Evening Star Newspaper, April 2, 1898, Page 23

CITY OF THE FUTURE Changes That Will Be Wrought Through Electricity. INDUSTRY UNDER NEW CONDITIONS Cheap Water Power May Alter the Face of Europe. NATURE’S GENEROSITY E Mullin In Cassier’s. ricity. unlike steam, can be distrib- uted over a wide area from tke point of its production, with comparativeiy little loss; unlike s‘eam it can be stored up for an in- definite length of time, ready for tstant use: unlike steam, it can be economically subdivided into units small enough to run a sewing machine. Thus electricity, as a motive powe-, permits dispersion of the in- dustrial population where the defects of steam made concentration an absolute eccnoinie necessity. Moreover, so far as the waterfalls of the world are to be util- ized for the production of e’ectricity, they Qill invite th establishment of industrial $rks under new conditions and with new surroundings. Lord Keivin, on the occasion of his re- cent visit to the United States, spoke of the economical industrial radius ef the produced by the Falls of Niag- miles. While the limit of the ara as toriy cencession of the Cataract Construction Company was 450,000 herse power, Lord K said he hoped that our children’s would see no falls at all, all the eq) © 7,090,000) horse power, ac- of. Unwin—being applied to But a radius of forty miles area 2%$ times the size of and, for example, on which eny cf New York now stanas, so that the Niagara Fatis industrial district is capa- ble of supporting a populauen of 58,000,000 before reaching the density of the Population on Manhattan isiand. And it the whole 7,100,000 horse power of the falls be taken, 2 previous calculaiion, made by Lord Keivin, shows that the ‘electricity thus preduced could be distributed over a edius of 150 miles at a pressure of 80,000 Volts, with a transmission loss of only 20 per cent. But the area of 1 miles radius is to the area of forty miles radius in about the propertion of 14 to 1; therefore the larger circle would support, at the rate of hait the density of Manhattan Isiand, the almost increditie Tepulation of $12,000,000, or xhout two-thirds of the population of the enure giove. water: cording jal uses. Ween Coal is Scarce. Were Niagara the only great waterfall in the worid, it is quite possible that these figures. or something like them, might be realized, Lecause icng before the world's coal supply is exhausted its price for st using will be prohibitive, while as long fal into the ccean will be lifted up aad car- ried back to the great Ai n lakes. But between Niagara Falls and iide water there are new under construction works to take ‘0) horse power from the St. Lawrence river at the Long Sault Rapids without per- ceptible diminution ef the river's flow through the main channel. The city of Montreal s now getting ght and power Lachine Rapids, Iso on the St. : + and it may be that the tle of water will help first to ne at Niagara, then the tur- ena, near the Long Sault, then » at Lachine, while a pound of igara 1s gone forever. ady been remarked that the y 1 fer its rapid expansion upon its superior with re: advanta musi ha or be a n: ‘et to coal—that is, it navigable watcr front, ral railway receiving and dis- tributing center, or be the natural focus of a coal and iron region. Ail this will be changed in the great electrical waterfall cities of the future. The power, 2 ML be produced in the monataii the cities will be scattered far and rr the foothills. There will b> bet better drainage, more ciy of living than is the ec: ‘ent overcrowded industria! built. for the most part, on the swampy deltas or in the valicys of great rivers. anges That May Come. Under the pressure of dear coal and with the attraction of cheap water power, the face of Europe will be changed. Tha High- lands of Scotland will become industrially ™ore important to Great Britain than the cemparatively flat Midlands. Switzerland, Norway and Sweden, the Austrian Tyrol ani Transylvania may become the indus- trial centers of Europ> owing to their su- periority in water power. For the rest, the course of manufactures will seek the sources of the great rivers, or of rivers rot teat which hav2 a very rapid fall. Thus, in the United States, Montana, con- taining, as it does, the stormy beginnings of the Missouri, is already developing as the greatest ore-refining region in world. Utah and California, in both of which coal is $% a ton and upward, have now hors» power to spare for industrial Purposes from the waterfall electric plants Which they already have in operation. Portland, the capital of Oregon, now gets light and power frem turbines on the Colombia river. Colorado, a year ago, had sevente-n different electric plants, driven by water power, used exclusively for min- ing purposes. The state of Washington and the whole Dominion of Canada have waterfalis without end which have as yet bard ad their possibilities of cr2ating electrical energy estimated. Saving Energy. In more distant lands we find English en- gineers already making plans for saving the energy of the falls of the Nile fiftzen miles below Cairo, and it is well within the bounds of probability that the Nile cata- racis will some day supply th> power acces sary for running trains of cars from Alex- andria to Khartoum. Not only are thers Magnificent falls on the Zambesi itself, in South Central Africa, but many of its branches in the Shire Highlands have rapid descents in level, admirably suited for the development of 2lectricity by turbine Wheels. v too often think of Hindustan as a great plain, forgetting that the Himalaya mountains, the highest on th globe, give birth to the Ganges, the Indus, the Brah- maputra ang the Oxus, all of which, with their mountain tributaries, reach