Evening Star Newspaper, August 25, 1894, Page 14

1894—EIGHTEEN PAGES. THE EVENING STAR, SATURDAY, AUGUST 25, GUNWORK AT SHANGHAT. THE ARMY OF CHINA| The Strangest Military Organization in the World. THE ROPTEN CHINESE GOVERNMENT How the Officials Cheat the Sol- diers and Secure Office. AND POWDER WORKS GUN t Copyrighted, 1504, by Frank G. Carpenter.) Written for The Star. ‘T= WAR BE- ' tween China and Ja- pan has only besun. The Japanese could, if necessary, throw something like three hundred thousand trained soldiers into the field. Their army is thoroughly organ- ized and it has been drilled after the best methods of Europe. When I visited Ja- pan six years ago 1 found German officers in charge of all its branches and my interview with the min- ister of war was carried on in the German language. He was a Japanese who had been educated in Germany, and who could | mot speak English. The Japanese are a nation of fighters. They have all the quick- | mess and bravery of the French married by years of training to the discipline of the | Germans. I have seen their cavalry and in- fantry in review again and again during | the present summer. Their troops are splen- | idly equipped and they have arsenals and Ravy yards of the most modern methods, about which I will write in the future. Today I want to tell you something about the army of China. It is almost impossible | | { | Viceroy € og Chi Tang. for one who has not been on the ground to appreciate its condition. It is a mix- ture of the old and new, of the weak and the strong. I have made some study of it in half a dozen different states and have some inside information which I gathered at Peking regarding it. It is the most won- derful military jumble on the face of the globe, and you have to know something of the Chinese government to understand it and the present situation. Rotten From Skin to Core. The Chinese government is retten from skin to core. The people of China are one of the strongest in the world. They can do anything, and I believe in the future they will revolutionize the world. They are bound down today with as bad a govern- ment as ever pretended to rule. The offi- cials of China are almost universally cor- rupt, and stealing is considered @ part of their legitimate pay. This is true of the efficers of the army as well as of those of civil rank. They systematically cheat the | soldiers under them and present false ac- @unts to the emperor and ministers of Hi Beng Chang ana Father. the Emperor's war. At Shanghai I saw a barracks which Was supposed to contain five hundred tro Th it dr and pay Feally only and adviser. | not permitted to handle it. to men he priv them alive. | of havir or Ch en all over Chi dangers to the €entent of the entertain lik Bbhanghai. that of one of our government clerks, but | he paid $300,000 this summer to one of the chief eunuchs of the palace for his influ- ence with the empress dowager in get- ting him a position, with the understand- ing that he should have it for three years, at least. There is no doubt in my mind but thet the old dowager herself got a slice of the money. This office is worth about $250,000 a year in squeezes and stealings, and as the tautoi will receive something like $750,000 during his term he can afford to give $00,000 for the job. The name of he eunuch who got tne money was Pi Tse Seau Li. He combs the empress dowa- ger’s hair and is her confidential servant A Tiger Guard. At the Kiagnan arsenal I mething of how orders for guns are made and how these Chinese offi ate making money out of the pres- ent wi They order the chips through foreign agents at Shanghai and insist that lecrned and ship: they shall have from 5 to 10 per cent of | the amount of each order. Many of these crders run into the millicns and you will see that their profits are large. They are ery particular as to foreigners mak- ing any money out of the business and in- sist that their profit shall not be more than 5 per cent on the list price of the articies On this basis the foreigner would not make { anything for his work, as he has to pay at least 5 per cent to the official who gives kim the order. There is usually a collusion between the foreigner and the manufac- turer by which the foreigner gets a big percentage and the Chinaman pays an ex- tra price for the article. queezing Everywhere, This squeezing goes on everywhere, both in China and Cor The officers of the Chinese navy expect to make money out | of ir sailors. The officials in charge of the railroads squeeze the men under them and every Chinese servant squeezes his ma One of the greatest of the offi- cial zes is in salt. This is a gov ernment monopoly, and its cut to the highest bidders. Th salt for a district is worth hundreds thousands of dollars, and foreigners There are at which supplies are stored an¢ officers get their per- ntage on the salt as it passes from one district to the oth: In the collection of government the o something from themselves, and if a Chinaman has a larg! amount of money, blackmail is sure to be levied upon him in some way or other by ations the native