Evening Star Newspaper, October 1, 1898, Page 15

THE EVENING -STAR, SATURDAY, OCTOBER 1, 1898-24 PAGES. ‘@oprrictt me, by Baw, SOME FALL STYLES ee Blondes Are Favored by the New Purples and Blues. BLACK FOR TRIMMING 1S POPULAR | ee Richest Millinery Effects in Use of 1 th sides of the vest and en the The high folded collar is of purple et and the jabot at the throat fs of Duchesse point lace appliqued on white large round muff is of bear's fur. All indications point to the fact t velvet will be 1 wern in combination the cold season, ar h smooth cloths for street wear during the preference of Ver short-haired ones is al: Bine Cloth and Green Velvet. One model of bright blue cloth with green et ries and black fur trimming en velvet forms the round yoke, Velvet. sleeves and deep corselet belt. The skirt of blue cloth is a five-gore shape with a eee een jround yoke deepening at the center, front jand back, and covered with an all-over de- ANGELS’ WINGS AND QUILLS | sign of embroidery in oriental colors. The same embroidery forms a border at the Se eS hem ef the cloth skirt, and forms the con- nection between the green velvet yoke and nce of ening Star. loose cloth blouse, which gets Its fullness RSBURG, September 19, 1898. for plaids invades every r m h and silk manufacturers—and | h d does every ntative in the 2 desires ry goods coun that all the new- nged in a series of the prevailing taste. the model which - ef cloth i plaids nd yellow. ting Coat. cloth, like the h taffeta and in- for cold weather. and collar are like the stitched with purple bear's fur, whieh forms a the coat. The sleeves lightly fulled at the at the wrist with a with bias satin bands I rled butte Novelties of the Season. ‘ 12 ew York r hand, oxidized Herald nwiper fhe have the m the center of which springs a blossom of som appearance of com- cowslips visiting ecards This is the expensive that stil better d with sliews of le « with 6 sbi ater. uch: ‘amp’ bright and ciean, but, ordinart ing with @ chamois icather wi with of these pe an lasting mn before On naments should aa= r water carefully used will ¢ {adorned with orien . birds ii idea is to from three box pleat at front and baca, jer the pleat in the velvet sleeves are ‘s of embroidered blue anding collar is also In nd is seen on bands or re h wide loop: more used t ded season for blondes Hats turned up in front often rest on J eo or the brim is caught back by ee sete ne bands of velvet, folded or twisted, which a * | afterward eneircles the crown. Spotted and rich purples which g0 | velvet is used in preference to plaid velvet a fair skin and blue eyes. | fer millinery pur led: cand 1s overcome som@what in | Gotted plumage is at the very height of ashion, Wings and Quitis Used. Wings and quill and great v S obtained by incase ng in spangle ofa s the arranged like the scales with tips bent downward are in . and are called ,“angels’ wings.” ¥ may be placed symmetrically in pairs ont or behind, or else in clusters at ne side when they are chosen of a smaller « effect is imitated in silks aces. Thus a wide plees ve of velv eut in points may have the j center drawn through a buckle, and would form a fashionable ornament to place | rather forward on the bri wadding, which | or surmoun ing, ending below in / tric: | or old, i { | k fastened with a buckle on the outer the brim over the left temple. cu m of a small hat, ing the coronet of a eapote. shape in the toque style will be a of which will be worn Tt needs little but very in the shape of a knot or two short couteaux de of A ne Necklaces in Fashion. New York Journal. genuine obi-tima been necklace, which meht of by the woman of on for many a year, is all the rage just now. This utwnin ey y woman, be she young will wear a necklace of some de- | seription. necklaces are invariably made of beads, and three or four strings of them are worn about 4 and many are so long th: jl ever the car- sege. When the well-dressed\ wo- e Coin, the necklace of big $ rion consists of » strings of b: all’ black o: . Jet bead: hb smalier beads of white cu s. Necklaces cf ings of Rot ris ure also the vogue. ney come in a ty of ‘ight cclors in skquble pink und sea green, alternat- n silver beads, they make an effec- neek Some of the news necklaces top: F strung on the finest of wire beads will ziso be much worn, not only as long necklaces, but formed in high dog collars, the sepa- nds caug tegether here and old c ". that the evening gowns of the re to be more decollete than ever before may be the reason forthe revival of necklace, for the necklaces of gems ver more elaborate than they are uma, res = en in Business. man’s Journal. he number of femate partners in priv firms has i 1883 to d from 1,760 in the year 4S in the year 1805; in other words, from 6. er cent to 8.56 per cent of the entire number. ‘This increase cf rs in private fem firms, although number, constitut urtners has increased only hut in egrporations women are nore largely (tere ted. Out of jexholders In 1895, 24.231 were males, 7.