Evening Star Newspaper, November 18, 1893, Page 20

20 THE EVENING STAR: WASHINGTO D. C. SATURDA . NOVEMBER 18, 1893-TWENTY PAGES. BE ssomis oven tose DEATH RATES OF COLORED POPULATION UNDER FIVE YEA THE CITY'S HEALTH. Vital Statistics for Different Seo- tions of Washington. DR J. & BILLINGS RESEARCHES. Facts and Figures Appearing in a Census Report. THE COLORED DEATH RATE. ee The special report made by Dr. J. S. Billings of vital statistics of Washington and Baltimore for the six years ending with 189, the census year, gave a detailed statement concerning Washington and the twenty-nine sanitary districts into which the city was divided for the purposes of Dr. Billings’ irvestigations. as follows: Washington, the capital of the- nation, is situated just above the confluence of the Potomac and Anacostia rivers, the latter generally known as the Eastern Branch, 106 miles by river above the mouth of the Potomac and 165 miles due west from the Atlantic ocean. The distance by air line to the mouth of the Potomac is 6) miles and to the mouth of the Chesapeake bay 143 miles. The District of Columbia includes Wash- ington and Georgetown. and these, as bounded by the old corporation lines, are the areas used in most of the statistics of this report. This portion of the District has 17.9% per cent of the total area and 88.10 ber cent of the population, and is, shortly, a city. The elevation above mean sea level Fanges from 6 to 200 feet, the distribution of area in accordance therewith being as fol- lows: Lower than % feet elevation, Between 3 and 50 feet elevation. Between 50 and 75 feet elevation. Between 7% and 10) feet elevation. Over 100 feet elevation.. - 742 Both the Eastern Branch and the Poto- erage rise of tide being 3 feet. Salt Water reaches to within 50 miles of the city. ereek formed the old boundary line between Washington and Georgetown, and has high banks. A stream known as the Tiber, now converted into a sewer, came from the hills north of the city, and, pass- ing west of the Capitol, flowed south into the Potomac. A large part of the ground in the city below the altitude of 2 feet lies in the old bed of this stream or adjacent to it After leaving the Tiber basin the ground rises with tolerable regularity to the northern boundary of the city. East of the Capitol the surface is a plateau, con- taining about 1 square mile, with an eleva- tion of 8 to 90 feet above tide water. From this plateau the ground falls with generally easy slopes to the north, east and south, the Western slope to the bed of the old Tiber being steep. The soil on which the city is built is most- ly clay underlaid with gneiss rock. Very little of this rock is met with in ordinary excavations about Qthe city, and it crops out only along the Banks of Rock creek. tside of the city limits, on the north, within a radius of 5 miles, the ground is much broken, with abrupt changes of level. A considerable portion of the land is culti- vated. The city has an area of 6,50 acres. . living in 2 figures are as follows: For total area, 30.39 persons and 6.27 houses to each acre, with an average of 3.88 persons to each dwelling. There are 23% miles of streets in the city, and of these 163 miles, or 69.36 per cent, are paved. There are 209 miles of water mains, there being 0.82 miles of mains to each mile of sewers and 0.8 miles of mains to each mile of streets. There are 25 miles of sewers in the city, there being 1.09 miles to each mile | of street. Below are given the description, comment and figures in Dr. Billings’ report for each sanitary district. The death rate given for white and colored is the number of deaths per 1,00 of population, and the death rate given from various causes, such as malarial fever, consumption, etc., is the rate per 200,000 of population. Sanitary District No. 1. Sanitary District No. 1—In West Wash- ington; bounded by U (8th), 32d (High), and N (Gay) streets and the western limits of the city; height above tide water from & to 191 feet. Area, 211 acres; number of dwellings, 616; Population, 3,638; whites, 2,916; colored, 3 number of persons to each acre, 17. each dwelling, 5.91. It was a residential district, most of the houses being of modern build or old houses changed. The death rates in this district, exclusive of stillbirths. were as follows: Total—White, 20.87; colored, 37.89. Under 5 years—White, colored, 11 Mala- rial fever, 9.91; diphtheria and croup, diarrheal diseases, 203.13; typhoid fe’ 64.50; consumption, 386.44. The death rate in this district was above the average for both white and colored, the excess being the greater for the colored than for the white. The rate for white children under 5 years of age was just about the same as the average for this class, but it was decidedly below the aver- age for the colored. Diphtheria and croup caused more than the average number of deaths, consump- tion about the usual proportion and the other causes specified considerably less than the average number. malarial fever in particular being very low. . _ Sanitary District No. In West Washington; bounded by N (Gay) and 24 (High) streets, the Potomac Fiver, and 38th (College) street. rises from the river to 106 2 above tide water, with abrupt changes in level. f dwell Area, 97 acres; number Population, 2,609; whites, 2 mumber of persons to each acre, 2 each dwelling, The De Ohio canal traverses this district n. Fiver. This wag largely a bu: stores, mil) Warehou to ke and ar the with i some dwellings and ok us@1 as tenements. The death district,, exclusiv of stillbirth s follows ‘Total—Whit 84.80; phthe years—Whit. fever, 6.92 € @iarrheal dis : 6.37; consumption, 7 The death rates in t decidedly above the av district ¥ wee rates p pas) the number due to} The ground | all} RS OF AGE. of population; this was largely due to the heavy death rates of children. The colored population of the district was small and the proportion of colored children under 5 years of age was also less than usual, and the high rate for this class is of no great significance. Cousumption, diarrheal diseases, and diph- theria and croup caused more than the av- erage number of deaths, while the rate from typhoid fever was below T™2 average, and the rate due to malarial fever was par- ticularly low. Sanitary District No. In West Washington; bound by U (Road), 28th (Montgomery), N (Gay) and 52a (High) streets, the height above tide water being are 72 to 188 feet. Area, 127 acres; number of dwellings, | popuiation, ; whites, 2,501; colored, 578; | number of persons to each acre, 24.24; to jeach dwelling. 5.68. | part of this district covered the oldest j section of the city, the buildings being mainly residences and stores, all of them jold. The northern part contained some {suburban residences. ‘The death rates in this district. exclusive of stillbirths, were as follows: Total—White, 1 ‘ite, #4. 2 ses, 153.56; m2, 281.89. th rate in this district was con- siderabiy below the average for the total whites and somewhat above for the total colored. The rates for the whites under 5 years of age were considerably below the average. The proportion of children under 3 years of age in this district was small. Of the causes specified, diphtheria and croup caused more than the average num- | ber of deaths, all others being much below the -average, malarial fever again being particularly ‘low. typhoid fever, of age having native born parents the death rate was only 39.08 per 1,000, while for those having one or both parents foreign born it was 62.50. Sanitary District No. 4. In West Washington, bounded by N (Gay), 2th Gflontgomery), M (Bridge), and 29th (Greene) streets, Rock creek, the Po- tomae river and 32d (High) street. The va- riations in level range from tide water to % feet above. Area, 53 acres; number of dwellings, population, 2,800; whites, 2,246; colored, 554; number of persons to each acre, 52.8; to each dwelling, 6.59. The buildings were mostly dwellings and ‘Stores and combined stores and dwellings, some warehouses and lMmekilns along the water front, with quite a large population living over stores and in warehouses. The death rates in this district, exclusive of stillbirths, were as follows: Total—White, 19.54; colored, 44.81. Under five years—White, 61.9: colored, 143.59. Malarial fever, 12.87; diphtheria and croup, 64.35; diarrheal discases, 360.36; typhoid fever, 109.40; consumption, 360.36. The total death rates were slightly above the average for the whites and largely so for the colored. The rates under five years of age were about the same as the average. Typhoid fever, diarrheal diseases and diphtheria and croup caused more than the average number of deaths. Sanitary District No. 5. In West Washington, bounded by P (West) and Mill streets, Rock creek, 29th (Greene), M (Bridge), and 28th (Montgom- ery) streets, the height ranging from water level to 150 feet above, with numerous washouts along Rock creek, area, 103 acres; number of dwellings, 339; population, 1,920; whites, 597; colored, number of persons to each acre, 18.64; to each dwelling, 5.66. This was largely a_ colored district, the people living. in old frame tenements and small houses of modern date, many of them above or below street grades, and some along the edge of Rock creek. The Metropolitan car stables were in the northern part of this district and some limekilns existed along the creek. The death rates in this district, exclusive 8 follows: colored, 38.82. Under 533.2; colored, 162.16. Malarial fever, 18.74; diphtheria and croup, diarrheal diseases, 290. .95; consumption, 543.38. The death rates per 1,000 of population were lower than the average for the white population and above the average for the colored. Diphtheria and croup caused nearly three times the usual number of deaths and the death rate from consumption was also excessively high, itary District No. 6. Bounded by K and 2ith streets, New Hampshire and Virgiria avenues, and H street northwest and Rock creek, the varla- tions of level ranging from tide water to fifty feet above. Area, 40 acres; number of dwellings, 360; Population, 2,031; white, 1,085; colored, 946; number of persons to each acre, 50.78; to each dwelling, 5.64. This district had a large alley population, with many colored prostitutes and their followers, who gave the police much trou- ble. There were some fair dwellings, but all were old and all the aliey houses were small. The death rates in this district, exclusive of stillbirths, were as follows: typhoid Total—White, 21.10; edlored, 38.40. Under five years—White, 04.35; colored, 157.49. Malarial fever, 44.23; diphtheria and er 88.45; diarrheal diseases, 300.78; fever, 53.08; consumption, 504.25. | The death rate for the total white was | above the average, and the rate under five | years of age for this class was lower than usual. For the colored the rates were all somewhat above the average. The excess of deaths was chiefly among the adults, jand for the whites this was particularly | so among those of foreign parentage. | The number of deaths due to consumption, to diarrheal diseases and to diphtheria and croup was higher than