the plains after taking innumerable giant leaps down the mountain sides. It is nonsense to say that the d:velopment of this water power is visionary; the falls of the Zambesi are much more within the range of civilization todzy than any part of Montana, for ex- ample, in the United States, was thirty rs ago. There are bankers in Bombay, Parsees at that, who hav> as much capital and as much nerve in investing it as the greatest men in the financial centers of Europe and America. The cheapness of ocean freights has equalized the pric: of wheat and beef at evcry seaport in the world; the inven- ticn of automatic, labor-saving machinery has made tue Hindoo cr Japanese, stand- ing at a loom, very nearly the equal of th American or Englishman doing th> same work. And as an invention along the older lies of human effort makes progress in machinery from less automatic to more avtomatic, so will the natives of Hindustan and Africa be able, under Caucasian direc- tion, :o utilize all the natural and local Scurces of poway which Providence, through the sun's evaporative agency, has provided for them. —————-e-—___ MORSE AND DAGUERRE. An Interesting Interview Between Them Sixty Years Ago. Frem the Boston Transcript. 2 The following is an extract from a pri- vate letter of Prof. 8. F. B. Morse to the editor of the New York Observer, dated Paris, March 9, 1839: “You have perhaps heard of the dagucr- reotype, so called, from the discoverer, M. Daguerre. It Is one of the most beautiful discoveries of the age. I don’t know if you remember some experiments of mine in New Haven many years back, when I had my painting room next to Prof. Siiliman’s, riments tp ascertain if it were possible fix the image of the camera obscu-a, I able to produce different degrees of 3 s the sun shines the waters which | strial city bas een dependent | THE EVENING STAR, SATURDAY, APRIL 2, 1898-24 PAGFS. 23 shade on paper dipped into a solution of ni- trate of silver by means of different de- grees of light; but finding that light pro- duced.dark and dark light I presumed the production of a true image to be tmp~acti- cable and gave up the attempt. M. Da- guerre has realized in the most exquisite manner this idea. “A few days ago I addressed a note to M. D. requesting, as a stranger, the favor td see his results, and inviting him in return to see my telegraph. I was politely. invited to see them under these circumstances, for he had determined not to show them again until the chambers had passed definitely on the proposition for the government to purchase the secret of the discovery and make it public. The day before yesterday, the 7th, I called on M. Daguerre, at his rooms in the Diorama, to see these admir- able results. THE LIFE OF A MANDARIN Slow and Monotonous, According to Western Ideas, His Amusements d the Restrictions Imposed on Him—Routine ~ ef a Day. From the Cornhill Magazine. «Most mandarinz pass the whole of their “They are produced on a metallic surface, | lives without taking a single vard of ex- the principal pieces about seven inches by | ereise. The late Nanking viceroy ‘father five, and they resemble aqua tint engrav-|of the Marquis Tseng} was considered a ing, for her are in simple chiara oscuto,.| remarkable character because he always n colors. But the exquisite minute- “4 te ness of the delineation cannot be conceived. | Walked “a thousand eteps a day” In hts No printing or engraving ever approzched | Private garden. Under no circumstances it. For example: In a view up the street | Whatever is a mardarin ever seen cn foot a distant sign Growld be perceived, and the |in his own jurisdiction. Occasionally a eye could just discern that there were lincs aes of letters unlonsfe Bat po aainuse. ae not oe pone judge cd try to earn eee be read with the naked eye. By the assist- | > Sing out incognito at night; but even ance of a powerful lens, which macnified | then he takes a strong guard with him, fifty times, applied to the delineation, every | ard (as happened when I was at C:nton) pecans — ae eens Oy ee gets nis head broken if he attempts to pry lines in the walls of the buildings and the | ‘°° Closely into abuses. As the ‘police and pavements of the street. The effect of the | the thieves are usually copartners in one lens upon the picture was in a great degree | ccncern, it naturally follows that caution like that of the telescope in nature. must be used in attacking gaming Aouses ‘Objects moving are not impressed. The | which have bribed themselyes into quasi. boulevard, so constantly filled with a mov- | legality. ing throng of pedestrians and carriag>s,| A m2ndarin’s leisure, which may be sald te begin at 5 p.m. and continue until 9, Is spent in one or other of the following ways: Either he reads poetry by himsel*, or he sends for his secretaries to drink wine, crack melon secds and compose Deetry with him; or he may shcot off 1 few arrows at a target in his garden; or (and this is commonest) he may invite ‘the Tich merchants to a “feed” in his yamens, or accept invitations from them. But this is rather dangerous work, for there is a scrt of unwritten law against mandarins caving their own yamens, except on ofli cial business bent; on the other hand, merchants of high standing steer ciear of the local mandarin unless (as happened when I was at Kewkiang) he happens io be a compatriot of theirs. On his grandmother's, mother’s and wife's birthday the mandarin receives congrat- tions and presents—of course, on his On these festive occasions he may give a play. In China theatrical en- tertainments are ccmmonly hired privately, though as often as not the “man in the street’ is admitted gratis. But even here caution is required, for many days in the year are nefasti, on account of emperors having