Evening Star Newspaper, July 2, 1925, Page 6

THE EVENING STAR With Sunday Morning Edition. WASHINGTON, D. C. THURSDAY........July 2, 1925 THEODORE W. NOYES. . . .Editor The Evening Star Newspaper Company Businees Ofce: 11th St. and Pennsylvania Ave. New York Office: 110 East 42nd Chic Office* Tower Buildink. European Office: 18 Regent St.. England. The Evening Star, with the Sunday morm- ing edition. is delivered dgrs D the city at 60 cents per month: d 15 on ‘Y 5 cents per month: Sunday only "fl‘ - per month. ~ Orders may be sent by mail or telephone Main 5000. Collection is made by carrier at the end of each month. Rate by Mail—Payable in Advance. Maryland and Virginia. Bally and Sunday. .. .1 57 S840 1 e Sunday only . 1 yr.$2.40: 1mo.. All Other States. Paily and Sunday...1yr. $10.00: 1 mo.. & AilY only 130 %8700 1 mol Bunday only ... 1ll1y: 3.00: 1 mo.. Member of the Associated Press. The Associated Press is exclusively entitled to the use for republication of all news dis- Patches credited to it or not otherwise cred- fted in this paper and also the local news published herein. Al righta of publication ©of special dispatches herein are also reser Doheny's Defense. Inasmuch as the cl g oil lease cases have been tried by Fed- eral courts, one deciding in favor of the Government in its contention for cancellation and the other against the overnment, with the Supreme Court remaining the tribunal of ultimate de- cision, it is of small moment that one of the defendants has now appeared in a lengthy published statement in justification of his part in the trans- action. Mr. Doheny’s present avowal is not entirely new matter. It is vir- tually the same as the line of defense entered upon in the Los Angeles trial, though it now reaches the public more fully than through the reports of that protracted proceeding. Specifically, Mr. Doheny claims that the ofl leases entered into by him with the Government were an act of patriotism, induced by representations of naval officers of high rank who feared a war with Japan, which would find this country dangerously ex posed to attack from the sea, with inadequate means of defense in the Paci He attributes the initiative to the Navy Department and ab- solves the Secretary of the Interior | from all vesponsibility. He avers that important documents bearing upon the case were taken by investigators and not produced at the Senate com- mittee hearing. Though upon advice of counsel he does mot discuss his financtal relations with the former Secretary of the Interior, he indicates that certain matters in connection with the loan of money from him to Mr. Fail were camouflaged for polit- ical reasons at the behest of unnamed members of the Republican party or- ganization. It is too late in the day for this personal statement to affect public opinion upon this case. Mr. Doheny had the fullest opportunity at the time of the Senate inquiry to disclose the of the oil leases. He failed to accept it. He undertook to set it up as a defense at the trial of the civil suit at Los Angeles and the court rejected it. There is no ap- parent for its production now. It cannot conceivably affect the Judgment of the Supreme Court, which will ultimately pass upon the issues #n this and the other case of the same nature. which has been so differently decided. As for the war scare, which it is now averred was the operating cause of departure from the Government's established oil reserve policy, it is to be borne in mind that at the time the leases were made the Washington arms conference had been held, and out of it had come an agreement for a reduction of armaments which in the judgment of the world greatly lessened, if it did not remove, the menace of conflict on the Pacific. If in the judgment of certain naval offi- cers there still remained a danger of Japanese attack, the defense policy of the United States was surely not to be determined by a secret negotia- tlon between representatives not vested with full power to fix the Gov- ernment’s policy and a private com- mercial interest which, according to acknowledgments that have been plainly made, expected to reap a profit of at least $100,000,000 from the transaction. It is represented that Mr. Doheny made this public statement against the advice of his counsel. He would have donme better to remain silent. His statement does not prove his does not increase his chance of a f. vorable decision by the highest court, does not clear him spicion of having engaged in questionable deal- ings with an administrative officer of the Government, and has only the ef- fect of accusing certain naval office of hysteria leading to a maladminis- tration of the public welfare. circumstances occ: of su —r—————————— Faith in humanity always meets ith a slight setback when the nece: sity arises in case of earthquake or fire of providing police protection egainst looters. e Public Debt Reduction. The fiscal year 1924-25 closed with a surplus in the Federal Treasury of approximately $250,000,000. All of this excess of revenues over expendi- tures has been applied to the reduc- tion of the public debt, in addition to the sum of $466,538,000 provided for specifically for that purpose. The debt reduction was therefore, in round numbers, $734,000,000, leaving the debt at the end of the fiscal year $20,516,193,887.90. It is announced by the Secretary of the Treasury that tax reductions must be based upon prospective econ- omies, and not those which yielded the surplus of a quarter of a billlon just reported. The application of this surplus to the reduction of the debt is in itself an economy which will yield an addition ‘to the surplus during the present fiscal year, and therefore contribute to the tax-reduc- tion possibility. For ‘a reduction of the debt by a quarter of a billion dol- lars means a saving of interest, at the rate of 4 per cent, amounting to §10,000,000, thus lessening the sinking 1 | little wealth. fund and interest requirements of the Government to that extent and re- leasing an equal amount of surplus or its equivalent in tax reduction. The lowering of the public debt