Evening Star Newspaper, June 29, 1924, Page 39

EVERYDAY RELIGION By RT. REV. JAMES E. FREEMAN, D. D., Bishop of Youth in the City. ACHARIAH, 8:5. “And the atreets of the city shall be full of boys and girls playing in the streets thereof.” Jane Addams, in her interesting book, “The Spirit of Youth and the City,"” ‘declares that each generation is interested in its child life because it gets spontaneity anrd -enthusiasm from its youth. In the old book of Zachariah the statesman-prophet is catching a vis- fon of a city restored to its highest development and to the satisfaction of all its people. In it he witnesses the conservation of all those things that concern the happiness and se- curity of its diverse elements. He lays particular stress upon she two extremes of life. He says, “There shall vet old men and old women dwell in the streets of Jerusalem, and every man with a_ staff in his hand for every age.” This suggests the fulfillment of the ideals of old age and the peace that attends it after life's long struggle. Then follows the vision of the city wherein the evidences of wholesome Jjoy and healthful recreations mark “the sat- isfaction and contentment of the Youth. “And the streets of the city shall be full of boys and girls play- ing in the streets thercof.” In the vision of the seer, the city that is built with these two elements happy and contented approximates the ideal. Ideal Not Yet Reached. Our age has made considerable ad- vance in the direction of the conser- vation of the things of youth, but it has by no means as yet reached the ideal. A modicum of education in our eplendid public schools, valuable as it may be, does not xuarantee to our youth a sufficient equipment to en- able them to “carry on” in the great struggle of life. Even were this ed ucation fuller and more complete, something else is needed to fit our boys and girls to meet the strain of life's sharp competition. Says a keen observer of modern lif Ve are raising up in this country a set of Justy young pagans, and sooner or later they, or their children, will make a havoc of our institufions What does he mean to imply? Simply this, that education in jtself is insuf- ficient to give.to our young people the qualities that will fit them to assume thelr obligations to the stat: and to society. He does not dispal uge education: he does maintain tha what we call “morale” in the Army is indispensable to a well developed life, and morale implies strengthened character — character stabilized and buttressed by high Christian princi- ples. Cause of Crime Increase. A distinguished Brooklyn justice in a recent survey of the youth ques- tion declared that there were in that city in the teen age 237,000 boys and that but 30,000 of them were under any form of religious instruction. He made no reference to the girls. This condition he regards as the major World Court Is Washington. cause for the increase in juvenile crime. He cites the indisputable rec- ord of cases in the courts to prove his contention. Neglect of proper parental control and an indifferent home environment have their large share of responsibility. The judge makes an urgent appeal to men to consider their responsibility in this alarming situation. He calls for stronger, more definite teaching, teaching of the masculine type in our Sunday schools. He urges that religion should be stated in terms of the heroic. A diluted pabulum will not appeal to the average boy; he will respond to the manly interpreta- tion of fundamental reiigious prin- ciples. The manhood of the Master has not ceased to attract, but it must be in- terpreted by strong men who exem- plify in their lives His teachings. This whole question of an adequate presentation of life’s governing prin- ciples is of far more importance than any matter now before us. Neither increasing wealth nor more general education can guarantee to us those things that enrich and strengthen the nation. In some places those in authority seem to be more concerned about the spread of hog cholera or the hoof-and-mouth disease of cattle than they are about the conservation of those vital things that concern our youth. Must Give Heed to Problem. It the streets of our citles are to be other than breeding places of crime, the hotbeds where moral de- generation finds its genesis, then we need to give more serious heed to this boy and girl problem. Parents that are indifferent to their respon- sibilities constitute the chief menace in this situation. Homes where re- liglon, whether Jewish or Christian, plays no part become at length sources of moral contamination. We cannot deal with these conditions through legal process, but an aroused public sentiment may do much to disclose these menacing evils and to make them a by-word in the com- munity. Families that sought to make thelr boys “slackers’ in war time felt the stern judgment of their neighbors and were compelled to rec- ognize their common responsibility 'or the natlon's security. A slacker s less reprehensible than a moral degenerate, an insular and unpatriotic home less dangerous than one that is indifferent to its high moral respon- sibility. We need more playgrounds and more wholesome recreational centers, ves, but plus all our educa- tional and body-building agencies we need most of all those agencies that make for the moral and spiritual development of our youth. The great Master placed large accent upon the value of child life, repeatedly He exercised ‘His minisiry in its behalf. He declared that the greatest fitness for eternal life was the spirit of the child. When shall we as a people see fo it that our first and not our last consideration is given to the su- premely important business of con- serving our real first-line defense— our children? (Copyeight, 1924, by, Current News