died on those anniversaries, and it goes very hard with a mandarin if he is caught “having music” on a dies non. Chinese—always supposing they are not opium smokers, invalids or debauchees—re- tire tc rest as early as they rise. In most Chinese towns everything is quict after sunset, and by 7 or 8 o’clock every one is elther in bed or is simply crooning away the time until sleep comes on. Notwith- standing the recent introduction of kero- sene lamps (forbidden in many large towns), the usual light is the common dip or the tush. Even supposing the mandarin wer. tudiously inclined, and not worn out will he fatigues of the day, his eyesight would soon give way if he attempted to read regularly by such wretched illuminants as these. i Dinners and feasts cannot take place every day, so what happens on nine even- ings out of ten is this: When the cor- respondence of the day has been read, drafted, achieved, sealed or dispatched; when the secretaries have struck their bal- ances and exhibited the profits of the day; when the business of the judgment seat 13 at an end, the mandarin gets out of his robes, hat, collar, boots, chapiet and feath- ers into an easy costume, in ‘which Ae looks just like the ordinary frowsy, vreasy The situation may thus be summarized: | tradesman, lights his p:pe and retires to the The existing lines of trade seem sufiicient | harem. = to carry the products between countries 5 = Baan ee eae that are in a line with an isthmus canal. New England Fifty Years Ago. ‘To multiply ships will rot make trade, as | Ftom Col. Higginson'’s “Cheerful Yesterdays. the products to be traded in must first be Equipages were simple; people usually raised. A survey of the east and its needs | Grove themselves; there were no liveries, and supplies leads to the conviction that an | but the hospitality was profuse. My Uncle cconomic revolution must take place be- | perkins had the frank ouidoor hospitality fere eny great change in production and | y+ 4 retired Kast India marchant, which expansion of commerce can be expez ed. eS In Seu‘h America the centers of production | he was. Every afternoon, at a certain hour, sherry and madeira were set out on gre on the eastern coast, and would re- ceive tittle demand from Asia or the west | the sideboard in the airy parlor, with pears, peaches, grapes, nectarines, straw- of the United States. What is obtained berries and the richest cream, and we from the west coasi of South America knew that visitors would arrive. Cousins bear a transport round the Horn. The car- riage of merchandise between the Atlantic and friends came, time-honored acquaint- ances of the head of the house, eminent and Paci coasts of the United States ic men, Mr. Prescott, the historian, or alene may offér a prospect of some small increase, but this increase cannot be meas- } |, Daniel Webster himself, received like a king. Never did I feel a greater sense of ured. ‘ihe rise of the Suez passage in honor conferred than when that regal importarce is no gaug2 of a Panama canal, for the productions of India and Ausiraila, black-browed man once selected me as the honored messenger to bring more cream which have more andtmore aprpeakd to the markets of Europe, and made the canal for his chocolate. There was sometimes, though rarely, a what it fs, will still use that path, and find httle cr no advantage in passing through little music; and there were now and then simple games on the lawn—battledore or Panana. My conclusion is that a canal will be an undoubted commercial conven- grace-hoops—but as yet croquet and ten- nis and golf were not, and the resources jence; it is net a necessity. It will not result in an immediate or extensive devel- were limited. In winter the same houses were the scene of family parties, with opment of trade among the ccntinents, and the commercial interests of the United States in any event are of even less Im- | jeizn-riding and skating and coasting; but Pet EL a the summer life was simply a series of meee cutdoor receptions from house to house. It Bismarck and the English. must be noted that Brookline was then, as Sidney Whitman in Harper's Magazine, now, the garden suburb of Boston, beyond all others; the claim was only comparative, and wouid not et all stand the test of I can well remember the impression I always carried away when the subject of | Eneish gardening or even of our modern England hus cropped up in conversation | methods, except, perhaps, in the fruit pro- with Germany's great ex-chancellor. Hav-| duced. I remember that Stephen Perkins Ing previously been fairly well acquainted | once took an English visitor, newly, ar- rived, to drive about the region, and he mee eee Leet yap was quite ready to admire everything he nship had oftea played in its dealings | caw, though not quite for the reason that ith Bismarck, the even violent—at times | his ‘american host expected. “It is all so personally offensive—language used by | rough and wild,” was his comment. more than one English diplomatist in his ——-e2___— published . reminiscences with regard to | Tourguencfi’s Admiration for Dickens him—I felon not have been surprised to] a. T. Quiller-Couch in the Pall Mall Magazine, hear Prince Bismarck give vent to some] 3; - ees terary jealousies are (heaven knows) Tees Srescne On several Ocoee NOUEE | aistressing enough in themselves; they are I was present on several occasions when the prince frankly conversed about Eng- | most distressing, not in themselves, but as symptomatic. And whenever a young au- nd and the English—sometimes before thor begins to bore you with peevish dis- pany, at other times when I have been quite alone with him in the woods of Var- Sathgeeisnt of Hist tallowas gon may ote him even more than you pity yourself, for