Evening Star Newspaper, May 23, 1926, Page 51

WOMAN’S PARTY FIGHTING LEGISLATION AGAINST SEX Insist “Protective” Discriminating, Jobs Be Sole BY G. GOULD LINCOLN. HEN is a woman protected in_industr The National Woman's Party insists that legisla- tion limiting the hours women may be emplayed or prohibit- ingg the employment of women at night, instead of being “protection” is discrimination—in favor of men. The party insists that the so-called pro- tective labor laws for women are man- made and in the interest of men, net women, since they enable men to get the jobs from which woman are ex-| cluded. i Now the fight, which the Nationol | Woman's Party has been waging in | the United States to bring about eco. nomic and industrial equality for women is about to be transferred to an international battleground. This is not to be interpreted as an abandonment of the struggle in Amer- ica for such equality between women and men. Far from it. But the Na- tional Woman's Party leaders believe that the cause of economic equality for women can be tremendously furthered through international effort on the part of women. A delegation representing the Na- tional Woman's Party is now in Furope to take part in the World Congress of the - International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, which is to be held in Paris during the week of May 30 to June 9. Fighting Organized Labor. The National Woman's militant branch of the woman £roup in this country during the fight or political equality—realizes that it | has a real battle on its hands to bring bout economic_and industrial equal- ity of women. In the first place, here in America, it has run counter right off the bag to the American Federa- tion of Labor, and the organizations of woman workers affiliated with the tederation or organized separately. The contest with the American Federation | of Labor comes over the laws enacted in a number of States giving women so-called “protection’ in industry. These laws limit the number of hours which women may work for pay-—- though, as Miss Alice Paul, founder of the National Woman's Party, pointed out, there are no laws which limit the number of hours which women may work without pay. Again, these protective laws in some cases provide that women shall not work at night, or during certain hours of the night, ete. | All of these protective la: the | members of the National Woman's Party point out, make it more difficult for ivomen to get jobs, and if they get them, to receive pay equal to the pay which would be demanded and obtained by men in the same job. In other words, the laws, While apparent- 1v in the interest of the women, are veally in the interest of the man workers, who are enabled to get the jobs and to get the higher pay be- cause the laws put an embargo on the employment of women to a certain extent No wonder the mien in the Amer- ican Federation of Labor are in favor of these protective laws for womes d a member of the Woman's Par he only wonder is that woman corkers affifiated with the federation or organizations of women permit the wool to be pulled over their eves.” Asks Equal Work Terms The contention of the National Woman's Party is that if women have to work—and many do have to work in the present day world--they should be permitted to work on the same terms as men. To assure them the right to work on equal terms with men, the Na- tional Party has had introduced in Congress the following proposed amendment to the Constitution: “Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the ['nited States and every place subject to its juris- diction” The women declare that amendment is adopted. all erimigations against women will be at an end in this country. Of course, their. campaign is waged not alone against the so-called protective labor laws now | militating against the employment of women, but against other legal dis- ériminations such as the power of the father to will away the custody of a child from_its mother, which exists in three States: laws making the father the sole natural guardian of minor children. entitling the father alone to the services and earnings of a chili—as Massachusetts and New York; laws in 40 States which declare that the services of the wife belong to the husband. In one State the common law rule that the earnings of a married woman helong to her husband is still in force. In many States a married woman is- Timited in her power to contract and assume business liabilities and obli- gations. In =ome, the husband is en- titled to manage and control his wife reparate property or to manage and dispose of joint property. or enjoy its rents and profits gven though the wife may have pajd the entire purchase price. In one State, only male citi- zens are permitted to be members of the Legislature, {n more than half of | once this | legal dis- | | The opposition ~ of Laws 7Are Really" apd Urge That Action Basis. the States women are denied the right to serve on' juries. The advisability of carrying the fight for the economic equality of women into the international fleld has been horne in upon the National Woman's Party recently by a suggestion sent to many national governments by the International Laltor office of 'the League of Nations, proposing legisla- tion prohibiting night work for wom- en. Such a suggestion is in direct con- flict with the aims of the National Woman's Party, which believes it should offset such actlvity if possible | through the influence of an interna- tional body of women. The National Woman's Party is not a member of the World Congress of the International Women's Suffrage Alliance. But it has been invited to send fraternal deiegates to the con gress. America’s officlal representa- tive in this world congress is the National League of Women Voters. The league is diametrically _opposed to the Natfonal Woman's Party in regard to the so-called protective labor laws for women. Lively sessions be- cause of these antagonistic views of the American women at the Paris meeting are predicted. Working women of the Scandinav- ian countries are declared to be heart a | with the Natlonal Woman's in its opposition. to the protec- tive labor laws for women. They in- sist that women should be allowed to work on an equality with men. Recently the National Union of So- cieties for Equal Citizenship of Great Britain passed the following resolu- tion and proposes to place it on the agenda_of the Congress of Interna. tional Woman's Suffrage Alliance, of which it is a member: “All regulations and restrictions which aim at the true protection of the worker must be based not upon sex, but on the nature of the occupa- \ THE SUNDAY STAR. WASHINGTON, D. C, MAY 23 1926 PART 2. 1 | ISCUSSING this great ques- tion in its widest sense, peace between all the peo- ples of the world, would be Jjeered at, not listened 1o. Out-of-the-way peoples do not count as of the “world” and weak ones are overawed and kept quiet or at peace by the strong. ‘The question really is then how to avold disturbing with war the great world, the world of civillzation and activity. From the' past we know that peace between nations may be, has some- times been preserved: Firstly: By non-intercourse. Tos- sible perhaps in earlier times: today impossible. Throw it out of consid. eration, Secondly: By like-thinking, agree- ment, concord in all matters that cause war. Equally impossible. -not to be expected for the wreat world. Men and nations, even of Kindred ideas and thought. differ so much us to what constitutes the commonest things, as interest, right, wrong, jus- tice, are so passionate and must for life be so devoted to themselves that avoidance of conflict. voluntary agree- ment, concord on any subject of real, vital concern. real feeling or essen- tiglly, is almost quite as impossible as the world stands. * Kok One people, as Germany. subordin ates the individual to the state. An other, as the United States, almost nuklmrdlnnlea the state to the individ- ual. One, as Spain, places the source of power and privilege in the ruler. An other, as the United States, places it in the people. ! One people loves and its next door | neighbor hates sensation in govern- ment. If these be not enough, there are the differences of languages, in- heritance, tradition, religion, custom. nationality, what-not. Indeed of na. tions, as ‘of men, it may be dsserted | that “When two think (or say) the same thing, it is not the same thing." There have, of course, been differ- ences of view threatening war that have been settled by agreement and war avoided. But these have rarely | been upon subjects of real national | feeling or essentiality. | tion: and that any international sys- tem of differential legislation based on sex, in spite of any temporary ad- vantage. must develop into an intoler- able tyranny and result in the segre- gation of woman workers and impose fresh handicaps on their capacity as wage earners.” The stand taken by this organiza- tion will be helpful to the campaign which the National Woman's Party will wage at the congress in Paris. Delegates From U. N. i Included in the National Woman's Party delegation will be Miss Doris Stevens of New York, Mrs. O. H. P. Belmont, president; Miss Jessie Dell. civil service commissioner: Mrs. Abby Scott Baker of Washington. political chairman of the party, and Miss Anita Pollitzer, secretary of the party. Other members of the delegation are Mrs. Loring Pickering and ‘Mrs. James Hamlilton Moore of California, Miss Elsie Hill of Connecticut, Mrs. Florence Bayard. Hilles, Miss Mabel Vernon and Miss. Anna Allmares of Delaware; Mrs. Townsend Scott, Mrs. Isaac H. Dixon. Mrs. Ameiia Hines Walker? all of Baltimore: Miss Eleanor Calnan of Massachusetts, Mrs. Bur- nita Shelton Matthews of Mississippi. Miss Anne Martin of Nevada, Miss Lucy Branham and Miss Amy R. Juengling of New York, Miss Emma Brownell and Mrs. Elizabeth Culbert- son of Pennsylvania, Mrs. Lee Loeb of South Carolina, Miss Nell Mercer,, and Mrs. Dexter Otey of Virginias| Miss Mary G. Marshall and Miss Mary Dean Powell of Washington, D. C Miss Estelle P. Hellman ('f Wyoming. A considerable number ‘of members of the party now traveling in Europe also will attend the sessions. Good Results Claimed. The campaign of the Natianal Wom- an's Party for equal rights for women in industry and the re- moval of the handicap of the pro- tective legislation based on sex is already beginning to bear fruit, mem- bers of the party say. When the equal rights amendment of the Wom- an's Party was introduced,gno organ- ization existed through which women could unite their efforts against pro- tective legislation. Individual women * % x % 1 History shows little long continued unity or community of thought ‘or | view: so little of long continued vol- | untary agreement between nations upon matters of national sentiment, | real import, essentiality feeling. On the contrary many instances of broken concord violated agreements, treaties and emn oaths. that to rely upon agr ments as a means of securing world | peace is leaning on a broken reed You will be pierced. It is no means, Those who argue it seem to argue it most to ¢onvince themselves. Their arguments are plous hopes and ap peals on which no once can make a very attractive essay, but to which | men and nations, when moved by any deeper feelings than kindliness: be. come at once not only deaf but im patient and cursing. Agreements reached under kindli- | ness cannot stand before passion. Vol- untary agreements, concord, treaties between sovereign powers, without more, are not only the best means but WS S0 i of bl BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is a brief sum- mary of the most important | news of the world for the! seven days ended May & wi Great Britain~It sounds a mml queer, but I think it could be| proved that the material loss to Great | Britain from the sympathetic so-call- | ed “general” strike was not, compara- tively speaking. very great. The strike did not last long enough to cause the loss of forelgn markets. nor to cause permanent dislocations in domestic trade or industry. Winston Churchill has told the Commons that the budget was little affected by i | | joined the party in large numbers. organizations is being gradually drawn through the insistence of their oswn members. An example of the way in which protective labor laws hamper women n industry cited is that of a New York woman. a member of the typo- graphical union, who was a typesetter oft a New York newspaper. She wah able to make $60. $70 or even $100 a week with overtime. When a law was passed, declared to be in the in- terest of women, prohibiting certain employment of women at night, she promptly lost her job. For several vears she found it difficult to earn ai much as $20 or $25 a week. With the recent .repeal of the law, so far as it covered the employment on newspapers, she was able to return to her old position. An effort is being made to repeal the entire law in New fork prohibiting women from work- g at. night. So members of the National Wom- an’s Party insist that if thege is to be protective labor legislation at all it shall mot be based upon sex. but shall apply to men and women alike. ‘Only under such condition, they say, will women have an equal opportunity in industry. Attack on Mussolini His Powgr and Control of People and suffered disproportionately felt that suddenly vou had for a sec- ond touched the razor edge of the fighting spirit of the Ttalian revolu: tion. From the outset vou knew of Mus- | solini that the voice was not the man, | 1hdt the words were not words alone. "There was not qniy the sense of being in the presence of the driving force of a real revolution, but of a man who could direct as well as unloose a revo- Jution. . What Mussolini said 1 could not hear at the time and could not have understood had 1 heard it. Chiefly it was the now familiar message of Fas- | mo, the celebration of the tri amnhs attained, the promise and ap- to new efforts, the iterated and reiterated stimulation of the spirit of the nation, the emphasis and over- emphasis of the strength of Ttalian character, the determination to go for- ward, to recreate the Roman glorie: 1t was nationalism and supernational- ism. the challenge of the Italian revo- lution to the world along with the tremendous excitement pf domestic | energy. But, also, clear and emphatic, was the appeal 'for order, discipline, the declaration against violence, the warning of the leader who having con- quered by force desires to see force give way to order and victory consoli- dated by peaceful methods. People Went Home. And perhaps the supreme triumph of the orator and of the master was in this, that, despite a few relatively minor excesses, a little Hooliganism, degree of Mafeking, Fascismo did o home. These thousands of people, _ including the “combatant groups” of the Fasclsmo army. aho had waged | the revolution, upset a government | and a system. ciushed a majority end terrorized opponents whe had all* i | | | Emphasized - the -weapons, who had turned out on It is true, to be sure. that it has added to the melancholy category the unemployed. but in thi Prior to the sympathetic str tain industries. the employes of which | participated in the strike, were over- | manned (largely in consequence of the miners’ strike). The employers | in those industries are taking back | no more hands than they need. Al ready the necessity faced the em- | ployers of gradually dropping their superfiuous hands, should the miners’ strike continue. Merely the burden of their support is suddenly instead of radually shifted to the community at large. On a balance the commonwealth is not affected. But thanks to continu ance of the miners’ strike, the general situation of Bri trade and indus- try continues in a bad way. the miners’ strike the total of tered unemploved (including miners) had fallen below the million mark. The present total (exclusive of more than a_million miners) is above 1.500 000. All other industries are har hit by the strike in the coal-mining industry. the railways very serious the iron and steel industries dis astrously. Both the national confer- ence of miners’ delegates and the cen- tral committee of the Mining Asso- clation (mine owners), have rejected the specific proposals presented by Mr. Baldwin, which follow closely the general lines of Sir Herbert Samuel’s memorandum. These proposals contemplate wage reductions to be determined by a the news of attempt to kill their lead- er with all the instingt of the bees | when the hive was kicked, did go home. Two hours later Rome was quite again, the crowds were gone, the streets were quiet. When morn- ing came every one was back at work and ‘only the flags remained to re- mind one of what had happened. Yet, looking back now at the events of the afternoon. I do not know of any way to convey any impréssion of the atmosphere, of the fever, of the subliminal passion, which there was. There was a sense of. violence, of passion, something of the- exaggera- tion of a Central American revolution !in the outburst of accelerated patri- otism, something of the bombastic and ridieulous {n the exaggeration of the language of proclamations. and press. There was always a tempta- tion to laugh at what was obviously grotesque and, yet, the temptation to laugh was easily stifled, because underlying the absurd there was a sense of force and power and, withal, ylolence. Nothing