custo: A Soothsayer, by a Native Artist the officials. Still, China, with all this, has atout the lowest’ taxes ‘in the world, and it is only because the taxes are low that the government can retain its hold upon the people. If they should be greatly in- creased by this war rebellions will spring | up in many of the states, ond the Chinese emperor is, in fact, in more danger from the people within the empire than from the Japanese outside of it. Chinese Viceroys and Their Armies. China is a strange combination of a des- potic monarchy and a government of the | It Js as much a confederation of | people. states as it is a nation, and the eighteen provinces into which it is divided each has its governor, who is appointed by the emperor, but whom the peopl: can get rid of if they will. It is the same with other officials. The Chinese are long tolerant, but en an official squeezes too much ‘they will oust him from his office, and instances have been known of their stoning him out of the country. The government is very \ Manchurian much afraid of the peor dare to overtax them dt war. It is hard*to unde different provinces are gove What th Ni Each province ome of the t viceroy neral. and it will not the present i how these ned. Are rays Doing. and in es the governor other provinces the the viceroy and a er three provinces, a governor, provi In i to y rule two y and death over their subjects. as many clerks and subordinates almost as you will find in our government, and it is quite as difficult to fill one of these posi- tions as it is to be President of the United States. Each of these viceroys and gover- ‘s has an army of his awn, Li Hung nang’s forces number about 35,000 men. hese have eleven camps within the prov- ince of Chili. They are armed with for- e'gn gurs and are well drilled, and will form the chief support of the government in the pr t war. Li Hung Chang has also elev mps of men in the province of n ng, and he is, as far as this war is concernel, practically commander-in-chief of the whole. At Nanking I found a vice- rey who had 28,000 men under him. He con- | trolled the big gun factory of Kiagnan, and I visited his naval school on the outskirts of hi be capital and found several hundred studying na ation under two Eng- 2 professors. Some distance below Shang- ai there is another great governor who has an immense militery_ establishment. ‘This is the governor of Foochow. His trocy according to the Peking records, number more than 61,000 men, and this number includes both his land and marine forces. He is in charge of the navy yard at Foochow and he has some thou- sards of men there building battle ships. Chang Chitung, the Gre: Another remarkable governor is his ex- eellency, Chang Chitung, the viceroy of Wu Chang. Wu Chang ts a city of nearly “| most thic ale is farmed } sale of the of are eetimnse a million people, and Chang Chitung gov- | erns his tens of millions. He has long been |@ great man in China, and if you ask |Chinamen who the two greatest men in | China are they will say Li Hung Chang and Chang Chitung. Li fs, in fact, said to be very jealous of Chang, and I’ suppose Chang feels the same toward Li. Chang Chitung hates foreigners. He is building | railroads because he wants to be able to (defend China against the foreigners, and | now that this war has broken out his work will go on more rapidly than ever. He is importing stes! ingots by the hundreds and |coke by the thousands of bushels from England and Belgium for his steel works at Han Yang, seven hundred miles from the seacoast, and he has spent already in the neighborhood of $10,000,000 upon his rail- road experiment. It was his gun factory that was burned down only a few days ago, and it may be that his Immense blast fur- naces will now be turned to theymaking of weapons of war. These furnaces are 100 feet high, and they are of the latest Euro- pean make. He has connected with them shops which cover-from forty to fifty acres, and there are twenty-five acres of ma- chinery under one roof. China today has no good means of moving troops. A rail- road has been planned from Hankow to Tien Tsin, and also from Hankow to Can- ton. These immense car works could be put to the making of materials for this road, and as there are coal and iron in their near vicinity, the building of the line would be comparatively easy. About forty Belgian engineers are now in the employ of this viceroy. These men understand all about the making of railroads and the working of steel, and if the government will furnish the money this the greatest of all trunk lines of the world could be built. It would go for 1,50) miles through the ly populated part of the Chinese empire, and would connect a half dozen odd cities ranging from half a million to a mil- lion peopte in size. 14 Hang Chang's Gan Works. Li Hung Chang has gun works and an arsenal, mile square, and in which all kinds of | modern guns are made. It is much similar to the Shanghai arsenal which I described in the letter I published some months ago when I told how the Chinese were prepar- for war. No one can go through