Evening Star Newspaper, July 15, 1893, Page 11

PARIS OF THE OCEAN. Lively Scenes at Trouville During the Season. ON THE NORMAN COAST. How the French Bathe—Adopting English Customs—Two Sides of Trouville—The Uses of the Peignoir—The Bathing Sec- tlons—On the Board Walk. an cae Bpectal Correnvondence of The Evening Star. Trovvitte, June 27, 1898. HEN PARIS GOES TO the seashore for the “season” Trouville, the queen of the beaches, is the smartest snd most snimated resort along the Norman coast. At Trouville the greatest number of yachtsare to be found; she has her “Eden,” a cafe concert where an audience as- sembies brilliant enough to grace a first night at the Comedie Francaise; her Casino has its ex- cellent theater and its Union Club, while the completely aristocratic town of Deauville, a short drive distant, divides with her the best Borse racing outside of Paris. ty — — 3 SSF BEING SERIOUS. At Trouville- Deauville the tone is quite Eng- ish. This isnot so much due to the presence of the islanders as to the trickling of English heads of ultra- in everything that relates to sport, with the ex- cep ‘and the Biey- ele, Anglo-Saxon race, whose catdoor recreations they are now beginning to take up. “Mother,” an aristoctatie girl is supposed to say as they stand together in the surf, ‘did my “What a question,” the mother replies. “In those days we did not bathe.” ‘THE ENGLISH IN€LUENCE. It is the English mffuence which has changed allthis. And the mere sea bath, even with its coquettish possibilities in the way of costumes, could not have made the Trouville of today. Here there is lawn tennis, pola, yacht racing, pigeon shooting—and ther are glove contests in the pretty little Eden, glove contests between English light weights’ On all of these the fashionables «mile with approval,until at Trou- Ville-Deanville you can see that a new world is growing up in France. This new world is the world of sport, and its votaries hang upon the edge of fashionable life. Rich men are tolerated because they have yachts and are expert at coaching. Strangers whom no one knows not only as heretofore rub elbows with the high world at the gambling tables, but at races and at outdoor games, and at many a social fanc- tion. It is nothing that a prince should lose 26,000 franes on the same table at whicha bookmaker wins three good banks. At Paris each would go his way when sil was done and over. But Trouville is a very little Paris, and fmt the height of the season the tares and the wheat seom growing up together in luxuriant confusion. TROUVILLE is within some six hours of Paris by the im- portant railway line of Havre, and it has its situation on the protected coast of northwest- ern France, within the waters of the English channel, free from the worst Atlantic storms. ‘The town itself is an old fishing village run- ning down tne side of a hill to s magnificent and smooth beach of fine sand. This beach, which is several miles in length and more than half a mile deep at low tide, has not its equal on the coast. At Havre, some ten miles tant, the beach is so fertile in ugly boulders of & SAN Ae IN THE NAMAN COUNTRY SIDE. all sizes that the incoming tide, as the waves roll up and recede, makes @ noise with them hike the crackling of thunder. At Trouville it is almost as fine as our own New Jersey coast, with the alded advantage of an interesting Jand side. Behind the town is the rich and fer- tile country of Normandy, with perfect ear- Tiage drives through woods and meadows, apple orchards and the most charming antique vil- Jages imaginable. TH FASHIONARER QUARTER, ‘The old town of Trouville straggies dowa a sloping elf to meet the sea. Skirting the beach and cutting off the old town there is one long lins of handsome stone and brick v It is to these that Tronville owss its fash: tone, which has nothing in common with the extravaga: hotel patrons nor the mixed erowd o: the board walk. Sporting events and yacht races, borses and glove fights, pigeon shooting and coach driving—theve are but one size of hfe for the ultra-fashionables who in- habit these same villas. ‘Trouville does not sports, but the sports exist for it, toithkea baby's nervous fingers to its moth rt. Yet there are rich men in the sporting circle who do not understand it. Becauss ther mingle half the day with famons people ther begin to faney that they, too, are of the great world. But these come in time to find themselves to be of the worid—and very much se—but “not in it.” THE FEENCH SU=OER GIRL. At Trouville they wold not appreciate the Joke of the small boy with his bail’s-eve lantern and the young man and girl to whom he calls: “Fifty cents or filtarn on the light!” The French girl may neither walk nor sit upon the ALL READY. peach with a young nor yet alone by morning, noon or nigh:, At most she may go no further than to have her chaperon stand sentinel in a dark corner by the bath houses; and the chap- eron will keep an eye apon the loving couple for