zin—I cannot recollect one single word he is unconsciously parading the first and which betrayed the faintest suspicion of dislike or bitterness on bis part. On the all but infallible indication of intelicetual barrenness. ‘That querulous note fore- centrary, it has often struck me with sur- prise that after what Bismarck’s irritabie dooms him; ft is the buzz of the predesti- nate drone, Conversely, it is the first sign nervous system must have suffered from time to time at hands which were decided- of usefulness that it recognizes and is at- tracted by usefulness. Except by this ly “English,” he should still retain such a large amount of good-natured—I had al- simple truth you will find it hard to ex- plain, for instance, ‘Tourgueneff’s enthu- most said extravazant—appreciation of England and the English as he undoubt- siam for Dickens. What attraction, you will ask yourself, could the creator of such edly does. And this notwithstanding what- ever his opinion may be with regard to Ergtand’s present political institutions and personalities. characters as Neshdanoff and Bazarof find ——_+o+—____ in the creator of such characters.as Mr. The Motor Cab. aceon an ee ae geese the F ‘Troy Times. mild and melancholy Slay in the cheery, = ie ; vigorous British optimist? Roudine and Mr. e motor cab, which ts gradually being | Micawber are, each in his way, studies of the sanguine, wnpractical temperament which feeds on its own illusions. But the introduced both abroad and in this coun- try, is already proving a blessing to “cab- pets cn 18 own. Beene ig mere collocation e two names raise: Phe Tefen akon ural that the latter | tito. whe two stand as wide apart as the h prefer short to long fares, there | Doies, and can only, you would say, have Leing more money in the former, and the | come from imaginations as wide apart as motor cab affords them an oppcrtynity to Tourgueneff’s whole theory of Set the best returns for thelr lahor. (‘he | isi art was a oint Blank Gents)! of DiS. story is told of a gentleman in London ee ne, berger ta ze Torun and who conceived the idea of taking a long | constant. ‘It does not matter,” somewhere ride into the suburbs in 4 motor cab. Th2| Ghserves Mr. Birrell, ‘what the little poets district to which he proposed to journey | Go put great ones should never pass one was comparatively sparsely populated and another without a royal salute.” an unlikely region in which to meet with return passengers. After the vebicle had proceeded a short distance it slowed, and stopped. “The electric power,” said the Jehu, “has all gone.” So the unsuspecting fare alighted and, generously paying the apparently disappointed cabby his shilling, proceeced on nis way. ck he saw the cab merrily plying for hire toward Oxford street rgain. Even a horse cabman could rot have dodged the long fare better than that. 3 ————_~---____. Curious Rewards for French Widows. France has a singular modé of reward- ing the widows and orphans of public men by conferring upon them tobacco shops. Last year 261 concessions of the kind were made, among the recipients Mme. Jules Simon, widow of the eminent political Lades-Gou! economist; Mme. it, at the vatican, and generals, was perfectly solitary, except an indivi ual who was having his boots brushed. His feet were compelled, of course, to be sta- tionary for some time, one being on t! box of the bootblack, ard the other on the ground. Consequently, his boots and legs are well defined, but he ts without body or head, because th2s2 were in motion. “The Impressions of interior views are Rembrandt perfected. One of M. D.’s plates is an impression of a spider. The spider was not bigger than th> head of a iarge pin; but the image, magnified by the solar microscope to the size of the palm of the hand, having been impressed on the plate and examin2d through a lens, was further magnified, and showed a minute- ness of organization hitherto not seen to exist. You perceive how this discovery is, erefore, about to 0; a nw field of re- search in the depths of microscopic na- ture. We are soon to see if the minute has discovered limits. The naturalist is to have a new kingdom to 2xplore, as much beyond the microscope as the microscope is peyond the naked eye. “But I am near the end of my pape! and I have unhappily to give a melan- hi clos> to my account of this ingenious jscovery. M. Daguerre appointed _yester- day at noon to see iny telegraph. He came and passed more than an hour with me, ‘pressing himseif highly gratified at its operation. But while he was thus em- pivyed, the great building of the Diorama, with his own house, all his beautiful works, his valuable notes and papers, the labors of years of experiment, were, un- known to him, at that moment becoming the pr2y of the flames. His secret, indeed, is sull safe with him, but the steps of his progress in the discovery and his valu- able researches in science are lost to the scientific world. I learn that the Diorama t axtent I know s ends of science and improvement will unite in expressing the deepest sympethy in M. Daguerre’s loss, and th> sincere Rope that such a liberal sum will be awarded him by his gove ment as shall enable him, in some degre: at least, to recover from his loss.” ‘TRANS-TERRESTRIAL COMMERCE. How an Isthmian Canal Would Affect the Commerce of the World. Worthington ©. Ford in Harper's Magazine. law of the ambassador the relicts of several and deputies. From the Rush City Post. * product of three multiples. The infinite Spaces of the universe, indeed, we try to conceive on the three lines of length, breadth and height. All our music is based on the grouping of three notes into the triad, and all dramatic and romantic liter- ature proceeds by the three steps of prep- aration, climax