the average. Sanitary District No. 7. | Bounded by H street, Virginia avenue, E, and B streets nort! ‘st and the Poto- ce river, the height being from tide water to 63 feet above. Area, 189 acres; number of dwellings, 357; population, 2,102; whites, 648; colored, 1,454; | number of ons to each acre, 11.68; to feach dwelling, a This had mostly a colored population, liv along the river and back of it, in smaii frames and tenements, with an occ 1 me of modern truction. Im- weré going on. Much vacant old dumps existed in many his district, exclusive s follow stal_Whit ve Whi 44.87. colored, 206. a2 and croup, typhoid both ameng the whi \ for Among the white children under 5 years | five years—White, 60 of age was the highest in the District, and for the colored it was also very high. A considerable part of the excessive death rate occurred among the children. Malarial fever caused more than five times the average proportion of deaths. Diarrheal diseases, consumption and ty- phoid fever each caused more than the av- erage number, while the rate from diph- theria and croup was much below the aver- age. The death rate from pneumonia and from accidenis and injuries was also high in this district. Sanitary District No. 8. Bounded by K, 15th, B, 18th and E streets, Virginia and New Hampshire ave- nues and 2ith street northwest; height above tide water, from 10 to 60 feet. Area, 336 acres; population, 9,649; whites, 6,968; colored, 2,781; number of persons to each acre, 28.72. This was a residential district, with dwell- ings ranging from fair to good. The Execu- tive Mansion, Treasury and State, War and Navy Department buildings were in this section. ‘The death rates in this district, exclusive of stillbirths, were as follows: Total—White, 18. larial fever, 31.83; diphtheria ‘and cro 48.68; diarrheal diseases, 146.05; typhold feve 63.66: consumption, 27.12. The death rates for hoth white and color- ed, total and under five years of age, were all below the average, the greatest dif- ference being in the rate for colored ehil- dren under five years of age. The number of deaths due to each of the | causes specified was well below the aver- being much fess than usual for diar- diseases, and for consumption in par- Sanitary District No. 9 Bounded by Boundary street, Vermont avenue, and T street northwest; the eleva- tion from eighty-five to 122 feet above tide water, Area, M8 acres; number of dwellings, 1123; population, 6.837; whites, 3,351; colored, 2,983; number of persons to each acre, 42.82; to each dwelling, 5.64. This was mainly a residential district on the extreme northern edge of the city peop- er, Three considerable streams once floy ed through this district, and it still receiy- ed surface water from’ the range of hills north of Boundary street. Some eiley popu- lation was found in the northern part, which also contained large street car stables, ‘The death rates in this district, exclusive of still-births, were as follow Total: White, 15.91; colored, 28.27; under five years: White, 62.25; colored, 133.45. Ma- larial fever, 34.08; diphtheria ‘and croup, 76.69; ditwrheal diseases, 278.25; typhoid fe- ver, 82.37; consumption, 29.39. The total death rate was somewhat below the average for both white and colored, and also for the colored children under’ five years of age, the rate for white children of this age group being slightly in excess of the average. Typhoid fever, diarrheal diseases, and diphtheria and croup each caused more than the average number of deaths. Sanitary District No. 10, Bounded by T street, Vermont and Mass- achusetts avenues, 16th, 8, and 15th streets northwest, the height above tide water varying from 74 to 101 feet. Area, 156 acres; number of dwellings, 1,456; population, 8,451; whites, 5,889; colored, 2,562; number of persons to each acre, 54.17; to each dwelling, 5.80. With the exception of a few retail stores, this district was exclusively residential, It con- all houses being of the better class. tained one market. ‘The death rates in this district, exclusive of still-births, were as follows: Total: White, 12.43; colored, 23.79. Under White, 39.24; colored, 134.65. Ma- ver, 23.53; consumption, 226.70, ‘The death rates in this district were very low, both for white and colored. In the ag- gregate it had the lowest rate of any lo- callty in the District, namely, 15.89. For each of the causes specified the rates were very much below the average. Sanitary District No. 11. Bounded by T, 15th, S, 16th, and N streets, Rock creek, and Boundary street north- west, the level varying from Rock creek to © feet above tide water. Area, 246 acres; population, 5,410; whites, 3,080; colored, 2,38; number of persons to each acre, 21.9. This area contained the finest residences in the city, although much of it was made sround, the streams that originally flowed south from the boundary until near the center of the district, and, after making a bend farther south, reappeared at its wes- tern end and entered Kock creek, having been mostly filled, the filis in places reach- ing forty feet, There was an extensive dump at Rock creek, where the Boundary street sewer discharged. The death rates in this district, exclusive of still-births, were as follows. Total: White, 17.89; colored, 31.83. Under five years: White, 68. colored, 147.78. Ma- larial fever, 36.70; diphtheria and croup, 63.38; diarrheal diseases, 240.19; typhoid fe- ver, 66.72; consumption, 280.22. This shows that the rates per 1,000 of popu- lation in this district very closely approxi- mated the average rates for the