Evening Star Newspaper, February 20, 1921, Page 31

MONACO MOST NOTED)| OF TINY COUNTRIES| “Sma]l Principality Has Entertained as High as 2,000,000 From Gaming. in Year—Riches . What fs the smaliest country in the world? “That depends upon the angle from which you view the question. There are small principalities tucked under the wings of sheltering governments, republics which owe part of their Suzernainty to a bishop, and grand duchies,” says a National Geographic Society bulletin. “Monaco, with its eight square miles of territory. perched three hundred feet above the Mediterranean in the heart of the Riviera, is the smallest principality. It is the best known | §od the most visited, for it contains e world-noted lure of Monte Carlo. From Hercules to Fortuna. “The little country has a checkered and interesting hisiory. Its beginning dates to the days of Hercules, almost 2.000 years before the birth of Christ. How paradoxical that this hero, who accomplished well nigh insurmounta- ble obstacies by sheer physical labor, should have heen even the traditional founder of a state whose whole reve- obtained from games of doric the Great seems to have been the only one of the great Euro- | pean conquerors who zave the little | Country any respite from wars which | continuousiy harassed it. And his Tharm as @ man may have been the . influence which gave the people he conquered their folerange for those ho risk their all on a gamble. for it n that he had the mo tful manners at dice. ‘If Theo- | doric loses, he laughs: he is modest | “and reticent if he wins!" “Modern figures show that the in- dustries and trade of Monaco are un- important in comparison to its reve- nue from the gaming tables. During 1913 there were nearly 2,000,000 visit- ors in the principality for its 23,000 Population to take care of. “Until 1911 the prince of the country was an absolute ruler, but in that vear he gave his subjects a constitu- tion, which provides for a national council elected by the people. * Sam Marino Smallest Republic. “Monaco has a_close second in di minutiveness, and a rival in the claim of age, in the independent republic of San Marino, which is the smallest republic in the world. Surrounded b$ Ttaly, which respects its autonomy, | this republic rears its thirty-eight | square miles of territory to a point | 2500 feet above sea level. Its found? | er. San Marino. came from Arbe in | the fourth century to aid the op- | pressed Christians build the stome walls of the city of Rimini. Born of | his desire for peace, solitude and sim- | plicity of living, these qualities have | SEVEN-NAVY SEAPLANES SCARE CARIBBEAN ISLE INHABITANT U. S. Fliers Stop in H Say It “Costs Nothing to Live.” Heat Free, Top. BY HERBERT COREY. 5 COLON, Febuary 19.—One wonders what the inhabitants of Old Provi- dence 1lsland thought when seven American seaplanes, with®that rend- ing clamor of motor that marks these powerful devices, swooped down upon her tiny harbor. The report of the meven fyers is epic in its simplicity. “Some of them seemed scared said they. “They had nmever seen an aeroplane before.” Life in Old Providence, as it ap- peared to the marooned sea-flyers, is primitive in its simplicity. The island itself §s four miles long, lying in the midst of the Caribbean sea at a dis- | tance of 280 miles from Colon. In itsi center a wooded eminence rises to what seemed the majestic height of 1,100 feet. Primitive in Its Simplicity. The harbor is too tiny and too shal- low to permit the entrance of big ships, and so the island’s only con- nection with the outside world is through the semi-occasional visits of a little yawl, which carries freight and passengers each way. Sometimes the yawl gets to Old Providence once in three weeks. Sometimes it do_esn Its schedule depends upon freights, the whim of its masfer. the winds, the conveniences of the day. & “Usually it brings the mails.” said the Old Providentials. “Sometimes it doesn't The fliers landed in the harbor That is, they brought their seaplanes to rest upon the placid surface of th® Then a port official came to give \em pratique. Usually port officials ride in brass-bound motor launches. This one came in a small dugout. paddled by a pessimistic, maroon-col ored servitor. With one hand the port official held a yellow umbrella over himself. With the other he Waved at intervals a small Colombian flag nailed to a small stick. After all, his equipment was quite sufficient to his necds. Had a Long, Hot Wait. “You can come ashore.mow.” he| said, after an examination into the “tate, of American health had been conducted through one of the me- chaniecs who spoke a fair sSpiggoty. But the fliers could not. If they had gone ashore they would have been subjected to quarantine at Colon. they roosted in their little cockpits or from time to time crawled out on e the lower wing in search of the shadow from the upper one, and smoked many angry cigarettes and wondered how long they would be forced to remain in this venomously described place. Then the residents came out to see them. Hereabouts Caribbean-sea-abouts —every one travels in canoes- and dugouts just as in more favored lands one travels in taxicabs. The local beaux and belles paddle out to chat. large family parties, of which the hetter half often exhibited a regret- able tendency toward rotundity, rowed out in sturdy boats, in the gun- w of which swarms of vari-col- orcd children played in perfect con- fidence in the craft's stability. Small, raked black boyg dived and swam asout them like 8o many fish. Broiling Fliers Joyless. “n shore palm trees offer shade and fondas might be assumed to abound in cooling drinke. but these delights were not for the broiling crs. They cursed and sweltered. Eventually the attendant destroyers e up, and the fliers’ condition was A somewhat. They went aboard the < and the local bumbeaters did what doubt”the most thriving business iin Old Providence memory. Strictly speaking, they were not bumboats, be- cause bumboats only exist where there are ships to trade with, and at Old Providence there are never any ships. But orange and bunana and cocoanut laden boats are bumboats to the Ameri- can, just as all sunbrowned foreigners are spiggotics. 