Featares, ne. Held Cure For War by Judge Parker (Continued from First Page. sovereignty. In actual practice such controversies, as a rule, Erow out of misunderstandings of fact. When in the exercise of their sovereign powers two nations submit such con- troversies to a competent and im- partial tribunal to ascertain the facts and decide the controversy the ques- tion is automatically removed from the political realm and becomes Justiciable. Centuries of civilization have taught us to submit every pos- sible cause of dispute between indi- viduals to a court and to abide peace- ably by the decision. A nation is a person, and the same standards of conduct should apply alike to the in- dividual and to the nation. The only difference is one of degree. “Why was The Hague tribunal a failure?” “It was and is not a failure, for it has settled very many important controversies which might readily under other circumstances have re- sulted in war. Not a Panacea. “The Supreme Court of the United States is not a failure, yet it did not prevent and had no opportunity of preventing the civil war. A world court will not furnish a panacea for all international ills, but in the realm of preventive medicine interna- tlanally applied it will prove a con- structive force. There should go hand in hand with the world court a re- statement, codification, clarification and expansion of the rules and princi- ples of international law, to be ap- plied and administered by the court. This can be accomplished through conferences of nations similar to The Hague conferences of 1899 and 1907. The agreements reached at such con- ferences formally adopted by the participating nations take the form of international legislation and give to the world court general rules to be applied in cases submitted to it. Its decislons under a proper statute creating it will form a body of in- ternational common law, binding upon and serving as guides to all participating nations and tending to remove opportunities for irritating controversies.” In this connection Judge Parker, an umpire for the mixed claims com- mission, has rendered a number of decisions which have _established Pprecedents of great importance. One of the most, Important of these decisions was in ‘the case of claims made against Germany for reim- bursement of premiums paid on war risk policies aggregating many mil- lions of dollars. Judge Parker ruled that such claims could not be al- lowed, as they represented only money which had been spent for pro- tection against something which never, in fact, happened. Awards Are Limited. In other words the commission held that no award would be made against Germany save for losses and damages suffered as a result of the act of Germany or her agents which could be measured with reasonable exactness in terms of money; and that losses of this class suffered by neutrals and belligerents alike, as a consequence of the very existence of war, were not due to Germany's acts. Another highly important decision of Judge Parker's was in regard to the enormous clalms which were filed as a result of the sinking of the Lusitania. He held that Germany must make compensation and reparation for all losses suffered by American nation- als resulting from death or from per- sonal injury or from losses or dam- ages to property sustained in the sinking of the Lusitania. Further than this he declined to go and re- jected the heavy demands for ex- emplary damages in the nature of penalties, holding that the treaty of Berlin, under which the commission is functioning, is a treaty between two soverelgn nations, that it con- tains no vindictive or punitive pro- visions and that the commission would decline to impose penalties for the use and benefit of private claim- ants when the government of the United States has exacted none. In computing the amount to be paid due regard should be had for mental suffering, but in no case should con- sideration be given to such a factor as punishment. No Claims For War Costs. In making this decision Judge Parker cited the fact that In the treaty with Germany the govern- ment of the United States made no claim for the enormous cost to it for prosecuting the war or for pensions paid to the relatives of those who lost their lives in its Army or Navy. “In view of this frank recogni- tion,” concluded the decision, “by the government of the United States of Germany’s inability to make to it full and complete reparation for all of the consequence of the war, how can it be contended that there should be read into the treaty an obliga- tion on the part of Germany to pay penalties to the government of the United States for the use and bene- fit of a small group of American na- tionals for -whose full and complete compensation for losses sustained ad- equate provision has been made.” Clouds Are Disappearing In the Policies of Europe (Continued from First Page. dictates. There is more talk of eon- formance. Nationalists, it is true, are snarling at everything the government does and question every action of the allies in the hope of prejudicing Ger- man public opinion against the re- publican government and its works, But it is very doubtful at the moment that much progress is being made. But as long as there are Nationalists in Germany, led by leaders in the old order, there always is potential menace to the government. As a consequence the situation always must be watched closely by the allle; or until ‘Germany has recovered a name for square dealing in interna- tional enterprise of whatsoever char- acter. The allies Bave decided upon an \ interallled conference for July 16, an assembly which undoubtedly will hold high the standard of unity and co- ordinated endeavor for continental rehabilitation. To this conference will go Ambassador Kellogg and Col. John A. Logan, acting for the United States, either as observers or ad- visers. The statesmen of all western Europe most interested in settlement of the politicgl and financial prob- lems will be there. Germany yet may be accorded proper voice. There s every indication that there will be ushered in a new era in after-the-war statescraft and public psychology, the end of which may be realization of goals so vainly sought for since the war ended. Affairs political in FEurope have donned raiment of roseate hue. Upon the shoulders of the statesmen of the continent rests the burden of pre- venting a return to sackcloth. 