- 369 femuses ny cne-third of the stock being heldvby women. In 1885 the total number of stockholders was 42,731, in 1800, #1. The total increase in stockhowers, mate and female, in ten years, was 38.84 per cent, of these, that of male stockhoid- ers Was 3.403, ori 1138 per cent, while, that of female stockholders was 5,907, or '5v.96 per cent. Lreckless and daring a: BANDITS IN CUBA There Were Some Notable Knights of the Road. GENERAL GOME2S RIGID DISCIPLINE Manuel Garcia and Incidents in His Romantic Career. SOME RURAL CUSTOMS Among the institutions of Spanish rule in Cuba which is expected to go along with the bull fight and the lottery is brigandage. A leading Cuban once declared that brig- andage was not really an institution, but rather an old and dzeply rooted custom. Scme of the American army officers have given utterance to the fears that the Amer- ican troops who are to garrison the is!and temporarily will have plenty to do in keep- ing down bandits in the rural regions. They argue that the disbanding of the insurgents on cne hend end the local guerrillas who were part of the Spanish army on the oth- er hand, will turn locse a considerable num- ber of lawless men who will réturn to what was once a profession. The most enlight- ened of the Cuban leaders do not share this fear, The suggestion was once mad: to Gen. Gomez that after peace came trou- ble might arise from this lawless element, but the grim old warrior replied that dead bandits 1 gave trouble. What he meant was that he would suppress any attempt at’brigandage by clutching its throat in the beginning. If left to Gen. Gomez and his licutenants, these who understand the con- ditions prevailing in Cuba have little fear of a return to the old practice. Bandits Not Tolerated. In the constant struggle of Spain to niain its supremacy, and in the con- d oppression to which the peopie of sland were su ed, there were ban- dits who were not exactly heroes of the rural populac but whose existenc? was tolerated. s one of the schemes of the Sp: uthorities in the Leginning of the insurrection to make out that its ranks Were chiefly recruited from the lawless and the criminal For a time that im- ed in the United cc joiued the Spanish guerrillas theless, th insurgents had their share of and roving element, who lived neary that tho: these wl 0 on discipline soon reformed re- or drove them from the insurgents petty wer? to executed by his of the tragic incidents last winter was the killing of two former brigands by their ow . They were known as Cayiio Major Nunez, and were brothers They had =ntered the ranks of the insurrection, had become tractable and had been given a small command by Gomez. An arrangement had ade by them to accept autonomy. called it. ‘Phis simply meant they them by the som: forty in- mpd near a ham- When they got to ride Into the Spanish lines they known their purpose to their follow- immediately shot. Both were e men of great physical They must Mave Known the risk ad taken a bribe ed anish authoriti gents they vs let in Santa Clar ret they were taking, vet they evidently relied on the fear fn which they were held by their own followers. Manuel Garcin. The most picturesque of the Cuban bri- gerds and bandits of recert years was Menuel Garcia. He was ambushed and killed by the ctvil guard a little moye than three years ago. It was just at the begin- ring of the revolution, and his death caused a great ation. Books were written tell- ing of his exploits, a romantic glamor was thrown over his crimes and the dis- cussion of his fate filled more did the beginning of the insurrection whi was to end the power of Spain. The H vana theaters of the dime museum varie gave realistic exhibitions with Garcia as the central figure. Se attractive and popu- lar were these exhibitions that they were not displaced until the death of Macey ‘Then the pro-Spanish ctasses of Havana had the incidents of Maceo's life produced for their benefit, and Garcia, the bandit, diseppeared from the stage. tle Career. an eventful, if not sald that his first space than fi Hix Roma tarcia’s history w a wonderful, on crime was in sing an insult to his mother, and that as a boy, becoming a fugitive from justice, he went a step fury ther and became brigand. For many years he was able to escape the civil guard, becanse the country people to whom he was known, did not betray him. He was a sort of Robin Hood, le ving tribute oaly on the rich. Fear, however, bad as much to do with his security as failure to rob the poor, for he did not hesitate to murder ceuniry people who were suspected of attempting to betray him. Garcia gath- ered about him a small band who were as he. He had an un- usual facility for disguising himself, and the popular story represented him as meet- ing the civil guard sometimes as a peddler and sometimes as a simple eountryman. He h some flerce encounters with the