1 never tasted such oranges,” is the universal report. “The swreiest T have ever known. The bananas, too. were the best we bave ever caten. ‘They were green on the outside, but inside—ol Boyt And we bought all the —oocmons ‘we wanted just for nothing, you might become thoroughly inculcated in its national character, and for genera- tions have been reflected in its terri- The venerable saint taught his le that war should be resorted to only for self-defense. “San Marino is governed by a great council of sixty members, who are elected by popular vote. Two of these members are appointed ever§ Six months to act as regents. and in such capacity exercise the executive power. So tranquil is the little republic that it scarcely needs a police force—an atmosphere in contrast to that created by the frenzied and feverish players who sit at the tables in Monaco. Smugzling Is National Industry. “A lilliput republic, under the joint THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON, D. C, FEBRUARY 20, 1921—PART "2 By Capt. Arthu: - ARMY AND NAVY NEWS ;e G. Duncan. | | Little has been written on the sub- in this direction, means suicide.” —_— o . dence that we subseque tained | limitless exp i «t be e s quentl; obtained) limitless expense which must be met [ THE ARMY ] Retired, but Kept on showed that hish-power radio stations | as a protection to the country if we & within our borders had been constantly | are to be without international mu- > x sh & Temporary Active Duty |cngaed n the trancmission of anness | tual ‘sxreement. . To. diccontinae ab ey | tral messages. | solutely, or to reduce appropriations Ject “The Reserve Officers’ Training Corps,” the R. O. T. C., as the corps is commonly known, is a system au- thorized by Congress in 1916, which permits military work to be given boys sixteen to.twenty-one years of age during their four years' school life—a receptive period when mili- tary training interferes the least with their career. The system instills in a boy at that age when many habits of life are in the making, a healthful, practical and theoretical training—absolute essen- tials to the development of the quali- ties of leadership so necessary for officers. Today there are 234 schools and colleges, in every state in the suzerainty of France and the Span-;Union, including Hawaii and Porto ish Bishop of Urgel, is Andorra. TIts 191 square miles of valley almost 10.000 feet above the level of the sea are tucked away in the heart of the| Pyrences mountains. It is governed | by a council of twenty-four members elected by the heads of families in its six parishes. This council nominates | a first syndicate. which presides over its meetings and forms the country’s ¢ executive department. “It is said that this little portion of Spain, which is set down in the midst of French territory. winks an fact. it 3.::0. Which have enrolled 100,000 R. 0. - C. students. Approximately one- half are college men and the others are boys in high schools. oAt the larger universities, R. 0. T. - Units combine at formation such as reviews and inspections, all the combatant components of an army di- Vvision, thereby providing the choice of twelve different types of instruc- tion, embracing much valuable train- ing, for example, engineering, motor traction, electricity, medical, etc. Smaller schools are necessarily con- fined to either cavalry, infantry or REAR ADMIRAL THOMAS J. COWIE, vy Supply Corps, who was known eve at smuggling. Tn s claimed that deing the recent war its chief occupation was getting Signal Corps units. A big feature contempla sSummer is the sixteen }{) ée.dT.u‘(‘f? camps, two of which will be located near Washington, one each at Camps Humphreys and Holabird. It is pected that Plattsburg barracks w- be revived and a cam things across the border into France without duty. The inhabitants dis- cussed the practice as freely as they wonld the weather. Rut when it is advisable for an_Andorran to keep his own counsel he can do it for a proverb in the Pyrenees is ‘Tell a thing to an Andorran and it is lost. il held there. weeks' trainin, A State the Size of D. C. | summer _ course. hich Rl bring “Another principality that jumped | these “Red, White and Blue boys' into public attntion during the world | together, as in the world war, from war was Liechtenstein, whose Sixty- {every State and territory in the five square miles of ' territory are | Unlon, i surrounded by Switzerland and Aus- erhaps the most uniqu i tha U TE Qeclared its complete inde- |oughly = American featurs “:;dt ";l}’"i'! pendence from the latter in Novem- | training system is its real democ. ber. 1918. This little country in the | racy—distinctive as the draft, for it midst of a war-torn Europe is peace- | recognizes no distinction of race, fully inclined 1t has not had an jcreed, color or dress. Its American- SEn SbacoR 188 ____|ism, extending throughout “There are two other diminutive | Wil be found in private c:xr"en:lal\r:‘ilc' political entities in Europe which | high schools, in_technical colleges still have a place on the map—the{ang universities. Sons of millionaires Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, With|or laborers will wear the same uni- its 999 sauare miles of territory be-|form; both share equal benefits. The tween Belgium, France and the allied training makes for better and more during tre late war as “The Hell We Can’t Cowie,” this beinz his favorite Ireply when any one questioned the Navy's ability to put over any of ‘the various liberty loan drives. work, the time necessary to extract the names of such specialists from nearly 16,000 names takes less than five minutes, or not more than fifteen minutes before they reach the desk of the quartermaster general. The next step taken in the system is the exami- nation of a detailed record card, which gives an analysis of each officer's training and special qualifications over his own signature. The third step shows the history file with per- formance and recommendations of an officer prior to and since his entry into the service. Judging from letters received by Gen. Rogers from former emergency