point in the Far Northwest. Ami not the only nation whose anthropologists have strived to solve the Indian problem. Denmark Several veurs azo sent its noted Arctic explorer and Iskimo expert. Knud Rassmussen. . 20,000-mile trek from Greenl to Alaska in original habitat of the s s expedition is said to have n ion that the g scended from the Indi climes. Ta: “mush the Arctic ( liscovered tribes of Eskimos who had never before seen a white man. Having himself been reared amonz the Eskimos and ca- pable of conversing in their languages with a proficlency born of long asso- clation with the snow dwellers, the Danish explorer was able to gain much valuable information as to the tradi- tions of these peoples. Apparent Rassmussen found nothing of startling importance or of radical churacter in his researches, clse the world Lefore tl would have heurd of it. ear every research | some common | A previous ‘American, exploration a3 that conducted in 1897 under aus- pices of the American Museum of Nat- ural History, known as the Jesup North Pacific expedition, in honor of Morris K. Jesup, New York banker, who backed it fmancially. Excava- tions were made in many parts of British Columbin, around Puget: Sound and down the west coast of Wash’ag- ton. Many interesting remnants of prehistoric tribes were found, and re- served conclusions were drawn as to possible Asiatic traces uncovered. The expedition succeeded especially in con- vineing anthropologists of the an- tiguity of the Indian in America, for keletons and stone implements of truly prehistoric character were dug up far underground. The Jesup party, under the direction of Prof. Harlan I. Smith, resumed explorations in Washington in 1903 and discovered numerous tsaces of ancient peoples, some of the remains indicating a high culture. Relics were found 9 feet under the roots of trees approximately 500 years old and beneath thick lavers of shells believed to have been the remnants of shell- fish dinners of countless generations of Indians. The possibility of the Indians hav- ing had a European origin seems gen- erally discounted. The Norsemen arc believed to be the first Europeans to have come to these shores from the 0Old World. Other suggestions have been made to the effect that the red man may have had Malayan ances- tors. There are just as strong argu- ments against such a transpacific in- fluence as there are in favor of it. | Researches made into American aboriginal history disclose a general unity of language, customs, religions, arts and industries. This unity, mani- fest even with regard to the lowest savages and the highly cultured Mayans of Yucatan, impels students of Indian origin to the belief that all the sundry tribes had a commen, ancient ancestr: How ancient, no one knows to a certainty, although the estimates range from several thousands of years to countless gene- rations. Compared to his flourishing aborigi- nal state, the Indian in 'a few cen- turies of civilized rule has ventured near the borders of extinction. Only the watchful hand of Uncle Sam has served to arrest this process of ob- literation, and today the Red Man again is prospering, though still in ! diminished numbers. The ° Smithsonian Institution no |doubt had in mind the difficulties t would be encountered In research work as time goes on and the Ameri an aborigines become gradually malgamated with other races, and | the present expedition under the lead- | ership of Dr. Hrdlicka is the result. Dr. Hrdlicka is en route to Juneau {and Seward, whence he will go to Nenana and ship for Nulato by way of the Yukon River. He will begin his explorations at Nulato, following the banks of the Yukon in quest of ruins or othar traces of ancient peoples. 1 will be conddeted. The deliberate method in which ! this expedition will be. pushed argues weil for a successful answer to the llong and perplexing question pro- Dounded at the outset of this article. ECONOMIC REVOLUTION IS SEEN 'IN BUSINESS MERGER TREND Competitive Pfin'ciple Gradually Gaining in Favor of Collectivism With Prospect of New Civiliza- tion, Says Walter Fisher. BY WALTER L. FISHER. Former Secretary of the Interior. Unl the present tendency toward business combinations is checked, the result must be so great a change in our present civilization as to cons tute an. economic revolution zation so different as to be a ilization. At present the general publ is so utterly bewildered and the busi- ness world Is so intent upon immedi- ate advantage that both are blind to the inevitable result. So hopeless does it seem to change the current of events that we appear 10 be in the grip of mighty elemental forces that are wroking out an in- evitable economic revolutidn in which the competitive principle as we have known it will practically disappear, and with the disapparance of the com: petitive principle will go individual- ism as we now understand it. There 1s no enduring compromise between individualism and collectivism, for in- dividualism depends upon the main- 1enance of the competitive principle in all its primitive directness and sim- plicity. Whether this principle does or eyer did offer an adequate foundation for an enduring civilization is not free from question. The competitive prin- ciple, indeed, has never beey the vital force of.any civilization prior to our own. To an individualistic democracy, however, it is vital. Prior to the ad. vent of the machine and the factory, the steamship and the rallroad--of what is called modern industrialism— v- ic the competitive principle worked with | some reasonable approximation to ef- fectiveness, at least the believers in Anglo-Saxon institutions have so thought. It' may be that