4 S »Real Workers in the National Capi’tal l BY HERBERT COREY. F I were a farmer-politician, 1 would not like Dr. Henry C. Taylor.” I might even dislike him yigorously. But I would not get into an argument with him. It would not help me at home. “Farming,” said Dr. Taylor years ago, “can be made to pay.” “Haw!" gald the farmer-politicians of thoss days. “Haw, haw! What does this book farmer know about real farming? Of course there isn't any money in farming. We all know that.” Now, Dr. Taylor has red hair. What's more, he has the sort of a temper that goes with that sort of hair. He can keep it, and does keep it, and only his intimates know that he makes his own explosives right on the premises. But a red-headed man can be pushed just so far. After they had laughed at Dr. Tay- lor's idea that a farm is not neces- sarily a debit, he got mad and bought a farm. Then he bought another farm. He farmed them both on the most bookish principles possible. And they both paid. Today he is the head of the bureau of agricultural economics at Wash- ington. That s a stiff and stilted name, but it seems to be about the only one that fits the case. The aim of the bureau is to do a lot of think- ing in the farming line which has never been done before. It proves that, one year with another, the right sort of a farm managed by the right sort of a farmer does pay. But it has also proved that the rule-of-thumb measures which were plenty good enough for our fathers are not good enough today. Planned to Live on Farm. He did not intend to go into that line when he left Drake University, in Towa. It should bs stated here, to avoid possible complications, that Dr. Taylor did not tell me these things. He couldn't, for he is in Europe, at- tending an international agricuitural conference. But his friends say that originally he looked forward to local leadership. He might even be a congressman some day, he thought. He specialized in economics. He took a degree from the Iowa Agricultural College because he planned to live on a farm. Then he received his doc- tor's degree at the University of ‘Wisconsin. “Why should there not be a de- partment of scientific farming es- tablished here?” he asked, although not in those words. “A department that should not only teach the ap- proved methods of farming, but the relation of farming and farm market- ing to the rest of the world? So that farmers may farm intelligently, and not blindly, as they have been doing?" Roused a Hearty Laugh. That roused one of the heartiest laughs that ever reverberated in the great open spaces. The very name of the deparament that he proposed— Agricultural Economics —was inef- fably tickling to some of the stanch- est agriculturists of the middle west. Result, Dr. Taylor's red hair began to curl. He didn’t care to undertake the job himself, there being more in- teresting things on his program, but DR. HENRY C. when people opposed him he could hardly help himself. So the D. of A. E. was established. That led natur- ally to the purchase of his two book- ish farms. ““He must be a man of some means,” 1 said to the friend who told me the story. “Even in 1906 Wisconsin farms cost real money. “No,” said the friend. “But he had a friend who believed in him and who loaned him the cost of the farms. Worked Way Trough College. He had worked his way through his various colleges. i Between times he steeraged to England and spent the summer riding a bicycle and talking to the British farmers. Then he went through France and Ger- many in the same way and on the same plan. It was what he learned in Germany, in fact, that brought about the establishment of the De- partment of Agricultural Economics, and which later burgeoned into the bureau of the same name at Wash- ington. He was one of the chief or- TAYLOR. ganizers of the American Farm Eco- nomics Association. That operates along the lines that he worked out in ‘Wisconsin; “More thought and more knowl- edge in farming.” He did not want to come to Wash- ington to head a government bureau. He is not a well-to-do man, and gov- ernment salaries are not always what they should be. As a professor and author his annual returns were con- siderably more than he could hope for from the government. But some one had to do the work when three bureaus in the Department of Agri- culture were consolidated to form the present organization, and the finger of fate pointed irresistibly to him. So he came. The chances are that he has been happy, for he has been able to do some big things in a big way. For it is a big bureau, this of agricultural economics. It has some- thing like 300 employes at Washing- ton and a fleld force of nearly 1,000 more. About 3,300 miles of leased wires, a huge radio broadcasting sys- tem and the mails keep it in touch with every development of farming and farm marketing. A farmer is not only told how to manage his farm, but what crops to manage. A system of crop and stock censuses is being worked out, through which the farmer may learn what crops may be profitable and what ones are be- ing overproduced. That Involves a world survey. Take the matter of ham alone. Danish farmers produce the best pork In the world. American