officers, it is his belief that a large percentage of these men have materially benefited, as shown by increased efliciency due to their ce. In order to-re- ling the government out of busine | oanuts | zone of occupation on the Rhine, and | patriotic citizenship, greater under- Turkey-in-Europe, which iS "noW [gtanding and increased health. Ac- nothing more than the environs tolcording to statistics, it is claimed the west of Constantinople. Another | that during the six-week period. in state for many years classed among the ‘smallest countries’ is Monte- negro, which is now a part of the kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Gefore the Balkan war its area was 3.851 square miles.” the summer camps of 1919 the av- erage gain in weight of R. O. T. C. students was five pounds and an in- crease in chest measurement of two inches. During their four years at school students may voluntarily attend the summer camps for the first two years, but the last two years are compulsory, and for this a consid- eration is allowed each student of $1 per day during the six weeks in camp. Transportation, subsistence, etc., is also included. It is said that many mothers are strong advocates of R. 0. T. C. train- ing, as are women who favor the Boy Scout movement. One of the most in- teresting letters received from educa- tional institutions by the War Depart- ment is the following statement from Susan M. Dorsey, superintendent of the Los Angeles High School : “The value of military training. as given in our high schools through the agency of the R O. T. C., is no longer & matter of question. The credible sweetness remarked upon—were | nied. The irmncovement of thy soans pressed upon them at forty cents a hun- | men in their attitude toward seniority dred. and -authority, their improvement in Cost of Living “Nothing.” cleanliness and neatness; in courtesy Yams, papaya, mangoes, fruits which {Of manner and willineness to sacrifice were strange to the eye and entrancing | for civil service and the common good, to the palate, were offered at absurd |are all becoming apparent. Recently in prices. One destroyer spent $40 and |one school where volunteers were asked loaded itself with food of every sort.|to assist in a census taking, nearly all Chickens were worth 60 cents Colum- | who volunteered were members of the bian, which is about 25 cents American. | R. O. T. C.. which, as the principal They were fairly fat chickens, too, |stated, would seem to indicate ‘either which is an oddity in the tropics. that the most loyal, /patriotic and self- “What does it cost a man to live | sacrificing boys had enrolled in the R. here?” one inquiring economist asked a|O. T. C. or that the organization stim- arbor Where Natives nativ A ulated such qualities.’ Not the least im- Why—nothing,” said the wondering |portant evidence of the value of this| native. training is shown in the fact that there But the sea fliers only thought of Old |is being developed a consciousness of Providence as a place of sunny torment | ability to do things and a willingness {in which they had been marooned by | to accept responsibility and develop the hideous fate. the: to get away NDLSTRY CONTRI STRSBITER AT (Continued from First Page.) power of leadership. y reported, “we were glad New Q. M. C. System. In order to bring reserve officers into closer touch with the funda- mental workings of his corps, Quar- termaster General H. L. Rogers has installed a unique system for the in- formation of more than 9,000 quar- termaster reserve officers. Letters are being sent these officers, giving, in brief, a general synopsis of the prin- cipal’ functions of their corps, which fully describe the various activities. Anticipated questions which every re- | serve officer should- know are an- swered in a special bulletin, Effi- ciency key sheet, showing the rank, experience and qualifications of every regular and reserve officer are so ar- light saving law. But the farmers would not stand for it, and the law was repeale 5 v tinued with €On-{'one operation requiring but a mo- ) statutes and regulations | ,vs time, the record cards of all of their own, however. During the war, the government un- | officers desired for any special quali- cessful in the venture, the very at- tempt indicates that the people when aroused will not stand for “profiteer- ing.” a phrase, by the way, which came into general use during the war. With such an array of precedents in the way of government rezulation, it would be folly to believe that the ten- dency will halt. Other regulatory laws are sure to follow, in the opinion of students of the question. And this notwithstanding the protests of those who insist upon the rights of the in- dividual and the desirability of keep- ISUPREME COURT Regulation of Labor. One of the most serious clashes that will come over government regu- o e OteT fthe rokulation of labor, | e phrase “and it is so ordered.” esigne cvent tie-ups fn istribition of necessitica ot 1ife. ¢ | With which so many decisions of the s only the other day that Samuel Gompers, president of the American Federation of Labor, warned the Sen- ate manufactures committee during its hearings on the Calder coal bill that if an amendment is not adopted, exemptinig from the operation of the bill labor, organized labo will fight the measure tooth and toe nail. Those who are friendly to labor and who at the same time helieve that something should be done to prevent public disasters due to strikes—such as a general railroad strike would bring—are inelined to believe that a “bill of rights” should be written into all the regulatory acts so far as they relate to labor. For instance, it is proposed that such } a bill of rights shall provide for an eight-hour day, for a living wage, ete. United States Supreme Court are con- cluded, is accepted by the legal pro- fession not only of the United States, but of the world, as the nearest ap- proach there is to absolue finality. Petitions for rehearing of cases are not infrequent, occupying much the same position in practice before the Bupreme Court that the routine mo- tion for a new trial does in the county or city courts, but occasions