officers of law and was several times wounded. At one pericd, when a chase after him grew very warm, he crossed over to Florida and remained in seclusion for a ar or more. He carried a large sum of with him. that he had ut no trust tements. time Garcia was aunts and was bolder than ring robberies were com- His favorite practice ugar planter or mer- hold him for som. ‘These abductions were committed with a skill and td have put the celebrat- an brigands to the blush. The r f the prisoner, who knew Garcia's character, never failed to provide the ran- som. Thé by of faith or an atteript to evade the cogditions meant murder. One of-the most ¢ ra abductions commit ted by pat of Fernando de Castro, then, as now, a leading and Wealthy citigen of Havana. It was done right under the eyes of the authorities. Garcia took delight in defying them and showing his prowess. He was a man of education. and one of his humors was - in Havana society. On various occasions he came to the city and stopped at a well-known hotel. Probably a dozen persons would recognize him during these Mielts, but his presence would never be made known to the police, such was the fear in which he was held. He made many bousts of his exploits while in Havana. In time mest of the members 6f his band were hinted ¢own and killed, but he continued as reckless and daring as ever. When Hé was finally shot by the cfvil guard in pass- ing along a country read it was said that only two or three faithful followers re- mained to him. Like all pictur bis partisans. its, Garcia had the number im ere sal to number not Jess than a dozen. he civil guare looked upon his death 2s ‘evertheless, of murders which could be traced to the Atest triumph they had achieved in years. Garcia was seid to have left a buried treasure somewhere, but this was mere legend. During the last vear ‘of Ge Weyler's sway in Cuba two bane ad been In Cabana fortress for more year were garroted. It was at the t me when Cuban patriots were being shot two reo times every week for the! ation in the revolution. in this proeceding due to the garroting of the bandits el some sarcastic com- ent. ‘The _bricands were said to have ti: “n members of G: a’s band. They re- used the last offices of the priests, and cied laughing and cursing. Their execu- tion was witnessed by a number of Amer- icans, who were in Havana at the time. Stéaling Cattle and Horses, In the country dfetricts of Cuba before the war there was a kind of brigardage which consisted chiefly in stealing horses and cattle. The cattle thieves were not of the daring class. They woukl commit depreda- tions on the peor farmers, and sometimes would succeed in driving away oxen from the sugac plantations, but as a rule their thefts were not extensive,and they were not feared. Horse thieving,was more rare, and to steel a horse jn the interior of the island was a crime filly as heinous as in the western part of the United States. where hanging, in the pioneer days, was considered too gocd for a horse thief. The Cuban, above all things, prizes his horse. These animals arefsmall and hardy. Their power of endurance is wonderful. The army mule of the United States does not corapare with them.,,The Cuban likes to have his horse admired, and to the stranger who admires it he will frequently say: “A la dispocicion de usted, séno: “al your service, sir;”’ but this is onty an exaggerated form of complimeat, ami means no more than do these Latin-American compli- ments. Even to borrow a Cuban's herse for a short ride is diMcult. When he finds you really want the article, if it be only for a canter of a few hundred yards, almost invariably he will begin to make excuses. The horse is lame, the saddle is poor, the animal is not used to a strange rider, or something of that kind. Among them- seives the Cubans are very jealous of their horses. and such quarrels as the insur- gents had with one another were vsual over the ownership of a horse. Netwit standing their pride in the animal, they take Httle care of tt, and it 1s a rare thing to find a Cuban horse without a sore back. In the early days, when brigandage flour- ished, a bandit chief such as Manue! Gar- cia would have a dozen fine horses hidden in different parts of the country. His nat- ural enemies, the civil guards, were also well known. The brigands never risked in- curring the enmity of the country people by levying on them for horseflesh. ‘The rich sugar planters paid this tribute. In the in- terior of the island, especially in Camag’ there ere, or were, some fine ranches, these supplied a good part of the ccunt with horses. Jt is here that is st! to be seen the old-fashioned Cuban — vehicie krown as the volante. The volante disap- eared from the streets cf Havana years ago, but In the country, where the roads are nc more than trails, it is still used ex- tensively by the better class of people. The guarijos or peasant who rot a ford a volante at least manage to own