these works without wondering at the marvelous | Skill of the Chinese. In both of them they which ingle turning out igh over 10 twelve mr pounce Inch guns nd fire | shots which weigh over 700 pounds. Three of such shot would be a load for a two- horse team, snd one of those guns standing } upon its would Fr high as the | roof of ory and at its | breech it s big around as a four barrel. Some of the other guns that I have seen in | these ars is will fire shot at the rate of ten to the minute, and each shot weig' | 100 pounds. I saw fifty Chinamen pouring | metal into the molds for the making of projectiles, ¢¢ sand pour is, of these sh h of which weighed a thou- They were turning out thirty t a day, and the ships are now being supplied with them. I was taken into onewf the wa ouses and was shown the different kinds of shot that the arsena were making. There were mo than erent Varieties of shot and shrapnel, and addition to this there were specimens ts of powder which ‘ks. Many of the varieties I saw we do not make in the United States. Iam not sure that we make the brown cocoa powder which is used for the firing of these big guns. This comes in the shape of nuts, just like” those by which a big bolt is fastened,and it takes something like four bushels of these powder nuts to fire off one of the twelve-inch guns. Sul, the Chinese are making this powder, and they have lately sent for a German chemist to teach them how to make smoke- less powder. They are making pebble pow- der for from five to eight-inch guns, and they make al! sorts of other powders from that of the rifle to that of the largest guns. ‘They have heen ordering new cruisers dur- ing the past year, and they recently sent an order to Armstrongs, the big ship-makers of England, for two new vessels which are ach to cost $1,250,000, They have a num- | ber of trained ‘men in these arsenals. Li | Hung Chang has several thousand. The | viceroy of Nanicing has 2,000, and there are | in of all made at the powder v thcusands at work at Hankow, Canton and Foocbow. The hours of wor's ef these men | Will be doubled from now on. I am told that the Chinese learn very rapidly, and | that there will be little difficulty ‘in in- creasing the force. The making of small arms is to be pushed and Qui Lee rifles will | | be turned out as fast as possible. These area sort of R. consider the best gun in existenc old matehlocks and lances will away with as soon as possible. | Hows and Lances S¢ With in nd the be done Used. this you would think that the oull have given up their bows and the weapons which have n from the middle ages. They | have not done so by any means. Some | of the interior t still ¢: bows and arrows, and archery is a r part of | every milit mination, These military | | examinat 1 over the em- ve tu shoot with and in the saddle. I utside Pekin chery natch of this Kir 1,000 C or years before andidate again before gett capita is first an exa nation held by pr of the di A which the The men who pass pot asain + € and their next ex governor of 1 tions compr vreat ands r of the Ch don the > of thi n arm | with his fly arrow. Ciers consists largel symnasti | these students are examined in the v | of swords end in the litti which Th visitin me ire g have one of these Is | warned that T must not go into the | nd that T mus from the \forts, but In passing 1 music land teld my guide that I | He replied that tt wa it might be dan and I diy through th: mined gate. They have } to stop me, and a moment later I was in the presence of a scene which you would expect to fnd in no camp outside of the middle ages. : At the back of a large inclosure sat a band pounding on drums and shaking cym- bals and making a most harrible din. Near these stood a number of high Chinese offi- cials,"and on the other side of the yard Were several companies of soldiers, Be- tween these stood a maf dressed in the unl- form of a Chinese private? He had a spear about fifteen feet long in his hand, and he Was dancing abcut and peking this into the | air in every direction. Now he would jab it into an invisible enemy/at the right; now he would hop up four feet from the ground and turn clear around before he again lit to drive it into another invisible enemy at the lef’, He poked it in front of him and twisted himself into a half knot in trying to destroy his enemies in the rear. He con- torted his face in the most horrible manner to inspire fear in his airy combatants, and he yelled now and then as he thrust. Such an exhibition would have put him into a lunatic asylum in the United States. I looked for perhaps ten minutes before anything happened, ‘and ducing this time a second man came out and begen to go through the same performance. I then sent my boy for a camera, but before I could use it an official came up and objected. I apologized and left. I find this the best rule in forelgn travel. Go where you please, and do what you please, but always be ready to apolo- gize. If you ask you won't get it, and a civil tongue will carry you further than a shotgun. The Army of China. But let me give you some facts