Subscribers enjoy higher page view limit, downloads, and exclusive features.
Bi en rT BENNETT ©, VEY Re: TAS ALIN eiGHTS _ ARLINGTON Reich T RICHARI é £ 1 i fii Zam o THE FORT DRIVE! Major Powell’s Proposed Circuit of the War-Time Defenses. How Washington Was Defended During the Rebellion. MEMORIES OF THE WAR ———_>—_—_—_— 1% PROPOSITION of Ergineer Commis- sioner Powell to es- tablish a new drive- way through the sub- urbs of Washington, to be called ‘Fort Drive,” and include in its winding ways some of the most important of the for- tifleatiors, which served as the de- feases of Washing- ton durirg the rebel- met with corsiderable favor, mong those who believe in the d propriety of preserving places oric interest. When the firat war rose up in 1861, the safety of the which lay directly upon the boun- | een the great cppcsing sections | Union, became a matter of the most | tense national concera. Armies of vol- unteeers poured from the ncrth for its pro- te tion, and instant measures were adopted to take advantage of the heights and hills the vicinity and crown them with for- ons, which could be depended on to ‘nt siege or capture. Thousands of who came in answer to President oln’a call were put to work carrying out the plans of the engineers, and in a short time Washington was surrounded by a system of defenses which, although crue on account ef thir necessarily hasty | construction, were regarded as amply suf- ! fictent to repel, with the aid of s lendid | bodies of brave and willing soldiers, any invasion that might threaten. ‘The System Followed. > earthworks and fortifications were thrown up on commanding eminences on both sides of the Potemac, and between them were lines of rifle pits and embank- | ts, behind which soldiers might find | when opposed to advancing ene- Lut very few of these once-frowning, ind batteries remain, and only here nere can there be found that Sses enough of its original character- | o give an adequate idea of its orig- but their sites are still promi- it is to preserve many of them from further posstbility of erasure by the of improvement or the ravages time that Major Powell has made his| gestion. the defenses south of the Potomac, zinla, are not properly under con- ion in this connection, a few words ve of them may not be amiss. most important of these defense: ‘outh of Hunting cree below Alexandria. [t nded the valley beyond from the edge of a sharp hill. This is still in very good condition. Near it and to the south | Forts Farnsworth, O'Rourke and|{ . and to the southeast was Fort Wil- which commanded the road parallel | All these forts are still dis-| their original configuration | adily traced. Closer to Washington. of Alexandria and slightly north Forts Ellsworth, named after the 1 who was killed in Alexandria; h, Williams and Ward. Forts Blls- orth and Williams are well preserved, brick magazine in the latter having teen intact up to a few years ago. The er of Fort Worth Is occupied by a private residence, and Fort Ward, north of the Leesburg road, is excellently preserved. ‘our Mile Run and the railroad were commanded by Fort Barnard, and half a The: CoouNnoO Ao CONDNHOoAISY i i 0 SOO. m Kichardson, northeast of this, occupied the end of a high ridge, and ts in good condi- tion. The view of the city, river and sur- rounding country from this situation is a splen panorama. Nearer the Long bridge were Forts Scott, Runyon and Jack- ‘on. To the west of this line and connect- g the Long and Aqueduct bridges were Fort Albany, Fort Craig, Fort McPherson and Fort Tillinghast, all easily traced, al- though the latter contains a farm house and other buildings. the other side of Arlington Fort occupled the site where Fort is now located, and Forts Cass and Corcoran, nearby, have been cut down. Fort Woodbury 1s occupied by the subdi- vision of Fort Myer Heights, but the re- mains of Forts Morton, Strong, Bennett Haggerty can still be seen. th of the Chain bridge were two strong fortifications, Marcy and Ethan Allen. This Side of the River. North of the Potomac there were twenty- nine defenses known In the archives of the War Department as forts. Interspersed among them and forming with them a well- arranged line to repel attack from Mary- sand were thirteen batteries. Fort Sum- ner, four miles above Georgetown, was the most westerly of the fortifications, and commanded the canal and the Conduit road up to Cabin John's bridge and beyond, and its remains may be faintly distinguished by the practiced eye, Just where the Conduit road begins to enter the subdivision of Glen Echo. A little east by north of Fert Sum- ner were batteries Benson and