if it were really applied to modern industrialism it would save our existing civilization from what otherw seems to be an impending revolution. But are we really in earnest about preserving a ilization based upon competition or do we prefer collectivism, or -is the | choice so difficult and we so impotent or indolent that we must drift with {the fide that sets ever more strong- 1y_in the direction of collectivism? The enforcement of the anti-trust is pitiably vacillating. This has| own in the meat-pack- ie recent announce- | ment of the Department of Justice that it intends to make an effort to enforce some of the provisions of the packers’ and stock yard act is re- ceived with little public interest. Ar- mour & Co., the second' largest pack- er, has taken over Morris & Co., the third largest packer, and the present Secretary of Agriculture, after vainly seeking to pass his responsibility to the Attorney General, has refused even to submit the legality of this merger to the courts, upon the ground that the evils of combination had not yet been made manifest. He probably is appalled at the difficulties of unsgram- bling eggs that a former complacent Attorney General had permitted to be come scrambled by not proceeding. un- der the Sherman act. Meanwhile, a buoyant stock market has facilitated the unloading of new capital stock is- sues of Armour & Co. upon the public, and although the market has ceased to he buoyant the eggs that were scyambled have been pretty well eaten by those who scrambled them. The tendency toward business com- binatlons is indubitably unsettling the foundation of our present economic order, which is the competitive princi- ple, already shaken by many winds | frorp many diverse quarters. The pres- ent indications are that the trend of economic and of soclal forces is in the direction of collectivism whether we like it or nct. The real question is whether the new economic order toward which mankind is moving will be an improvement' upon that in which we have lived. (Copyright, 1926.) . Valves in Veins Prove Man Descended From Lower Creatures, Says Scientist Hidden away in e interior of man’s veins are indications that his ancestors once walked in a stooping position, according to Dr. C. W. Stlles of the United States Public Health Service. Tn the veins of human beings, as well as of the lower animals, Dr. Stiles stated, there are numerous little check-valves that relieve the back pressure of the blood and prevent it from flowing the wrong way. In all cases in animals these valves are found in veins where the blood com- . monly flows “uphill” toward the heart, as in the veins of the legs and arms. In animals the blood must flow “‘up- hill” also in the veins that lie beneath the ribs, since the animals carry the trunk of the body horizontally and the ribs therefore hang vertically. But in the veins that run horizontally, not- ably the great trunk vein that’ runs along beneath the backbone, no valves are needed to prevent back pressure, and none are found in this position. Tn man, however, the trunk is car- ried vertically, so that the relativ positions of the veins are exactly uppo- site to those in the animals, the rib veins being horizontal instead of ver- tica) and the great vein of the butk being vertical instead of horizontal. Yet the valves in human veins follow the same pattern as do the valves in animal veins. They are found in the rib veins, where they are not needed, and are absent from the great dorsal vein, where they would be really use- ful. This is understandable on a the- ory of ancestral sugvivals in man, Dr. Stiles pointed out, but is completely contrary to a. special-creation theory. Dead Germans Dogs Buried in Cemetery In the northern part of Berlin, sur- rounded by great tenement houses, stands a little house with a sign “Dogs’ Clinic,” and behind it stretches a dogs’ cemetery. There are to be seen marble ménuments, mounds crowned with flowers and engraved flat slabs. Few of the gold-lettered epitaphs convey evidence that the late lament- ed were only dogs. ‘Molli Neumann” reads one. “Born died ——. We shall never forget het And _another: ‘‘Here rest Maenne and Teja von Allenstein,our best and truest comrades.” Nearly every day a fresh grave g d THE SUNDAY STAR. WASHINGTON, D. C. MAY 30 l How to Secure World HERE is but one certain way to secure world peace. That is the will to peace. That will existed in the whole American Expeditionary For®e at 11 o'clock on the 11th day of Novembér, 1918. When 2,000,000 men on ®he firing line found themselves free from | the dangerr of energy buliets, the feel- ing was that “the ‘war against war” had ended and permanent peace would be garnsred. To be sure, in later days, when divisions arose and na- tionalism endangered peace, there were many soldiers who sald, “We ought not to have signed an armistice. We should Lave gone on to Berlin and exacted terms after a military victory.” ~But nobody uttered such sentiments at that time. Not even Gen. Foch, who was deemed so mili- taristic at Paris that he and Presi- dent Wilson cid not see eye to eye. At that time Gen. Foch said: » “The only aim of war is to obtain results. If the Germans sign an armistice on the general lines we have Just determined we shall have obtain- ed the result wo seek. Our aims be- ing accomplithed, no one hag the right to shed anothier drop of blood.” EE When the Versailles ireaty was signe:l at that palace, the scene of so much happiness and so many trag- edies, ther2 were no seed of disrup- tion, no_ tares to grow and strangle the wheat in that compact, if the na- tlon which had pressed for the per- manent peace pact should support the signatures of its representatives. Ge many did not trust France and France feared England's greed for colonies. France, with the memory of past su ferings, could not believe Germany would carry cut its pledges unless John Bull and Uncle Sam would guar- antee to defend France in case of at- tack. ly, enamoured of its poet soldier, looked to making the Adriatic Sea an Itallan lake, and Greece hoped to live again in the “glory that was Greece.” The new nations, created or retourn, felt the need of the as- surance which only the United States, far removed geographically from Eu- rope, and having no territorial aspira- tions, alone could give. So in 1919 the cement for the pact was the dis- Interestedness of the United States and the spirit of helpfél leadership and friendly brotherhood. That so!