about the army. This letter is so lng that I cannot enlarge upon them. First there is the Eight Banner Corps, which includes the Manchus and Mongols, and which is supposed to have something like 300,000 men. Of this army there are in Pekin 398 soldiers, and connected with them about 11,000 super- the shops of which are nearly a | are being | emington, which the Chinese | by a Native numeraries, Manchus and 3,281 supernumeraries. ‘There are kept about the summer palace of the King just about 5,000 of such troops. Just outside of Peking is the imperial hunting In Mongolia there are 9,844 park. Four thousand soldiers are kept there. In addition to these in Peking there are artillery and rusketry to the number of 8,000, infantry 2,300 and other troops to the nugsber of 6,000,. making a grand total of Manchus surrounding and about Peking of 100,000 troops. ‘Thes2 troops are sup- ported entirely by the government. Their officers are of high rank, and about 700 of them have high pcsitions as guards inside the forbidden city, where the emperor lives. I have written already of Li Hung Chang's army. It is the best drilled and the best equipped of any in the empire. In ad- dition to these there are the three great armies know? as the army of Manchuria, | the army of the center and the army of Turkistan. The Marchurian army contains 7.000 men, ard {ts headquarters are in Manchuria above the Chinese wall. It has good cannon and first-class modern rifles. | These, however, are corfined only to a | limited number of the regiments, and there are more matchlocks than Winchesters | The army of the center is also north of the wall. It is supposed to include 54,000 men. | It is on the borders of Mongolia, and these Manchurian and Mongolian troops could be moved down into Corea if there was any good way of carrying their provisions and supplies. ‘The army of Turkistan is in the western part of the empire, and too far off | for use at the present time. | Armies of Governors. In addition to this there are the armies of the governors, which are scattered | throughout the eightcen provinces of China, and which include all the large centers. In Shantung there are 20,000 men. In Snansi, | 25,000, and in Foochow the gover of Honan, one of the most an rovinces of the empire, has 1 he governor of Nanking has governor of Foochow, 61,4. of Chekiang, 38,000, and those of Hupe and Hunnan, 58,000 me In Shensi, Kensuh | and Ili there are 97,000 men, and in Szu- | cheun there are Kwantung has 65,- | | 000, Kw 000, Anhui, 9,000, and {Yunnan and 000, making a | | grand total, with one or two smaller prov- | inces added, of TOLS17, Just how many of he governor 3 can “elied upon in case of y t know. The reports are those of the Chinese government, and many of | them may be overestimated. There is no | | doubt, however, but that there are hundreds | ef thousands of soldiers in China, and that they have many who will fight if they are | properly led. Chinese Gordon, who handled | them during te Tal Ping rebellion: sald | that they made splendid soldiers, that they | were cool and calm, and that they could do | a great deal on small rations. They are full | | of supersticion, and will carry priests and vthsayers with them. They may eat ck dog’s flesh to make them brave, and their surgeons will give them ground tiger henes to inspire courage. In fight they will be bloodthirsty and cruel, and if the war is arried into the interior it will be accom- | paried with horrors which will shock the western world. Fk A, Caden From the Cincinnati Enqutrer. I was talking to a rather visionary philan- thropist the other day and he had a scheme. It is not a money-making arrangement and at first flush looks like a money-losing one, but his efforts on a small scale have been crowned with success ond he is so en- thusiastic about enlarging the field that I have grown interested in it myself. His plan is to start young men in trade, busi- ness or profession, loaning money without security other than that contained in the business {tsclf. Upon such a statement 1 do not believe any capitalist would be fav- orably inclined toward {t, but the losses are much lighter than would be supposed. He started with $10,000 and loaned it in amounts of $1,000 each to ten young men. This was five years ago, and he has actual- ly netted over 10 per cent a year upon his investment, while hfs capital remains in- tact and five more young men have been started in life out of it. When a young | man applies for a loan he Inquires into the habits and ratural capabilities of the ap- plicant first, then he investigates the na- ture and location of the business in which th» investment is to be made, and if satis- fied that the young man can succeed in that business the money {s invested, the philanthropist keeping a one-half interest. | but under a ccntract by which his protege ” can purchase the whole at any time up y terms. e money thus comes bac! installments, cnabling him to use It with others. ‘The of my friend, the philanthrop&t, is to. fe n. association all deserving Zz wen of good ty to become It looked