pigs run too largely to lard to suit the European taste. The Danish farmer not only raises the streak-of-lean- and-streak-of-fat sort of bacon, but he varles his production as the taste of the English buyer shifts. The American farmer could raise just as good pork if he would, but to do so involves a rearrangement of our whole piggish plan. The man who would specialize in the produc- tion of the very best hams must find co-operation in methods of curing and marketing. Otherwjse he had best stick to mass production of lard. Millions of Farm Problems. “The basic idea of the bureau of farm economics is that there is not a farm problem,” said one of its de- partment heads. “Instead, there are 65,000,000 farm problems. Which is intended to mean that each farmer has his individual prob- lem which cannot be solved by shot- gun methods. Each field, each ani- mal, each day of each crop presents a problem of its own. Dr. Taylor's effort is to inform the farmer thor- oughly on every phase. The list of the bureau's activities is too long to present here. But it includes today's markets, right up to the minute, in a fast wire report that usually beats all other fast wires. It digests the food needs of tomorrow and the crop acreage of today. It tells what various types of land can best be used for, and their use value compared to their sale value, and teaches farm management. It has coaxed the live stock man and the railroader of the west to work to- gether for mutual benefit. Helping the Farmer by Radio. It has worked out a radio map of the country, and the broadcasters are now talking direct to farmers during the evening hours on the day’s prices and weather conditions and methods. Agricultural finance is being studied by experts, to the end that the bu- reau believes that farmers must stand on their own feet. “Patent methods of being helped by the government are not practi- cable,” the bureau indicates. Dr. Taylor is a day and night worker. He mever quits, because he is forever interested. He plays a little golf now and then, but rarely has time for it. Usually he is en- gaged in working out some new sta- tistical plan, or writing a new book, or delivering a serfes of lectures. He is one of a very small group of lead- ers in the field of agricultural economics. And—a matter of prime importance— he is still red-headed. The Story the Week Has Told BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is & brief sum- mary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended June 28: * x k3 The British Empire—The Ulster government continues to refuse to ap- point a member to that commission which (to consist of one member ap- poirted by the Free State govern- ment, one appointed by the Ulster government and one appointed by the British government) should, under the provisions of the London treaty of 1821, which created the Irish Free State, finally determine the boun- daries between the Free State and Ulster. The British government has ap- ?olnted & judicial committee (consist- ng of one member each from - land, Scotland, Canada AuslrallAE:rfd the Indian civil service) to consider the delicate question whether the commission, lacking a_member ap- pointed because the Ulster govern- ment balks, would have jurisdiction ::s:.';n ‘prebm‘hel.h'l?lle ‘whole boundary s being hotly debated Dfl{"{r}gll = in the ting from camp No. 3, at 21,000 fosty Lonoted last weel ihe later T patc] 'rom No. 1 cam; Lieut. Col. Norton, leader of the ?32« ex- pedition to scale Mount Everest, and Dr. Somervell, one of the heroes of the 1922 expedition, tell the story of three attempts launched from the Alpine base, (the No. 4, or North Col camp, 23,000 feet) to top the moun- tain. (I should say that Col. Norto: dictated rather than wrote, as he was suffering from snow-blindness). On June 2 Mallory and Geoffrey Bruce left No. 4 camp with elght porters. It had been decided not to use oxygen. . At 25300 feet they pitched the dog tents on the shel- tered side of the great north ridge (camp No. 5). Five porters were sent back to No. 4 and the remainder of the party slept the night at No. 5. It was proposed with the three se- lected porters to establish No. 6 camp at 26,700 feet the next day, and after a night there to make the final dash on June 4. But a violent north- west 'wind had taken the heart out of the porters. The morning of the third two of them shammed sick, and it was necessary to return. But, pur- suant to a nmew arrangement, there was a second party “in support.”” As the party of Maliory and Bruce was descending, Norton, Somervell and six porters were going up. This party (less three porters sent back) spent the night at No. 5 and the next day established No. 6 camp at 26,700 feet, where the_night was spent in com- parative comfort. It was proposed to make a very early start, and to that end the thermos bottle was filled with coffee overnight. A good drink of coffee before the start would be necessary. In the great final dash by Mallory, Somervell and Norton in 1922 one of their chief drawbacks was a terrific thirst. But the cork of the bottle popped in the night and it was necessary to melt snow and make new coffes, necessitating an unfortunate elay. The two heroes were off at 6:45, leaving the porters in camp. Some! vell's account of that day's climb is one of the most profoundly interest- ing of human documents. At 28,000 feet Somervell gave out, but Norton struggled on, but “how slowly! Seven, elght or ten respirations were necessary for every single step for- ward. After an hour I doubt whether anrt|nn had risen eight feet above my ovel.”” It was now 3:30 p.m., and, even had strength sufficed, to reach the top be- dark was out of the question. With hearts beating over 130 per minute they turned back and reached to North Col after