like what happened in Rome could happen in Washington, in London, not even in Paris, where a mordant sense of humor compels even. revolutions to avoid the ridicu- lous or perish. And, vet, having seen it, one could feel better able to under- stand ‘the French Revolution, all revolutions, and quite as well Na- poleon, otfier dictators, all dictators. ¥French Woman Laughs. In fact, I saw only one person who actually laughed, and that was a very charming young French woman, who stood in the doorway of my hotel chattering merrily. with true Gallic emphasis on the absurd. And ax she laughed a tall. dignified Italian offier: stephed W L@ her aud wilh ’ board whereon neutrals should have the deciding voice, with the proviso that no wage revisions should begin to run before iron-clad guarantees should be given the miners that re- organization- of the industry as per the recommendations of the coal com- mission would promptly be effected. nor before reorganization had actually begun. The owners’' representatives object to such a board, the miners’ representatives hold out against any reduction whatever of wages. The miners’ executive has telegraphed ac- ceptarce of an offer from the Rus- sian miners of a contribution of 2,600,000 rubles (equivalent to about $1,300,000). While * insisting that erfiployers should not take advantage of the de- —e e every evidence of courtesy placed his forefinger significantly on his .lips— and the French lady laughed no more. " And when all is said and done, it is impossible to laugh at Fascismo, even if at moments it recalls Guatemala more than Imperial Rome and the comics rather than the Caesars. In describing it one can easily catalogue and emphasize what is absurd and preposterous. What one cannot even approximately catch is the enormous force and vitality of the thing, the sheer violence. Yet when one thinks of it afterward, the ridiculous circum- stances more and more recede and one recalls rather the extraordinary things which combine to disclose Mus- =olini as a truly great man and Fas- cismo as one of the world's great and significant revolutions. Finally one has the sense not of a revolution completed, but beginning: not of a force which will spend itself in Ttaly. but may easily have a mean- jng for a much wider world. | pe How to Secure World Peace GEN. ROBI B ! UNDERWOOD EE BU ARI | are really no means of securing world ce. In the past they have hardly proved more than an armistice truce. . Where they have Appeared | otherwise, there would probably have | been no war any way. | rno came when nobody felt any more ¢ to fisht, 14 ssire * . pre - Thirdly: ity to of fear in an ene This,in the I tions hus proved oftenest successful to secure peace. As it has long stood as habit and | custom, men and nations may not dare not abandon it for untried methods, By dness. th . the inspir il tion | ence of to be the means vet at last failing | feat of unions to lower wages or de crease working hours, Mr. Baldwin ex- acted from the officials of the offend ing unicns, a condition of rein stutement of strikers, written ac knowledgment that the declaration of the general ke was a wrongful act and that reinstatement of the strikers does not extinguish any right | of the employers as to suits for dam- ages. It is understood. however, that Mr. Baldwin has privately assured those officials that, if the unfons be- have handsomely, there will be no suits for breach of contract Again, after 11 vears, the pound is on a parity with gold: ie., it is worth $4.866. It low point was in 1920 namely. $3.15. And this hot-foot on the end of the general strike is a remay able thing It will be recalled that ican dollar. brought low by War, did not recover to parity zold until 1870, Wk France—On Tuesday French franc made a sickening plunge down to the equivalent of 2.72 cents, a new low Through intervention by the French government it has since recovered considerably. It was at 3.27 cents on | New York exchange on Friday. M. Poret. the French finance min-| ister, has been in London discussing | with Winston Churchill, chancellor of | the exchequer, the French debt to Britain: but it does not appear that they got very far the Am the Civil with the ‘llament reconvenes on May 27. France has a foreign population of | 2.8 Of these X07,000 are Ital- | 000 Spaniaras. 400.000 Bel 310,000 Poles, 100,000 Russians, British, 60,000 Germans, 50,000 | ns, 11000 South Americans. There are saild to be 5,000 Amer an | students in the Latin quarter of Paris. The French and Spanish forces are making considerable progress into the Riff country. Apparently no very great resistance has been offered. The Damascus correspondent of the London Daily Express reports as fol-| lows: On the night of May € some| 200 Druses attacked certain French posts at Damascus. killing 8 soldiers ! and capturing 20. They then entered | into the suburb called El Meidan and | barricaded themselves. The next morning 3,000 French troops sur rounded the suburb, whereof the pop- | ulation is about 80,000, and demanded that the Druses he handed over else | the quarter would be bombarded. The | response came that the inhabitants had no arms and were helpless in the matter. The French authorities then allowed one hour (quite insufficient) within which the inhabitants might | take refuge in a defined area, after | which bombardment would “begin. Bombardment with 3-inch guns and) 4.8 howitzers and from airplanes be- | gan about noon May 7 and continued 15 hours. Result: About 500 inhabi-. tants of El Meidan and 100 Druses| killed, the remainder of the Druses escaping; 20 of the French forces kill- ed and 30 wounded; 300 houses de- stroyed. The Daily Express correspondent | states that it is generally admitted | by the Syrians that the French au- thorities could not have acted