chimarical to me rd about it,,but since then I have see men he ted, and every one of them has done 2tal of them employins of men, and the work in its im way 1 e tt efit, while it has not | bim to lose a dol Unon the gontrary, it ha him good inter sor Curious. m Puck. vcher, oh- s the Delaware Dick Hicks—‘He wanted to see if the failury see Another Boss Croker. peach ¢ ywas From Li | between Jefferson THEY HAD ENEMIES —— The Fate of Those Who Live in the White House. FROM WASHINGTON 10 THE PRESENT -_ Some Presidents Encountered More Hostility and Others Less. oe DIFFERENT ONLY IN DEGREE ee Writtea Exclusively for The Evening Star. R. CLEVELAND IS not the only Presi- dent who has had an unruly Congress on his hands, nor is he the only one who has stirred up opposition in his own party. In fact, it has been the lot of those placed in the executive chair to offend some of their own party, and to be the target of abuse or condemna- tion from those who have sailed with them Politically. He expects condemnation from his political eaemies, and even abuse from “that quarter is not looked upon as any- thing cut of the ordinary course of events, but being publicly pilloried by members of his own pasty fs entirely a different thing, and always takes a President somewhat at @ disadvantege, as he cannot reply back. He has no voice in either house, nor would it be dignified for him to rush into print upon such occasions, therefore the wounds of his political friends always sink the deeper. In the days of Washington there was no division of parties. Party dividing lines had not then been marked out. There had been fierce opposition to the adoption of the Con- stitution, and that opposition had not al- together died away, but the people had not divided yet on party or policy lines. Wash- ington had been chosen President by a unanimous vote, and the members of Con- gress had been elected practically by the same vote in the various states and dis- tricts. Where there had been opposing can- didates it had been more a choice between men than between certain well-defined poll- cles. It was to be expected there would be some friction in starting the new machinery of the government, as various opinions were held upon many questions Itkely to come up, but from the high character of Washington, his eminent services to the new nation, and the unanimity by which he had been chosen as its first executive, it could hardly have been supposed he would be the target of vehement attack and vi- tuperative abuse by members of Congress, yet such was the case. He had been the subject of newspaper attack, and Mr. Jef- ferson, a member of his cabinet, had been one of his fiercest assailants, but his in- fluence with Corgress was supposed to be supreme. The First President Assailed. His proclarration of neutrality in. the war between England and France aroused the first antagonism, and he was at once bitterly assailed. H2 was accused of being under the pay of Great Britain, and willing | to make his country a dependent of that government. He was derisively spokef of as the “stepfather” cf his country, and that name was applied to him on the floor of Congress. er subject of attack, and for its negotia- tion he was roundly abused. The warfare and Hamilton supplied arother occasion for attacks upon Wash- ington. Hamiltcn was Secretary of the Treasury, and it was his wonderful finan- ciai skill that brought the country out of ruin and established its credit. His en- trancing eloquence and powers of per- svasion gave him immense influence both with Congress and with the people. Against it Jefferson could not successfully struggle. Washington was the steadfast friend of Hamilton, and the Secretary had a greater influence with the President than even with Congress. Jefferson believed, or affected to believe, that Washington was conniving to make his influence in the administration of af- fairs perpetual, and was working to name his successors for many years to come, first Adams and then Hamilton. To defeat Hamilton it was necessary to destroy the influence of Washington. Mr. Giles, a member of Congress from Virginia and a warm friend of Jefferson, led in the attack by introducing a series of resolutions os- tensibly against Hamilton, but in reality aimed at Washington. Under cover of them Madicon and oth«r adherents of Jefferson opened out their batteries upon the Secre- tary and President, but they made a la- mentable failure of it. Before the close of Washington's first term the new republican or democratic party began to show its head and its teeth, and party lines began to be drawn. The new party grew stronger, but the influence of Washington was great enough to secure the election of Adams as President, though Jefferson, the head of the new party, was chesen Vice President. Adams had a stormy time from the very beginning. The ccrrplications with France wer- - ing more serious, and the hotheads vi the country were bent upon Griving the nation into war in support of revolutionary France. The “alien and sedition law were passed. There 3s nothing on record te show that