- vent at hand, peace could .be renlized. it withdrawn,, there was no amellorating cementirlg influence. This does not mean that Uncle Sam was expected to send legions to Eu- rope to enforce pflc? terms. Every sensible man in this country and abroad knew no company could cross the seas without the direction of Con- gress. It meant that the will to peace by the United States and other coun- tries would soften asperities and lead nations to compose their differences. * ok ok ok It was not until Wilson declared the Lodge reservations amounted to “nul- lification,” after Lodge and others had blocked the ratification of the treat BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following iy a brief sum- mary of the most fmportant news of the world for the seven days ended May 29: * K kK » Great Britain. — The long-existing breach ween the Earl of Oxford (Herbert “Asquith), leader. of the Lib- eral party, and Liovd George, chair- man of the Liberal parliamentary party, has been greatly widened and there is really serious danger that the Liberal party of so glorious history will be dissolved, one section joining the Conservatives, the rest joining the Labor ty, except that a small group “under Lloyd George might maintain an independent existence under some such nante as “Radical Liberals.” On May 20 the Earl of Oxford wrotea letter to Lloyd George expressing regret at the course pursued by the latter during the general strike and deplor- ing the famous article on the strike contributed by Lloyd George to an American newspaper while the strike was on. It will be remembered that, while Lloyd George condemned the; general strike and supported in Par- liament all the measures demanded by the governmerit to preserve order and carry on the essential national services, he sharply criticized the go ernment for breaking off its nego- tiations with_the general council of the Trades Union Congress the day before the strike orders took effect; he condemned the government’s refusal to resume negqtiations before the strike should be unconditionally called off, and he championed the compromise proposals of the Arch- bishop of Canterbury. Lord Oxford declared that Lloyd Georg: course was in conflict with decisions taken on the eve of the strike by the shadow cabinet (a group of 14 Liberal bigwigs, mostly ex-ministers, and including ‘Lloyd George) and opposed to the country's interest, which demanded uncondi- tional support of the government. Becoming (rather unreasonably) im- patient over Lloyd George's failure instantly to reply, the earl gave his letter to the press. It so happened that Lloyd George's reply reached him immediately thereafter, and it of course. was forthwith also pul lished. The whole matter will prob- ably be thrashed out by the shadow cabinet, -the Liberal parliamentary party and the National Liberal Fed- eration, which meWys June 17. The press has a julcy subject of which it #s making the most. The coal strike continues. On May 22 Mr.-Baldwin sent letters chiding both mine owners and miners for turning down his proposals. He told the miners the, ‘government could not hold operl beyond the end of May the offer of a further sub- sidy to the industry. But the tone of his letter to the-miners’ chiefs was far gentler than that of the letter to the owners’ central com- mittee. ~ The . prospect is black enough; but it seems probable that, should Parllament on reconvening proceed at once to legislate for the industry along the lines indicated by the report of the Coal Commis- sion, the miners would soften. In consequence of the shortage of coal- train service in Great Britain is less than half of normal. LR France.—The franc made a ‘recov- %ry of approximately .20 per cent within the week, thanks apparently to the government’s use of the Morgan loan In buying up francs. Some say that as much as $30,000,- 000 thereof was used. ‘The RIff War Is practically over. On Thursday, Abd-el-Krim rode into the French lines before Fez and surren- dered unconditionally. He was recelved with:the honors of war. It seems prob- able that, like -the gallant Abd-el- Kader of Algeria, he will spend the rest of his life in honorable ‘exile in France. The military situation in Mo- rocco is by no means entirely cleaned up, but no doubt it soon will be. *The French and Spanish have to arrange the future status of the: Riff, and there are possibilities of friction. Moreover, other powers, as Britain and Italy, may insist on beéing heard in that connection. But Moroceo should s JOSEPHUSN DANIELS that Europe could be induced to be- lieve that the United States had truly repudiated its pre-war, war and post- war declarations of devotion to some association of nations that would pre- vent wars. When Kurope realized that the United States had definitely determined not to enter the League of Nations, then, and not until then, the collapse came. It not only sent Europe into pessimismn, but its return- ing waves enguifed the United States into a depression that destroved the prosperity of farmers and cattle grow- ers and sent many business men into bankruptey. It was the darkest of days—darker in the United States than the war tragedy. The reason the world is not com- posed today and peace is not realized is because Uncle Sam ahdicated, re treated and refused to aid in world restoration and the undergirding of soon cease to perturb the chancel- lories. The pan-lslamic movement re- ceived a shrewd jolt. Egyvpt will feel less cocky, the Syrians will be dis- couraged. Not least important, Briand will be relieved of one of his chief em- barrassments. * ok kX Hungary.