a horse. and the sturdy little animals carry double, the peasant woman sitting in front of her husband on the foreshoulders. Some Rural Castoms. In the rural districts it is still possible, or was possible before the war, to see some of the old customs in their primitive sim- piicity. The rural dance s one of them. It differed somewhat from the fandango of the southwest. Feast days and holidayS were us@illy celebrated by a variety of ope ir dances. One of these was a kind of an impromptu waltz, In which everybody was expected to join. Other social customs were preserved with little change. Wed- dings and funerals were the occasions for celebrations, as were also baptisms. In the country, however, f is were More sim- ple than in th It is within the mory of many people still living when government in Havana, or the captain i the same thing, pro- regulating the degree to which mourning should be permitted for the « Among other things, the decree prohibited the public expusure of cadavers. At that time it wai windows of the hi occurred clos funeral the the custom to keep the in which a death had Before the was crected in the heuse with elaborate symbols of mourning. The lamentations of the women were ex- pected to be piercing and continuous. Their cries Were supposed to be heard for blocks nd ‘o be repeated at the arr! sympathizing friend or relative. > to mourn with stfficient vociferation ss d to show a lack of respeet for the de: The deepest black was also re- quired to be worn by the relatives of what- ever age or sex. This custom has not en- ppeared. During the last two or three years every day hundreds of women and little children could be seen daily in una clad in deep black. ‘These were symbols of losses of’ re in the revoiution. Some were Spanish women, wives, mothers and sisters of officers who had died or been killed in the futile attempt to put down the revolution. The majority, however, were Cuban women who mourned for the fallen in the ranks in the insur- a ge ne Bip: From the London Morning Post. anine. aris is frequeniiy'the scene of remark- able events, but I have an instance cf equine sagacity to relate today which it difficult to surpass even here. The firemen of the Villette district were sum- moned terday afternoon to remove a horse from the cellar of a wine merchant. For some time past the merchant had no- ticed that thefts from his stock were tak- ing place, but ke had been unable to dis- cover the thieves. What rendered the mat- ter more difficult to understand was that the wine was always drunk in the cellar and the necks of the bottles broken. Con- temporaneousiy with these events the wine merchant's horse had developed frequent attacks of what scemed to be vertigo, Walk- ing unsteadily and falling down for no ap- parent cause. The stable, which is Just over the cellar, was found yesterday to be untenanted, and the wine merchant thought his horse had been st turbance in the cellar att tion, volver and accompanied by his clerks. ant of the celiar, however, horse, which Jay am{d broken bottles, kieking at the barrels within reach. ‘The animai was taken to its stall with the help of the firemen, and as it sho toms resembling seasickness a veterinary surgeon was summoned. This man declared that ft was intoxicated, and that it showed all the signs of habitual druntenness. In- quiry revealed that some time ago the horse had been overworked, and the groom used to give it wine. Instead of soaking the eats, however, the lazy attendant poured the liquid into its mouth from the* bottle. The intelligent animal, knowing the way to the cellar, had thereafter profited by the lesson, helped itself without troubling the groom and returned to the stable after quenching iis thirst. ——~eee- A Barbarous Exhibition. Prom the London Post. The seventy-two-hours bicycle race, which ended last evening at the Velodrome of the Parc des Princes, Parfs, was con- cluded amid sc2neg that can only. be would b atten- and he went down, armed with a re- The le- bed as sickening. The agony suffered the competitors owing to the terrific may readily he imagined, an@ their the finish, and, indee: fore it, was pitiabl>, On the Jast afterncon Frederick, whe ultimately came fn second, fet! off his machin2 five Umes in quick succession, but each time, in spite of his protests, he was lifted beck on his seat and made to continue by his manager. Non to its disgust.at 0 Frederick was at last re @ead than alive. by heat cendition toward leng b is Inhuman spectacle. ied off the course ™ Several of the men had attacks of delirium. Fischer suddenly Jumped off his machine, ran out of the course, and climbed @ chestnut tres before anybody could imagin> what he was aLout. “Tam hungry, and want to ea chestnacs,” he cried to his manager, wh» had the Ricatest difficulty im persuading him to ceme down from hisiperch. Another com- petitor, in a fit of madness, seized the um- breila ‘of a spectator, opened it, and