dark. From camp No. 5 they had signaled with mag- nesium flares, and Mallory and Odell went up to meet them with lanterns. The weather conditions had been per- fect. It had been proved almost be- vond question that the summit could not be made without oxygen. On June 6 Mallory and Irvine started from the North Col with the necessary porters and with oXygen. They slept that night at No. 5 and the night of the 7th at No. 6. Odell had followed up, and from camp 6 saw them about 11 am. on the morn- ing of the 8th at about the height of 28,000 feet “going strong” for the top. Suddenly they disappeared, about where Norton and Somervell had turned back. The latter had observed the ground thereabout to be peculiarly treach- erous. In a dispatch of May 26 Mal- lory remarked, ‘We expect no mercy from Everest” They got none. On June 25 Stuart MacLaren, the British world fiver, in the duplicate machine brought to him from Hako- date, Japan, by American destroyers, to replace his smashed machine, started off eastward again, flying from Akyab to Rangoon, Burma. * X X X Germany, Et .AL—Premier Herriot of France spent the week end June 21-22 with Premier MacDonald at Chequers. As the song goes, “They talked of many things,” but chiefly of the Dawes report and German dis- armament. The entente, it seems, has been fully restored, but not on the basis of definite pledges, rather on the basis of “a common determination to meet the difficulties which beset France and Britain, and indeed the whole world, by continuous co-opera- tion.” So runs the communique. It was agreed that, subject to the con- venience of the other allies, a con- ference should be held in London beginning July 16, for the purpose of definitely settling the proceedure to be_adopted. It was likewise agreed that the United States government should be invited to send a representative to that conference. Apparently (our information on the point is not defi- nite) Mr. MacDonald refused to con- sider a proposal of British c tion in enforcing “sanctions” Germany inexcusably . fail to across,” nor would even discuss the nature of such sanctions. Bridges, thinks Mr. MacDonald, should not be crossed until reached. But Mr. MacDonald agreed that one bridge had been reached. The Ger- man_ government had not replied to the latest note of the allied powers requiring that government to assent to and facilitate a thorough inspec- tion by the interallied military con- trol commission for Germany to as- certain the present military status in Germany. (That commission has not functioned during the past eighteen months, i. e. since the Franco-Belgian _occupation of the Rhur began.) The premiers had re- celved information which caused them to fear lest the German govern- ment contemplated rejection of the allies’ demand, They therefore drew up and dispaiched a joint “zppeal” (the word used) to the German gov- ernment, “begging” (the word used) it to accede to that demand, point- ing out, among other considerations, how gravely rejection thereof would complicate the international situa- tion, how it would dash hopes Sof realization of the Dawes plan. The tone of the appeal & new one in diplomacy. If a report from Lon- don is correct, the appeal has done the trick; the German government has decided to consent to the inspec- tion proposed and will promise “all needful assistance. ,The report adds that the German government has made public the text of the premiers’ letter. One Interpretation has it that the Germans have been scratching their heads for a “face-saver’ that would permit them to accept the al- lies' demand, and found it in the let- ter. ‘“The allies ask us to have a heart; we soften to their appeal It is announced from the White House that Ambassador Kellogg has been instructed “to attend the con- fernce in London on July 16 for the purpose of hearing such matters as affect interests of the United States and otherwise for purposes of in- formation.” It is thought that M. Herriot pro- posed to Mr. MacDonald a Franco- British defensive treaty of the type that has been under consideration for several years, but that Mr. MacDon- ald returned an emphatic “No.” The two premiers will attend together the opening of the league of nations as- sembly in September, with a view, we are told, to boocsting the plan of a European system of treaties of guar- antee. * x % * Italy—The most important devel- opments of the week were the with- drawal of the opposition members from Parliament; Mussolini's several statements of policy, and the meeting on Friday of opposition members of parliament to decide their future ac- tion. + A satisfactory account of the last has not arrived. Mussolini's most important state- ment was made to the Fascista mem- bers of the chamber. He declared that the Fascisti proposed to govern constitutionally through _Parliament, to follow strictly legal methods, to purge the party of undesirables, and to pursue a policy of national con- ciliation. But the Fascismo regime and Fascismo principles would be de- fended “at any cost.” To the demands heard from opposition groups all over Italy for resignation of the govern- ment, dissolution of the Fascist mi- litia and of Parliament and new gen- [\érat elections his answer was & fcm; categorical and solemn ‘No.” The opposition was making capital out of the situation created by the mur- der of Matteottl. He hoped the ol position would not 4ry to “push ma ters to a point at which the irrepa- rable must happen, with its fatal and logical consequences” (a vague, but disquieting threat). Whatever else may be sald, the policy stated and the tone are a far cry from the speech with which Mus- solini opened the new _Parliament only a few weeks ago, when he an- nounced menacingly that the parlia- mentary form of government was on trial. * % Ohima—~That was an interesting in- cident that occurred the other day at ‘Wan Hsien, on the Yangtze Kiang, in Sze Chuan province. Some junkmen of that town had murdered Edwin C. Hawley, an American citizen. The commander of the British gunboat Cockchafer, on duty at Wan Hsien, condemned'to death two members of the junkmen's guild and compelled the local Chinese military authorities to attend Hawley's funeral as mourn- ers and then to execute the condemn- ed at the spot where Hawley was murdered. This high-handed British proceeding has had a salutary effect at Wan Hsien, where the military now show a commendable zeal to pre- serve order and protect forelgners. * % k¥ United States of America.