Bailey, and upon the eminence immediately north of the receiving reservoir were Fort Manstield and Fort Simmons and Battery Mansfield, and a quarter of a mide further north Fort Bayard. Rifle pits cdnnected all these works, Across the Tenleytown road and north of the town of that name was Fort Reno, now obliterated and occupied by a reservoir. Below this line and between the Tenley. road and the river were Fort Gaines, may be traced just below where Mas- asetts avenue exiended will enter Uni- versity Heights; Battery Vermont, which is south of the heights; Battery Kemble and Battery Martin Scott, which commanded | the Chain bridge and {ts approaches; Bat- tery Parrott, which was perched. on the heights. above the Palisades of the Poto- | mac, and Battery Cameron, north of and overlooking the distributing reservoir. Strong Positions Selected. Returning to the northern line of de- | fenses, there was a series of 2mbankments connecting Fort Reno with Battery Ros- sele and Battery Terrill to the east, and | thence with Fort Kearney, and the same | Scrt of connection on to Fort Du Russy, which, together with Battery ‘Kingsbury and Battery Sile, were situated in what is now Rock Creek Park, west of Brightwood. North of Fort Kearney half a mile was Battery Meade. The 7th street road north of Brightwood was commanded by Fort Stevens. This was situated to the left of the road going north, and its site is marked by a stone church. It was the only fort actually en- gaged with the enemy during the war. | Early’s advance guard reached this point in 1sé4, and after a lively fight was forced back. In the small cemetery across the read and some distance north 1s buried the dust of those who were Killed in this engagement, and a handsome monument marks the spot where many of them rest together. Famous Old Bunker Hill. Further to the east and near Stott’s sta- tion on the Metropolitan branch of the Baltimore and Ohio road was Fort Slo- cum, and south along the same railroad, half a mile and a mile respectively, were Forts Totten and Slemmer, the latter being in a fairly good state of preservation. Fort Bunker Hill was a few years ago one of the most familiar landmarks around Wash- ington, but Brookland overran it,and now an observation ‘tower marks its te to the passing observer. Fort Saratoga, a haif | Inile to the east, at the junction of Bunker Hill and Sargent roads, is in fair condition, so far as its lines are concerned. Fort yer, to the east, by the Baltimore and main stem to Baltimore, has disap- peared before improvements, snd the re- form school stands where Fort Lincoln frowned. Battery Jameson, to the north- east, can be faintly traced. The Eastern branch here intervened, but on its other side and across the Pennsyl- vania tracks a line ran sonth to protect the navy yard, Capitol and arsenal from bombardment. Fort Mahan, north of Ben- ning road, protected the bridge, and south of it, skirting the heights that rose from the Eastern branch, were Forts Shaplin, Sedgwick, Meigs, Dupont, Davis, Baker, Wagner, Ricketts, Stanton, Carroll and Greble. Follow the Fort Drive. The Fort Drive proposed by Major Powell will commence at Massachusetts avenue ex- _ THE EVENING STAR, SATURDAY, MAY 23, 1896-TWENTY-FOUR PAGES, 4 ebd a) oc SING = lesa moc [al] roS OOOOVAN ONL y /ANOOOOVAN OCO NiZeqlsl=|='s aI l=Ty gj So soot og Hatat=| COMA [= = j=] lea S joovoo Gocaad jaja! O00 wooo = Oodle f ® further north was Fort Berry. Fort| tended, at Fort Mansfield, and, as first shown on the accompanying map, where it touches and includes Fort Bayard. By following its line and noting the old forts included in its winding course, the reader may, with the foregoing deseription, make an interesting journey through the fortifi- cations within the District that were de- pended on to protect the capital in its time of peril. ——— IN THE CHURCHES Tuesday evening of this week there was a meeting of representatives of the Broth- erhood of Andrew and Philip chapters of the District of Columbia to consider plans for a rally of members of the organiza- tion, to take place on the afternoon of Fri- day, the 10th of July, at the Western Pres- byterian Church. President Barnabus Bryan cf the Broth- erhood of St. Andrew of the diocese of Washington has appointed she following committee to act, in conjunction with him- self, as a committee of visitation among the various chapters: Vice President John F. Paret, Recording Secretary R. Preston Shealey, J. H. Gibbons and Jas. F. Alston, members of the executive committee, and Frank M. Evans of St. Thomas’ Chapter. The committee visited King Hall Chapter this week, and have arranged