much differently. The French government has issued a denial of the above, to | the following effect: That the Druses | attacked French posts and afterward | took refuge in the Meidan suburb. as | stated in the Daily Express report. ! That, however, the Meidan subur} had been almost completely evacuated of its population, which had taken refuge in the city proper because the | suburb had become a_rendezvous for | bandits. That the French attacked | El Meidan, as reported. but only aftel giving ample time to the few remain ing inhabitants to fly to safety, which | they did. That the casualties, there- | fore, were confined to Druses and French _troops, 53 Druses being Kill ed and 71 taken prisoners, the French having five killed and eight wounded. That some houses were set afire, but that this was because the bandits had piled a lot of inflammable ma. ‘terfal ip El 84,00 [ tw | world's experience. | authorif | head of | to the Locarno agreements and Ger- | to January, | for dealing with the delicate domes yeity, { Diet to be dissolvel by gxecutive de- | to the satisfaction of Marshal Pilsud- | ble, according to this or that report. It is a means. Yet, in the recent rience of nations it was a failing ns of securing peace. The strong rmed may keep his court, but a ex; me mar v | where successful Gen. Robert Lee Bullard nited States Army, Retired. of Europe, of Spain in America, and in the United States and Great Brit- ain. There may be other means of ac- complishing this subordination or sup- pression. They have been but little or not at all used in the past, and men and nations cannot, will not take new methods, however logical, if in the main untried and unproved by ex- perience. : * ok ok * In human or political development there comes nothing entirely new, nothirig sudden under the sun. All things come plecemeal and im- parcaptibly slowly. Only things sim- ilar to something already in the hu- man mind and experience are ac- cepted. It is useless to propose to the world, as has lately been widely done, new or untried . however perfect they may appear, of securing peace. Un tried or unlike what has been, they are not. will not be accepted. We may thercfore conclude that the super-power, the old compulsory. au- thoritative way of empire, or a slight modification thereof. is the only prac- tcable way, the only way that stands any chahce of acceptance by the world. of subordinating or suppress- ing differences between men and peo- ples, therefore the only way of secur- ing world peace. We may fegret that they ‘will not, we may reason all we please that men should accept peace aithout having it forced upon them. The fact remains that they have not and do not. A super-power over the principal na- tions of the world is necessary to se- | eure world peace. % k¥ of empires or com A The super-power states has in the p: First: By conguest. well-known | example was Rome. Second: By agreement on common interest. The United States illustrates this. But however formed. in every case super-power after formation, has fed and grown, has de veloped upon itself. In the beginning most of those that have proved suc- cessful have been weak and tottering. This was especially true of the United States. It went to pieces once in tne Confederation. It was threat- ened again by the Confederacy. But it stands forth today. through a suc- cossion of good-willed administrators: stronger and ever-strengthening successful supbr-power over half hundred states, imposing peace among them. stronger and a better armed man may always come. Armament, prepared ness may still e a deterrent of war it cannot be security of peace. ourthiy: By @ super-power placed over all peoples. The securing | i world peace means the subordi tion or suppression of differences be n men and peoples. This. in the experience. has been accom- plished in any effective manner only by a super-power over them, com- pelling in no other way. That is the world's | United Hardly weaker, certainly called forth in a greater crisis and by greater need than was the super-power of the tates, containing hardly les: possibilities of development than the Constitution of the United States, pro- posing to unite peoples no further apart and no more differing than the ationalities today united under the British sovereignty, the League of Nations seems the beginning of a super-power, the best, perhaps. indeed the only means that most of the prin- cipal peoples of the world seem dis- posed to accept, by which world peace amples are found in the empires ecce and Rome, in some of those Damascus. That the French military | fouzht the fire. “That | the population of Damascus have in various ways expressed to the French authorities their satisfaction at seeing | the menace which hung over the city | dissipated.” | | | | fes Germany.—Again the republic s saved by a hair, through the triumph of those typically Teutonic virtues, sweet reasonableness and the spirit of compromise. Dr. Wilhelm Marx, the Centrist party, whom Luther displaced as chancellor and | who was Luther's minister of justice, becomes chancellor again and the new cabinet is the old Luther cabinet, ex- | cept that Luther fades away. Marx becomes chancellor, and there is a4 new minister of justice. Marx has announced that he will continue Luther's main policies, especially as | man entrance into the league. Marx's appointment as chancellor is very reassuring to friends of the German republic. His past record shows him a stanch Republican and a man of sober common sense. He was chancellor from November, 1923, 1925, and it was under his guidance that, after the Ruhr epi- wde, the German economy was re- constructed and the Dawes plan ac cepted. The Luther foyeign policy was the continuation of his own. He is probably the best man to be found al | tic questions of the flag, the r properties and valorization ®of pr flation securities. He ran Hindenburg a cl second for the presidency. Hindenburg has shown something better than mere | formal loyalty to the republic in making him head of the government. Marx has received a vote of confi- dence from the Reichstag. & e ke President Witos oland.