and subsidence. Logic or- ders itself upon the major premise, the mi- nor premise and the conclusion. The myr- iad hues of nature are reducible to three primary colors. Even politics is three-fold. Our Declara- tion of Independence sought ‘protection for life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The French revolution revolved on liberty, equality and fraternity. And every school- boy knows how many things Washington was first in; he is said also to have been the first man that could not tell a lie—and alse the last. Of course, every number up to thirteen can be studied by the statistician with much pleasure—at least to himself, but while the number three has not the Scrip- tural favor of the number seven, it is pe- culiarly complete and compact. It is the of the numbers that refuses to yield to divorcing persuasions of the number two. It is too ciose-knit to fall into two equal even parts. It is itself a wedge. In the arts this number preserves its aristocracy, its autocracy. The primitive presentation of the human face is a’circle with three dots in it, and one of the highest laws of composition is that the heads of the characters should be grouped “pyra- midally,” as they call it, though it is really triangularly. In sculpture a group like the Laocoon or the Three Graces of Canovas has a perfection all its own; and the Gre- cian pediment group is triangulate. The simple triglyph has never lost its hold on architecture. RANDOM YERSE. PAYING A JUST TRIBUTE THE DRY TORTUGAS Once a Resort for Buccaneers and Pirates. SITE OF OLD FORT JEFFERSON A Magnificent Structure That Has Been Left to Decay. ae 7 ae ae “teat We Epract.” Written for The Breas ‘Star by David Graham ‘Will we forget sudden death = *MId blood a: of our slain, ‘The best and biaye gave breath, Fre murderea Fire the Maine? Will we forget the gal - ‘Who, dreaming of_thelr loved ones far, Were butchered ia siaughter pen ‘Without a thought of, lurking war? ‘Will we forget the -prafers and tears ‘ime, A Veteran of War and Peace Describes the . Pension Bureau. Clerks of the Highest Character and ‘the Elaborate Routine ‘Pre- ito served by Them. A recent issue of ths New York Independ- ent containe@ a letter from Colonel G. C. Kniffin of the pension bureau to General ©. O. Howard on the character of the clerks employed in that bureau and the precautions observed in considering pen- sions. General Howard sent the letter to the Independent, with the following note: “Having obtained permission to publish the letter of my friend, Colonel G. C. Knif- fin, I have thought it appropriate to give it to you. Colonel Kniffin was on the staff of General Stanley, who commanded one of my @ivisions in the 4th Army Corps (Army cf the Cumberland). He was an excellent officer during the war, loyal and efficient, and lovable in character, and since the war he has sustained a high rep- utation officially and socially. I wrote to him on seeing some strong innuendoes in the newspapers aimed at the pension bu- reau, which I felt were unjust. Colonel Kniffin’s answer speaks for itself. It is more exciting to attack everything nowa- days than to defend, but sometimes a de- fense of the truth is wise, even if not popuiar.”” : Solcnel Kniffin's letter is as follows: ‘My service in the pension bureau began in 1889, and the greater portion of this time I have been chief or assistant chief of division. I have also occupied the desk cf an examiner in the adjudication of claims for pension; I have had charge of the commissioner’s correspondence with ciaimants and have spent two years in the attorney's room preparing cases for their personal inspection, so that.my acquaint- ance with the practice in the bureau is tolerably extensive. I had reached the middle age when I was assigned to duty here, and priof to that time I had had a good deal of experience in business life, and on. seversl occasions a large number of men and women in my employ. I mention this to show you that my opportunities for judging of the comparative merit of government clerks with those employed in business life are fairly good. “You ask what occupies the time of offi- cials and clerks? Do they do good work? Is it a Klondike to occupy a chair in the pension bureau? “Replying to your last question first, the average pay of a clerk is $100 per month. On this salary he or she must support a family, clothe and educate the children, and fit them for some useful calling’in life. By the practice of strict economy, if not handicapped by protracted illness in the family and resultant expenses, this can be done. If the clerk is unmarried and has no relatives needing assistance, is reason- ably economical and healthy, a tidy sum might be laid aside against the day when old age demands that the pen must be sur- rendered to a younger hand. It may be said, however, that very few of the unmar- ried clerks are free to spend their income upon themselves. A large majority have dependent relatives, to whom fully one-half of the monthly pay goes out of the city to loved ones in the states, or is used in the support of mothers, brothers and sisters at home. Speaking for my own division, there are not more than six out of forty- two ladies who do not support one or more dependent relatives, while of the thirty- six men all but five are married and have families to support, in addition, in several cases, to paying for their modest homes through the building associations. In moral character they are as a class the peers of any in the land. In my residence in va- rious cities I have never associated with cfined, cultivated people of both se hue appei The D-ackest, Basest%r all time? Win we forget our brothers true, > Our brave boys blown up tn the bay? Not while our Lerocs weer.the biuc, Or