—Of the 25 Hungarians tried by a Hungarian court on the charge of forging or circulating (or iding to either) about 30,000 1,000- franc notes of the Bank of France, 23 wese found guilty. The two pals, Prince Ludwig Windischgraetz and the Hungarian chief of police, Nad- v, were sentenced to four years' im- prisonment and a fine of 10,000 gold crowns each. The others received sen- tences varying from one year to two months’ imprisonment. The forgeries were executed, if you please, by the State Cartographic Institute. To put the thing as sweetly as possible, it would seem that a number of very high officials of state had more than an inkling of what was going on, but failed to act on their information. The Bank of France was the plaintiff. Tk defense alleged that the accused w actuated solely by patriotic motive: to hurt France, to help Hungary. Ob- viously the sentences were sufficiently light. It will be some years before Hungary will be able to rid her gar- ments of the stench from this busi- ness. * ok ok K Poland. — The National Assembly . the Diet and Senate in joint ses- sion) has been summoned to meet to- morrow. A manifesto issued early in the week by the government an- nounced the following program: (). Election of a new president by the national assembly, (b) enactment by the National Assembly of emergenc legislation, vesting the president with power to dissolve Parliament and with special (in effect, dictatorial) powers for one year, as power to issue de- crees correcting *‘the most striking legislative and administrative de. fects,” power to promulgate @ new electoral law of his framing, power to overhaul and make uniform the ju- dicial system, etc.; (c) dissolution of Parliament by the new president, (d) new general elections at the end of a year, “unless it should be deemed Ad- visable to prolong the dictatorship” (presumably the president would be the judge as to advisability). There are, of course, sundry pos- sibllities. Tt is understood that the members who disapprove of Pilsud; world peace. Americans have so long closed their eyes to their responsibility |and been so degf to the call, “Come over to Macedonia and help us,” that they are now weekly bringing forth patented and high-sounding new plans “to secure world peace.” It is not “plans” that are needed by Unele Sam, but a will to peace by the United State: T am not saying that our country is the only country that has made mistakes and been self- ishly looking out for No. 1 since the armistice. All have been selfish, all: have blundered, generally in the rush to secure oil or other conces- sions or an underhold of some kind or other. The future historian, how- ever, will say that much of the drift- ing and grabbing could have been averted if Uncle Sam, animated by the spirit of 1917-18, had set at the head of the League of Nations table, ski's proceedings constitute a majority of Parllament. Suppose they re- mained away, and no quorum, what would happen? Would Pilsudski give up his attempt to obtain legal sanction for his {llegal or extra-legal proceedings and proceed dictator sans camouflage? Suppose they at- tend and not only refuse to elect Pil- sudski president, but elect a president quite unacceptable to him: what then? Or suppose they elect Pilsud- ski or some one else acceptable to him, but refuse their sanction to the rest of the program above outliped. It were as well to drop these sup- posings and patiently wait on the dis- patches. ® ok ¥ ok China.—The new Chinese cabinet, headed by Dr. W. W. Yen, exists for the most part on paper only. Most of the Chinese delegates to the cus- toms conferepce fled from Peking with the late government. Dr. Yen is try- ing to round them up, but apparently the foreign delegates have made up their minds to go home in the very | near future after patching together a sort of treaty to be submitted to their governments and to the next Chinese government that is recognized by the powers. No such government is in sight. The members of the Extraterritorial Commission, after a tour of the coun- try, except the Red South, will also soon be going home. Their report will be awaited with much curiosity. Forces of Wu Pei-Fu are converg- ing from three directions upon C‘ng‘ ton, capital of the South China Re- public, which embraces the provinces of Kwang Tung and Kwang Si. * x % * United States of America.