the follow- ing program for other chapters: Ascension, June 9; Grace, South Washington, May 28: St. Andrew's, June 24, and Zion's, Belts- ville, June 19. At a recent meeting of the congregation of the West Street Presbyterian Church the following-named officers were elected: Capt. Chas. 8. Smith and J. T. Motter, elders, to serve for three years, and 8. T. Brown, W. W. Winship, H. P. Gilbert, W. M. Dougal, W. C. Barrett, Charles Beck- er, C. W. Denham, W. D. Brace, L. T. Fry, trustees for one year. President E. B. Bailey of the Natlonal Gospel Mission Union has received into membership in the union two missions in Colorado, one at Pueblo and the other at Victoria. The total membership by mis- sions 1s now something over fifty. It is thought that the annual meeting would be held this month, but it will probably not be held now until the early fall. Rev. Dr. Alfred Harding, rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, who has _ been quite {ll for the past six weeks with the grip, has returned home from Old Point Comfort, where, for the past ten days, he has been recuperating. The Presbyterian Christian Endeavor Missionary Union is now engaged in try- ing to raise eight hundred dollars from among its various members. This money will be expended for home and foreign mis- sion work. It is probable that there will not be another meeting now until the fall. The American University has just receiv- ed a valuable addition to its already large collection of books. It is the compilation of works of literature which John Wesley selected for his followers and Christians generally. The books, thirty in number, are nearly all of a theological nature. The entire edition was not published at one time, but at different periods during the latter part of the last century and tho early portion of this. The Bruen gospel wagon of the Central Union Mission has resumed its full pro- gram. Quite a number of the members of local churches have volunteered their ser- vices as_ workers. Rev. Howard Wilbur Ennis is to dedi- cate the new flag of Continental Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, Monday afternoon, at the Riggs House. Rey. Thomas Worthington Cooke, who was mentioned in The Star of several weeks ago as having been cailed as as- sistant minister to Ascension Episcopal Church, vice Rev. William Tayloe Snyder, resigned, has accepted the call, to take ef- fect on the Ist of July. In the interim Rev. Mr. Cooke will assist the rector of Ascension, Rev. Dr. J. H. Elliott, at the Sunday services. Wednesday evening of this week the Cur- rent Topic Club of the Fifth Congrega- tional Church, and the literary depart- ment of the Epworth League of Douglas Memorial, debated in the church of the latter organization the question, ‘“Re- solved, That the railroads and telegraph systems should be owned and controlled by the government.’ Thursday and Friday evenings of this week the Junior Epworth League of the North Capitol Methodist Church gave a festival and bazaar in aid of the church debt. The young people will devote the money they raised towards paying off the debt on the church editice. A special meeting of the Sunday school of the Vermont Avenue Christian Church was held recently to consider the resigna- tiens of several of the officers. The resig- nation of Judge Parker as superintendent was accepted, and Russell Barnes elected to succeed him, and that of J. W. Van Arsdale, as treasurer, was accepted, and W. E. Schell was chosen his successor. The last two century socials of the church have been postponed until autumn, The Sunday school has planned to give a home- coming social October ef Rev. W. E. Parson, pastor of the Church of the Reformation, has been selected as one of the trustees of the newly chartered Maryland College, & Lutheran institution, formerly known as Lutherville Seminary. Mr. D. W. Keck-has been selected to rep- resent. the Keller Memorial Lutheran Church on the board of managers of the District Church Extension Soclety of Lutherans. The board consists of twenty- one laymen and ministers, the pastors of the local churches being ex-officio mem- bers of the buard. The president of the so- clety is Rev. Dr. J. G. Butler, and the treasurer, J. W. Graham of Zion Church, Officers of the Sunday school of the West Street Presbyterian Church have been elect- ed as follows: Superintendent, William Leetch; assistant superintendent, John Leetch; W. P. Mayfield, secretary; George Auld, treasurer, and L.'T. Fry, librarian. A number of the pastors of the local Bap- tist Churches attended the meeting of the American Baptist Missionary Society this week at Asbury