—Lieut. Russell Maughan of the Army alr 2 lee has done it. Hopping off from Mineola, Long Island, at 3 am. on June 24, he arrived at San Fraficisco at 9:47 that evening—one of the greatest of individual human achieve- ments. It was not exactly a “dawn- to-dusk flight,” nor would seem to prove that squadrons of planes, in the present stage of airplane deveiop- ment, could be shifted from one side of the continent to the other within twenty-four hours, for among other considerations it has to be noted that Lieut. Maughan is an airman of rare science and heroic mold, t its importance with reference to the fu- ture is obvious. The total time con- sumed was twenty-one hours forty- eight minutes. Three hours twenty- eight minutes were consumed by stops. Total flying time, eighteen hours twenty minutes. Reduced to eastern standard time of arrival at San Francisco, was 12:48 am. 1 told last week how on June 20, our world flyers arrived at Rangoon, in Burma. There delay was caused by collision of one of the planes with a cargo boat and by illness of Lieut. Smith. On the 25th they flew from Rangoon to Akyab, Burma and on the 26th from Rangoon across the Bay of Bengal to Calcutta, three American destroyers being stationed at intervals beneath the route. At Calcutta, wheel landing gear is being substituted for pontoons. ¥ * k% * Notes.—It is reported that the French government has decided to recognize in the very near future the soviet government of Russia, the recognition to take substantially the same form as that by Britain. Orders have been issued for the evacuation from the Republic of Santo Domingo, as soon as practi- cable after July 10, of the force of 1,800 United States marines now on duty there. The marines were to be withdrawn on restoration of stable conditions. Capt. Amundsen is ir hard luck. The manufacturers refuse to deliver to him the airplanes especially con- structed in Italy for his projected flight over the poles, as the captain is unable to find the $60,000 required to pay for them. Grist of Congress 297 Public Acts There were some 11,500 pages of the Congressional Record published during the first session of the Sixty- eighth Congress, with nearly a week more granted for the printing of pre- ared speeches under “extension of remarks,” as the final Record for that session goes to press on Tuesday, June 24. A total of 13,734 bills and resolu- tions was introduced—9,802 bills and 295 joint resolutions in the House and 3,492 bills and 145 joint resolutions in_the Senate. During the first session 297 public acts and 37 public resolutions were enacted into law.. A very great many of these acts were laws authorizing the building of bridges and other matters of minor importance. Because many persons do not know the course of procedure in Congress, it is well to note that all bills which were introduced during the past ses- sion and which were pending when it adjourned retain' their status on the calendars or before committees and are subject to consideration and action when Congress convenes for its second session, on the first Mon- day in December, and that all' such bills are part of business of this Congres: acted upon at any time prior to the ‘adjournment of this Congress, on March 3, 1o, RADIO TIGHTENS GRIP Communication by Air Stirs Even Greater Interest by March of Events. ADIO, which has developed by leaps and bounds during the last twelve years, will, dur- the next few months tighten its grip even more amazingly upon the American people. Only two facts need be mentioned to make this clear: First—The broadcasting of the Re- publizan and Democratic national conventions, with people al! over the United States by the millions listen- ing in, gives some idea of how the receiving sets will be worked over- time to bring the people of every state within hearing of the campaign orators. Second—Secretary Hoover is plan- ning for the third big radio confe gnce to be held In Washington in September “for better voluntary con- trol of radio,” which will be attended by representatives of every radio in- terest—manufacturers, broadcasters, dealers, marine interest, amateurs and listeners-in. Already the administration of radio, centered under Secretary Hoover, has grown to such proportions that with the opening of the new fiscal year, next Tuesday, there will be an im- portant expansion of this service. Radio will arouse more Interest than ever before in the campaign for the presidency, in_congressional and Jocal campaigns. It has developed so suddenly and startlingly that general interest is Intrigued. In the last presidential campalgn radio did not take an important part, now it is at work with the prospect that it will be used every extensively. Appetite Is Whetted. Listening in on the conventions has whetted the appetite of the people. They want to listen to the campaign speeches. They will listen attent- ively to a speech where they will throw campaign literature in the waste basket without reading it. And there is no doubt about it—a speech that you hear makes a different impression on you than one that you read. Campaign