—On May 21 an executive order was promul- gated at Washington, as follows: “In order that they may more efficienfly function in the enforcement of the national prohibition act. any State, county or municipal officer may be appointed, at a nominal rate of com- pensati a prohibition officer of the Treasury Department to enforce the provisions of the national prohibition act and acts supplemental thereto in States and Territories, except in those States having constitutional or statu- tory provisions against State .officers holding office under the Federal Gov- ernment.” > Few presidential acts have aroused such a furore of protest as the sign- ing of this order. The legality of the order having been widely and fiercely Burbank Held Happiness Depended On Serene Acceptance of Nature’s Laws . ’ i BY LUTHER BURBANK. World Famous Naturalist Who Recently Died. Happiness depends upon one's at- titude toward life. A cheerful, serene acceptance of the laws of nature and man’s place in nature tends to great peace and permanent happiness, al- ways remembering that the great law of compensation holds good in life as it does in chemistry and mechanics. ‘The world is full of happiness, but to appreciate it we must have a back- ground for comparison (and for full realization. Hard work is happiness. Happiness comes from accepting cir- cumstances as they come and making the best of them. Happiness comes from seeking to improve one’s condi- tion and the conditions of ~others in a thousand ways. Happiness comes from - a_realization that the golden rule is the one-best guide in life. Hap- pingss comes from temperance and self-restraint, friends, home, neigh- bora. ~ A heart of love for all life is happiness. The sun, moon &nd stars, the blue eky, the fragrant forest, the dashing stream or ocean's boom on the rocky shore, mountains, valleys, green meadows, flowers, birds may fill us with joy and happiness. Happiness is a shy bird. If we chase it with too much haste and as the sole object of life, it eludes us forever. Its coming is by direction. If one wishes for a long and happy life, temperance—a - reasonable tem- perance—in all things is of the first importance. If one lives too fast the opportunity for both contentment and a harvest of joy, but the strife and Jabor to obtain success yields a. steady perennial crop of happiness. What is success? It is a long life filled with kindness and with good work for our- selves and others. For 50 years my greatest happiness has heen in being able to add health, comfort and happiness to the lives of others. This happens to be my 76th birthday. At the tender age of 67 I was married, and the past nine years have been the busiest of a busy life and filled with contentment and hap- piness. A little 6-year-old niece has 'come to live with us, and Bonita, our happy little dog, counted every mo- ment out of my nce as sor much life lost. All the wealth of the earth is trash when compared with home and friends. They make this little earth pellet, which floats so gently in unlimited space (one of a company of billions of giant suns and planets), a real home and life cne of sunshine, the mother of health and happiness. Millions on millions of *child lives have been made more peaceful and happy through the influence of my little book, ‘The ning of the Hu- man Plant,” which was published 20 vears ago. This I know from the changed attitude toward children and from_thousands on thousands of et ters from thewr and their parents and teachers.. 1 am happy in the full confidence of children and dogs, both of whom are ingenuous, sincere, faith- ful and mostly free from camouflage and too much conventionality. 1Copyright. 1920 1 BY JOSEPHUS PANIELS Secretary of the Navy in the Wilson Cabinet. \ 926—PART 2/ ° ] demanding no territory or concession for himself. Ir was the absence of the one lord of the feast who could have counseled mutual sacritices for the stablity of the peace of the world that brought &he crash. : ® k¥ There have been as many plans to secure peace as “Carter had oats,” most of tham good, all of them hav- ing good features. They have all falled because the United States of America s withdrawn its friendly and medinting hand, sitting at ease In its own prosperity, doing nothind to heal the wounds of war and leading in no movement for permanent peace. But some one will say,*‘We have sent millions to feed the Armenian or- phans. True, but there would have been no Armenian orphans if Uncle Sam had done his. part to prevent the collapse in Kurope. Private benevolence and governmental charity have. not been w‘sSmnx, These alone r m the selfishness aiM aloofness of this country simce 1920. Of course we have had “observers.” some “boot- leg diplomac; and we have been on the scene when concessions were go- ing. Otherwise, the struggles for light have gone on in Europe with no as- sistance from us, often with no help- ful suggestion, and always we have acted as if touch with peace plans might contaminate us. And we went to war in 1917 to end war! The Bok prize went 0 a big-brained lover of peace. The plan was then hermetically sealed and put away. The Washington conference guaran- teed British supremacy on the sea and has brought no help to China, and is now seen as u great disappointment. The projected disarmament confer- ence i putting the cart before the horse. We have been fed up on plans —good, bad and indifferent—until they no longer interest. * k x % The need? oIt is the national will to peace, the wililugness to make some sacrifice to end war, the freedom from the selfish isolation responsible for much of the crass materialism that dominates our politics and threatens our religion. Our churches demand that we outlaw war and vote for men who kill or emasculate the feeble World Court. Labor cries out for peace and puts imperialists or drifters in office to defeat thelr demands. Women, expected to throw thelr welght against the Moloch that sacri- fices their first and second born, drift in a maze, and ‘vote for men who re- fuse to do anything that makes it safe to outlaw war. You ask me “How to secure world ce. pe: will tell you in a word: Promote the will to peace. Incite men and women to make that will paramount. With a national will to peace the plan will be