to, roundly, $20,500,000,000 is an achleve. ment in national finance which should be noted in connection with the Gov- ernment’s program of economy and tax lowering. The handling of the public debt since the close of the war and the settlement of peace terms has been a remarkable performance. It has been effected without any dis- turbance of the financial balance of the country. Short-term obligations have been liquidated by refunding operations through the issue of short- term Treasury notes, spreading the readjustment over a period of steadily increasing national prosperity. Sec- retary Mellon's administration of the Treasury has been a masterful work of management. e Federal Aid to States. Of all kinds of help self-help is the In brief, this summarizes the criticism of Gov. Ritchie of Maryland, leveled at the system of Federal aid to the States, which has developed particularly in recent years, in an ad- dress before the governors' confer- ence. Gov. Ritchie turned his attention particularly to the so-called 50-50 system, by which the States are called on to match dollar for dollar with the sums appropriated by the Federal Government in order to bene- fit under the law providing the Fed- eral aid. He pointed out that already this system includes six separate sub- jects—agricultural extension work, highway construction, vocational edu- cation, industrial rehabilitation, pre- ventlon of venereal diseases and ma- ternity and infant hygiene. The ap- propriations by the Federal Govern- ment for these ‘“alds” totaled $7 966,380 during the fiscal year 1924. All of the laws passed by Congress covering these subjects date from 1914. The system, therefore, is of re- cent growth. But it shows signs of belng vastly extended. Every one of the matters covered by this system of Federal aid is local. When the Constitution was adopted, jurisdiction over these matters was reserved to the States. Under the 50-50 plan of Federal aid the Govern- ment demands and obtains a certain amount of control over the expendi- ture of the money, over activities which should be handled by the States. Through this system the Federal Government indirectly obtains control over matters within the States which by the terms of the Constitu- tion it could not maintain directly. The insidiousness of the system is its particular danger. There is no tell- ing to what extent it will go, central- izing the Government in Washington and standardizing living conditions among the people of the country, no matter what the desires of the differ- ent localities may be. Several times in the past President Coolidge has called attention to the danger of too great centralization of government in Washington. He has strongly urged the cause of States' duties and responsibilities, as against the assumption on the part of the Federal Government of the dutlesand responsibilities which ' clearly should lie within the States. Gov. Ritchle has presented a de- Q‘Hcd study of the manner in which the system is working and has urged that these laws providing Federal aid be repealed, as well as that further encroachments upon the control over States’ affairs by the Federal Govern- ment be halted. In his opinion the State initiative and incentive far outweighs any immediate benefit which the individual States may de- rive from the operation of this sys- tem. There are obvious defects in the operation of the system. For example, the amount of Federal aid returned to a State bears no relation at all to the contribution made by the State to Federal revenues. A small group of States, more populous and more wealthy, contribute the major share of the Federal revenues, but the pro- portion of the funds returned to these States through the 50-50 system does not take this fact into consideration at all. The arguments for Federal aid to the States stress the fact that & num- ber of the States have wide areas, small populations and comparatively But when a State has been admitted to the Union it is a recognition by the people of that State as well as by the Federal Govern- ment that the State is worthy and capable of self-government and self- development. Paternalism s an evil inst which the fathers of the coun- inveighed. It is an evil which atens, apparently, today far more than it did in the days when the country was young and struggling. Gov. Ritchie has put his finger on an issue which is bound to come more and more to the front as the advocates of Federal aid, of Federal standardization of government and manner of living and education seek to extend the system which has lately come into vogue. Even now a pro- posal for a great department of edu- cation, with $100,000,000 to be ex- pended annually by the Government, largely through the 50-50 system, is advanced and efforts are being made to have Congress emact it into law. Those who believe in the principle of local self-government are arming against this invasion of the duties and responsibilities of the States. —————————— There {8 no Dakwin press agent to take credit for the enormous publicity his writings on evolution are now enjoying. impairment to ag ————————— The Coal Strike Menace. President Coolidge’s interest in the possibility of a general coal strike is reported to be keen. He has instructed the Secretary of Labor to watch the situation closely and to determine if Government action in intervention is necessary. It is also suggested that he may summon President Lewis of the United Mine Workers to Swamp- scott for a discusslon of the case. The possibility of a Nation-wide coal strike in both the anthracite and bitu- minous fields is of so grave a nature that extraordinary, means in prevem: THE EVENING STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, THURSDAY, JULY 2, 1925. THIS AND THAT BY CHARLES E. TRACEWELL. tion would be justifiable. The Presi- dent, however, has no authority under the law at present to intervene direct- 1y to keep the mines in operation, but it 1s intimated in dispatches from Swampscott that if the situation comes to a crisis the President will not hesi- tate in calling Congress in extra ses- sion to secure, if