Park. Among those of the local clergymen who delivered addresses were the Rev. Drs. S. H. Greene and C. A. Stakely. ‘The open air services under the auspices of Wesley Methodist Church (the Gospel push cart) in Judiciary Square have been resumed. The cart is in charge of W. C. McMichael. Last Sunday the anniversary exercises of the Epworth League of the church were held. The program consisted of a roport by the president of the chap- ter, J. S. Barker; an address by Rev. J. E. Gilbert, D.D., and the transfer of junior leaguers to membership in the senior league. The officers of the league are: President, J. S. Barker, and vice presidents, E. P. Wolf and Misses Ada Fowler, Grace Dowling and Zuey Fowler. Rev. Harry W. Johnson of this city will be ordained a minister of the Gospel to- Morrow evening at the First Congregational Church, where he received his early relig- fous training. Mr. Johnson, having just completed a course of divinity at Yale, was examined by a council of pastors and dele- gates this afternoon. He is a son of Jerome F. Johnson, a member of the First Con- gregational Church and well known as an active Sunday school worker in the city. At the ordination tomorrow, Prof. L. 0. Brastow of Yale will preach the sermon and Rev. Dr. J. E. Rankin, Rev. Dr. 8. M. Newman and Rev. M. Ross Fishburn will assist In other parts of the service. Rev. J. H. B. Headley, who has recently Teceived an appointment as chaplain in the United States army, will occupy tomorrow the pulpit of the E'Street Baptist Church, — Written for The Evening Star. Please Let Us Go and Play. While working at my desk today, Striving to put my thoughts in rhyme, T heard my little children say What I oft said tn olden time, Before my bair had turved to gray, Before Time's wrinkles creased my brow! “Please, mother, do not keep us now, But let us go and play!"* Their plaintive voices ;came to me From the adjoining chamber, where Both wife and childxen I could see When seated on my:easy chair, She kissed them tenderly, and they With joyous shouts: went to their game. They could not hear my heart exclaim: “Oh! would that we Gould play!” Ob! God, I pray that “Thon wilt leave ‘Thelr mother here -tifitil my boys Can comprehend that ‘they but grieve Themselves when they leave her for toys. Oh! they'll remember when they pray, For their dear mother when she’s dead, How often they to ber have sald: “Please let us go and play!” eee ee Aye, in this life from: day to day, Unknowingly, we oftdisdain Our blessings and but wish for pain When we scorn sacrifice for plav. —DOONE F. LEMMY. an ae tas A Disappearing Lake. From the Louisville Courier-Journal. There is a lake near Valdosta, Ga., which disappears every three or four years and comes back again, no matter what be the condition of the weather. The lake is three miles long and three-quarters of a mile wide, with an average depth of fif- teen feet of water, but at the present time the water is rapidly passing off through the subterranean passages, and in the next two or three weeeks there will be left in its place a mammoth basin, furnishing as pretty-a beach as can be found anywhere. After a month or so it begins. to return, and then in a couple of weeks it is the same magnificent stretch of water as it was before. eabetattntattndat tabbed pabetetabededed had apadedabadateds All Carpets in our care insured for owner’s benefit. EMPIRE CARPET CLEANING WORKS. Only Fireproof Establishment of the Kind in the District. CLEANING. LESSEE E SHY “~~ We clean carpets by our 5 5 sy! matchless dry-air process— 2% which removes every particle +t of dust and grit without tear- Nf ing or otherwise injuring the most delicate fabrics. SPOTS REMOVED. Our renovating process takes ye ye ne yt nyz Out spots and stains—brings xy back faded colors—makes old xy Carpets as fresh and bright as sv; Mew ones. EN aA os : y'Carpets made moth proof nye a xy: We make carpets absolutely xy moth proof without any extra v 3 nx charge. aA re! Je se e Rs we Dro tint v wy How the Houses Are Built and Ar- ranged in Amsterdam. THE DOMESTIC DUTIES Some Queer Ceremonies That Are Found in Holland. +--+ CITY’S PLAYGROUND ——_+ THE Written for The Evening Star. N HOLLAND AN architect must be a hydraulician, and the contract for building has a safety clause allowing extra price for each pile in ex- cess of the stipulated | number, All the | houses of Amster- | dam rest on piles. Of course, these piles never reach solid | ground, and at any IZ time they may con- clude to go deeper. This causes the houses in time to lean, and unfortunately they do not all take the same direction. There seems to be a sort of