pro- ceeded to cut frantic capers round the course. The press is-almast unanimous in describing the race a6 a Monstrous exhil tien, and it is to beinope’ that Paris w'l be spared similar spectaclis for the future. From Fun. Smart Yonth—What, the ‘’am’ what you eat, sir, or the ‘‘am' what you is?” ved Bymp-" tco soon the public gave expression | PENAL COLONIES Odd Corners of the World Where French Convicts Live. ISLE DU DIABLE THE WORST OF ALL A Desolate Spot Formerly Occu- pied by Lepers. OTHERS MORE POPULAR (Copyright, 1898, by the International Literary and News Service.) In the matter of her penal settlements Frence is unique, for while the criminal code of the republic is something the Anglo- Saxon instinct has never been able to grap- ple with successfully, the merit of the system that has centrolled the administra- tion of her convict colonies is patent to every one who has any acquaintance with tt. The most important of these are located in New Caledonia and in Guyana or Ceay- enne—France’s solitary foothold on the centinent of South America. They are scattered along the coast of Guyana on the Isles, du Salut,at Konron,and on the Island of La Mere, and at Maroni. The last named settlement boasts in Saint Laurent, a neat litte town of small wooden houses raised above the grocnd on brick piers, and inhabited by citizens vartously criminal. But mest famous of all—because of the feme of one man—is the du Diable, where Capt. Alfred Dreyfus has spent three years waiting—if the last developments claimed for his case are proven tr a tardy justice at the hands of his country- men. This desolated spot ts one of accumulat- ed horrors. It was until recently a leper settlement. Here the celebrated political prisoner has lived the long days in c ed at night like a wild beast ipline to which he has been jected has been as rigorous as it is mild humanitarian fa the case of an ordina’ wrongdoer. The first convicts were sent out to C: in 1852, when some three the were deported from the priso: Were to follow as themselve the fevers ‘t proved to be so deudiy nd it was decided to thither victs from a Africa, while New Caledonia was selected as the dumping ground for the criminal contin- gent from France. Three Classes of Criminals. France separat her criminal coloni into three clas recidivister, that fs, bitual. criminals; condammes, prison undergoing sentence, and liberes, or ticket of leave. the sec- to it, pract barring cevtain restrictions, Yet the lot of a trans rerted man is not hopeless, no matter to What class he belongs. He is infinitely b ler off than he would be in a Fre! prisou. Indeed? transportation soon became popular by reason of the humane adm'nit tration of the penal settlements that victs who had been sentenced to sol confinement in the home prisons were a customed to make more or less murdero’ assaults on their guards to insure the co ortunity afforded by the coloni To such an extreme was this carried th in 1880 an act was paseed decre transportation should not be the penalty fer any crime commitied in a prison. In i, transportation had altogether failed the evil-doer with anything like ure of vyholesome fear that had been hoped from ft. On their landing in New Caledonia the convicts are first sent t0 the Island of Non, where a sort of detention camp is main- tained. The new twenty. F arate hous hut. i ‘Those who nzve less than te: serve are fitted out with red blou green caps and fustian trous dergoing a-life sentence are furnished with a green blouse and red cap, while thos who have more than ten and less then twenty years te serve get a brown exp and green blouse. Watched While They Work. When they lcave the detention camp the jonists’” are put at various sorts of work, such as house building, road making cr farming. They labor in gangs, always under the watchful eye of an arme? mili- tary escort. They are not shackled in couples. A four-pound ball with a chain is attached to each man’s leg. . When a prisoner gains his good conduct badge he may discard the ball and chain and also the regulation dress if he p The badge he must wear for five years, du ing which period he 1s on probation. After that he is given his freedom, though Re cannot quit the island. There ure certain rules of conduet he must observe while enjoying the privilege of a ticket of leave, for instance, he must not enter a store where intoxicating liquors are sold, and he must Keep to his cottage after dark. The con rrivals are told off in squede of eh squad is assigned to a sep. or, more properly Ppeaking, ts receive wages for whatever work they may do, One-half of their earn- ings are paid them, while the other half is held by the government against a day when they will become actual settlers. In this manner they are provided with capital for a fresh start in life; further than this, they can by good behavior earn prize moh Marriages Encouraged. Perhaps the most curfous phase of the life in New Caledonia