on which the Supreme Court has granted such petitions are so rare that the ex- ceptions are historical. Origin of Phrase. Necessity of bringing a legal dis- pute to a close at some point is said to have influenced the policy of the court in this regard, a policy which has stood sincé the days of Chief Justice Marshall. A secondary con- sideration is the fact that the coart is always from eighteen montas to i —_— IMMUNITY NOT CLAIMED. Chilean Embassy States Position Regarding Don Ramon Escobar. It was announced that the consul had bureau of information. had been order- | the appearance of the late Gen. Ben- =Y. They ®ad forgotten the prices pal Thay were t00 inconsiderable Tty b remembered. anyhow. Oranges—huge, luscious, golden oranges of that in- bar was a member of a promin was a senator. » PHRASE FINAL AMONG LAWYERS Famous Butler Case One of Rare Incidents When Highest Tribunal Has Agreed to Rehearing. Diplomatic immunity will not be claimed for Don Ramon Escobar,|'Wo Years behind its calendar, and, Chilean consul at Norfolk, charged|U?1®®® optimistic attorneys were curb- with improper conduct at the cop.|®d Somewhere, the most trivial sulate, according to a statement issued | “cause” might be prolonged almost by the Chilean embassy in this city. | indefinitely. Only two eclear-cut cases in which been relieved from duty by the consul | the court has agreed to reconsider its general at New York and that T.|formal decision are recalled by vet- Nieto del Rio, head of the Chilean |eran attaches.. The most famous was ed to Norfolk to investigate the police | jamin F. Butler, as a. “friend of the charges. Imbassy officials said E: court,” to point out what he thousxnt was a palpable error in the julsmant family of Chije and that his father)given in American Emigrant Company vs. Adams County, Iowa. The story war experien ceive the benefit of added knowledge gained by reserve officers in their pres- ent occupation and to create a further interest, the Quartermaster Corps is preparing to mail an annual question- naire to its reserve officers so that an officer record may be kept up to date. Any change in an officer’s line of work will be noted by him in his reply to the questionnaire. He will also be invited 10 send suggestions and recommenda- tions for the furtherance of his corps. The system as operated by the Quartes master Corps is meeting with favorable comment from reserve offichrs who are detailed in Washington, in order to as- t in the organization of the Army. Had this plan been in operation during the war the chances of placing round pegs in square holes would have been minimimezd. National Horsebreeding Vital. Now that the Army has been in- strumental in successfully advocating federal horsebreeding for many years, with the rsult that the present show- ing is bringing a return to the gov- ernment if from 6 to 10 per cent on the investment, the request of the re- mount service for an appropriation of $250,000 to increase this work has been cut by the House to $100,000, an amount, which Army officials say is quite inadequate to meet the nation- wide request from farmer organiza- tions and horse breeders, who by pay- ing a nominal stud fee of $10. which reverts to the United States Treasury, have been able, 8o far as the suppiy of Army studs go, to breed their mares from government stallians, costing an average of $5,000 each. The fee ordinarily would cost them in stead_of $10 sums ranging from $150 to $500. One of the objects behind | federal horsebreeding is to provide| the country with a suitabla cavalry horse, of which there was revealed during the war a serious shortage. | Today, it is said, this type of animal | is almost extinct in America. According ta Maj. Charles L. Scott, | who has charge of the distribution of | federal breeding stallions, he has only | 125 stallions available to meet a na- 3 | tional demand, which last year called for 500. Furthermore he says, that young stallions must be produced, to meet the future needs of the coun- |try. Now that farmers and horse- | breeders are back of the project and are becoming more enthusiastic in | horsebreeding, it is hoped by advo- | cates that when final action is taken | by the Senate appropriations commit- tee the amount of $250,000 asked for | be not cut to a point where it will| put a damper on_ present breeding plans and make difficult its future revivement. Government Control of Radlo. Regulating the operation of radio com- {munication in_the United States and | fostering _its development by govern- 'S “SO ORDERED" is told that Gen. Butler himself hesi- tated to take up the question of a rehearing, especially since the formal motion had been denied, but, upon reading the record in the case, he de- termined that the highest American court should not be permitted to rest under the false construction it had promulgated. “If your honors will read my brief, I am certain_you will be inclined to thank me,” he is said to have re- plicd when the bench called his at- tention to the violation of practice— if not of clear ethics—he was making. The court read the brief and volun- tarily reversed itself. neome Tax Suits Famous The second outstanding incident was that of the original suits over the federal income tax, heard in 1895. The first judgment upheld the act partially, but declared it invalid in respect to certain important classes of property. William D. Guthrie, of counsel for the interests fighting the statute, presented a petition for re- hearing, although his associates are said to have argued strongly that “he let_well enough alone.” To their surprise the court granted the rehearing and finally reversed itself in part by declaring the entire act unconstitutional. It was this de- cision which led directly to enactment of the sixtcenth amendment, giving Congress the power to levy a tax on all income, no matter from what source derived. The amendment did away with the constitutional restric- tion which forbade the imnosition of a direct tax unless it was apportioned in each state according to population. Rule on Rehearings. The rule of the court on rehearings, las stated by Chief Justice Taney in 1852, ig simple. No