architectural jam- boree, and in looking down one of the old streets, one Is startled at the angles which the house fronts make with the vertical. Some lean forward as if Impatient to start in @ race across the city; others rear back- ward like an unwilling criminal dragged to justice; some lean together like conspira- tors, while others show an inclination to separate from one another as though they were school girls fresh from a quarrel. A stranger's first impulse is to exclaim “Sure- ly these houses will some day fall.” The Hollandera will promptly answer: “But they never do.” The heavy materlal—tile—used for cover- ing the houses makes 1t necessary to have steep roofs, hence, in order not to waste valuable space in high attics, the roofs all extend In the direction of the length of the house, placing the gable on the front and | @ rear. Projecting from the comb of | practically every front gable there is a covered beam carrying a heavy hook, on which a pulley can be hung. This 13 of great value in moving furniture into or Gut of the upper stories of a house. In the strict sense of the word “flats” are not common in Holland, but in the larger cities the majority of the’ houses are four-storied and accommodate two families, one occu- pying the two lower floors and the other the two upper. Thus it is that all of these | houses have two front doors, one opening | directly Into the hallway attached to the lower apartment, while the other is at the bottom of a stairway whose upper end is the hall of the apartment two stories up. | This upper house 1s called “Bovenhuis,” from “boven,” above. The long ‘stairway referred to makes moving a difficult task if every piece of furniture is cartied up, But by having a wide window In the center of the house for each story, every article that is hoisted up, with the ald of the pulley just referred to, can be taken in through the window. This then obviates the necessity for having wide, easy stairs, and since they would re- quire so much space, narrow, steep stairs are the rule, Domestic Duties, Frequently this doubling up of fazailles in a single house is a great conventence. Every morning all the lccse rugs in a house must be shaken. For this service two strong girls are needed, hence if a family keeps only one servant, it arranges with the co-family for co-cperative shak- ing. The intimacy between the two fam- illes may be very slight, but they will al- ways be ready to unite agairst their com- mon foe, dirt. This carpet shaking is done on the sidewalk, and the werk furnishes quite a pleasing sight. In fact, nearly every outdoor occupation in which the Dutch ris are engaged furnishes an agreeable spectacle. These prim girls are dressed in striped ginghams, and wear dainty lace caps. They look as though they were members of a great army whose uniform is fixed and invariable. It is true that there is an option in the kind of stripes selected, and the shape of the cap may differ—so does the uniform of the various branches of an army. In Holland one notices a fondness for uniform. The postman, of course, is uniformed; then, too, the policeman and the fireman, who always carries a coil of rope for ‘emer- gencies, but odder than all 1s the dress of the hired mourners. Funeral Ceremonies. As in everything else, funerals are classi- fied, the classes being distingulshed by the hour of interment and the rumber of hired attendants. Sometimes as mary as twen- ty of these s,lemn-faced, black-dressed and silver-corded men may b2 seen walking be- side the hearse or following It two abreast, while behind each accompanying carriage ene rides as footman, After burial these men distribute to such acquaintances of the deceased as may live in the city no- tices of the demise. I obtained one of these formal announce- ments. It was in two paragraphs. The first stated in plaintive terms that their be- joved son, husband, father, brother and brother-in-law, Mr. ——-, had fallen asleep on such and such a date.’ The second para- graph thanked the generous public for the 631-635 Mass. Ave., 630-634 K St All collections and deliveries free of charge. p postal ye patronage which it had acccrded the de. Ceased and gave forth the assuranc> that the business would be continued at the old stand by his widow. It is quite likely that having in mind the utility of the last clause, the widow added to the list of re- cipients a nuniber of possible customers. The City's Playground. Over the bridge at our corner ts a play- ground which belongs to the city, and is maintained by it for the use of the school children, Even during vacation the teach- ers of the various schools take their chil- dren in turn to one of these grounds, where they can enjoy the many games there pro- vided or try their skill with the various kinds of gymnastic apparatus. In Ams Gam the playing of the school children is looked upon with reverence, and even the busy money makers on ’ ge turn over their historic Exchange building to the un- restricted use of the school children dur- ing the afternoons of the third week in Au- | gust. This 1s done to commemorate the | Saving of the good city on one occasion, | when the children at play discovered the | hing Spaniards and gave the alarm. | rely the city fathers of Amsterdam be- lieve in perpetuating the memories of her | great and famous men. In addition to the | usual monuments erected for a similar pi po: 1 the newer streets are named after persons whose precepts or examples can be | f ed with profit. The gallant De Reuy- annot be forgotten as long there is ) to make fast to the Amsterdam pie of Ferdinand Bol and Jacob von Kampen will rest in the minds of peo- ple and be pronounced by them, even though the works of these artists be sel- dom seen. These municipal playgrounds seem to | serve as a convenient place in which the | children can work off their superfluous en- ergy. Play is natural to childhood, and its interdiction at this period is but the post poning of the outbreak of pent-up energies. Again, this combination of play and gym- nastics puts the ordinary toys at a discount However, there is one toy, of heroic size, however, which is freuently heard—the rat- tle. The first time I heard it 1 thought of how grand a part such a rattle could have played in the “Calathumps” of college days. It would have been a good second to the horse fiddle of such occasions. But in Am- sterdam this piercing rattle merely serves to call forth the servant girls with their garbage boxes. They are not slow in bring- ing them out. Perhaps they think of the pleasure which the scrubbing of these boxes will soon afford. J. H. GORE, —_—.__ HIS LAST TRICK. ow an American Prestidigitator Satisfied a Curious Englishman. A well known American prestidigitator was a passenger recently on one of the big Atlantic liners, homeward bound from England. He 1s a good-natured conjures, and many times in the smoking room he exhibited his skill in performing tricks for the amusemer:t of the cther passengers. One of the frequenters of the smoking room was an Englishman, who seemed to be unable to get enough of the con- Jurer’s tricks. Almost every tme the American entered the rocm the English- man demanded something more, and usu- ally the Anierican complied. The conjurer took part in the ship's concert and did a lot of surprising things with cards. The Englishman in a front seat and fol- lowed the performance with absorbed in- terest. But the next mcrning when the American walked into the smoking room after breakfast the English ated his old demands. The conjurer picked up from one of the little tables a pack of cards, which had been used in the whist same of the evening before. He handed it to the Englishman and said: “Pick out a card.” The Englishman ran over the pack and made mental note of his selection. - “Shuffle them up,” commanded the pres- tidigitator. The Hnglishman shuffled the cards se- verely, cut, and shuffled again. Then the conjurer shuffled them. After that he laid them out, one by one, in several little piles. The Englishman watched him with rapt attention. The conjurer gathered up the little piles and gave the pack to the En- slishman again, “Shuffle them again,” he sald. The ¢lishman did it, and then the con- jurer picked up the pack and said: a » do you remember what card it was you selected?” “Oh, yes, remember it. Sure you haven't forgotten?” “Of course not.” “You can namg the card?” “Certainly.” “Well, then, there's no use of my tell- ing you what it is.” And the conjurer threw down the cards, and went out followed hy rors of laughter froma those who had seen the trick. Ou answered the Englishman, “I a iene eee ee s I The cycle craze in the north.St. Paul's. | its a builder may ixfm pata én Reread <a ede RUGS MADE OP p OLD CARPETS. ,¥. Don't throw away odd pie es of carpets—or those partially = < worn. We make them into the sy finest Turkish and Persian \+ Rugs for $1 a yard. E¢ peer s ———— ~ STORAGE. ~~ As eure Ds Carpets stored during the summer in absolutely moth- proof and fire-proof compart- ments, at reasonable rates. ~ WARNING. _ We understand that persons heretofore employed by us are soliciting carpet cleaning or- ders claiming to represent us. The public is warned against such persons, as they were dis- charged by us