city, and the same is true of the rates per 100,000 of population due to diarrheal diseases, diph- theria and croup, and malarial fever. The rate due to consumption was much below the average in this district. Sanitary District No. 12. Bounded by street, Massachusetts and Vermont avenues, and K street northwest, and Rock creek, the altitude ranging from the level of the creek to seventy feet above. Area, 243 acres; population, 11,151; whites, 4,774; colored, 6,377; number of persons to each acre, 45.89. This was mostly .a residential district,and contained much made land. The stream mentioned above traversed it partly from east to west. The houses ranged from me- dium to good. There was a considerable alley population of the vicious class; it con- tained one market. The death rates in this district, exclusive follows: colored, 31.80. Under colored, 165.36. Ma- A and croup, } typhoid fe- of still-birth: Total larial or, diarrheal diseases c amption, 3 was a large dis point of popu- preportion of children, both was considerably less e death rates were for both white and than the average lored children under is may be accounted y the comparatively chrildren, mentioned than the ave lower than the a « red total, and hi r the white and five years of age. to some ext 1 number of above. zh colored, 26.52. Under } 6. of deaths in this district, the other causes specified each somewhat less than the average. Sanitary District No. 13. Bounded by Bouridary and S streets and Vermont avenue northwest; height above tide water from eighty to ninety feet. Area, .forty acres; number of dwellings, 496; population, 2,701; whites, 2,053; colored, 648; number of persons to each acre, 67.53; to each dwelling, 5.45. This district, mainly of a residential char- acter, with small retail stores, adjoined the northern boundary of the city, and was originally traversed by the Tiber, with several lateral branches, and much of the land had been drained and filled. There was a considerable vicious colored and white population in the northern part in the vicinity of 7th street northwest. ‘The death rates in this district, exclusive ; colored, 41.46. Under 99; colored, 197.44. Ma- diphtheria and croup, 120.05; diarrheal diseases, 233. typhoid fe- ver, 66.69; consumption, 306.79. The death rates in this district among the whites per 1,000 of population were about the same as the average. The rate for the was very low and flat, the elevation no- where exceeding 16 feet above tide water. Area, 68 acres; number of dwellings, 274; Population, 1,550; whites, 1,172; colored, 378; number of persons to each acre, 22.79; to each dwelling, 5.36. This district contained two large livery stables, two lumber yards, a few manufa turing establishments and theaters, a num. ber of drinking saloons, and many prosti- tutes, white and colored. The death rates in this district, exclusive of stillbirths, were as follow: Total—White, 28.14; colored, 56.03. Under five years—White, 112.45; colored, 326.67. Ma- larial fever, 46.65; diphtheria and croup, 46. diarrheal diseases, 256.29: typhoid fever, 69. consumption, 443.20. The population of this district was Small and the proportion of children under five years of age was also considerably below the average. For the whites the death rates were the highest, with one exceptio: of any subdivision, and for the colored they were the highest without exception. The number of deaths due to malarial fever, diarrheal diseases, and typhoid fever were about the same as the average; the number due to consumption was consider- ably higher and the number due to diph- theria and croup considerably lower than the average for these causes. colored was considerably above the average both as to the total rate and that for those under five years of age. The rate due to diphtheria and croup in this district was more than twice as great as the average rate for these causes. For the other causes specifled the average num- ber cf deaths was well below the average, for malarial fever particularly. Sanitary District No. 14. Bcunded by S, Boundary, 1st, O, and 10th streets, and Massachusetts and Vermont avenues northwest. The variations in level rarge from 6 to 9 feet above tide water. Area, 251 acres; population, 13,704; whites, 9,041; colored, 4,663; number of persons to each acre, 54.60, This was a residential district, the houses ranging from fair to very good. A branch of Tiber creek originally flowed’ through the district from northwest to southeast. The death rates in this district, exclusive of stillbirths, were as follows: Total—White, 16.26; colored, 34.71. Under five years—White, 51.45; colored, 165.45. Mu- larial fever, 32.93; diphtheria and croup, 47.41; diarrheal diseases, 218.62; typhoid fev- .53; Consumption, 352.96. er, 60.5 For the whites the death rate per 1,000 of population was iess than the average, but ,for the colored it was slightly above the average. The rate due to each of the causes specified was well below the average. Sanitary District No. 15. Bounded by O ard Ist streets, Massachu- setts avenue, and 10th street northwest. The altitude varied from 40 to 90 feet. Area, 242 acres; population, 16,715; whit. 10,545; colored. 