possible, such an en- actment as will enable him to guaran- tee the continued production of fuel. ‘The people of this country are so dependent upon the fuel supply for the operation of mills and railroads and for personal comfort and safety that the anthracite and bituminous flelds constitute a great national neces- sity, veritably a public utility. Under private ownership the operation of these mines has been subject to inter- ruptions which have cost the country heavily in fuel shortage and in price advances periodically for many years, The disputes between owners and operatives have kept the people in a state of almost perennial anxiety. Yet no way has been found to prevent sus- pensions of work owing to the difficulty of adjusting relations. Public ownership of the coal mines has been proposed, but is not favored save by those who advocate this form of socialism in Government adminis- tratioh, Compulsory arbitration of disputes between owners and opera- tives, often proposed, has never been widely favored, and is now, in the light of a recent court decision, of doubtful legal possibility. Congress has discussed this question on many occasions without reaching a conclu- sion S to a means of insuring con tinuous fuel praduction. It might, under the pressute of an impending public disaster such as the complete closing down of all mining operations in the unfon fleld, reach a decision. But it is hoped that no drastic meas- ure will be necessary. The menace to the public welfare s 80 great, and the responsibility for & suspension of min. ing is so heavy, that it must be be- lieved that a way will be found with out any extraordinary legislative meas- umes to settle the differences between mine owners and the union and to in sure continued delivery of fuel to the people. —————— Scopes of Tennessee is only an unostentatious school teacher who expounded to his puplls what he found in the text book. His experi- ence Is another instance of the peril to which the innocent bystander is constantly liable. e If an arrangement could be made to hold Congress in session all Sum- mer Washington might find more legislative sympathy in demands for so slight a relief during the discom- forts of the season as a public bathing beach. ————— One underlying principle always as- serts itself in the discussion of taxes. Almost any form of taxation seems to hold hope of improvement over the forms in tmmediate operation. ——— Paraders desirous of concealing thelr identities need not wear masks. All they would have to do is to adopt the cloche hats now in favor with the ladies. "The Chinese invented firecrackers. but are not at present willing to limit themselves to so harmless a use of explosives. SHOOTING STARS. ®Y PHILANDER JOHNSON. Summer Song. I never knew a citizen So serious and strong He would not loiter, now and then, To sing a little song. A tune in early childhood taught, A slight poetic phrase Drifts into memory unsought From youth’s light-hearted days. The lilt now bids our sorrows fade— Though, in & moment more, Our cares again will be arrayed, All somber, as before. Now, when the Summer blossoms smile, Though much we know is wrong, Let us be careless for a while And sing a little song. Conscientious Silence. “Why don’t you make a speech on the problems of the day?” “I am tempted to do so0,” answered Senator Sorghum. “But every time a man makes a speech he's merely liable to start another problem.” Words. When all my daily toil was done I'd sit me down at eve And read about “16 to 17; And often I would grieve As I admired the language grand Which I could not quite understand. To “evolution” I must turn My weary senses now. I vainly struggle to discern The purpose of the row, Though much impressed by the com- mand 3 Of words I do not understand. Jud Tunkins says he's suspicious that several of his acquaintances are gettin’ wise reputations under false pretenses by pretendin’ to understand the Einstein theory. Simplified Popularity. ¥ “Do you admire the English system of government?” “In some respects,” answered Miss Cayenne, “it is more considerate than ours. An American politiclan is ex- pected to shake hands with every- body and kiss the bables. All the Prince of Wales has to do to make himself popular is to dance with the pretty girls.” Ready-Made Remarks. Some say that Shakespeare penned the plays; Some say that Bacon wrote 'em; But I shall shun, throughout my days The folks who always quote ’em. “Pickin’ on de old banjo,” said Uncle Eben, “used to be a pastime. Now it's a form of hard work at union wages in a jazz band.” ’ » Browsing over anthologies of poetry is as good a form of amusement on a hot SBummer afternoon as any, and is a great deal quieter than most—and coofer. While those who like poetry may prefer some partieular author, there are times when even the most devout admirer of a particular poet seeks the easy, flowing path of the collection. Thereln the poetry lover may wan- der at will, culling the choicest offer- ings of various versifiers, instead of being confined to one writer whose various moods are much the same, after all. a jump, for Instance, from sworth's “Daffodils” to Long- fellow’s “The Light of Stars.” What reader does not remember the former? I wander'd lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze, Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the Milky Way, They stretch'd in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay; Ten thousand saw I at‘a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. The \\'t}\|\'es beside them danced; but they Outdid the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company: 1 gazed—and gazed—but little thought What wealth to me the show had brought. ‘or oft, when on my couch T lie In vacant or in pensive mood. They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. * ok ok x How different, indeed, is Longfel- low's poem, beginning: The night is come, but not too soon; And sinking silently, All silently, the little moon Drops down behind the sky. The last three stanzas are mnot as well known as many of Longfellow's, but are very good: The star of