rehearing would i ) sary for us to import oil to meet our The Navy Department now owns and | operates eizht high-power radio stations | of the first ranl apable of effective | communication with Iuropean, Asiatic | and South American countrs | there is a complete chain of e | tions as well as radio comp which, according to the Secretary, would | serve admirably the intercsts of the | growing merchant marine as well as | those of naval communication. i “With the government in control of | radio as a_competitor of the cables,” | said the Secretary, “there would be every assurance that cable rates would | be just and yeasonable, and we should | also hay reason to believe that competition would be secure-in the sup- ply of important radio material, which would not be the case if companies now engared in the manufacture of material should become interested in the joint ownership and operation of radio sta- tions.” Planes for Map Making. Converting _a torpedo plane into a plane suitable for obtaining aerial photographs at the delta of the Missis- | sippi river, photographs will be taken | | | | | | | and so put together as to form a photo- | In the past it has been | of thel graphic_map. impossible to survey the delta Mississippi, on account of its extreme | inaccessibility. _ Aircraft have proved | most uscful in the mapping of inaccessi- ble areas. Members of Congress who advocate breaking away from the 1916 pro- gram appear to believe *that the pres- ent supply of destroyers is adequate, as also the number of superdread- naughts. There appears, however, but little opposition to the building of battle cruisers as advocated in the program. It is evident that the present provisions for the construc- tion of air and subservice weapons is seriously lacking, unless the much discussed plan of international agree- ment is believed feasible, in which event the whole program might be held in abeyance. It is more likely that if anything -develops from an agreement for international retrench- ment, the cut will come in the build- ing of the more costly ships. It is generally agreed that in future warfare the part played by over and under sea craft will be a much greater factor than heretofore, and for this reason a broader program for future development must be given more consideration. In the recent decision of the House to continue the present building program, it is believed that the Senate, after due consideration by its naval committee, will appropriate sufficient funds to complete a well balanced fighting sea force. o— Need Progressive Policy. Notwithstanding the fact that the House recently recommended reduc- tion in the number of enlisted men to 100,000 and_the marines to 20,000, officers of the Navy and Marine Corps are gratified that no reduction is con- templated in commissioned personnel They believe the significance of .this action by Congress points to the gen- eral attitude of the country toward a stable policy of preparedness, con- sistent with the existing conditions in world affairs. It is pointed out that a progressive policy will stimu- late the interest of reservists, that necessary adjunct of the Navy, the citizen sailor, who represented during the war more than 300,000 men and 30,000 officers. | Fuel Ofl Situation. A recent report from the Secretary of the Navy reveals the fact that although the United States produces more than 50 per cent of the total oil production “we still require the importation of millions of barrels of crude oil to fill our de- mands for home consumption,” and that, in the face of increasing domestic de- mand, “it is probable that consumption will continue to increase faster than pro- duction and that it will alwavs be neces- requirements.” The report further re- veals that the Navy uses only a small part of the fuel oil produced in the Unit- ed States, the present daily consumption being about one-third of the quantity used by onme of the large transcon- tinental railroads. The Secretary advo- cates the laying of an embargo on the exportation of petroleum and coal, which, he says, “should be regarded in the light of public utilities and not be permitted to be exploited for private gain.” Gordon on Disarmament. In a recent speech on disarmament, Assistant Secretary Gordon asserted that to weaken the Navy at this time would be “worse than a crime—a blunder, the consequences of which cannot be calculated” The tdrm, “the Navy,” he said, “is now coming to connote very much more than it formerly did. It means not only ships ou the sea, but shibs under the sea, and ships in the air. The pos- sibilities of the use of submarines and aircraft in war have only begun to be realized. Experimental work— continuous, effective and expensive— must be provided for. The question between armor plate and heavy guns who voted for the judgment, for the rehearing of it.” “When this court has made a de- cision,” a prominent attorney said in the course of arguing a famous case votes e = | MARINE CORPS The selective hoard, of which Neville is president, formed for the purpose of establishing a precedence list of ali officers, holding temporary commissions, with a view to offering them permanent commissions. is ex- pected to render a report within the few days. The board is deter- ng which officers will be tender- mi ed commi; way by which graded from captain The completion of th will be welcome news porary offic _COAST GUARD applicants will be to lieutenant board's work to many & Graduation exercises for members of the first class at the Coast Guard Acad- emy were held February 2. The exer- cises were opened by a prayer delivered by thy Rev. Dr. J. Beveridge Lee. The superintendent of the academy, after a short address to the graduates, intro- duced Lieut, Commander William J. Wheeler as the prin, 1 speaker, who chose as his general theme “Practical Seamanship in Coast Guard Work.” He dwelt upon the efficiency in seamanship, attention to detail and persistenc carrying out ship® and rescue work. Many apt quotations were given, such s, from Marshal Foch, “One must know much to apply little” and “There is but one sound method of considering every question, that is the objective