for DISHON- =% T PRACTICES We have no sol citing agents. te oe Se A QUESTION OF sHIPs. lonting Vessel Weighs the Same as the Water It Dixptaces. From the National Review. The fundamental principi and therefore the contro! law of maritime law of displac of navigation, gs elementary the physical strat t—tha me ing vessel invariable weighs neither more nor less than the quantity of water, which its im- mersed part displaces. It 1s a consequence of this law that the weight of a ship siven siz. is consta dist he pleases. He may hull, so much to eng the remainder the weight of size will b therefore, weight to hull or g trong hull m pacity, a great hull ef To thes in ce @ the assign tain lim- ngin much ust’ ch¢ ™ carry the lich nt difference between a ship of -war chant ship; the merchant shiz sarily be coustructed to carry weight of cargo possible, consis hull strong enough for navig lent for the The mom-nt the hull is unneces Strengthened the ship i ase to able to compete as a carrier with other ships o: the 5 speed, which, havir lighter hulls, can carry more carge. A ship with a hull hened in thstand various shocks of cannot in p ul trade pay a commercial enterprise, and th rehant snip, with its hull ligh to the margin of safety, exposed to the same rovgh which the man-of-war, with hened framewo! is prepared. a VERY CHOICE CIGARS. A Correspond. Made From the London Sta: ra. “I am inforned that a large trale tn the manufacture of English cigars is carried on, princiaplly in the east end of London, All the ends of cigars and cigarett ‘dot- tels,” chewed ‘quids,’ etc., are bought at so much per pound from public ho mu- sic halls, ete., besides those picked up in the street. These savory morsels are put into a large bath, where a kind of tovaceo broth is made. “In the early autumn, when the chestnut leaves aro beginning to turn a golden color, parties are orgs who go to wh rever et a good of these leaves, which ere then put on long wires and in in this filth for either a long cr short time, accerding to the m menis of a strong or m ves are thea ro! above corres! with an incide lies 8 azo, when a certain person charged with illegeily mznufacturing ci- gars. His defense was that the cigars he tanufactnred did not contain a particle of tobacco. And what 2 proved his case His cigars we of browa paper, embossed to look like leaves, end steeped in tobaceo ju —— ree — WHAT A MILE A MINUTE MEANS, Few ple Renlixe the Treme Spe fa Fast Railway Tra From the Ladles’ Home J At sixty miles an hour the resistance of a train ts tour times as great as it is at thir- ty miles—that is, the fuel must be four times a3 great in the cne case as ft is in the other. But at sixty miles an hour this fuel must be exerted for a given distance in half the time that it is at thirty mile 80 that the amount of power exerted and urna steam generated in a n period of time nust be eight times as great at the fast speed. This mi that the capa: the boiler, cylinders and the other p. must be greater with a corresponding a n to the weight of the machine. Oi viously, therefore, If the weight per wiv on account of the limit of weight ralis will carry limited, pon Teach a point when the driving wheels and other parts cannot be further enlarged, and then we reach the maximum of speed. The nic adjustment necessary of the various parts of these immense engines may be judicated by some figures as to the work performed by these parts when the locomotive is worked at high speed. Take assenger engine on any of the big rall- At sixty miles an hour a driving wheel five and a half feet in diameter re- volves five times every second; now, the reciprocating parts of each cluding one pisten, piston rod lin in- #3 head and connecting rod, weighing about pounds, must move back ard forth a dis- e equal to the stroke, usually two f 'y time the wheel revolve Its of each or ina f arts from a state of troke of the piston and must acquire a velocity of -two feet per second in one-twentieth ¢ a ‘ond, end must be brought to a state of rest in the same period of time. A piston eight inches in diemeter has an wvrea of 251g square inches. Steam of 150 pounds’ pres- Sure per square inch would, therefore, ex- ert a force on the pisten equal to poun This force is epplied alternately on each side of the piston ten times in a second, Monument fo From the Chicago Tribune. The Lovejoy Monument Ass: the contract for a monument t Li Culver of Sp The monument will ite and bronze, and will overlook the Mis: sipp! from the eastern heights of the city, An appropriation of Oo has been mad for the monument by the state, and its cons struction will begin at once.