the unconquered will, He rises In my breis: Serene, and resolute, and still And calm, and self-possessed. And thou, too, whosoe'er thou art, ‘That readest this brief psalm, As one by one thy hopes depart, Be resolute and calm Oh, fear not in a world like this, And thou shalt know ere long, Know how sublime a thing it is To suffer and be strong Many a business man, with a trick motto on his desk, “Don’t Park Her or “You Can if You Think You Can may shy at “poetry stuff,” such as that quoted, but it is just as good as the motto—honest! * % Kk ¥ We ,turn the pages and come to verse that recalls other days. It is by Ben Jonson, and was written long, long ago, yet is fresh and sweet today as ever: Drink to me only with thine e And T will pledge with mine; Or leave a kiss but in the cup, And I'll not look for wine. The thirst that from the soul doth rise, Doth ask a drink divine; But might I of Jove's nectar sup, I would not change for thine. I sent thee late a rosy wreath, Not so much honoring thee, As giving it a hope that there It could not wither'd be; But thou thereon didst only breathe, And sent’st it back to me; Since when it grows, and smells, I swear, Not of itself, but thee! Were they not gallant with their compliments in 16167 Imagine any swaln sending a flapper a few great lines similar to the above. “Apple sauce,” she would declare, Ughting a clgarette. * % k& What have we here? A truly “flap- perish” bit, written in 1602, and car- ried in every anthology since, includ- ing Palgrave's great collection; so let no reader be offended: My love in her attire doth show her wit, It doth so well become her; For every season she hath dressings fit For Winter, Spring and Summer. No beauty she doth miss When all her robes are on: But Beauty’s self she is When all her robes are gone. Thomas Waller, a half century aft- erward, wrote: Go, lovely rose— Tell her that wastes her time and me, That now she knows, When I resemble her to thee, How sweet and fair she seems to be. Tell her that's young, And shuns to have her graces spied, That hadst thou sprung In deserts where no men abide, Thou must have uncommended died. Small is the worth Of beauty from the light retired: Bid her come forth, Suffer her to be desired, And not blush so to be admired. Then die—that she, The common fate of all things rare, May read in thee; How small a part of time they share That are so wondrous sweet and fair! Thomas, it seems, was not such a flatterer as he started out, and carried a wicked sting in his sweet lines. His picture of the blushing beauty of old, however, is a manly one and helps make his singing verses live. BACKGROUND OF EVENTS BY PAUL V. COLLINS. ‘Open agréements, openly arrlved| at!” That was the fundamental pledge urged in 191819 by President Wilson | in the Versailles conferences on the | proposed League of Nations. cret | diplomacy” was arraigned as the cause | of much Jealousy and friction between nations. ~The right of all peoples to self-determination as to their form of government was discussed, though| that was not so novel to the descend- ants of George Washington, Thomus Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and the Adamses. These were the principles | dwelt upon during all the negotintions | jy aflles and new institu- | leading to the treaty of V the establishing of the tion which would “end wars | There are indications that not all| diplomatic understandings, either be- | fore the armistice, during the Ver- sallles conferences following the armi-| stice or in the readjustments since | have been really and truly “open agreements, openly arrived at.” For instance, there is the French and Spanish advance in Moroeco All the European nations involved | in the “secret diplomacy” regarding Morocco are leading members of the League of Nations. France and Spain deny to the Sultan's subjects “self-de- termination” as to their allegiance und independence. Even Germany ap- peared to consent, before the World War. * ¥ ¥ X The French invasion of Morocco began in 1900. During the first 12 years France was active in procuring the consent of the other European powers to a_French protectorate over Morocco, although consent of the Moroccans themselves appears to have been treated as superfiuous. Repeatedly, in that 1 period, the action of France aroused the| jealousy of Germany, Italy, Spain | and England, so that a general Eu-| ropean war threatened—especially in 1905 and 1911. However, in old- style diplomacy, “every nation had its price,” and nce satisfied the claims of Italy, Spain and England. In 1912 even Germany agreed to “hands off” in return for substantial concessions in the French Kongo. English diplomacy was exerted to safeguard her own Interests by pre- venting France from gaining undi- vided control over Morocco: the re- gion was split between France and Spain, which made Gibraltar safer. Ever since 1913—even during the period of world crisis in the World War—France has been developing French Morocco, fighting little wars with separate tribes which adhered to the doctrine of our declaration that “governments are instigated among men, deriving their just pow- ers from the consent of the Rov- erned.” England insisted that Tan- gler should be internationalized, for it would not consent that France | pendent nation, should be entitled to erect fortifica- tions opposite Gibraltar. England also insisted that the Mediterranean coast of Morocco should be given to Spain—a_weaker nation, easily in- fluenced by Great Britain. Spain re- ceived as her share a zone inhabited by the most warlike and independent tribes, including the Riffians, who for a thousand years have not ac- knowledged even the soverelgnty of the Sultan, except during short pe- riods. - * % k% It is not accurate to assume that the Moroccan question arose only as far back as 1900. Prior to that Eng- land had dominated, or had shared with France, the monopoly of trade. In 1880 there was held in Madrid a conference which established the open door to Moroccan trade for all Euro- pean nations, abolishing the “most favored nations” agreements by the Sultan with England