method.” Napolecon was quoted as saying “Therc is no flash of genius that teaches me what to do at the critical time; it js th. I am always studying and observing. adets Merlin O'Neill, Norman H. L lie and Carleton T. Smith were grad- uated and were recommended for com- missions as ensigns. A bill recently introduced in the House and referred to the committee on inter- state and foreign commerce Wwill, if en- acted, give a boatswain’s mate, first clasg, retired pay computed on the pay of a number one surfman May 17, 1920, providing this rating was held by the applicant on that date, and who has been or may be retired after May 18, 1920, and prior to July 1, 1922. | NATIONAL GUARD | Advance regulations relative to band leaders which have been ap- proved by the War Department, and are to be includeq in the revised edi- tion of National ‘Guard regulations, have been distributed to the states. These regulations provide that in time of peace the appointment of war- ldoing good work. Throughout Latin | States to succeed Charles rant officers in the National Guard will be limited toband leaders. Un- til Congress shall have provide funds for the payment of warrant officers and fixed the rate of pay for armory drill, band leaders will be appointed as master sergeants, and will be paid accordingly for both en- campment service and armory drills. TUnless especially authorized by the militia bureau for reasons duly pre- ented and considered, no band leader will be recognized who is less than twenty-five or more than fifty years of age at the time of original ap- pointment. The militia bureau in- vites attention to the fact that until Congress shall provide suitable legis Jation no members of the National Guard can receive pay as warrant of- ficers, and that band leaders #bpoint- ed as master sergeants will be en- titled to pay as master sergeants un- der the provisions of National Guard regulations. Under the law it has been estimated that the average cost of a member of the National Guard is $250 a year for maintenance only. An appropria- tion of $23,934,100 will cover the main- tenance cost of approximately 95,000 national guardsmen. The National Guard now in actual existence, plus the increment required by July 1 to reach sixty-five men for each com- pany, will amount to approximately 110,000 men. In the meantime new National Guard organizations are con- stantly being_presented for federal recognition. ought to be reached by the National Guard even though no other new units are recognized between now and June 30. The appropriation, as con- tained in the bill, for a force not to exceed 95,000, appears to be in- sufficient to provide for the present ational Guard during the fiscal vear 1922, and certainly will prevent the organization of new units, thus frustrating the plans evolved under the laws passed by Congress. If the matericl has not alrgady been dis- posed of, the provistbn ifi the bill which allows the Secretary of War to issue from surplus or reserve stores and materiel now on hand and pur- chased for the such articles of clothing and equip- ment and Field Artillery materiel, etc., without charge against t militia appropriation, will allevid® the cost to some extent, but it is con- | et oear the e Dt fication may be viewed for examina- |ment monopoly of the air is advocated |is not unequal in importance ‘to the |servatively _estimated it still will{ o ey o e activitles | tion. For example, if an officer is by the Seercfary of War. The expe- | question between battleships and sub- [ lcave the $23,934.100 allowed in the Tempted, ncloding the e iy oz | required for nistorical work, clothing |rience we had before our declaration of | marines, and between battleships and | bill about $13,000,000 below the re- renta in the National Cama O .of | and equipage, or special technical | war, he said, and the voluminous evi- ! aircrart’ All this means practically | quirements for a strength of 125,000, YD;R state undertook the same thing, ¥ an while neithe 5 s i r was entirely suc: be granted, he said, “unless a justice |of the past, “it is like a decree of Venice, irreversible; and like the laws of Medes and Persians, which altereth not, neither do they change. The de- sion of this court is the end of the law.” UNITED STATES FLYER < U8 ARV ‘i CSERVICE CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT. TO ATTEMPT RECORD Washington's birthday, in a special Army air service DH-4-B plane, Lieat. W. D. Coney will attempt to make a flight record by “hopping oft” at San Diego, Calif., and landing at Pable Beach., Fla—a distance of 2,080 miles—with .only one stop en route. ons, and will establish a | tem-4 The strength of 110,000 | United States Army | l l IN LATIN of Their BY BEN McKELWAY. MERICAN women may be said to have written the final chap- ter in the history of their long struggle for political equality when the statues of three great suf- frage pioneers were unveiled last week in the Capitol. As their fight closes another is gaining headway, and [ it is interesting to note the progress of the feminist movement in South America. Although the women of South Amer- ica have a great deal in common— their religion, historical associations, customs and traditions handed down to them from their Spanish and Portu. guese ancestors—there are man points on which they differ. The women of each republic have distinct problems. Brazil, largest of the Sonth Amer- ican countries, is not Spanish, as are her sister republics. but Portuguese | There is still in Brazil an aristocra of Portuguese blood, progressive, but still conservative in regard to the women, whose place there is still in the home. The women of the wealthy class are deeply interested in chari ties, however, and Mme. Pessoa, wife of the president, maintains a home for working girls, Headed by Bertha M. J. Lutz, there is a society in Rio de Janeiro known as the League for the Intellectual Emancipation of Women. Miss Lutz and Maria Jose Da Castro ebello Men- des, another worker, recently entered competitive examinations with men for important positions in the govern- ment. Both of them came through with colors flying_and have since so efficiently