forthcoming. W! ut it no worth the paper it is written challenged, on Tuesday the Senate ?drosoluuon directing the Sen- ate judiclary commit! “to inquire and advise the Senate” asto whether the executive order of May 21 within the powers of the Executive (Attorney General Sargent has ad- vised the President that it is.) A subcommittee of the judiciary committee has been appointed to ex- amine the matter and to report to the full committee. Many, while admitting the legality in a strict technical sense of the order, bitterly oppose it as traversing the genfus of our governmental sys- tem and cite in this connection the following paragraph of an executive order issued by Gen. Grant in 1873: “It is believed that, with but few exceptions, the holding of both State and Federal offices of the same po- sition is incompatibi® with a due and faithful discharge of the dutles of either offic that it frequently gives rise to great inconvenience and often results in detriment to the public and, moreover, is not in har- th the genius of the Govern- Passages from _the President's speech of May 15 at Williamsburg, Va., are cited against the order; the speech was n condemnation of further ag- grandizement of the Federal power at the expense of States’ rights—an ap- peal to the States to refuse to make further surrender of the management of their The President is quoted as energet!- cally depreciating interpretation of the order as “calculated” to encroach on Sta rights; as explaining that there is no intention to apply the or- der except as States may indicate a desire for its application. ‘ * ok x X Islam.—The much heralded Pan- Islamic conference to discuss the caliphate question opened at Cairo on May 14 and ended on May 20, ap- parently with very little accomplished. A plausible explagation of its brevity is suggested by a dispatch which tells of flerce rivalries; presumably between captains of this and that aspirant to the caliphate. A permanent caliphate committee was formed, to' \GOOD WILL CHIEF HOPE FOR RAIL LAW SUCCESS . Compulsion Wholly Settling Dispute Lacking in Plan for s—Failure May Mean Drastic New Act. BY JOSEPH A. FOX. ITH the vernment em- barking for the fifth time in it histo of railroad Parker-Watson bill, the countr have the opportunity of observing the operation of a new industrial exper ment—a law ved by employer and employe, on whom it is equally binding to preserve peaceful relations. Its success, it is freely admitted by those who sponsored the nfeasure, is entirely dependent on the good will of the parties involved: no element of compulsion can enter into disputed issues unless there is mutual agree ment by the disputants: studied effort was made to steer clear of any harsh and controversial language in writing the bill: the paramount idea is “moral obligation. It the law works out successfull protecting not only employer and employe, but the public as well, it will an the setting of a not ble example in industrial harmon: although, as a matter of facty ral ‘roads have been remarkably free from strikes and lockouts. Public Watching Result. If it fails, proponents of a law ith teeth.” who were beaten in their assaults on the Parker-Watson bill, might find more support another day, although just how much “teet —short of Government ownership would be legal in dealing with labor questions is a matter of wide differ- ence of opinion. This very question was brought sharply to the fore both in the hear- ings on the new labor plan and in the debate in Congress preceding its contending that bbed of all |‘ruu; - e passage, oppone the public was rol tion and demanding additional s: guards. g ‘Particular emphasis was Jaid on the contention that in doing away with the Labor Board, which the new a does, control over wage agreements was waived, inasmuch as the Labor Board presumably was empowered to suspend wage increases wherever thew were likely to entail an increase in the rates of any carrier. For that reason the opposition sought to trans- fer this power to the Interstate Com- merce Commission. Legality Is Questioned. In reply, proponents of the measure Lflrteg‘} l‘:ni it was never denied, that the Labor Board had never seen fit to exercise ti right, and went further, and declared that such inter- ference in a wage agreement would not stand a court test anvhow, under | the Supreme Court decision in the Adamson law case. The opposition denied this interpre- tatfon of the ruling, and Senator Cur- i tis, Republican leader in the Senate, | led an unsuccessful fight to get an amendment reposing this control of wages in the I. C. C. just before the bill passed the Senat The manufgcturing interests of the country, which, with a few of the railroads, sought to make the law more stringent than proposed, also, were defeated in a fight where the same variance of opinion over the| interpretation of a law was in evi- dence—namely, over a proposal to summon witnesses and require the | production of records when a tempo- | rary emergency board was called 1# investigate threatened strike: An emergency board would be; created by the President whenever | the Board of Mediation, which the new law sets up, is umable to effect a settlement, and the disputants re- fuse to arbitrate. \\'her}: the emel;i- ney group goes into the case, an g:cld)eug;?here the fault lies, its find- ings are to be made public, that the country may know who is responsi- ble. ‘Wanted More Information. Those demanding that these in- vestigdtors have access to any Wit nesses and documents desired, de- clared that otherwise their operations would be curtailed, and their findings amount to little or nothing. They pointed to a section of the transpor- tation