the girl's sake, for the world’s rake and for ber own sake, becanse she finds it interesting to ber battered maturity. ‘On the other hand the goes into the surf, wears a buthing costume that would raise a howl upon New Jersey sands, In the first place she puts on ne stocking’s She wearsa cap to protect her head and can- Yas shoes to protect her feet. Her other cover- ing is a single combination it, without = sign of ‘When rented froma bath house ABATE HOUSE. its revealing qualities dopend exclusively 0 the At. It‘hes no arme and it onds consider- sitier ight Zereey gueds or light lath, accord either light Jersey or , accord- ing to your choice; and with the former, which are very popular, so much depends upon the way they stretch, as everybody knows. ON THE BEACH. Between 10 end 11 o'clock in the morning the beach presents a picturesque and lively scene. Trouville is Paris by the sea; and, as at Paris, you have all kinds of people, filling out all kinds of costumes. At Havre, just across the bas, costumes are also of the utmost variety; and wi is an_excur- sion ‘train down from — Paris—they never come to ‘Trouville—tho ensemble is not always of the most refined elegance. When thero has been a rur on the bathing costumes they offer you asheet. At Etretat it is aiways a close-fitting Jersey suit for women aswell as for men. Etretat is @ quiet place, affected by artists and literary men. Every one there rides himself on being a swimmer, and it is thought nothing is so charming for Cals | as an abbreviated knitted garment with » Fxmaastic belt. At Treport, most of thers undress at home and go through the street of the little village in their peignoirs, which give a pleasing variety of white, rose and jae, THE PEIGNOIR. At Trouville modesty is graduated to suit the views of all The unmarried daughter of the family, who may not speak to gentlemen and who goes bare-limbed into the water, shining pink and white in the green golden foam-capped breakers like a precious seashell, hides herself in her peignoir when she makes her timid ran across the sands. The peignoir is a sheet, and it isso ample that if the wind lifts up its very smallest edge it is not because she does not know it. ‘This peignoir ia given to her with her suit within the bath house. The bath houses and the beach itself are divided off to meet the views of all. THE BATHING SECTIONS. At Trouville there are three distinct bath- ing squares. There is the square of the men alone, where only the simplest swimming tights are demanded. There is tho mixed square, where all, both men and women, must wear complete suits—that is, they must cover everything but armsand legs. Last of all, there is the square of the ladies alone, where Pere la Pudeur, as they call him, passes his time in keeping out the men. Though it is perfectly correct for young girls toenter the mixed square, accompanied by their natural protectors, many mothers would not hear of it for their daughters. ‘This is not so much to keep them from the contamination of other girls who perambulate the sand wear- ing their peignotrs like scarfs,and whose natural protectors are far away. It is not of them that the mother is afraid. Here they are philosophi- cal, and if they rub elbows with the demi- monde in theaters, restaurants, hotels and in their own apartment houses,” their presence does no harm upon the beach. What themother objects to in the mixed square is that her ten- der child should see the men at too close quar- ters and that they should seo her. There are French girls who have visited the sea- shore every summer of their lives, and who have never hada scamper on the sand. Their bathing has been confined to secretive dips from the steps of bathing machines wheeled out into the Indies’ square. FOR PRIVATE OCCUPATION Detween times of recognized social functions the young ladies at Trouville sit with their mothers and girl friends under big umbrellas, read novels and keep their eyes and ears open. Whon they are very littie they run around the beach with their brothers and troops of other well-conditioned children, guarded by nurses carrying their shoes and stockings. But soon the time comes to be serious. Being serious means to be as quiet as. mouse, as demure as ‘a well-trained servant, as innocent as sur- ‘THE PRESENTATION. reptitiously read novels will allow. and as will- ing to marry as a atone dropped from the top of the Eiffel tower is willing to strike the earth. ON THE BOARD WALE— for there is a board walk—people meet by chance and by appointment. They walk and chat and flirt. You see grave old Frenchmen with sallow, ascetic-looking faces, well known in the Faubourg Saint-Germain. You see leis- urely English people, Americans and South Americans. French school misses pass on un- der convoy of a governess or = maid or a mother. And there is the contingent from that wicked world of Paris which is culled the boulevard, who have no fear of God before their eyes, ‘Take away the