filled their positions that many men opposed to the entrance of women into political life have become converts in some degree to the femi- nist cause. In Uruguay there is a women's suf- frage association, and Uruguay grant- ed women the right.to vote on mu- nicipal questions back in 1919. In Montevideo, as in Buenos Aires, there is a National Council of Women, in- terested in every phase of women's work. i i ] I i of note. parties, ut ‘rather divided subject of normal school education. In Chile the Club de Senoras, Santi- ago. founded by Delia Matte de Izqui- erdo, who still is its leading spirit, is America_the Society Gotas de Leche is carrying on a wonderful campaign to reduce infant mortality, and in San- tiago de Chile this reduction has been from 393 per cent to 8.4 per cent. A Bolivian woman, Senora Ayoroa, now is in the United States studying the educational system from the kin- dergarten to the high school, and her success in instruction of American methods in Bolivia is said to be as- sured by her ability and enterpri; Elena Calderon, daughter of the well known Latin American diplomat Ig- :l_zcio Calderon, is a student of avia- ion. In Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Vene- zuela, Panama, Central America, Cuba and the Dominican Republic there is found a steady evolution toward the best for which women may strive, and many women of these countries al- selves in the world of art and letters. Women of Mexico are advancing in their country’s affairs. There are many Latin American women now in the United States studying and taking post-graduate work at the leading universities. and tors. Harriet Chalmers Adams, to whom | the “writer is indebted for information contained in this article, pleads that the understand and appreciate her southern sisters. Women of this country now have a better opportunity for observing and studying the problems which lie beyond their own horizon, she believes, and this is an oppartunity for cultivat- {ing a better understanding and more | sincere friendship with the women of Latin America. Mrs. Adams, who is the wife of the counselor of the Pan-Ame; Conditions in U. (Continued from First Page.) mittee to_investigate it and propose a jremedy. This committee was composed of eminent inventors and scientists and three patent lawyers, namely, Dr. W. F. {Durand, professor of mechanical en- { gineering at the Leland Stanford Uni versity, its first chairman; Dr. L. H. Backeland, now chairman, inventor and !scientist; Dr. R. A. Milliken, professor { of physics at the University of Chicago and an inventor: Dr. M. L Pupin, pro- fessor of electrical engineering, at Co- {lumbia University_and an inventor; Dr. i Reid Hunt, professor of medicines at Harvard University Medical Scheol; C. P. Townsend, a consulting chemist of Washington, and three patent lawyers, one of whom is Thomas Ewing, for- merly commissioner of patents; an- other is Frederick P. Fish of Boston, and the third is the writer. After most careful investigation, this committee prepared and secured the in- | troduction into Congress of H. R. bill i 11984, known as the Nolan patent office | bill, from its introducer, Representative John I. Nolan. This bill proposed in- creases in the examining force of the { patent office of 6 per cent and the cleri- {cal force of 4 per cent and increases in {the salaries. Taking the position of i primary_examiner as typical, the in- !crease in salary was from $2,700 to |$3.900. There is the following evidence, from thoroughly qualified organizations that the proposed salary for primary examiners is the lowest that can pos- sibly remedy the present situation. A questionnaire sent out by the American Patent Law Association showed that the average annual income of primary ex- jaminers, who have recently resigned from the patent office and gone into the employment ot atent lawyers, is $6,400. * » k% X The engineering council, composed of engineers, and representing 45,000 en- | gineers, passed a resolution stating that the salary of $3,900 for a primary ex- {ment service, of whom similar responsi- | bilities and qualifications were required to those of primary examiners. The { American Engineering Council, under the presidency of Herbert Hoover, has suc- ceeded to the work of this council and through its patents committee is active- ly forwarding the movement for patent office reform. The National Association of Manufac- turers, representing 5,500 manufacture; many of whom are employing enginee: passed a resolution stating that the re- lief provided in the Nolan bill, as it passed the House of Representatives (in which form the salary of the primary examiner was $3,900. is the minimum that should be provided. The American Chemical Society, com- posed of 13,500 chemists, passed a reso lution urging the restoration to their original values of the numbers for the oxamining and clerical forces of the patent office, and the salaries, therefore in the Nolan patent office bil The resignations from the patent office have continued uninterruptedly at thg The work of the women of these cities durjng the war is worthy In Argentina there are three suffrage working for the same end, in their methods. Paraguay is forging ahead in educa- tion, and Mme. Gondra, wife of the presdient. is keenly interested in the ready have made names for them- | many of them are found as instruc- | ‘women of North America learn to know, | WOMEN FORGE AHEAD AMERICA {Show Increasing Interest and Aptitude in Civic and Other Domestic Problems Countries. can Umen, has studied and traveled in South America for twenty years. * x % % Senor Dr. Don Alfredo Gonzales Prada of Peru arrived in Washington last week to begin his duties as secretary of the embassy. Dr. Prada comes to Wash- ington after a service of four vears in Buenos Aires, where he served two years as secretary and two years as charge d'affaires of the Peruvian em- bassy there. * * % x _The Peruvian military medical mis- sion to the United States, appointed some time ago, arrived in Washington last week. The two members, Senor Commandante Dr. Don Leoncio L de Mora and Senor Capitan Dr. Don Au- relio A. Beraun, will remain in