is the convict mar- riages. Just why the French government should have assumed the responsibility of making matches among criminals is diffi- cult te say. Nevertheless its Iabors in this direction have on the whole yielded very tisfactory results. Twice every year a formal notice is sent to the various prisons throughout France where women eriminals are jaded in- forming the inmates that any woman who is less than thirty years of age and who has served 's of her sentence may ported {f she will agree to a convict on reach ew Cale- his singular proposition meets with marry r generally, but the clause that two ve brides shall have served years of their sentence insures aceept from only the very worst ct. of female offend The prospective bridegroom ts Invariably a ticket-of-leave man, and has @ cottage and land, for no convict can marry who t proved his ability to suppert hin Ii everything is satisfactory, there are two or three formal meeting before the e gegement is entered’ into} the woman gen- erally visits the home of her future hus- band, chaperoned by a nun, and inspects his pc ions. No Wedding Festivities. The marriage itse?f ts performed with lit- tle or no pubsicity. Once married, the couple become practically free colonists, though subject to certain restrictions. The full time required for a convict to become a landed proprietor is about five years. He may then take up any trade or business he chooses, but he can never quit thé colony The offspring of these singular matches are compelied to remain in New Caledonia until of age. The political prisoners have always been a thorn in the side of the colony. Some years ago they numbered many thousands, and the national aesembly, which had a friendly feeling for brother politictans wno were unfortunately on the outs, passed an act decreeing they should do no manual la- bor of any kind. They were thus left with an abundance of time at their disposal, which they employed in dilating upon the manifold horrors of their situation through the columns of the radical press. e+ Judging From the Name. From the Indlanapelis Journ “Chole says he is in favor of expansion.” “How on earth did he ever happen to have an idea on the subject?” “I don't know, but I think it struck him’ as something swell.” FINDI HE FINDING EARTH'S AGE |: —__-_ + — Interesting Experiments Which May Solve an Old Problem. ae se TTS CENTER FIRE 1S COOLING OFF > Curious Apparatus to Measure Heat and Cold. CONDUCTIVITY OF ROCK Se Special Correspondence of The Evening Star. CAMBRIDGE, Mas ptember S In the geological laboratory of Harvard Univer an interesting series of experi- ments is being carried on to determine th age of the earth. question is an one, and many guesses of more or less s entific exactness haye ben n in the y endeavors to solve tt. Th © been bas- ed for the most.part on situation and formation of rock and earth deposits or th decay of vegetable matter. Prof. B. O. Pierce and R. W. Willson, who are carry ing on the present tests, are working by a new proc which involves the use mechanism for testing the conductivity of different grades of rock taken from differ- ne ent places, including the deepest hole that has ever been sunk into the earth. Incident- ally the process also tnvolves interesting mining problems, namely, the getting of gold from very deep levels and other ques- stons of deep shafting. It will probably s tle che question of why certain parts of the interior of the earth are hotter or colder than other parts, laying down rules of entific accuracy. The investigations are being carried on | under the of the is land the professors who are con are being supplied with materia! for the re- Rumferd fund, ducting (bem search by Prof. Alexander Agassiz. Prof. Agassiz is chief owner of the Calumet and Hecta mine, the deepest in the world. The upper levels of this mine have been worked out, but as the driven deeper and deeper the ore continues as plentiful as ever. Immense fortunes have been taken out of this great hole, and it is of value to selent'sts becaus> the shaft, being now nearly @ mile deep, bas permit- ted examination of the tnterior of the earth such as has not been had before. It has been agreed among sc‘entists generally that raging fires no longer exist in the in- terior of the earth. They believe that the center of the earth is very hot, but that thts latent heat is what remains of the cool- ing process which has been going on for millions of years. Like a failen cannon- ball, the earth $s cooling off from the su face toward the center, but the general pressure on all sides prevents the oc gration from raging within. According to this hpyothesis the temperature ought to increase gradually but surely as the eurth is penetrated. This has proved to be the case in every deep hole which has been dug in the earth* except in Hecla mine. In a wel which is over 5.000 feet deep near Pittsburg, Pa, Prof. Hal!ock of Co- lumbia College foune