6,170; number of persons to each acre, 69.07, This district was devoted to residential purposes and contained a large alley pop- ulatiga, mostly colored. The houses facing the streets were good,while the alley houses were small, cheaply built, and crowded to the utmost. There were two markets and several large livery stables in this section. The death rates in this district, exclusive of stillbirths, were as follows: Total—White, 17.86; colored, 35.39. Under five years—White, 60.63; colored, 179.45. Ma- larial fever, 31.31; diphtheria and croup, 43.18; diarrheal diseases, -yphoid fever, consumption, £9.13. The death rates among the white popula- tion were very close to the average rates for this class. The rates among the colored were slightly above the average, the excess 2 == 30T0 35» 353408 4079745 ) a5 Eur 50% * Hy. as GBR schis ovens - DEATH RATES Sanitary District No. 19. Bounded by Massachusetts avenue north- west, Ist street northwest and southwest, B street southwest, lfth street northwest and southwest, B and 9th streets, Louisiana avenue, and 5th street northwest. The alti- tude varied from six to forty-five feet above tide water. Area, 458 acres; number of dwellings, 1,380; Population, 9,263; whites, 7,183; colored, 2,080; number of persons to each acre, 20.22; to each dwelling, 6.71. This district contained mainly business houses, public buildings, hotels and livery stables, with two blocks having a dense colored population; one inhabited by colored pzostitutes, the other filled by the worst class in the city. The dwellers in these two blocks last mentioned, which were between Maine and Maryland avenues, 3d and 4 1-2 streets southwest, were largely thieves and prostitutes, both white and colored. There was one large market in this section. ‘The death rates in this district, exclusive of stillbizths, were as follows: Total—-White, 20.09; colored, 40.87. Under 5 years—White, 67.61; colored, 239.45. Malaria) fever, 29.30; diphtheria and croup, 41.02; diarrheal diseases, 177.74; typhoid fever, 74.22; consumption, 335.95. The death rates for the whites were slight- ly above the average and for the colored were decidedly high. The propcrtion of deaths due to typhoid fever was about the same as the average, and the number due to each of the other causes specified was below the average pzo- portion. Sanitary District No. 20. Bounded by B, 7th and G streets, the Po- tomac river and 15th street southwest, with an average altitude of thirty feet above tide water. Area, 149 acres; population, 7,099; whites, 5,788; colored, 1,311; number of pezsons to each acre, 47.64. ‘This was the best part of the southwest- ern section of the city, and was mainly oc- cupfed by residences of the middle classes. The death rates in this district, exclusive of stillbirths, were as follo’ Total—White, 21. colored, 33.80. Under five years—White, 78.67; colored, 122.67. Ma- larial fever, 71.17; dipththeria and croup, 5.92; diarrheal diseases,216.6; typhoid fever, 76.25; consumption, 312.64. rare Sate 4 i suff iif i OTAL COLORE OF T {rounded with small houses for the workmen D South Capitol street and Virginia avenue southwest. The ground rose from the river to seventy feet above. Area, 689 acres; population, 13,179; whites, 10,495; colored, 2,684; number of pe>sons to each acre, 19.13. This district occupied the southern slope of Capitol Hill and contained many dwell- ings of @ fair grade. ‘There was much — t land. e death rates of thi: t of stillbirths, were as certs tea ee Total—White, 19.16; colored, 35. Under five years—White, 65.11; colored, 143.26. Ma- larial fever, $3.39; diphtheria and crou, @2.§8; diarrheal diseases,i31.W; typhoid fever, Ali ney Pe ypenticge per 1 en District, with’ the ‘exception of the ler fiv rn 19, mm excess of ie avenget ee e death rate due neatly tree as iegnanie fever wag cause; those for diphtheria and croup and typhoid fever were about equally high. while | diarrheal diseases and consumption showed @ reduced rate in comparison with the av- erage for the city. Sanitary District No. 24. Bounded by B street northwest and north- east, Ist Street and Maryland avenue north- east, 12th street northeast and southeast, E | street southeast and southwest and ist | stree southwest. The highest point in this | district was 91 feet above tidewater and the lowest point was about 8 feet. Area, 539 acres; population, 16,412; whites, 12,508; colored, 3,909; number of persons to each acre, 30.45. This district was residential in character, with houses ranging from fair to good, egg § of them small. It contained one mar- et. ‘The death rates in this district, exciusive of stillbirths, were as follows: Total—White, 16.50; colored, 32.31. Under five years—Whit: 55.50; colored, 155.17. Malarial fever, 38.51; diphtheria and croup, 64.91; diarrheal dis- eases, 169.43; typhoid fever, 50.61; consump- tion, 314.65. The death rates per 1,00 of population in this district were just the reverse of those | in the preceding district, in that all of the rates, with the exception of the colored under five years of age, were somewhat be- low the average. The death rate due to malarial fever was slightly below the average and that due to diarrheal diseases was very much lower | than usual, as was the case with the rate | for typhoid fever. Diphtheria and croup caused more than the average number of deaths. Sanitary District No. 25. Bounded by Maryland avenue, 16th and C streets northeast, the Eastern branch of the Potomac, E street southeast and 12th | street southeast and northeast, the ground | sloping from 8 feet above tidewater to the marshes of the Eastern branch. Area, 5% acres; population, 4,039; whites, 1,368; colored, 2,671; number of persons to each acre, 7.59. This district lay on the eastern slope of Capitol Hill and contained much vacant land. There were several brickyards sur- | within it. The District jail and alms house and also the Congressional