act in which this right was also reposed in the Labor Board and said it-should be transferred to the prospective investigative bodies. Once again they were met with the | ments |is held that the interstate or {ts predecessor, the I 1898, similar dman act of legislation, both of which applied only to transportation employes, while all classes are cared for by the Parker-Watson measure, Briefly, it provides first that the oads and emploves shall settls sues arising, either by reglonal i boards of adjustment of thels When they fail, the Federal rd of Mediation of five members, reated by the act, is empowered to take steps to settle the difficulty. mediators are mnable to or loc arbitrate, the board will so report to the President, who will name an emergency committee to institute an investigation if the dispute threatens to assume the proportions of a strike. While this emergency committes can do nothing except give its opinion as to which party is at fault, sponsor; of the bill said that this would be a powerful deterrent in a strike. The committee is to report its conclusions within 30 days after its creation, and for 30 days thereafter “no change, ex- cept by agreement, shall be made by the parties to the controversy in the conditions out of which the ddgpute arose,” under the law, which is ‘gters preted to assure peace for at least 60 days for a “cooling off” period, accord- ing to the sponsors of the a It w is section that the manuf: anted to write an out-and-out prohibition against striking. during this perfod, but it w declared that this would contravene the spirit of the law, which lays obligations mnot only on the employe to precipitate no trouble, but on the employer also. Procedure of Arbitration. Where arbitration is deeided upon, machinery is provided for the selection of a group of arbitr: whose find ings will he final, and be entered as Federal court orders to give them effect. Appeals from these rulings will only be possible where fraud has entered into the decisfons, or where 1 does not conform to the of the uarbitration agree- he plea has been made that - in the settling of disputes such as was furnished I the Labor Board, which was triparti —labor, employer and public represen tation being provided—those behind the bill it is g0 drawn as likely to make flagrant disregard of public wel- fare subject to prosecution under the conspiracy law, which might er might not stand in court, as the Supreme Court has never handed down a deci- sion on this identical angle. o far as heck on wage s < concerned. where they would rate increases, the belief ymmerce 't effectively, even 1f only indirectly, inasmuch & could deny rate increases where deemed e orbitant or uncalled for, thus leav employer and employe to fight wage disputes the best they could. Peace Is Aim of Both. But for the minute the Parker ‘Watson sponsors are laying aside all thoughts of possible conflict, as from high in the councils of both employers and employes come pledges of using every means to preserve peace now that they are in control of their affairs once more. Only under two railroad labor laws, the act of 188% nd title 2 of the transportation act. ito which compulsion was written, have extensive labor troubles existed it is pointed out, reference being made to the Debs strike of 1594 and that of the shopmen in 19 while, on the contrary, the period covered by the Erdman and Newlands acts demon- strated the success of voluntary medi- ation, it is contended. ‘They (employers and employes) are now asking to have this agreement written into law, not for the purpose of having governmental power ex- erted to compel the parties to do right. but in order to obtain governmen: aid in their co-operative efforts and in order to assure the public that their interesf in efficient continuous trans- portation service will be permanently protected.” That the attitude of the spon sors of the bill as.eutlined by Donald R. Richberg, counsel for the brother- hoods, and one of the leading figures in the fight for the new measure, in his testimony before the House com: mittee on interstate and foreign com entail h -ommittee could out contention that a purely investigative body had power neither to subpoena witnesses nor require the production of , according to Supreme Court decisions in Federal Trade Com- mission cases. Whether the Labor Board actually had that power also was disputed, as that section of the transportation act is before the. Su- ‘preme Court for interpretation right now in a suit instituted by the brotherhoods. This case will die n that the Labor Board goes out business, but it leaves another possi- ble angle for restrictive legislation “golden rule” principles fail. These two items—wage regulation and subpoenaing of witnesses and requisition of documents—were the | center of the principal fight on the new bill, inasmuch as there was little otherwise left for salvage from title 3 of the transportation act, creating the Labor Board, which had been ow of merce, holding hearings on the bill. For once, cdpital and labor has an opportunity to operate under legisl:- tion of its own making, for thelr own bill passed Congress virtually without “the crossing of a ‘t’ or the dottink of an If there is any fall down, the public will know where to place the blame. - LY What I;id—America Gain in World War? BY DAVID STARR JORDAN. This question is going the rounds of the press: What I America gained from the World War? ‘Finan cially it made some thousanus rich, but at the expense of all the rest of us. The finan ins of the ) hich sub. | stripped of its compulsory mediation [ tion are trivial as compared with fts committee throughout the world, of | and arbitration power by the Supreme | prodigious losses. Among these is the Islam should from time to time report the results of their deliberations on the grand question, and it was re- solved that when. it should consider fhe time ripe therefor, committee should conference. There traordinary divérgencies of opinion as to what the caliphate really is or should be, and as to the proper qualifi- cation of a caliph. The so-called Christian nations may well congratulate themseltes upon these divergencies-of opinion and per- sonal rivalries, for if Islam should get together— Tk ok ok % Miscellaneous.