board walk and Trouville, the nd the Paris of ld exist no longer. The board walk is as necessary, in its way, as are the aris- tocratie villas, The villas are essential, be- cause the gay world could nevermake a city for itself. The board walk is essential, because the Villas by themselves would be as quiet ae neigh- boring Deauville, built like an English park, square, straight and trim, like its own exclusi life. Tveauville sits calm and noiseless, with its cottages and chalets buried in nests of greenery. Trouville is brilliant and a trifle noisy, and all because of the board walk. ‘The Trouville board walk is like the Champs Flysees or the Boulevard des Italiens, reaching down to the seashore, with this difference, that the people who go back and forth along it don special costumes which permit of their keeping tone with this perspective of light and shining colors and give themselves cheaply the satisfaction of passing for very kings of chicness, A flannel suit (dark blue this y for men, with a silk sash and a light costume of shining cambric for ladies, and the trick is done. French girl, when she | ‘Along this board walk all the best und worst sides of Paris life may be observed in minia- ture. {Steatixe Hei. {of Corbett, the prize fighter. THE EVENING STAR: WASHINGTON, D. C.. SATURDAY. JULY 15. 1893—SIXTEEN PAGES. MR. HOKE SMITH. A Chat With Him About Himself; and Public Questions. SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR How He Looks, Acts and Talks—His Habits of Work and Freedom From Worry—His Buccess as = Lawyer How He Came to Go Inte the Cabinet. a ‘Written for The Evening Star. E WILL BE THIRTY- eight years old next September. He stands six feet two in his stockings and weighs 220 pounds. He is as straight asa Lake Su- Perior oak, and « line dropped from the back of his big round head would just kiss the heels of his polished boots. I refer to Mr. Hoke Smith, the now Secretary of the Interior. He is the biggest, strongest and healthiest personality who has Deon at the head of this department for years. Noble was fat and flabby, Vilas was lean, nervous and frascible, Lamar was absent- minded and dyspeptic, and both Teller and Schurz would not together wei more than Hoke Smithy 1 penta faced with him at the Interior Department re- cently. It was my first meeting with him, and I found him a far different man than the papers hare painted. Hoke Smith is not fat, though he does weigh over 200 pounds. His big frame 18 padded symmetrically with muscular flesh and his body looks as to be as firm as that c He sits up straight in bls chair and stands firmly on his HOW HOKE SMITH WoRKs. Secretary Smith is one of the hardest workers we have had in the cabinet for years. I have made a number of inquiries about him at the department and I am told that he spends twice as many hours there as any of his clerks. He gets to the Interior Department about 9 o'clock in the morning and works away steadily until 6 or 7 in the evening. After dinner he comes back and his light is often burning in his office uutil after midnight. During my talk with him I noted no signs of overwork on his features, and Tasked him how ho managed to keep in such good condition and put in so many hours. He replied that he did not think that work hurt any man, and that he had learned to work with- out worry. Said he: “I do my best thinking about a matter when it is before mo. took upon all sides of it, and when I have passed upon it it is settled for good as far as I am con- cerned. Ithink that worry is largely a matter of habit and that concentration of mind can be acquired by training, Inever lot anything outside of the matter at issue bother me. If snzthing elao comes up I put it aside instead of making a note of it. have a fixed time every day for thinking over the little things that I ought to do, and at this time I jot them down. Thave trained myself 80 that f can go to sleo) a8 soon as Igo to bed. I never talk or rea in bed and I don't think except when I am sit- ting or standing up. If my mind seems to run on any one subject I dismiss it, and the re- sult is Tam never troubled with’ insomnia, I have worked right along on legal cases until 9 o'clock in the morning and then turned in and slept like a baby. HOKE SMITH AS A LAWYER. ‘The conversation here turned to law and Mr. Smith spoke very modestly of himself as law- yer, saying that he liked the practice and that he would go back to it aa soon as the present administration was over. He is, you know, one of the ablest lawyers of the United States, and an intimate friend of his told me the other day that his fees from the law during the past } hoes had footed up just about $40,000. He is thoroughly grounded in the law and he has one of the finest private law libraries in the United States. His study bas been of the law, not of cases, and he keeps adding to his legal knowl- edge by constant application. Not long ago he took a fancy to the decisions of Judge Cooley