cemetery were located in the eastern section. ‘The death rates in this district, exclusive of stillbirths. were as follows: Total—White, 12.69; colored, 29.59. Under five years of age —White, 55.56; colored, 158.58. Malerial fe- ver, 57.8; diphtheria and croup, 66.76; dlar- rheal diseases, 275.92; typhoid fever, 66. consumption, 298.18, The colored dedth rate for those under This was a suburban district, the ground very rolling, with abrupt changes in jevel, ranging from tide water to nearly 440 feet above. ‘The greater part of this population waa found in the vicinity of Boundary —- and 7th street road and in small villages, which Mount Pleasant, Tenleytown, Bright- wood, Brookland, Ivy City and Eckington were the largest. The Zoological park, the National Sol- diers' Home and the principal cemeteries of the city were in this district. ‘The death rates in this district, exclusive of stillbirths, were as follows: Total White, 15.083; colored, under 5 years— white, 48.79; colored, 99.27; malarial 20.59; diphtheria and croup, 57.59; diseases, 205.97; typhoid fever, 45.88; con- sumption, 296.75. In the death rates given per 1,000 of pop- ulation the deaths occurring in the Soldiers? Home have been excluded. In the rates for the causes per 100,000 of pop~ ulation these deaths have been included. The population of the Soldiers’ Home could ent Se sepasated team Che sent of the Gp» ict. The total death rates per 1.00 of popula- tion, both white and colored, in this dis- trict were low, the greatest falling off bel in the colored rate, and the same is true the death rates under 5 years of age. ‘The number of deaths due to malarial fever Was about half the usual proportion and a little over half for typhoid fever. All of the other causes also showed a falling off in the proportion of deaths due to such causes, Sanitary District No. 29. All that part of the District of Columbia lying east and south of the Eastern branch of the Potomac river. Area, 9,605 acres; population, 8,976; whites, 5,402; colored, 3,574; number of persons to each acre of total area, 0.93. This was also a suburban district of the Same general characteristics as to topog- raphy as district No, 28, except that the maximum altitude was not so great. The Government Insane was — ra this district. — “i e death rates in this of stillbirths, were as fohows: foal wane, 49. diphtheria and croup, 40.12; eases, 318.93; typhoid fever, 66.16; consuinp- Hon, 487.4. ; ‘he population of the insane asylum could not be separated from the rest of the dis- trict. In the rates per 1,00 of population the deaths in this institution were excluded, hence these rates are stated as a little specified are included. For the whites the total death rate was the lowest of any in the District, and for the white children under five years of age the rate was also much below the average. The rate for the total colored was about the same as thi { ew that for the colored children under five xears of age was considerably lower than usual. The number of deaths due to malarial fever in this district was more than twice as great as the average number from this cause. Diarrheal diseases and consumption produced much more than the average num- ber of deaths, and diphtheria ani croup and typhoid fever each much less than the average. Altitude and Death Rates. Other interesting tables show the rela- tions between altitude and death rates in the two cities. The following ts a recayltu- lation of the figures relating to Washington, It gives the average annual death rates, exclusive of stillborn, during the six-year | period per 1,000 of mean population, with distinction of color and of those under five years of age: also the average annual death Tates per 100,000 of mean population due te certain specified causes: POPULATION. being greater among the colored children under five years of age. Of the causes specified consumption alone caused more than the average number of deaths. Sanitary District No. 16. Bounded by Massachusetts avenue, and I streets, New York avenue, 15th street and Vermont avenue northwest. The height above tide water varied from 45 to 87 feet. Area, 104 acres; number of dwellings, 733; population, 5,087; whites, 4,218; colored, 859; number of persons to each acre, 48.91; to each dwelling, 6.94. This was also a residential district, with dwellings, boarding houses, apartment houses and hotels. The death rates in this district, exclusive of stillbirths, were as follow: ‘Total—W hite, 51; colored, 30.30. Under five years—White, 69.44; colored, 236.43, Ma- larial fever, 28.53; diphtheria and croup, O. iarrheal diseases, 121.94; typhoid fever, 71.32; consumption, 260.31. The total death rates for both while and colored were slightly under the average rates, but the death rates under five years of age for each race were in excess of the average. It appears, however, that there was less than half of the usual propor- tion of children in this district, and that the deficiency applied equally to both white and colored, which may account for the apparently high rate among the children. The death rate due to diphtheria and croup was slightly above the average, for typhoid fever it was about the same as the average, and for consumption, diarrheal diseases, and malarial fever it was much below the average. Sanitary District No. 17. Bounded by New York avenue, I and 5th streets, Louisiana and Pennsylvania ave- nues and 15th street northwest. The varia- tions of level ranged from 14 to 52 feet above tide water. Area, 19% acre: number of dwellings, 1,442; population, 10,274; whites, 9,063; col- 1,211; number of persons to each acre, 2 to each dwelling, 7.12. The principal business houses in the city and nearly all of the large government of- fices were in this section, together with many boarding houses and apartment houses and hotels. There was also a large alley population in this district. The death rates in this district, exclusive of stillbirths, were as follows: Total—White, 17.46; colored, 35.27. Under five years.