and France and putting all Europe on an equal status. ‘When the Boer War put England in a position of non-defense France, which had somehow absorbed Tunis and Algeria, undertook to extend her North African empire and bought Italy's adherence giving her free hand in Tripoli in exchange for France's free hand in Morocco. In 1904 France traded to England her consent to English free hand in Egypt, Newfoundland, Siam, Mada- gascar, the New Hebrides and West Africa fn exchange for liberty of France in Morocco. France made a show of liberality by declaring that she no intention of u.lurlnx the political status of the Sultan, and she ledged the ‘“‘open door” for 30 years. ven the German chancellor, Prince Bulow, was agreeable under the broad promises and announced in the Reichstag that, since Germany's in- terests in Morocco were purely com- mercial, the declaration of the “open door” satisfled Germany. R It transpired later that there were secret articles in the Anglo-French treaty, which did not become known to the world until 1911. The dis- covery of those secret clauses caused the Kalser in a_speech at Tangier to threaten war. By the secret clauses was agreed between France and England that, in case the Sultan ever ceased to exercisa authority over Moorish territory adjacent to Melilla and Ceuta, then that reglon should be glven to Spain, which country agread to prevent the erection of fortifications which would threaten Gibraitar. France in 1904 made another “se- cret agreement” with Spain, arrang- ing to partition all Morocco between themselves. This was known to and supported by England in return for Egypt. * % ox % In 1906, as a result of Germany's dissatisfaction, a conference was held at Algeciras, where all nations of Eu- rope, and also the United States, agreed upon the “public law of Eu rope with regard to Morocco's future. By this law all previous agresments were superseded—ostensibly, “‘the sov- ereignty of the Sultan was recognized, the integrity of his dominion guaran- teed and economic liberty without any inequality was agreed upon. The United Stateg ratified that conference, but reserved the privilege of refrain- ing from its enforcement. The agree- ment of Algeciras gave a European police force to this “free and Inde. nd control of taxes, customs and public works, but, while it pretended to abolish secret interna- tional agreements, such secret div plomacy was not abolished The young spendthrift Sultan, Abd- el-Aziz, having put his country in bad financial condition, was superseded by his brother, Mulai Hafid, in_ 1909, after an internal revolution. French military action dates from internal disorder in 1911 and involved Spain’s defense of her own interests against French encroachments. This brought imminent menaces from Germany, which were quieted by the transfer of 107,270 miles of the French Kongo to the Kaiser's realm, and France's pro- tectorate over Morocco was fully rec- ognized by Europe. Between 1912 and 1917, under the French marshal, Ly- autey, France extended her Moroc- can ~dominfon from 88000 square kilometers to 235,000. In 1923 a conference in Paris be- tween Englafid, France and Spain— omitting Italy—agreed that the Tan- gier zone should be neutralized dnd governed by an international body, including a representative of the Sul- tan. Italy resented her exclusion, but when the other powers consented to permitting Italy to have two repre- sentatives on the governing body she agreed. France has four representa- tives, England three, Italy two and the Sultan one. * ok K * The Riffians, led by Abd-el-Krim, are making headway against both Spain and France, and the war is growing in unpopularity among the people of both Luropean invaders. It is charged that the Soviets are actively support- ing the Riffians in order to foment trouble for Europe. On June 9 a let- ter written by Vatin-Perignon, chief of the civil cabinet of the French at Morocco, to a nephew of Marshal Ly- autey, was read in the Chamber of Deputies at Paris by Dorlot, a Com- munist member. This letter, dated May 25, 1925, showed that the French marshal had been the aggressor in plunging France into war with the Riffs. That exposure resulted in a riot in the Chamber. Doriot is said to be the chief representative of the Soviets {n France and leader of the Communist opposition to the war. The genuineness of the letter is not chal- lenged, but it is charged that it was stolen. (Copyright, 1025, by Paul V, Collins.) News to Fit the Crime. From the Chicago News. With the sporadic outbursts against the publication of news about crimes the criminals are in complete sym- N What Is Evolution? l By Lemuel F. Parton 1L Roughly, evolution fs the theory that man and the unjverse are the result of continuous change. Its es- sence is that nothing in-life or matter is ever static or inert and that living organisms and physical bodies mark a constantly changing equilibrium of force: This conception Involves a con- tinuous progress from the stmple to the complex, or as Spencer states it “from homogeneity to heterogeneity. Life, say the evolutionists, began with a single cell, perhaps in the bed of the ocean, and grew with increasing complexity and incessant change through the lower organisms until man appeared. This “dynamic,” as opposed to the static concept of life, is also applled to the stellar universe. The various hypotheses secking to explain the origin of the stellar and solar systems are based on the theory of a constant interplay of energie under that same impuision to increa ing complexity, which underlies- the evolutionary theory of life. There are many authorities and many divergent theorles—so far as details are concerned—and many dif- flcult definitions and arguments, but, for the purpose of these articles, a broad summary of the so-called proofs of evolution may be given: Five “Proofs” of Theory. First—Evolutionists maintain that the complete story of organic evolu- tion, culminating in man, may be read in the “story of the rocks"; that is, fossils of successive geological epochs show the gradual progress from uni- cellular forms to more and