the United States several months, inspect- ing military camps and posts. with par- ticular attention to their sanitary and medical arrangement. Dr. de Mora is in charge of the general military hos- ! pital of San Bartoleme, at Lima. Dr. {Beraun is an officer of the sanitary corps of the Peruvian army. ® ok ok % The State Department has informed the Panama legation here that the manner in which American Canal Zone authorities had transferred to the Canal Zone a small tract of land east of Colon is receiving its attentive con- sideration. Panama recently protest- ed the seizure of the land. which was taken for military purposes. The State Department, in an official communica- tion, has notified the Panama legation that arrangements are being made to- ward a settlement of the controversy, which, it is hoped, will prove satis- factory to all parties concerned. * * * % R. J. Alfaro, who was acting secre- tary of foreign affairs for Panama a: the time of President-clect Harding visit to the isthmus, is on his way to Washington as a special representa- tive of Panama for Mr. Harding's in- auguration. | * % k% The government of Panama prob- ably will secure the services of. an American as financial adviser to the manager of the National Bank of Panama, J. A. Aranzo, who was chuir- man of the Panama delegation to the last pan-American financial congress held here. The National Bank of Pan- ama, it is said, will enlarge ite re- sources to meet the demands to be made upon- it incident to Panama's road building program. which will en- tail the expenditure of several million dollars. - * % % % Albert Blanchet. who has been sec- retary of the Haitian legation here and charge d'affaires ad interim, has been appointed minister to the United Moravia, j who recently resigned. He presented his credentials at the State Depart- ment last week. but has not been re- ceived by the President. * % % % At the banquet which will mark the close of the second day's session of the Southern Commercial Congress on March 2, and which will be in honor of the Latin® American diplomatic corps, speeches will be made by the Chilean, Argentine, Peruvian and Brazilian ambassadors. Dr. L. Rowe, director of the Pan-American Union, will speak on “The Possibili- ties of Closer Financial Co-operation Between the United States and Coyn- tries of Latin America.” * % % % Secretary of the Navy Daniels has | announced that the American fleet, {now on the western coast of South America, will not g0 to Argentina, the plan for which was-under considera- tion in connection with the fleet's | visit to South America. The Secre- |tary’s reason for canceling the trip |is understood to be the reduction of |the naval forces decided upon by Congress. e The Guatemalan legation has been informed by cable that President Herrera has removed the export duty on sugar in furtherance of the gov ernment's new policy of encouraging the republic’s export trade to improve the country’s economic condition. | Sugar is the second largest and most important article of éxport, $3.000.000 worth having been sent to the United States alone last year. S. Patent Office | | .a Menace to American Industry same rate during the pendency of the Nolan bill. This bill passed the House of Representatives without amendment. | The Senate has amended the salaries to the principal examiners and clerks to such an extent as to make the bill wholly inadequate for the present situation. It decreased the salary of primary exam- iners to $3,600. This figurc is shown to be inadequate, not only by the evidence above referred to, but also by the fact that the prospect of the bill becoming law with this salary in it has not, in the least, stemmed the tide of resigna- tions. The Senate and House both referred the bill to a conference committee to adjust their differen Representa- tives ‘of the Federated Engineering Council and of many organizations represented therein, representing over 80.000 engineers, appeared before the conference committee at a hearing held the first week in January, which also was attended by of many other organizations, urged that the figures of the bill be restored to the condition in which they passed the House of Representa- tives and that the bill be immediately enacted into law. * x % % Although this is a time for great economy, it would be false economy to deny the patent office the moderate measure of relief provided in this biJl. It is because American inventors are constantly improving and cheapening our processes of manufacture and de- vising automatic machinery to replace | labor, as well as producing inventions |to serve new purposes never before 7 accomplished, that we have been able to maintain our great prosperity and 1pay our workmen wages that enable them to enjoy the highest scale of living of any country and to success- fully meet foreign competition, while at the same time conferring benefits on the entire world. With our patent system working aminer was low by comparison with the | normally, many inventions will be salaries of engineers outside of govern-|produced every year, which, in the aggregate, will add so much to the income of our country that the re- turns from income taxes will be much larger with the patent office properly supported than without it. Therefore. to deny the patent oflice the needed relief would not be an economy, but la waste. i The Europeon countries have been taught by the war to be at the tip- | toe of efficiency, and they already are | strengthening their patent systems: We must either maintain our patent system, in_efficient operation or we shall uitimately not only lose our ad- vantage over other countries, but also will have to reduce our scale of living to theirs. | Moreover, the Nolan bill provides the funds for its own increases of ex- |penses by an increase in the fees charged for obtaining a patent from $35 to $45. The patent office is and always has been more than self-sus- taining. It has now a credit on the books of the Treasury Department over $10.000.000 that has been denied to the patent office and turned into the general fund. The patent office should have the proposed relief and bave it qyickly. 'y