—On May 15 Wojciechowski and Premier fled from Warsaw and, clear of the sent a messenger with theif resignations to Marshal Pilsudski. ‘Thereupon M. Rataj. president of the Chamber of Deputies, assumed the presidency temporarily, pursuant to the constitution and with Pilsudski's consent. He at once, no doubt at ki's instance, invited Prof. Bar- a1 warm adherent of Pilsudski form a new cabinet, and the latter complied. Pilsudski has taken the portfolio of war, a nominally subordi- nate position, but he is, of course, essentially dictator. He has issued a manifesto promising to establish ‘“‘a real democracy, which shall respect the rights of minerities.” We await with interest the develop- ments from that promise. Premier Bartel announces the fol- lowing program: The Parliament to be convened within a few days and to elect a new Presidant of the republic. 5 This done, the Parliament to vofée ertain constitutional amendments, in particular e greatly increasing the powers of dhe President, giving him the right to Qissolve th~ Diet, ete. A new cabinet to take office, the ree and new gener\l oZections to be held. The premier intimates that the above program must be carried out ki: the new President arld his cabinet must be men approved by him. In- deed, the latest indications point to the marshal’s candidacy for President. The opposition has formed a center in Posen and is more or less formida- * ok ok X United States.—The President has signed the Watson-Parker railroad | bill,» which provides a novel ma- chinery for adjustment of disputes between railway management and em- ployes and abolishes the Railway La- bor Board. The experiment will be watched with_interest. The President has signed tfie Meldan wherewith to fire| civilian aviation *bill,© It establishes|one another, may be secured. (Copyright. 1026.) a Bureau of Commercial Aviation in the Department of Commerce. It is understood that Congress will be asked to appropriate $500,000 to enable the bureau to carry on the extensive activities contemplated. On Friday the Haugen farm relief bill, amended almost out of resemblance to its original self, was rejected by the House, 212 to 16 There were 55 absentees. The Tincher and the Curtis-Aswell (farm relief) bills have been withdrawn from consideration by the House. Once more the Dyer anti-lynching bill has been laia to rest, this time without the immemorable antecedent filibuster. Representative Vare of Pennsyl vania has won, hands down. the Re publican nomination for United States Senator from Pennsylvanfa. defeating Senator Pepper and Gov. Pinchot The issue was almost purely that of dry or wet. Senator Pepperand Gov. Pinchot are dry. Mr. Vare is wet. Captain Wilkins of the Detroit Aretic Expedition is still waiting at Point Barrow for favorable weather conditions. When the fogs and mists disperse, he will continue his explora- tion of the “‘unexplored region.” hop- ing to find land on either s lane about 100 miles in w by the observers on the Nor; latter saw no land except. sibly. the merest “pyramids’™ of rock. * KX *x X The Norge.—I regret that 1 lack space to do proper honor to the Norge's great achievement. The more striking details of that achievement | were as follows: 1. The Norge was the first air craft to supervolate the top of the planet from Europe to Alaska. 2. She was the first of lighter-than- air craft to reach the Pole. 3. She sent the first radio message from the pole. 4. The Norge adventurers were the first of men to gaze on the Pole of in_accessibility, or the ice pole. 5. They were the first of men to pass completely over the “unexplored region.” . The exploit has gone a considerable way toward demonstrating the prac- ticability of commercial air routs over the polar regions. * % % % Miscellaneous.—The recently recon- structed Jugoslay cabinet headed by Ouzounovitch has resigned. Greece has a new premier in Gen. Paraskevopoulos. who was com- mander-in-chief of the Greek army under Venezelos. It is understood that general elec- tions will soon be held in Greece. Mohammed VI, ex-Sultan of Turkey, thirteenth and last Sultan of the House of Othman, died in evile at San Remo, Italy. on May 16. General elections were held Egypt yesterday. The preparatory commission which is to pave the way for an Interna- tional Disarmament Conference under the auspices of the League of Nations began work at Geneva on May 17. Nineteen ‘states are represented. The United States by a large delegation headed by Hugh Gibson, our Minister to Switzerland. in Russian Prisoners Use Old Secret Code Political prisoners in Russia still communicate with one another by the same system of wall tapping that was employed in czarist prisons, with Eng- tish words. The alphabet is divided 1nto five groups of five letters, I and J being the same. For example. A is given by one tap, pause, two taps and 80 on to Z, which is five taps, pause, and five more taps. The prisoners de- velop great facility in using this code. In the old prison in the fortress of Peter and Paul in Petersburg, same cells were built especially with cup- board rooms on either side to insure that the prisoners were absolutely iso- |1 tated and unable to communicate with | i | labo! U. S. RADIO UNIVERSITY Special Courses Wi BY REX (OLLIER. IME vears ago it was the pre- vailing opinion that knowiedge could not be inherited or picked from the air. This was aptly said, in so far as heritage was concerned, and the axiom still holds good. The advent of radio. however, in all its popular ramifications, has nullified entirely the latter part of the old saving. Knowledge, it must be admitted, certainly can be picked | from the air in tiese progressive | days with the abandon that only the habitual listener-in knows. Educational topics have assumed 2 place of importance on nearly every broadcasting program. Travelogues, seien lectureg and similar in- | structive talks are at the end of the | antenna virtually at all hours of the day and evening, ready to burst through the interference at the turn of the dial. U. S. Goes In For Radis. Uncle Sam. it appears, has been taking due note of these things.