more com- plex organisms. Second—That new species of plants and animals have actually been pro- duced by breeding; that the spineless cactus, for instance, proves the possi- bility of transition from one form to another. Third—That the human body re- talns rudimentary organs which are survivals of organs, once functioning, but now useless; for instance, the pineal gland is regarded as an atro- phied form of what was once a useful third eve in extinct reptile prede- cessors of man. Fourth—The pre-natal development of the human body parallels various adult stages of lower organisms, roughly comparable to worms, fishes, reptiles, ete. Fifth: Many of the actions of men are reminiscent of earlier animal con- duct, and are regarded by the evolu- tionists as survivals of ancient action patterns: ape-like man, when alarmed, raised his bushy evebrows, that he might see clearly; raising of the eye. brows survives as the expression of surprise; by automatic glandular functioning, the hair of animals stood up, when they were attacked, to make them appear more formidable to their enemy; man’s hair tends to stand on end when frightened. Hypothetical Grounds. The effort of the sclentists has been to link the.story of life from its be- sinnings into an unbroken narrative of the gradual upward progress, re- cording innumerable off-shoots from the main stem, but always with a continuous central line of develop- ment. The soundest sclentists offer the theory as the most plausible ex- planation of species, and profess their willingness to accept any new facts which may overthrow their hypothe- sis; others, for there are dogmatists among scientists as well as among religionists, lay down rigid canons of scientific orthodoxy and refuse to consider any question of the utimate and aboslute truth of the theory. E lightened sclentific opinion generally stands frankly on the hypothetical grounds of evolution, and offers it not as a proven fact to be “taught,” but as the formulation of a vast amount of diligent and profound research, about which educated men should be informed. Egyptians Worried Over It. The scientist takes as a starting point the fact that there are now living in the world 1,000,000 kinds of animals and about 2,000,000 kinds of prants. It has been estimated, al- though this belongs in the realm of conjecture, that there have been per- haps 50,000,000 varieties of plant and animal ‘life on the globe. What is the meaning of this diver- sity? Were these creatures and growths the result of special creation, or did they evolve from basic law of change, which constantly challenges inertia and forces continuous adapta- tion toward some far goal—man or some creature yet to come? There is evidence that the Egyp- tians puzzled over this question—not as we have clarified and defined it, but with a deep realization that here were the diverging roads in man’s progress toward an understanding of the uni- verse. When Psametichus opened the ports in Egypt, in 583 B. C., the Greek philogopher, Thales, brought back from Egypt dimly recorded conjec- tures that life and the physical uni- verse marked a gradual emergence from some basic unity. This view reappears again and again in Hellenic and Roman speculative philosophy, but does not find clear deflnition until after Bacon and the Itallan philoso- phers who had preceded him had laid the foundation for the modern induc- tive methods of sclentific research. Other Studies Affected. The acceptance by sclence of the in- ductive method is of the utmost im- portance in the story of evolution, as it is based on generalization from known and observable facts, and to the limit of these facts, instead of de- ductions from accepted or traditional generalizations. As modern science is based on this method, it is the con- tention of the evolutionists that evo- Jution must stand or fall with the en- tire body of sclentific achievement, and that any legitimate challenge of evolution must attack only its basic data and the undness of its con- clusions, rather than its agreement or disagreement with accepted views. They maintain any attack which would overthrow evolution would overthrow all modern sclence, as such an attack would draw the line be- tween the old deductive religion and philosophy and the newer inductive method. So, from the viewpoint of the evolu- tionists—of course the able and bril- liant controversialists who oppose them would not admit this—the tour- ney of Dayton fleld will bring into the lists the old and the new. Charles Darwin, they say, has drawn a line between the centuries, and across it will contend the forces of modernism and ancient tradition. If Thales, Aris- totle and Socrates should enter the arena, they probably would take their place in young Mr. Scopes’ side of the grandstand. Plato, with his mystic preoccupation” with “ideal counter- parts,” might move over into Mr. Bryan's section; John Milton, the great Jesuit Father Suraz, Sir John Lightfoot, brilliant - Biblical scholar, and the great Gladstone would also take their places on Mr. Bryan's side; Xenophanes, thoughtfully = fumbling bits of the fossil bones of Syracuse: Steno, the great Florentine anatomist, and, of course, Cuvier and Agassiz, would be with Mr. Scopes. For, in truth, the centuries are looking down on the little town of Dayton, Tenn. (Continued tomorrow). Europe’s Real Attitude. From the Milwaukee Sentinel. As near as we can get at it, Euro- pean nations welcome the widest and freest discussion of their Americah debts so far as the discussion does not ;x;end to the subject of paying the lebts. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS BY FREDERIC J. HASKIN. Q. Are the clothes moths we see about the house at times the insects that destroy fabrics and furs? B. 8, C. A. These moth millers have im- perfectly developed mouth parts and could not feed upon fabrics if they desired. Their -purpose in life is merely to lay eggs that develop into worms or larvae, which alone can cause destruction. Q. When was mail first carried by rall?