that the tempera‘ure ose one degree tor every fifty feet ihe thermemeter was lowered. At 5.Kn) feet the temperature was found to be 1310 de- grees Fh. At 5.502 the temperature was 125 degrees. In another deep well Wheeling, Pa., the temperature at 4 feet is 110 degrees. In the Bperenbers salt wl: necr Berlin, Germany, the temp: ratur at 4.170 feet is 10 dexrees. The Schalada- made come e}: baeh salt well near Letpsic has 2 tempera- ture of 135.5 degrees at 5,740 feet. Yet these temperatures are surpassed, as far as rapid rise fs concerred, in holes bo! in geyser regions. In the Sutro tunne' which dces not go far beneath the surface, the heat is so intense that the men em- pleyed therein dre compelled to werk in twenty-minute shifts. Exception to the Rule. Now, all this fs directly in eontradistine- tion to what has been found to exist in the Calumet and Hecla mine. At a depth of a mife the laborers work all day 1m a tem- perature of 70 deg-¢es, which condition, it must be added, is not brought about by any elaborate system of ventilation. Seventy Gegrees is the natvral temperature at the bottom of the mine. Prof. Agassiz has borate experiments in testing the general temperature of the mine. He caused to be placed at regular depths a them He had The That is. point of cted upon roc but a the number of thermometers. walled up the niches in the them there months at a time. memeters were seif-registering. the mercury would ascend to the the highest temperature which them during their stay in th crook in the mercury tube pr weercury from ever descending. always rise, but it could So itwas compelled to stay the p greatest temperature. When Prof. Agas='2 unearthed his rumen however, he found a great unifermity in the Ken the not hol] in which the temperature of his mine. Evidently rradusl rise in temperature the Lake Superior district mine is located as it did e! The questions sew, arc “Did it not have a strove bearing on manner in whien the earti cooled dur- s geological ages?” “Could not the con- tion be experimented upon and the rée- ults be utilized In some economic ner?” Clearky the condition surroy the cooper mines in. Michigan was tbe sult ef the very low conductivity of the surrounding rock. Evidently ths rock had not the power of conducting heat and c to the dearée manifested by rock in ether parts of the earth. The internal heat of the earth does not rise up throngn it as easily, for instance. as it does in the rock surrounding the well upon which Profesport Hallock experimented near Pittsburg, Fa. Just what is the Ciffarence. honever, is not so easy to determing, aml this really is what Professors Pierce and Wilison of Harvard are trying to find out. When ther re done 80 they will have estapfis 4 las's of caiculatéon from which some new [cts may be gleaned and uyen startling theories may be built. Experimcats With Rock. The apparatus in use in its way is as curious as the inf. tion it is intended to discover. As it s' it is a growth, as various forms were tried before Uis one was produced. The experimentors first procured severz\ sinbs of rock from the very bottom of the Calumet and Hecla mine. Their idca wus to cool » rlabon one side to the. freeaing point; to heat it on the other sile at the came time to the boiling point—ihat is to say, to the tempcrature of live steam—and then by electrical means to measure the slow passage of neat and cold to. and from the middie or interior of the slab. Severdl siabs are placed in the ap- paratus at once. They are clamned be- tween two platforms of cast tron. The upper platform holis up a deep tray which is filled with 250 pounds of ice; the lower in as this re- ~leould be of | shafis have been | fla- | the Calumet and | f | and rattled in which some | WATER Vigaqel CONDUCTIVITY OF ROCK. form supporte beneath It a jacketed rin which live steam is constantly. These platforms « | that is. they are like frames wit! hol | the middl that the ice nbove ' pam below ¢ come | tact with the sof Thus it will be seen that t! of sinbs is freezing cold w ; is very hot. How ts the passax d cold through the slabs n bottom. of heat sured? This process involves one of of thermo-clectricity. It mu t if two metals of conductive capacity are submitte ction of heat a current of | a For inst > wire | ppe> wire are soldered together at Mf thea if this soldered potnt is held ir the flame of a candle, a very «mall clec- tric curren be Getected at the free ends of th ‘The two wires naturally form a V, and if several of these \ 2 scldered together the current generated will ronger, just as will a battery when 2 © added to it. Wires arranged in. this manner ere called thermo-couples, There other metals, however, which whe ned In the: mo-couples a nore ive an > produce jeu Tman silver and | lege tt was prop i smell thermo-cou f rock being test he coup * were made of lat str thin platinoid and copper, so that the presse led out from the t nected with a very tightly