grand Old Glory greets the day. ae ties Ani God of Our Continental Sires. Written for The Evening Star by President J. B, Rankin, God of our Continental Sires, Who kindled bere their altar fires, In battte for man’s freedom stood, Challenged ‘the wo:td’ and made it good. We pass away, we are Lut dust, In Thee, the living God, we trust. LIKE AN ANCIENT CASTLE From the Providence Journal. At the western extremity of the long chain of keys reaching out into the Gulf of Mexico from the southern end of Florida is the group known as the Tortugas. This cluster of sunken reefs and shoals with perheps ten small keys that are dry, i.c., that rise above the surface of the sea, extends some ten miles in a northeasterly and southwesterly direction, and is about six miles across. It incloses in its midst Secure and commodious harbor, tic squadron, under Admiral Sicard, has recently rendezvoused for its winter maneuvers in the guif, The ‘Tortugas are about seventy miles west of Key West, and about 310 miles north of Havana. Like Florida itself, they are of coral formation overlaid with sand, «nd the dry keys are gurerally well covered With mangrove bushes end small cedar trees. There are three entrances to the harbor, calied the Northwest, Southwest and Southeast chennels. At the western edge of the group stands Loggerhead Key lighthouse, rising 152 feet above the sca and visible at the distance of eighteen and one-half nautical miles; it has been de- scribed as of great architectural beauty, raving more resemblance to a monument than a lighthouse. Another lighthouse is on Garden Key, between the two sout entrances, and stands inside of Fort Jefe sen. It is sixty-five feet above the ievel of the sea. gth Thou art, cur ell in all; Possibilities sppal; We dread the dovaetating fcod, We dread the garments rolled in blood. Lord, Thou art wise as Thov art great, Guide him who guides the Ship of State. oo—___ LEE’S DIGNITY IN DEFEAT. A Picturesque General on the Day of His Surrende: Gen. Forsyth in Harper's Magazine. J took my first and last look at the great confederate chieftain. This is what I saw: A finely formed man, apparently about sixty years of*age, ‘well above the average height, with a clear, ruddy complexion— just then suffused by a deep crimson flush, that rising from his neck overspread his face and even slightly tinged his broad forehead, which, bronzed where it had been exposed to the weather, was clear and beautifully white where it had been shieid- ed by his hat—deep orown eyes, a firm, but well-shaped Homan nose, abundant gray hair, silky and fine in texture, with a full gray beard and mustache, neatly trimmed and not everlong, but which nevertheless almost completely concealed his mouth. A splendid uniform of confederate gray cloth, that had evidently seen but little service, which was closely buttoned about him and fitted him to perfection. An exquisitely mounted sword, attached to a gold-em- broidered Russia leather belt, trailed loosely on the floor at his side, and in his right hand he carried a broad-brimmed soft gray felt hat, encircled by a golden cord, while in his left he held a pair of buckskin gaunt- lets. Booted and spurred, still vigorous and erect, he siood bareheaded, looking out of the open doorway, sad-faced and weary; a soldier and a gentleman, bearing himself in defeat with an all-unconscious dignity that sat well upon him. —__—_+o+____ A FUGITIVE KING’S FETE. Joseph Bonaparte Entertained His Friends in Princely Style. From the Ladies’ Home Journal. About four miles from Philadelphia there was a magnificent mansion built after the Italian manner in the previous century by Governor John Penn, and known as Lans- downe House in honor of the Marquis of Lansdowne. Here Joseph Bonaparte estab- lished himself in rural ease until he had built his “palace” at Bordentown, New Jer- sey. Toward the end of the summer of 1817 Joseph had a little dinner party at Lansdowne. Among the guests was Dr. Benjamin Rush's daughter, Julia, who was Keep us from rash and blcody speech, The laws of ‘Thine cwn kingdom teach, ‘Thy kingdom come! for this we pray. ‘Thy kingdom come in our own day. If turned to blood nmst be the sun, ‘Thy will be done! ‘Thy will be done! The nations of the earth are Thine, Whate'er their language or their sign, Whatever seas their navies plow, Thou art their king aad only Thou. Speak not to them, O Lord, ia wrath, But guide them safe in wisdom’s path. God of our Continental Sires, Still would we {eed their holy fires, Follow their steps, our flag unfurled, And lead for righteousness, the world. Follow their steps, til Sightings cease And He is crowned the Prince of Peacel Howard University, March 24, 1898. ——— A Resort for Pirates. Florida was purchased from Spain by the United States in 1819 for $5,009,000. The Tortugas had been for a iong time past a resort of buccaneers and piraces, the scourge of those scas, and the advis- ability of building a fort on some one of the keys was ¢: y discussed by our offi- cials, with the object rather of preventing harbor so station could be established, than from any gieat value in itself to us. Nothing definite was done, however, until President Polk’s adminis- tration, when, in 1847, while Jefferson Davis was Secretary of War, work was begun on Garden Key on the fort, after- ward named Jefferson. Millions of money were spent on its construction, but it never was entirely finished, and has now been al jowed to fall into a very dilapidated condi- tion. All the building material, as weil as the supplies for the laborers, had to be brovght by sea. Garden Key, on which Fort Jefferson Stands, has an area of about thirteen acres. The fort itself is hexagonal in shape, and covers about nine acres of ground, at each angie is a bastion, the curtain walls have a double tier of casemates,and the whole work, if fully armed, would have mounted “0 of the heavy guns of that day. A low wall surrounding the fert forms a moat sixty feet in ith. A channel among the reefs and islets lying about G ‘The Blind Weaver. Beth Day in Youth's Companion. A blind boy stood beside the loom And wove a fabric. To and fro Beneath his firm and steady touch He made the busy shuttle go. And oft the teacher passed that way And gave the colors, thread by thread, But by the dey the pattern fair Was all unseen. Its hues were dead. “How can you weave?” we, pitying, cried. ‘The blind boy smiled. “I do my best; I make the fabric firm and strong, And one who sees does all the rest.’