the President by any act at- tempted to influence the enactment of those laws, or that he even suggested them, but they served as a text for the opposition and alienated from him some of those who had formerly been federalists. Adams and Jefferson. At the beginning of ais administration the federalists had quite a majority in both houses of Congress, and he had been clected as the best representative of that party. ‘To destroy him was to destroy his party, so the republicans made war upon him. His persoual manners had offended some of his own party, and they, too, joined in the at- tack. His appointment of commissicners to France opened the flood gates, but he had a revival of popularity, when those commis- sicners were ignomintously and insultingly driven out of France, but the revival was only for a short time, and before the clos> of his four y he was practically in a minority in Congress. Jefferson, the father of the new party, and the best politician cf the day, after his ‘lection over Burr, had a hard time of it for two or three years. To secure the with- drawal of the oppesition to him in some of the states, he pledged that there should be office. The pledge was no renovals from ° kept only in part, and its violation, in part, rrayed against him some of those who had cured his cleetion, and he was charged on the floor of s with duplicity. Burr nd hix immediate friends kept ative this pposition, and in the discussions partia- inentary cour was thrown to the win: and the President iled as bitterly as some of his adherents had assailed Wash- ington and Adams, Washington had, on th ttacks, was made of and to such pury n one cee when worn out b. talked of resicning, but Jefforsoi ther simff, and fought back too, that before the end of his first term he had driven most of y mies cut of Cong and at the be- ginning of his second te-w had a large ma jority in his or. He was not destined te hav: » long; and his first assailant wa John Randolph. He attacked Jefferson with his usual vehemence and bitterness, and created a schism in the republican party All efforts to placate him were unavafling Jefferson favored Mr. Madison as his suc: cessor, and to counteract him Randolph brought out Monroe. Mr. Jefferson flanked the move by bringing about a reconciliation between Madison and Monroe, and_ the party abandoned the name of republican and took that of democrat. Erna of Good Feeling. The triumph of Jefferson over the federal iste and the Randolph faction was com- plete in the election of Madison, and for awhile all went as smoothly as could be desired. The“ embargo act had been re pealed, and the mutterings in favor of open war with Great Britain began to fill the air Madison was pre-eminently a man of peace and use? all his efferts to keep down thr : ation: y. His efforts in this direetion lienated many of his political friends, ané Jay's treaty furnished anoth- | the war ty jn Congress turned their tteries: Soon him. The war having been leclared the President tried the best of his ability to ca it on with Vigor, but his timid course did not suit his party, and the assaults upon him grew in frequency and bitterness. The capture of Washington and his flight from the city gave ample op- rortunity for his enemies, and they made official life a burden to him, The federalists had almost disappeared from political life, and most of the attacks in Congress on the President came from ‘members of his own party. Indeed, on more than one oc- casion he would have seen his policy de- feated had it not been for the unexpected help of the. federalists. With Monroe was ushered in the “era of good feeling.” Peace had come ana the country freed from war was so happy that it would not listen with any sort of patience to any party greements or bickerings. Even Jackson, that grim political fighter of after years, wrote to the new President and counseled him to harmony, sayin “Now is the time to exterminate that mon- ster called party spirit,” and advised him to select his cabinet and other officers with- out regard to party, telling him “the chief magistrate of a great and powerful nation should never, indulge in party feelings.” There was né antagonism between Monroe and Congress during his eight years. The Missouri compromise aroused a storm of contention in Congress, but no one dreamed of attacking the President under cover of it. So peaceful and harmonious had been his first term that he was re-elected by a@ practically unanimous vote, only one ballot, In the electoral college, being cast against him, and that was by one of the electors of New Hampshire, who was his friend, but said he did not think after Washington = any gman should have a unanimous » and therefore cast his for Ji Quincy “Adams. sfaen John Quincy Adami jams, like his father, had @ stormy time from the very beginning. His own irascibility and dogmatism had much to do with creating the opposition he ercountered. His policy as outlined jn his inaugural split his own party and aroused a storm of opposition. He was able to secure the passage of some meas- ures in support of his