—White, 80.37; colored, 226.78. Ma- larial fever, 15.9; diphtheria and croup, 42.39; diarrheal diseases, 120.11; typhoid fever, 40. consumption, 247.28. ‘The death rate for the total white was somewhat below the average and for the white under five years of age was consider- ably in excess of the average. For the col- ored both the total rate and the rate for those under five years of age were in ex- cess of the average, that for those under five years of age being very high. From this it would appear that the death rate among young children in this district was very heavy and that of the adult popula- tion relatively small, but the fact is that the proportion of children both white and colored under five years of age was much smaller than usual, which may account for the apparently excessive rate in tnis class. The number of deaths due to all of the causes specified was very much lower than the average. Sanitary Disirict No. 18. Consumption and diarrheal diseases caus- vtal and for thtse under five years , ed slightly more than the average number Bounded by Pennsylvania avenue and 9th, B, and 15th streets northwest. This distridt Sth) \ ‘The death rates of the whites in this dis- trict were higher than usual, the greater | excess being in_ the chiidren under five years of age. For the colored the total death rate was about the same as the average rate, while the rate for the children of this class under five years of age was considerably less than the average. ‘The proportion of deaths due to malarial fever was very high. Diphtheria and croup and typhoid fever caused about the usual proportion, and diarrheal diseases and consumption considerably less than the average number of deaths. Sanitary District No. 21. Bounded by B and Istestreets, Delaware avenue, P street, the Potomac river, and G and 7th streets southwest, the level varying from tide water to twenty feet above. Area, 305 acresg population, 19,038; whites, 10,404; colored, 8,634; number of persons to each acre, 62.42. This district has a poor class of popula- tion, mainly colored; the houses were most- ly small and many of them old frames. East of 4 1-2 street the population was al- most entirely colored, very poor and idle. The death rates in this district, exclusive of stillbirths, were as follows: Total—White, 21.38; colored, 4. Under five years—White, 80.91; colored, 155.42. Ma- larial fever,44.41; diphtheria and croup, 67.09; diarrheal diseases, 311.81; typhoid fever, 54.80; consumption, 424.25. The death rates for both white and color- ed in this district were a little above the average, the greatest excess being for the white children under five yea: of age. This was the largest district in the city in point of population, and the proportion of children under five years of age was about the same as the average for the city. ‘The death rates caused by diphtheria and croup, diarrheal diseases and consumption were considerably higher than usual. Ma- larial fever caused about the average num- ber and typhoid fever decidedly less than the average number of deaths. Sanitary District Yo. 22. Bounded by Virginia avenue and South Capitol street, the Eastern branch of the Potomac, Delaware avenue and Ist street southwest. It is very low and flat, the ele- vation nowhere exceeding thirty feet above tide water. Area, 279 acres; population, 2,952; whites, 1,283; colored, 1,669; number of persons to each acre, 10.58. This district closely resembled the eastern mainly occupied by poor colored people, liv- ing in poor houses and shanties. There were two dumping grounds in the south part. The death rates in this district, exclusive of stillbirths, were as follows: Total—White, 20.52; colored, 37.60. Under five years—White, 76.92; colored, 147.80. Ma- larial fever, 121.57; diphtheria and croty 48.63; diarrheal diseases, 346.46; typhoid fever, %.10; consumption, 322.15. The death rates in this district were somewhat higher than the average, being about equally so for the white and colored and for the children under five years of age. The rate for malarial fever in this district was nearly three times the average, and that for diarrheal diseases was also high. Consumption and diphtheria and croup show a falling off from the average rate. Sanitary District No. 22. Bounded by E street southwest and south- east, the Eastern branch of the Potomac, | | one exception, in the District. part district 21, which it joined, and was, five years of age in this district was slight- ly above the average rate per 1,000 of popu- lation of this class. The other rates were all lower than the average, the death rate for the total white being the lowest, with Malarial fevers, diphtheria and croup and diarrheal diseases each caused more than the average proportion of deaths from these causes. Sanitary District No. 26. Bounded by L street northwest and north- east, 24 street northeast, E street north- | east and northwest and ist street north-| West; average altitude about 31 feet. Area, 159 acres; numberof dwellings, 1,515, Population, 7,696; whites, 6,009; colored, 1,687; number of persons to