? Oh, happy thonght! Beside life’s loom We blindly strive our best to do, And he who marked the pattern out And holds the threads will make it true. ey Spring Cleaning. Yes, clean yer house, fin’ «lean yer shed, An’ clean yer barn in ev'ry part; But brvsh the oy Ua yer head, _Ant sweep the sttowbatk from yer hearts Yes, w'en spring cleanin, comes aroun’ Bring forth the ite a the broom, But rake yer fogy foti down, An’ sweep yer desiy sbpl of gloom. Sweep ol’ {deas out, with, the dust, An* dress ver gout in wer style; Scrape from yer mh’ its worrout crust, An’ dump it in the rufibish pile, Sweep cut the ites tl burn an’ smart, ape i Bat more 2 i ght ‘his fiuent | den Key furnishes a smail but secure inner Arun the Learthetgne athe bere? sexes than afe to be found among the de- | Pleased with what she thought his fluent | fe, Kes, furnishes & small hut secure inner Place mod-rn stsifs of, furniture. partment clerks. In general intelligence | Conversation, his urbane manner and his | Che“ varter to seven and one-half fathome = ; 4 eae they are zupetior See ata lisel what inclined to sympathize with his com- | of seen its entrances are from the larger lean out yer mori cubby-holes, ople e large cities. f : caneer- Sweep out the diff, sckape off the scum; Spa Laces Hy ‘milies of Con. | Plaint that Napoleon had not been at all | harbor. Many relics of the old buccaneer. ing and piratical days have been found here in the form of ship's guns of both iron and brass, and many coins of all countries, both silver and gold. Old Fort Jefferso We are all more or less famiiiar with the old masonry forts construcied at that period of our history on the Atlantic coast, but Fort Jefferson is described as having a particularly interesting appearance. Rising as it does directly from the sea, it looks ike a floating castle. It is further said: ‘A heavy cornice or casiellated battlement gives a noble and picturesque feature, and at each bastion the round towers furnish fine stairways of granite and arc surmount- ed with pointed roofs, which, with the mod- ern traverse magazines on the top of the parapet, some sixty feet from the vase, give more the effect of some ancient castle than is seen in other works of this country. The sally-port is the only entrance, and here are a drawbridge and heavy gates.” This, it is hardly necessary to add, was on the harbor side of the fort. Inside is a large parade ground, once covered with fine growth of Bermuda grass, and there were also a number of large groups of evergreen mangroves and buttonwoods, while above all rose the tall cocoanut palm. Many varieties of flowers grew there, and mal banana plant also flourished and’ bore it. nin’ time {gr héalthy sovls— + Git ap an’ dust! "The spring hez come! Clean out the corners of, the brain, ir down with rerubhin’ bresh an’ soap, An’ dump cl’ Fear,jato {be 1ain, An’ dust a cu2y ghair.for Hope. disposed to let him have very much of his own way as either svidier or king. On one occasion only he gave a magnifi- cent fete on the lawn of his princely es- tate, and all the beaus and belles of Phil- aéelphia who had been invited dressed in their most picturesque semmer gowns and made haste to attend. It was a brilliant afternoon fete, and Bonaparte was the cen- ter of attraction as he stood on his lawn and welcomed his guests. But it is doubt- ful whether there were at any time more than half a dozen persons in Philadelphia, or for that matter in thg whole country, to whom he bcre anything like close and con- fidential relations. He liked little children, and they were sometimes in the habit of speaking of him as “the good Mr. na- parte?’ gressmen—except in rare cases where the latter have become so pufted up by political success as to cause them to ignore their former associates; for all the clerks come from some congressional district. Their families at home have been of a character to entitle them to the indorsement of a member of Congress, or other prominent citizen, else they would not be here; and their intelligence, manners and accomplish: ments entitle them to consideration. They are in evidence at receptions and banquets. and other society functions, without whom many an assemblage would be an exceed- ingly tame affair. They are the mainstay of the churches, Sunday schools and Chris- tian Endeavor Societies, and are the most generous contributors to charitable objects according to their means I have ever known. “The older class of clerks are in most cases soldiers, and they are here, as you knew them in the field, steady, prompt and reliable. The drinking men, God bless them, have left us, and are at rest in their grav those who remain, with rare excep- tions, are sober, upright, God-fearing men, who ask no favors on account of the ser- vice they gave to their country in their youth, but rely upon their own record for efficiency today. “What occupies the time of officials ani clerks? An application for pension fs a ¢cocument which requires careful considera- tion from the date of filing until