policy, but more often met with defeat, end the charge of a and sale between him and Mr. Clay was reiterated again and again. Old Hickory Had Enemies. Jackson, with his strong will, his own bitterness in his dislikes, might have looked for attacks. He undertook to dominecr Congress and force his party friends to support and defend all his measures. He met with great success in this line, but also met with determined opposition. One of the most bitter attacks made upon him during his term was that led by John C. Calhoun. Under his political management many of the President's nominations for office were rejected by the Senate. So bit- ter did the feeling become that when an insane painter by the name of Lawrence attempted to assassinate the President his friends charged that Lawrence had been in- stigated by Clay, Calhoun, Poindexter, White and others. It was during his sec- ond term that the celebrated resolution of censure was adopted. Van Buren and Tyler both met with op- resition from thelr own party friends, that inst Tyler assuming the proportions of an open revolt. Mr. Polk went into office under the most flattering circumstances. He had defeated overwhelmingly the idol of the whig party, and was supported by @ very large majority in both branches of Congress, but had hardly got warmed in his seat before a war agaist him broke out. Duriag the campaign he and his party had assumed the mort determined at- titude on the Oregon boundary question, but the new President, once installed, coun- selled a different line of action. His course in the matter aroused the most bitter op- position among the democrats. This op- position w: voiced by Senator Hannegan of Indiana, who in a most vehement speech said: “So long as cne human eye remains to linger on the page of history the story of his (Polk's) abasement will be read, send- ing him ani his name together to an in- famy so profound, a damnation so deep, that the hand of resurrection will never drag him forth. So far as the whole tone, spirit and meaning of the remarks of the Senator from North Carolina are concerned, if they speak the language of James K. Polk, then James K. Polk has spoken words of falsehood with the tongue of a serpent.” No democratic Senator has yet attacked Mr. Cleveland with any suc! vehemence. About the time of the delivery of the speech from which the above is taken, Mr. Hannegan was invited to be present at a dinner given to Vice President Dallas at Philadelphia. He declined to be present, but sent the following toast: regon—every foot or not an inc deg., 40 min., or deiendaest Britannia.” To which the committee replied: “The Hon. E4ward A. Hannegan; the true-hearted American statesman, who truly represents the people on the whole of it, or none; Oregon or war.’ Plerce and Kansas. Fillmore and Pierce both met with oppo- sition, especially the latter, the attacks upon him being mainly caused by his at- titude on the Kansas question, that was just then beginning to attract the at- tention of the nation. Pierce sided in with the pro-slavery wing of his party, and it was during his administration that the republican party of today was born. He removed Gov. Reeder of Kansas, be- cause he refused to assist In making Kan- sas a slave state, and thereby alienated from himself the anti-slavery democrats, but they did rot attack the President sonally until near the close of his admin- istration, when a number of those who had been leading democrats of the anti-slavery school abandoned their party and cast in their lot with the republicans. The last session of the Thirty-fourth €ongress wit- nessed some very violent scenes. The war had raged in Kansas for months, and the republicans, aided by the free soil demo- crats, were loud In their denunciations of the President. The bombardment of Grey- town, Nicaragua, by some of our naval vessels, also furnished an occasion for at- tecks upon Mr. Pierce, but it was left to his successor to encounter the full force of the political storm that had been gathering strength. The rapid advance made by the advocates of slavery extersion under Mr. Buchanan had aroused the most determined opposition in the north. Many democrats, under the lead of Douglass and Broderick, attempted to stem the tide, but soon they came to open war with the administration. Never before had such argry feelings been arous- ed, and the administration made every ef- fort to crush out the opposition. So bitter was the war, especially upon Broderick and Douglass, that repeated efforts we-e made to draw them into duels, and in the case of Broderick, they were successful. Hostile correspondence took place between Doug- lass and more than one of the adherents of Buchanan, and a meeting between him and Senator Fitch of Indiana was only prevent- ed by the interference of friends. Buchanan was ..ore roundly denounced by members of his own party than any other President had ever been, and his whole four years of service was a continual warfare of the most desperate kind. Even Mr. Lincoln did not escape the usual fate. The schism in his party, headed by Ben. Wade, Henry