—C. B. A. Mail was first carrled by a steam railway in 1834, but it was not until 1838 that a law was passed de- claring all railroads to be post routes. The traveling railway post office did | not come until 1840. Q. Who first used the word *“vita- mine”?—R. J. N. A. The word “vitamine” was first used by Dr. smir Funk when he | fancied he had prepared a pure or | nearly pure form from rice polishings | by extracting them with alcohol and purifying the extract, which when | applied even in very small doses was capable of curin, polyneuritis _in pigeons in a startling manner. The derivation of the word is obvious, from vita, life, and amine, an am- monia derivative, because it appeared to be a substance necessary for the | maintenance of life and health and | was thought to contain nitrogen in amine form. Q. What is the Tortugas?—H. B. S. A. Dry Tortugas was noted for the | establishment of Fort Jefferson on one | of the islands s a penal station dur- | ing the Civil War. In 1904 the Car-| negle Institution of Washington estab- lished on Loggerh Key a marine | biological laboratory, and in 1908 the Government set aside the entire group as a Federal bird reservation. | history of Dry Q. Please give the locations of the magnetic poles—G. S. 8. A The north magnetic pole is in approximately 70 degrees north lati- tude and 96 degrees west longitude in northern Canada. The south mag- netic pole is located on the Antarctic continent at approximately 72 degrees south latitude and 155 degrees east longitude. Q. What is the strongest structural material known, per pound?—D. H. A. The Bureau of Standards says that duralumin is. Q. A cousin of mine was in the| Navy. He still has his blue serge | uniform. Is it against the law for| him to wear §t>—D. T. A. The Navy Department says that | it is against the law to wear a eailor suit after having left the service A sailor suit can be changed into civilian suit by removing all Navy| insignia. Q. What are included in the Greek biblical manuscripts on exhibition at the Freer Gallery of Art in Wash ington”—F. A. | A. The most Important of the so called Washington manuscripts in- clude Deuteronomy and Joshua, the | Psalms, the four Gospels and a frag- | mentary manuscript of the Epistles of | St. Paul. Q. What effect does liquid manure | have on flower plants?—M. B. G. | A. Liquid manure promotes the growth of follage on the plants. If too much is applied they become tender. Q. What is the difference between a hazel nut and a filbert’—W. D. B. A. The husk of the hazel nut comes a little higher than the nut, hence it was called Haesel, meaning “hooded.” | Haesel nut has come to be called haze nut. The husk of the filbert Is con- siderably longer and closes bevond the end of the nut, hence called full beard ed. Full bearded has come to be called filbert. Q. How many automobiles are stolen vearly?—S. L. D. A. The National Automobile Deal- | ers’ Association has a survey covering | 28 citles for the past 6 vears. Activi- ties of automobile thieves were nearly 50 per cent greater in these cities in 1924 than in 1923, and not more than 100 per cent more than in 1918. In these 28 index cities there were stolen in 1924 a total of 57,771 motor vehicles Of this number 47,484 automobiles were recovered in those cities. The percentage of vehicles not recovered was 17 per cent of the total number | owned b, stolen. This is a reduction of 1 per cent over 1923, Tt {s than in 1920 and 19 Q. What became of the charte granted to William Penn?—N. H. I A. The charter of Charles 11 to Wil- liam Penn is in the archives of the Statehouse at Harrisburg, Pa. Q. it countries give suffrage to women?—M. H. A. The first nation was New Zea land, which extended woman suffrage in 1893. The other nations since that time with the dates of enfranchis ment are as follows: Australia, Norway and Iceland, 1913; Denm 1915; Finland and Russia, 191 ada, Great Britain and Austria, 1915; Germany, Belgium, Netherlands and Poland, 1919; United States and Czechoslovakia, 1920; Sweden, 1921; and Turkey, 1923. 2 per cent greatc lease give a history of Wedg- wood?—('. M. S. A. Wedgwood is the name given to various kinds of pottery and stone nted 1 Josiah Wedgwood, 5, of Staffordshire, England. & cream-colored ware was made in t English potterfes as early as 17 which had been improved by Aaron Wedgwood. It finally fell into the hands of Josiah Wedgwood, through whom it received the best art of the enameler, and was considered worthy of the tables of the royalty. Q. Does Great Britain own the railways of Argentina?—G. W. F. A. A number of raflways in_Argen- tina are owned b Erita The: employ are I 000 miles of railroad alm ure owned by Great Brita 1 3.226 miles tine republic are people called base ball 8. C 8. 5 an” s a_contraction of fa- natic, and is a pleasantry based on the idea of being “crazy” about the game. Q.. Can mercury be hardened? — C. PN A. In 1759 Braune found it possi- ble to solldify mercury by exposure to « freezing mixture. This cooling proc- s is accomplished by liquid air, which _can freeze mercury and make it hard enough to use as a hammer. Q. Is there an fnstrument which en- sbles surgeons to take photographic Tecords of patients’ hearts”—0. M. §. A. There is an apparatus, which is scientifically termed the electro cardi graf, which takes a photographic rec ord of a person’s heart action. B: examination of the beats that are re- corded on a sheet of sensitive paper the surgeon determines the particular trouble with which his patient is at- fected. Q. Which State has the greatest ex. tent of navigable water?—W. S, A. Louisis has this distinction, and she possesses also the greatest 12 |area of alluvial land Q. What is the present official name of Russia, and of what does it con- sist?