* He is a stickler for education, be it ob- tained from printed .page, in lecture room or “out of the air.” The last and most modern means to erudition particularly has in- trigued him. realizing as he does the vast field for education it reaches in the wide-open spaces of his coun- | vy, where book larnin’ and lecturing | re, 10 say the least, not xo rampant | from a relative standpoint. It is not surprising, then, to learn | that the Department of Agriculture | is going in for “radio colleg An-| nouncement of this unique plan was made recently by Sam Pickard. chief of, the department’s radio section These ‘“ether universities” will iraw on the farmers of the United ates for a “student body.” and the curricula will embrace a comphehen- PLANNED BY | cover DEPARTMENT th Regular Enroll- ment in Rural Districts to Be Offered. university professor who is arrang ing a course of study to meet the demands of a certain group of stu- dents. It is planned to make direct contact with the “subsecribers” and ohtain their co-operation in formu lating a curriculum that will he not only instructive and thoroughly di versified, but will have a popula: appeal withal. Students to Be Enrolled. The department will refrain from rlutting broedeasting sfations with o flood of agricultural data. accom panied by a formal request that so of it be made use of in the us run of programs. It is the outstan fng purpose of the “college” to away from that hit-and-miss m of disseminating information «f terest to farmers in favor of a de liberately organized system of pres entation. Just as is done in regular institu tions of learning, Uncle Sam's radio college for farmers will have a deti- nite enrollment of students, and those enrolled will be asked to sta’e their preferences in connection witi the selection of stations from whici the broadeasting will be carried on this Fall and Winter. The air col- lege programs then will be allotted to the rado stations favored by the farmers. The made its first all corners States with farm radio last February, when it inau rated an experimental agricultur: feature serv Radio broadeaste; co-operated extensively in this effort and the results were better/than eve the more optimistic officials had e pected. : Demand for Instruction. The department is going forwir with its plans in the belief that hod Department of Agriculture organized attempt the Unit information sive program of rural topics, with special reference to agricultural problems. Only Need Is Receiving Set. 1 courses-by-air will be the cost radio set with which to Since nearly ever d farm has its radio now the aspiring young man or woman of the rural districts will have little excuse for k of educa- tion in years to come, under the Government's new proposal. The “radio college” idea, which is e he carried into practice for the first_time this Fall. ix an outgrowth of the very successful broadcasting program executed by the Depart- included. principally. the extension to the farmer of department’s special farm - advic service through the courtesy of va- rious radio stations. The response to this three-month experiment was most gratifying, ording 10 Mr. Pickard. The new “course” will be consid- erably more pretentiou: It will be mapped out after a careful study of | provincial requirements and in col- ation with the farmers them- Spring. This The only tuition fee for these of- | ment of Agriculture during the past | he | the country does not want j entertainment all the time. |is a distinct demand, it is felt. | teatures of an instructive, educi- | tional character. It has in mind the fact that 60 per cent of America - population is ¢ arms or in small towns, villiges and hamlets outsid the wreat urban areas. It behoo the broadeasting fraternity, the: fore. to give thoughtful consideratic to the wishes of the majority. The department does not intend 1t make its programs dry. technical uninteresting. 1 ired. on | contrary, to present the topies I such an entertaining way that eve persons in the big cities will fin them of interest. The “radiv co | lege,” in fact, probably will have dramatic eluj. which will be ¢ with dramati{zing certain parts of the urse. thus adding to the popul appeal. It is the hope of the departmen that radie stations in far-flung sec tions of the United States will lend Xelpful hand in this latest farm- servirc experimen e Goverr ment, alotting perzaps 10 per ce: of the resular programs at stat intervals to the novel “air classes. Mexnwhile. educators of the coui- wry will follow with keen interest th: d t el elves. The whole schedule will be worked out from the perspective of trend of Uncle Sam's latest role % pioneer “ether pedagogue.” SAYS U. S. NEEDS ported by Draft Board a Why Unborn Citizens BY “We go to great laws and political institutions to pro- tect the citizen and safeguard his righ But we have given little thought to protecting the important right of the unborn ci n to be born rvight, to start life right, to have a sound body, a sane brain and a clean filood stream. In most States we stiil permit the mating of defectives, of epileptics and of the venereally i fected. All of which may account in 2 measure