its final adjudication. It is subjected to the most rigid scrutiny to see that the attorney who files it is entitled to practice before the bu- reau; that the magistrate whose jurat is attached has a certificate as such on file; that the two are not identical; that the claimant has two attesting witnesses, and, if either of these conditions is lacking, the defects must be remedied by correspond- ence. The application must be recorded, jacketed and placed in the files of the prop- er adjudicating division, where it remains until drawn for action upon it. The ex- aminer to whom the claim is assigned calls for a medical examination, and, if the claimant has never been pensioned, he calls upon the record and pension office, War Department, for his military history. The replies to these calls having been received, the claimant or his attorney is called upon for evidence to substantiate the validity of the claim. When all the ores has been to ag a out the braiu’s deep rubbish hole, ek ev'ry canny, pret. an’ small, An’ In the front rou of he. soul Hang pootitr pictdres on the wall; Serub up the winders of the mind. Clean up, an‘, let the spring begin; Swing open wide the dusty blind, An’ let the April sunshine in. Plant flowers in the: soul's front yard, Set out new shade an’ blo-som trees, An’ let the soul “once froze an’ hart Spront crocuses of new idees. Yes, clean ye. house, an’ clean yer shed, An’ clean yer harn’ fn ev'ry part But brush the cobwebs from yer head, An’ sweep the srowbanks from yer heart! —SAM WALTER FOSS. oc The Life-Crew Man. Though salt as the sea bencath him nd 1 ray as a foam-tipped swell, With skin like a wrinkl And n ——__+ e+ —___ Barbarous Punishments. From the Green Bag. From the earliest time soldiers—that is, thcse who join the ranks—have been treat- ed as machines, made to do certain work, and, failing in the slightest degree, sub- jected to the most barbaric punishment. One of the favorite methods of correction was known as “picketing.” The victim was suspended by the wrist to an iron ring let into a wall or a high post, and one of his heels was permitted to rest upon a sharpened stick, just blunt enough not to break the skin. Thus the whole weight of the body was thrown either upon the bare heel or upon the wrist. The agony in either case was extreme. In a moment of demoniac cruelty some officer invented a device called “the wooden korse.” Rough, sharp boards were nailed together so that they would form a rude imitation of a borse, the back form- ing a skarp ridge. On this a culprit was made to sit, sometimes for hours at a time, and to increase the pain muskets and even heavy weights were fastened to the parchment igh as an ocean swell, ‘There was something of Christ about him— Just what I could not tell. But the curlew’s cry above him Of a sudden my blood, And I saw in a chilling vision hungry billows All dashed with the flying scud. And there with his comrades by him ‘The bravest of the brave, ‘The life-crew man flashed by me On the crest of a giant wave, And that was the Christ within him— To succor and to save. —ERNEST McGAFFEY. ——+e+—___. One Religion. The officers’ quarters were in a three- story brick buliding 400 feet long. The rooms were large and handsomely finished, while broad verandas ran around the out- side. Opposite to this were the soldiers’ barracks, a building similar in C1 and of the same dimensions, but when gar- risoned during the rebellion the casemates were largely used for this purpose. Thi other buildings, chapel, commandant’s Yer kaint hev one religion fer the feller thet ts 'N another fer the feller thet hes got a goodly The Lord don’t think of money when He notifies a TTo rise Where everybody wears a golden aureole, The rich man gets no credit fer his heavy bank account, But ef be lived a deceut lite *h tried te do wbaed t, He'll _hev'a corner in the realms of endless v8 cony vi! legs. During the peninsular war there was a punishment much used called the “strap- It was Spanish in its origin and in its torture. The soldier was his arms behind his back, and then sud- denly dropped with a jerk, by which pro- cess his shoulder joints were sometimes dislocated. - A form of punishment known as “bot- tling” or “cold burning” was dreaded by the men more than any other. It consisted in tying the offender's hand, palm upper- attached, is submitted to the board of a view for final adjudication. Here the evi- dence is weighed from a legal standpoint, and if found to be sufficient to entitle ‘the | most, so that it was held quite motionless, claimant to pension, the case goes to the | and then allowing water to fall upon it, medical division, where the amount of pen- {| drop by drop, from a height of five feet. sion is determined, after which the certifi- | The pain caused in this way is said to cate is issued. Between the Scylla of the | have been so intolerable that the strongest legal and the Charybdis of the medical men fainted away under its Eph yA SE Slave Owned by a City. From the Nashville Americas. The story of Salem's relations with the city was told in yesterday's American. Salem presents the curious instance of an ex-slave who belonged to a municipality. In 1833 he was purchased by the city of Nashville, and since that time, for the The ecw maa: won't be favored ‘cus he didn’t seem ‘Tne gold 'n allver treasures thet he longed ter But te bore his poverty ’n tried ter serve the He won't hev any trouble in a-findin’ bis reward. Fer neither gold ner lack of it ‘ll lift a man an Bat ef we try ter live the life the Master tried ter go ter heaven by 'n by, a-singin’ es we go. “The Brothers. saw a weave ‘That ran as 6 of seventy-three years, has been hes eae zies | the and or cow ‘The old and im- aE eff i E L i if : i i | lec