~One hears of an epi- demic of suicides in Germany. The Rumanian general elections, held on May 25, turned out a victory for the government. That the govern- ment's victory will be honestly obeyed, ; few will belleve. Another terrible disaster occurred in Japan on May 24, when a volcano of Mount Tokachi, on the Island of Hakkaido, thought to be extinct, erupted. 'The crater held a lake and all the water of the lake was ejected along lava and mud. Many hamlets and a town of some size on the mountainside were obliterated, and approximately 900 persons were killed and 200 injured. 5 The, Egyptian general elections of May 22 resulted in a landslide for the extremist leader, Zaghloul Pasha, known as Wafdists. the permanent mmon .another 5 is not on speaking terms with old Zaghloul. It is extremely embarrassing to Lord Lloyd, the British high commissioner in Egypt, who, fortunately, is the right man for his_difficult job. On Wednesday the ' preparatory commission, which is to pave the way for an international disarmament con- ference under the auspices of the League of Nations, which commission met at on May 17, adjourned for’ an indefinite time (perhaps as long as threes manths) to give time | which has been a dead letter since the fishes, has conductqd to - sundry to_examing refcrred o subcommittees L report on questions Court. Full Victory for Bill. Consequentfy, it was a clear-cut victory for those behind the Parker- Watson bill when they got through possibility of these restrictions, and also overrode opposition that would have set out in stronger language—in fact, would have written compulsion into—the section of the new law de- signed to provide that for a period of 60 days, when strikes threaten, a status quo must be maintained be- tween employer and employe—in other words, that this ‘“period of grace” must be allowed by both sides to settle their troubles before break- ing off negotiations. These three objects of attack vir- tually marked the extent of the efforts of its opponents to change the text of the new measure as drawn by a group of rallroad presidents, on the one hand, headed by Gen. W. W. Atter- bury of the Pennsylvania lines and the representatives of all the railroad unions, whose ,chairman was D. B. obertson, president of the Brother- ood of Locomotive" Firemen and Enginemen. Consequently, it is not unlikely that the same three issues again would bob up if the Parker- ‘Watson measure fails of its purpose, inasmuch as those who fought for them consider them potentially power- ful weapons if it becomes necessary to use force to maintain industrial peace. All the railroad unions and more than 80 per cent of the country's railroads jolned in pushing the new law, some, Southwestern and Eastern lines being the principal dissenters. The Southern did not join in the ne- gotiations, as it does not hold mem- bership in the Association of Rail- way FExecutives, which- wis-the em- ployers’ association in the parley. Law With Wider Powers. In substance, the new law is along the lines of the Newlands act of 1913, Labor Board was ccreated in 1920, though just now repealed, hut it goes further than either the Newlands act " rascals than it kills. blanket mortgage of 15 to 20 per cen: levied unequally on all its property and all its industrie: Still more un equal has been the levy of blood. ‘The grave's real chill is feeling fe was wasted.” The death of some pears to be ex-| a measur® freeing -them from the|30,000.000 of people of our own race. by shot, shell and sword; by smother- ng, starvation and poisoning, has left no real nor permanent good result. unless it be the puncture of the fatal balloon of war-glory, the exposure of thé folly of military security and the downfall of a pasteboard Caesar. As Rudyard Kipling in a lucid in terval has said, “Triumply and defeat are of the same nature, and must be treated alike.” Tn the words of Ari: tide Briand, “We were all beaten to- gether.” The trifling gains here and there are of less weight than the evils each day brought forth. There is a very' old proberb, “War creates more And every dol- lar of the $300,000,000,000 of war debt must sometime be made good by the hard labor of men and women. s To look for good result among this monumental mass of folly and wicked:: ness is like the proverbial search for the needle in the haystack. Above all other good resolutions of » the time is this: Tt must 1iot happen - again! "I believe that it will not, for In history every great collective wrong has died in the moment eof its triumph. ‘When men see it nakedly for what it :l.!. every legalized wrong faces- its loom. . Fish Able to Change 8 : Into Different Colors The commen Xillitish of the Atlantie Coast is a chameleon among fishes, able to change his color to red, yellow or blue, well as the neutral shades of the ocean bottom. Dr. €. J. Connel- ly of the Catholic University of Amer- ica, in an exhaustive study of the pig- ment cells of the scales of these a series of ex- periments which demonstrate some surprising facts. about thelr color an sitivity,