Winter Davis and oth- ers, which finally culmin: ttempt to run John C. candidate for the presiden: membered. His immedi impeached by the ed in the abortive mont as a third y. is still well © successor Was arty that had put him in nd so far as Congress could do so, al thority and power were en away from him. San Domingo cavsed a rupture ween Grant and some of the leaders of Was roundly denounce and an York appoint- to obnoxh ppoint- a great difference between ~ and the tor Morton. t was Presiden oc- urred in the di Morton trict jud: anxic p of Indi to have a Senator vehem t the Si his objections wi r, but when the Presi mind was made up t th . he is an ene but if you decided on his appointment, there”is nothing more to be sald. Send in nd he will be promptly ‘ton would not quarrel over an Mc appointment. Harrison and some of the republican na- tors fell out over the force bill, and Mr rman and Mr. Vest have becn making some remarks about Mr. Cleveland. —_——— A Satisfactory Arrangement. From Life. Committee man (Dvgout City)—“The pris- ever says he thinks he'd like shootin’ better than hangin’.” Judge Lynch—“Well, ather see a hangin’. We'll irst and shoot afterward, both be satisfied.” most of us Ww ould Oregon question—the | a. | con- | SS Sees SUMMER BIRTHDAYS Fetes for the Little Ones Who Cele- brate at Home. —_— - IN THE QUIET BACK YARD How to Give Simple but Enjoyable Birthday Parties. a an THE NEW CLOCK CAKE Written Exclusively for The Evening Star. HE CHILD WHOSE birthday comes with the summer has too often to lament that, beyond some extra dainty for dinner, the day passes by uu- noticed, and it must iteelf with the promise of a ce permits, swing a it ribbons and pillows to rest ones. Hang the fence and shrubs nese lanterns, to be lighted wh shadows lengthen. A pole surmounted by pennon-shaped flag with strings of janterns to the fence will add much to the festivity of the scene. If possible supper should be served al fresco with trestle and board for table. Sandwiches, ice cream, the birthday cake and motto crackers form a menu that will be uppreciated by the mammas as well as the children. The Clock Cake. From Boston comes the clock cake—a welcome novelty to those tired of candle cake and wanting something new. The cake, which should be round an4 flat top- ped, may be iced white, chocolate or pink; then with conserved cherries, gilt or col- ored lozenges mark off like the face of @ clock. The hands of stiff paper, gilded, point the age. A Mother Goose Party. A few hints as to costumes and arrange- ments may not come amiss, For the Moth- er Goose party, a copy of the famous jin- gles, with colored plates, will be sufficient guide. The little hostess may receive her guests as Mistress Mary in her garden or Margery Daw in mob p and flowered skirt, sitting on a see-saw ' Two Little Blackbirds, The blackbird parties are newer. The lIit- tle girls wear short black vandyked skirts, Diack stockings and mgs of tarleton on | shoulders and heels, and caps that form a | beak in front. The little boys’ costume is | the same, with tight knee pants and van- | dyked tunic. Mamma must have in readi- ness a huge pasteboard pie, gay with rib- bons. Before the little cuests go home they | will circle around her, singing, “Sing a | Sorg of sixpence,” etc., and at the words | “snapped off her nose” pull a ribbon and find a toy dangling at the end. These par- ties are always a success. ‘The Brownie Party. Then the fun of a brownte party—the lit- tle brown-legged saflors, Chinamen, ete., rivaling their namesakes in antics and fun, The little girls can be brownies, too. A brown skirt and stockings, white apron and kerchief, red bodice and milking stool will make a very preity little milkimald brownte, Then there cun be a brownie flower or tam- bourine girl or seflor lass, Numerous others equally appropriate will suggest themselves. . of wl R ee ae ae? Babble Party. A bubb arty—the delight of the chil- } dren, but of mothers—can be ar- ranged ver {the yard. > will hs tchen cpens into s and the clothes nish the range from view quit ud dresser and shelves trimn with y paper and On the i’ 2 table have a box of clay pipes—breal in heavy | large bowl of suds and an of mugs. the children can # al eir bubbles from windows blissful immunity from costun the! | There old 8 “ < red cambtric should spoiling by soap suds is of | little importance. ancy worn - ~ Misrend by the Operator. rom the Detroit Free Prers, A Detroit drummer was made the victim lof a creel error recently, and be could | scarcely be persuaded not to sue the tele- | eraph company for irreparable, exemplary and punitive Gamages, besides going to the | office with a club. It seems that while he was away on a trip a boy had come to bis house, and the glad tidings were wired him sot. In response this telegram was Hallelujab! I am experiencing the great- est jag of my life.” The fact that he @oes “celebrate” occa- sional: was against him, and such an open on as this was dreadful, and the family was almost thrown’ into hys~ Two days jater he came home and he received, showed wes lee