—W., P. N A. Rus of Social ictal title is the Union et Republics. This e . IS, the Bok- haran S. S. R., and the Khorezm S R., the last two, in Asia, being bou to the unicn by treaty only. Q. When was the first world fair held in the United States? TR A. In the Summer of 1833 Presi dent nklin Pierce opened the firs world fair held in the United States in the Crystal Palace in New York an (The object of The Star Informatior Bureau at Washington is to tell you ithout charge, whatever you may want to know. The burcau endegvors to answer questions in such a way that the information is of the greatest practical value. It replies to your inquiry by personal letter, treating all correspondence as confidential. You are urged to consider the possibilitics of this service in relation to your own problems — personal, household or business. c your friends who have called on the bureau for service about its value. They are its best adver- tisers. Send in your question and inclose 2 cents in stamps fo cover the return postage. Address The Star Information Bureau, Twenty-first and C streets northwest.) Where the Blame Rests For Crime Somewhere the blame must be placed for the crime of 17-year-old Dorothy Perkins, who was found guilty of slaying. To some Americans the responsibility rests on her own father, while to others the environ- ment of the home made the crime in evitable. Many look in turn to govern- ment, to society, and to modern un restricted freedom as responsible fac- tors. She killed the flance her father selected, while at the same time she accepted a married man as lover. “The tragedy of misguided imma- turity in the selection of friends” is the impressive feature of the case to the Hartford Times. ‘Parents who abdicate and leave their children to such wiles as the devil has to offer.” declares the Times, “are usually the first to blame ‘society’ for the red scars of tragedy which come to them. The responsibility is at least 70 per cent their own.” The real lesson of the girl’s conviction, according to the Newark News, “as in most such tragedies of today, lies in its indict- ment of parents who fail of their duty to their children, a crime which societ has not yet made punishable.” also the Canton News remarks: “Where was the law when unpro- tected Dorothy Perkins was growing up to be the bad girl she became, be- cause she could not be otherwise when designing persons found her?" * K ok X The community is blamed by the Portland, Me., Express, with the statement that “society is responsi- ble, and government, which is cre- ated by society, is responsible, just as both are for the other children like her who are born of similar sur- roundings.” The effect of environ- ment is emphasized by the Nashville Banner, which feels that “it is sad- dening to contemplate such an ending when proper attentfon might have produced a better result, perhaps even a pure womanhood.” This view also is upheld by the Lancaster, Pa., News Journal, with the statement: “Dorothy Perkins was exactly what heredity and environment had made her. A strong will was lacking. A bad en- vironment failed to develop even a latent spark of conscience.” A lesson to society is seen by the Jamaica, Long Island, Press, in the evidence that training for real homes is needed. ‘“We must be training the girls of today,” says the Long Island Press, “to be something better and fore substantial than ‘flapper wives’ and jazzing mothers. There must be some foundations more substantial and enduring. ‘Who, asks the Aber- deen World, was to teach her the dif- ference between right and wrong? “She was allowed to go her own sav- age way,” it declares, “and the sav- age is close under the skin even of civilization, It crops up quickly when the restraints of civilization are re- by Girl of 17 pity, and enough of doubt, to make any man hesitate to snuff out a life on the strength of it. But there was still the question as to what the effect on others might have been. Lven a ‘poor little kid that never had a chance’ has no rig KiL” A glance at the future, however, is taken by the Pittsburgh Sun, which quot the girl's expressed desire to “lear: something” in prison, and holds that Dorothy Perkins’ plea is a reasonahle one; it a challenge to the state to show whether or not it can make a good citizen of a felon.” The Roches ter Times-Union urges upon the sta still another matter in the danger keeping weapons in homes. “This country is not a frontier camp and there is constant danger in keeping private arsenals,” it contends. Condemnation of the man in the case is a paramount consideration to the EI Paso Herald, which says: | “There would have been more justice had the married lover taken his place beside Dorothy. clalmed respon sibility for all that had occurred, and asked to be placed on trial instead of Dorothy—or at least to share it w her as an accomplice.” The Louisviila Post, however, finds a certain amount of satisfaction in that the man al ready is accused of a crime ‘“even more grave” in connection with the case. * x % % Modern conditions are blamed for the murder by the Indianapolis News. “One of the difficulties of the times, the News observes, “as Judge Mcln- tyre pointed out, is that so much of the crime wave can be traced to youth. Bandits coming before him range in age from 15 to 25 years.” Still an- other phase is suggested by the New York Evening Post with the state- ment: *“The new era of woman freedom has brought much good, but also much that i not good. 1t is likely that, despite such verdict we shall contiriue to have hobbed- haired bandits. bootlegging queens, women collecting political tithes as mercilessly as men, and that passion- ate and reckless women will continue to use firearms almost as freely as their brothers.” The Albany News, in view of this situation, remarks: “The jury was sorry but it did fts duty. The,significant thing is that occasion- ally a jury sets aside sympathy and finds according to the evidence.”” As to the effect on others, “the conviction of Dorothy may make some of the shooting women think twice before they pull the trigger,” says the Ann Arbor Times-News. = An’ additional phase, as viewed by the Knoxville Sentinel, is that “too often women adopt the vicious habits of men and to pay the penalties. adds the Sentinel, “have moved or not learned.” * * *k % ““There was in the case,” the Jersey City Journal notes, “that element of L} it both way: The New Orleans Item, however, asks the question: “Is it a triumph of fustice or simple weakness of defense without money?“.