for the startling fact v ported by our Army draft that more than 40 pe men examined for acceptance for service during the war were found to NATOR ARTHUR CAPPER. ed or stunted brain power; men in stature. but with the undeveloped mind and brain of a child and with no more sense or reason. Uniform Marriage and Divorce. I am convinced we have a remed: that will greatly mitigate these evil It is the uniform marriage and d vorce law which 1 recently proposed for Federal enactment. in the Senate, by request of its sponsors, the Gen eral Federation of Women's Clubs. Its intent is to prevent foolish and hasty marriages. to make divorce more difficult; but, above all. to pro- tect child life. to insure children bet- ter homes, better health, hetter hered- ity. The other day a band was haled into c for refusing to support his wife. the law canngl make it possible for this child to provide or maintain a home, I am curious to know just what it is going to do about it. As a people we ave disturbed by our divorce statistics, and should be. The: are much higher than those of any other country on the globe. except one. Divorces granted in the United States exceed 112,000 a vear. They are steadily increasing. But the num- ber of broken homes must far exceed the number of legal separations. In Denver as many homes-were broken up by the courts last year as were created by marriage, Judge Ben Lind- sey reports. Some Amazing Statistics. I think we need riot be mystified or astounded by such figures when the marriage and divorce statistics of sev- eral States show conditions like these: Thirteen thousand girls. 15 vears old, legally married. Fifty thou- sand, 16 years old, married. One thou- sand and six hundred boys, 15 years old. married. Three thousand boys. 16 vears old, married. No minorit age limit for marriage in 17 States. Legal marriage age for girls, 12 vears, and boys. 15 years, in.nine States. No prohibition of marriage for feeble-minded in 19 States, and. where prohibited, they may marry on his or her sworn statement of legal mental capacity. In the proposed law, the age at which girls and boys may marry with consent of the parents is 16 vears for girls and 18 years for bovs. In case of emergency, when it is expedient for those under this age to marry, permission may bhe obtained either from the judge of the juvenile court. or Trom the judge of the .probat: court, in the city andy county in which the marriage is to take place. ‘The age at which girls and hoys may marry without consent of the parents | is fixed at 18 and 21 years respective- lengths with our boards | r cent of all the | be morons—that is, persons of dwarf- | UNIFORM LAW FOR MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE Senator Capper Cites the 40 Per Cent of Morons Re- s Demonstrating Reason Should Be Protected. land to those of first degree of blon] rvelationship. Application for | must he made by on to the prospective ma before a license may parties must present affidavits cer tifying thev are not afflicted with jcommunicable disease and are of nor Imal mentality. The application must be posted in the office of the cleric nd in his public record. Two witness |es in addition to the person who per {forms the ceremony must he presen: {at_every marriage. Decrees of divorce will he granted on grounds of adultery. or of physiv:i fand mental ecruelt abandonment failure to provide for one year more: incurable insanity, or the com | mission of a felon; A year must !elapse after the granting of a divore: before the decree hecomes final. Du ing that y neither party may Y again. In case of reconcili tion, the t may again take their lives together upon dis of the divorce suit during the Enforcement and application 1of the law is left 1o the State courts and their machinery. No new Feder:! bureau is created by the legislatios While this law will enlarge the grounds for divorce in two or three State it will djust the differences in 45 other States. It will do away with migratory divorces and the many injustices they often bring about. One who is legally married in one will be legally married in another. One who is legally divorced in one State will be legally divorced in another Children who are legitimate in one State will be legitimate in all States. (Copnyright, 1 Al . Moscow. Straphanging Complicated Problem Moscow’s complicated street ear rules have béen increased by a new one that children inore than 42 inches high must not get en the fron: platform. The little cars are packed like sardines through the day. To get on one is a wild scramble_and those who cannot fight their way to a foothold before the conductor gives the bell are left. As a conductor can i not_get through a car to collect the fares, a strict rule is that passengers must mount by the rear platform and leave by the forward one. The only exception is women with bables, crip ples and persons with bundles, and there are plenty of the latter, often |as large as trunks. Many have avoided the rush by bringing children. who would not be crushed by the rear platform melee, and the 42-Inch rule has been promulgated. Other new rules prohibit intoxicated hunters with guns, animals, birds, explosives, or women with long hatpins from rid ing on the cars. Appeal for Gold: | marriage licens: f the parties age 1wo weeks be issued. Both smith. In response to the appeals of an American visitor, President Cosgrave has cause: an inspection to be muc of the ruins of Lissoy, Goldsmi “Deserted Village,” and al of the ruins of the old church in Kilkenny in which the poet’s father officiaied, with a view to their preservation as na v. Marriage is forbidden the feeble- | minded. to those affficted with epilep 8y« insanity. or communicable disease, tional relics. Goldsmith's home is de- ‘ribed as “the Irish Stratford on. Avon,” 7