pera Tt will be rem under side of the rock sl hot | the upper side w da. Therefore the Would endeavor « the slats toward their antly to pass th old side. Th ity with which It passed through would de. pend directly oa the conductivity of siabs In its age through the the heat would encour the thermo- | couples and tn warming them would cause | them to produce mall current of ele | tricity, tHe strength of which woud de pend directly on the amount of h Thus the exact conductivity of the rock can easily be determined. Roth Wondertal and Simple. The app S standing cu jts table in Jefferson Physical Labora in Cam- bridge, is unpretentious looking enough, The steam, which sometimes « the jacketed cylinder, rises the steam of the ice. The ments are on another table ar by are the boilers in which the steam is made, and a small motor attached by velt= to a pad- apes from imixes with ling instru- | dle in the ice tray keepe the ice moving constantly in its comparcment. This is necessary, for if the tce wer allowed to | rest its cooling effect wx a e nearly so great. A great many marbics have been tested in this machine and test of the Calu- met rock js now going on. This rock ap- | ears to be a poor quality of sandstone, and strange as it may seem, ii addition to its low conducting quality {1s £0 ery brit- tle that the very grea s to be exercised in placing it in aud aking i out ef the apparatus. Its hun.wn interest for | the spectator becomes paramount when he j thinks that this rock appro once lay nearer the earth's cent. any } other brought to the surface within mvem- ! ory of man. By vesting the of rock on the globe an approxnmat b ained concerning the lengt as taRen the earth to cool. Thus an ap- proxtmate statement of its age, othe | things considered, may be taade conductivity of all the idea may of time it The im- Mediate utility of the experiments, how- ever, © s in the ultimate caleulation of the conductivities, and h the tempera- | tures of rocks and subsuriaces of mt | Fegions. In som pia In ) Africa, the rise of temperature ground is very rapid. If the truc gradient for all parts of Use world can be stated finitely much unnecessary lueal expert- } mentation can be saved. A miner would know then whether or not K Was feasity to carry on extended operstic ground. Profs. s00n to do this, far under Pierce and Willsva «xpect OF COINS. Some Old Pieces Could Tell Remark- able Stories of Their Wanderings. ans Mmes Democrat an old coin could oly talk what strange adventures it might tell,” remark- ed a Canal street druggist, twirling a stiver piece he had just received from a customer. “Now, this half dollar was coined in Iss, the year the great gold crage began in Cal- ifernia, and I should say by ite looks that it bas been in pretty constant reulation fe since. Think What a volume of trade that represents. If it purchased face value only once a day, which is certainly | & mou stimate, it has done weil | $10,000 worth of business in the | tury it has been goutfg the row quite a record, isn’t 11?) And I e say tha a have h pened to it in its journeying as been borrowed and s#@jen and and len | hoarded by mise and squan | izale, and who knows how o' | been the last coin ia the pock cide! It must have lain on ga | the eyelids of the ing in w zs it may ve bought. I never finger one of these coins without n certain senre of awe an inclimetion to stop, no matter how busy I m jo a little dzy dream- ing over its reminds me,” said a gentle- listened to the drvggist’s I made ring one day on of coins, and just to test the maGer [hed a small leet punch made with my initials cut in the end. bringing it down sharply on a coin Ic Jeave the letters indented on th {| Well, for a iong time—over a year, I stamped every scrap of hard money F got hold of—nickels, pennies and all. “T sup- pore at the very Yowest estimate I turned zdrift four hundred or five hundred sena- rate pieces bearing ty sign manwal, mean- while Keeping my eyes open for the return of any of the wanderers. It was in Isl or 1882 that I began work with the die, and fn all these intervening years I have never yet ved a coin beering my stamp. Looking for the tnitials hes be- come such a habit with me that I do it instinctively almost every time I receive any-change. Several years ego I was a cashier in a géod-sized retail house here, and handled « great Thany fractions! coins, Hundreds of them had been marked, but none had my particular stamp. This cer- j tainly shows how widely money becomes ; scattered. A young friend cf mine tried the same experiment, and after a consid- erable lapse of time found ene of his coins in some change given him in © store in New Fork. He had a ring put in the piece end weare it on his watch chain.” 0 Back to Business. Fiom Peck. Tertth floor boy-—"Ain’t ye mad ‘car de war's over? Tam. -Basement boy—“Wot fer?” ‘Tenth floor boy—"Aw! I can't be lean! out 0’ de winder, ontwistin’ de flag wid « broom, no more.”