speeches can be made to go anywhere by radio. No matter how far in_the backwoods a presi- dential candidate may be, speaking to only a mere handful of people, all that has to be done is to have a mi- crophone in front of him connected with a small transmitter on a truck which serves as a pick-up for a cen- tral broadcasting station. And the big electric companies are prepared to give just such service. In fact, it has been demonstrated in Washing- ton, with the trucks thus equipped stationed in the Capitol plaza to give a demonstration. There is no way of estimating within_many millions the number of radio receiving sets in this country that will be employed to listen in on campaign speeches—because at least 80 per cent of all the sets in use are homemade. In fact, the United States bureau of education has just made a statement that farm boys ‘0( high school age have already built more than 200,000 sets. There is, however, an accurate rec- ord of the broadcasting stations through which the campaign oratory would be turned loose to a listening world—589, according to the latest count, and they cover every state in the Union, Alaska, Hawaii and Porto Rioco. People usually let up on radio in the summer time, partially because they can't hear as well, but more so because there are other attractions in the great outdoors. This summer, however, they will continue their interest in radio be- cause of the campaign, and when they €0 on tours or camping they will take their radio equipment with them. Radio Administration. So it might be well to consider briefly just what radio administration under Secretary Hoover really means: Way back in 1910, when the first radio act was passed, it provided that radio be carried on certain passenger-carrying ehips. Administration of the radio law Was placed in the bureau of navigation of the then Department of Commerce and Labor because this agency handled all government matters relating to ship- Ding. This radio service was established n July 1, 1911 "One- year later the second radio act was passed, which gave authority to the Secretary of Commerce to examine and license radio operators emploved in all private and commercial radio stations and to inspect and license all private and commercial radio stations. This was {ntended to carry out the international convention, which also comes under the Secretary ot Commerce. These additional duties were thrown into the radio divi- sion, already established, under the bu- Teau of navigation, of which D. B, Car- son is commissioner and A. J. Tyrer commissioner. e Conder this law that the govern- till exercises administrative con- el with William D. Terrell, chief radio supervisor, in charge of the division. He Was the first fleld officer in the govern- ment radio work, appointed July 1, 1911, When he was piaced in charge of the “ntire Atlantic coast with offices in New Fork, R Y. Cadmus, now supervisor in the third radio district, with headquar- tera in Baltimore, was placed in charge of the work on the Pacific coast in 1911, and some time later a third fleld officer Wvas put in charge of the gulf coast as inspector. Mr. Terrell has been in charge of the radio division since March 1, 1915. Operates Under Law of 1912. The government still operates un- der the law of 1912, because Congress has failed to pass other legislation. In the session just closed, Represent- ative Wallace W. White of Maine and Senator Howell of Nebraska in- troduced entirely different radio con- trol measures. To expedite action in tting the House and Senate into E:nlerince the House committee amended the Howell bill by substi- tuting the White bill after the enact- ing clause. This was favorably re- ported and is still on the calendar. This was intended to g\vedm the Secretary of Commerce broader au- thority in the control of radio. This legislation covers a number of feat- ures not in existing law, and brings up new problems which might be difficult to solve. So the radio in: . terests generally were rather well satisfied that it was not rushed through in the last session. Under a recent appropriation the transfer of International radio ac-. . counting from the Navy Department to the bureau of navigation is piow- vided for, to take effect on July I, In 1912 the Navy Department han dled 0 much of the world's radio com- munication that it seemed advisable to leave the collection of internation- al accounts to the communications section. In recent years, however, 8o~ many commerical stations and ships of all nations are handling radio traf- - fic that the work has increased to such an extent that it has now been decided to transfer several of the clerks most famillar with this work from the Navy to the bureau of navi- gation to augment the personnel of the radio division. Most Important Work. The radio division considers |its most important work to be ship in- spection, because that had to do with the safety of life. It has always held to this as a prime duty—trying to inspect every foreign and American vessel which' carries fitty or more persons from our ports, and trying to Inspect these every time they clear because the apparatus is so delicate. As far as the public interest is con- cerned, however, the broadcasting service comes first. This has had a wonderful development in the last two years, since broadcasting began to interest the whole country and interference complaints came pouring in. This multiplied the work of the field inspectors The map of the United States has now been charted into nine radio dis- tricts, each with a supervisor in charge, aided by twelve radio in- spectors and eight assistant in- spectors. During the fiscal year beginning July 1, next Tuesday, the appropriations provide for six more assistant inspectors and a few clerks This force has