each acre, 48.40; to each dwelling, 5.85. : This district was known as “Swam- poodle.” The Tiber creek crossed this dis- trict from north to south, being joined about the center by quite a large stream It contained a dense alley. and short street population around the g ermment printing office and adjacent to the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. ‘rhe death rates in this district, exclusive of stillbirths, were as follows: Total—White, | 20.68; colored, 33.69; under five years—white, | 72.69; colored, 139.29; malarial fever, 37.51; diphtheria and croup, 60.9%; diarrheal dis- eases, 264.1 typhoid fever, 63.30; consump- tion, 332.91. This shows the death rates for the whites to have been somewhat above the average, the greatest excess having been for the | white children under 5 years of age. The | death rate for the total colored was about the same as the average, while the rate for the colored children under 5 years was lower than usual. Diphtheria and croup and diarrheal dis- eases caused more than the average pro- portion of deaths. Sanitary District No. 27. Bounded by Boundary street northwest and northeast, Maryland avenue and L street northeast, B street northeast and northwest, Ist street northwest, E street northwest and northeast, 2d street north- east, L street northeast and northwest and 1st street northwest; the variations of level from 10 to & feet above tide water. ‘OPNITITE 8F 9905 OOT OF CL HOTAIETC “OPH BF 9903 CZ OF OF HPTAISTCT OPNITI IN Ut 4093 OG OF Ce HIOTAIETCE OPHIFITE UY Joos CG ZOPON spopayerey “OCNTTATW UY LAO Paw yoo; OOL MOET oo'se “ios, iste 90 8 ale 6O'L0T Sg ete EERBS | S222) 1 SESEE) : z essen] F zlg sesealif |’ le = = = geeee | Bd i g treet ov'Let Leos 13 Oot @ span } | “@EQ0' IOLA NUOMTIILG ‘SUVAL XIS MOA ALVA HLVAG IVANNV AOVUGAV gsees Z| 2eeee 3 | g SEES: 4 freee) \f ppecs| ff E 43444 | E It will be seen from these tables that while there are exceptions the rule is that the death rate diminishes as the altitude increases, and that this is true for both the white and the colored. In Baltimore city in those districts under % feet in alti- tude the average annual death rate was | 26.13, In those between 25 and 5@ feet in alti- tude it was 23.69, from 50 to 7% it was 23.48 from 7% to 100 it was 19.79, and 10) and over it was 19.92. In Washington the death rate Was 27.61 in the localities under 2 feet in altitude and 21.86 in those 100 feet high and upward. The Mortality in Different Months. Another series of tables groups the deaths under different causes and by months, showing that the hot months of July and August are those of the highest mortality. The report says: These tables present many interesting points for comparison and study. It will be ‘seen, for example, that in both cities diphtheria especially prevails from August to February, enteric or typhoid fever from August to December, malarial fevers in September and October, diarrheal diseases in June, July, August and September. Sul- cides were most frequent in the of Columbia in February, March and De- cember; in Baltimore in March, August December, while accidents and injuries caused the’ greater number of deaths in July and August in Baltimore and in June and July in the District of Columbia. Sun- stroke was more fatal in Washington than in Baltimore. The higher death rate in the summer months is due entirely to the high- er infantile death rate; the minor increase }of death rates in the colder months is due | mainly to increase of the death rate among | those sixty years of age and upward. The greatest variation in monthly death rates | occurred among the colored in Baltimore | city, ranging from 2.49 in November to 433 in July per 1,00 of population. Typhoid Fever. During the six-year period typhoid fever Area, 599 acres; population, 14,092; whites, 10,689; colored, 3,403; number of persons to each acre, 23.53. This district covered the northern slope of Capitol Hill and was residential in char- acter, with large vacant grounds and many unpaved streets. ‘The death rates in this district, exclusive of stillbirths, were as follows: Total—White, 15.68; colored, 29.81; under § years—white, 41; colored, 138.32; malarial fever, 53.69 diphtheria and croup, 58.80; diarrheal dis- eases, 198.14; typhoid fever, ‘56.5; consump. All of the death rates per 1,000 of popula- | tion in this district were below the average. | In consumption, typhoid fever and diar- | rheal diseases there was a decided falling off in the proportion of deats due to these causes, while malarial fever showed a con- siderable increase. Sanitary District No. 2s. All that part of the District of Columbia lying north and west of Boundary street | and West Washington west of the Eastern branch of the Potomac river. | Area, 20,34 acres; population, 18,458; whites, 11,368; colored, 7,070; number of per- sons to each acre of total area, 0.91. | caused 94 deaths in Baltimore city, or 40.17 | deaths annually per 100,000 of population. | During the census year it caused 161 deaths, or 40.7% per 100,00 of population, the rate being a little above the average. The death rate from typhoid fever was greater among the colored, and especially ' so for the group five to fifteen years of age. ‘The table below shows the death rates from typhoid fever per 100,00 population im Baltimore and in the District of Columbia, with distinction of color, nativity, and par | entage. Death rates. Color, nativity end per- - ‘cutal nativity. - lenin vie Both pare Cne or bot! foreurn Foreign Lorn. Color Bi-thplar United Ireland Germany.