to inspect the sta- tions, issue licenses, assign wave lengths, give them call letters, etc Character of Stations. The scope of this work may be better understood when it is known that besides the 589 broadcasting stations there are 12 stations en- gaged in international communica- tion 45 stations working with ships, 2,723 American ship stations (ex- clusive of the stations on all foreign ships entering our ports carrying 50 or more passengers), 177 point-to- point commercial stations, 364 ex- perimental stations, 83 technical and training school stations, 252 special amateur stations and 00 general and restricted amateur stations. Be- sides examining and licensing the operators for all these stations com- plaints of interference have to be in- vestigated, technical problems solved, radio activities co-ordinated, vio- lations of the law prevented and ad- vice and assistance given to every one relative to the use of radio for- commercial or private purposes. The reallocation of wave lengths Which became effective May 15, 1923," based on the recommendations of the - second radio conference, while it greatly increased the work of this inspection service by requiring closer inspection and adjustment, has worked for the public advantage in general use of the air. All this work heads up in_the office of Chief Radio Supervisor Terrell in Washington, where he is assisted by W. E. Downey, supervisor of radio The nine field ‘divisions are located and in charge of pervisors as fol- lows: (1) Boston, C. Kolster; (2) New York, Arthur Bacheller: (3) Baltimore, R. Y. Cadmus; (4) Atlanta Ga, Walter Van Nostrand, jr.; New Orleans, La, T. G. San Fran, Seattle, Detroit, . R. Redfern; . W. Edwards, A. Beane. ‘While the inspection work extends to Alaska, no federal inspector has ever been sent there, because of in- sufficlent appropriations, nor is one likely to go on that mission this summer. The inspections have been made, however, in Hawaii and Porto, Rico several times Largest Territory Covered. The biggest territory covered is in the ninth district, which Includes twelve states, besides the upper peninsula of Michigan and work on the Great Lakes. From the heaquar- ters in Chicago, Supervisor Beane with two assistants, covers the en- tire stretch west, including Indiana and Colorado and rorth to the Cana- dian boundary. In the fifth district there are two men with headquarters in St Louls. who cover the entire stretch of eight states between Alabama and New Mexico and the Gulf ports. In the fourth district there are four states south from North Carolina and Porto Rico v The sixth district, with headquar. ters In San Francisco, comprises four states—California, Nevada, Utah and Arizona, besides Hawaii. The jurisdiction of the seventh dis- trict includes Alaska, besides Mon- tana, Wyoming, Idaho, Washington and Oregon. The eighth district shares with the ninth district_work with the vessels on the Great Lakes as'well as cover- ing the southern peninsula of Mich- igan, Ohio, West Virginia and the larger portion of Pennsylvania and New York. The third district includes part of New Jersey, part of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. The second district while the smallest in area is the most impor- tant, with headquarters in New York. It is important principally be- cause it is the headquarters of ship- ping and headquarters of ths big radio corporations. Tt includes por- tions of New York, Pennsylvania and a portion of New Jersey. The first district includes the New England states, with headquarters n Bosto Disputes of Latin America Settled in Peaceful Way (Continued from First Page.) treaty was signed between the two countries, known as the Garcia Her- rera treaty, providing for direct set- tlement. This was not approved by the Peruvian Congress, and the plan fell through. In 1904 it was agreed, for a second time, to let a former arbitration proceed, and the King of Spain was requested to send a roval commissioner to gather data on the claims of each country. Proceedings under this arbitral continued until 1909, but owing to differences be- tween the two countries as to the exact powers of the King of Spain and how far he should go in render- ing his decision, the proceedings broke up in a row which came near to plunging both countries in war. The present agreement between Pe- ru and Ecuador is the result of con- versations which have been going on between the two countries for some time past. Peru's new minister had not been in Ecuador more than a month before the protocol was signed providing for the direct negotiations here and for submission of points on which the Peruvian and Ecuadorean Jdel.oates could not &gree to arbitra- tion by the President of the United States. The status of the remaining dis- putes over boundaries between the varjous American republics may be summarized as follows: Peru and Colombia have signed a treaty fixing the Putumayo River as their boundary. The treaty is yet to be ratified by the Congresses of both countries. A strip of 1and between Bolivia and Paraguay is still claimed by both countries. - Guatemala and Honduras have agreed to submit a boundary disput betweengthem to the President of the Uni States. £ Colombia and Panama, when they established diplomatic relations last months, have been quarrelling about a boundary for twenty years and have det fined their boundary lines and agresd to draft a convention on the sub- Ject. Haitl and the Dominican Republic recently agreed to submlit their boundary disputes to the Pope and are now negotiating a protocol to. fix terms of arbitration. Peru and Chile have placed their Tacna and Arica dispute 8 the hands of the President of the United States for arbitration, and his decision is ex: pected to result in a final settieren of the issue.