of Michigan and bought all the Michigan state reports in order that he might read these de- cisions. He anotates his books while reading, and not long ago s famous equity case camo up. in the Georgia courts and he was called upon money in his law practice, and he practices law because he likes it hewspaper has bee me side issue inliis life, and he told me that he expects to sell the Atlanta Journal and to give up his connection with it before many years. While chatting with I asked him when he had first decided to become alawyer. He replied: “I can't re- member when I did not expect to study law. It was my earliest ambition to be a good lawyer, and I began my practice vory young. At the age of twenty-five I think I had about the best practice in Georgia, and Lam never happier than when working on legal questions. Thad no idea of being a member of President Cleveland's cabinet. and when I found I was to be offered a position in it I hoped that the place given me would be that of Attorney General. But I find that the Interior Depart- ment bas about as much law connected with it General's office. Legal ques- tions are constantly coming up and the work is much the same.” HOW HE WAS MADE CABINET MINISTER. “Please tell mesomething of the circumstances of your appointment, Mr. Secretary,” I asked, “I don’t know that there is a story worth Publishing connected with them,” was the re: ply. “I had never met President Cleveland until a few weeks before his election and I had no idea of accepting any place or of entering official life. I became active in politics in Georgia largely through President Cleveiand. Ihave taken part in them toa certain extent all my life, though I never wanted nor would I have accepted office. In 1888, however, when President Cleveland put forth his free trade message # number of the leading newspapers of the state advocated the Randall views of th party and were for protective tariff. Some time before this I had become interested in the Atlanta Journal. It was being published in a building which I had bought for my law offices. It had only about 2,000 circulation and 1 found that the man who owned it wanted tosell. I pee there was room for a good newspaper hich should advocate different principles than those espoused by the other papers and be run on different lines. The result wus that I bought ‘the paper for $12,000 and I made a stock com- pany of it. I got a geod business manager, who was at the head of one of the printing offices of the town, and a managing editor, who was then city editor of the Atlanta Constitution. Each of these men took 25 per cont of the stock in the new paper and I advanced the money to the editor, keeping his stock as collateral, “In addition to these two I took several other partion into the concern, but kept the control- ling interest myself. Well, the paper paid from the start. The editor sold out the other day with a clear profit of $10,000, and the value of the stock has doubled again and again, The paper has now 5,000 more circulation than any other paper in Atlanta, and it has become a power in the stato, I have not had much to do with it except in a political way. I wrote all the editorials in favor of a low tariff and I again wrote for it when we were making the fight against machine politics and also against the third party in Georgia, Before the conven- tion some of the best papers in the state were for Hill and against Cleveland's nomination. I was in favor of Cleveland, for I believed that he would run his administration in the interest of those who were out of office rather than those who were in—in other words, in the in- terest of the people rather than of rings. Well, I was in New York on legal business during the campaign, and I went over by invitation to seo President Cleveland, and I spent the day with him. We talked together over the situation in the south and in Georgia, but there was noth- ing said as to the cabinet. Shortly before the announcement of my name as Secretary of the Interior I was again in New York and I went to see him by arrangement. We had a half-hour's chat together, and during this he offered me the ition. So there you have the story.” THAT PENSION DECISION. There spoke to Secretary Smith as to his de- cision regarding the pension law of 1890 which is creating so much discussion among the sol- diers of the United States. He said: “I made the decision because I believed it to be right, and the law will be carried out. It will result in a saving of something like $30,000,000, for I am told that nearly one-half of the pensions ‘anted under that act were illegally granted. Fie question is not a matter of sentiment with Tt isa matter of right. Itisa matter of law. There is no doubt that my construction of the law is correct, and Ican only go by the law. Ihave been advised by some that my ac- tion is open to criticism because I come from Georgia. This is ridiculous. Because I am from the south shall I not do right? [am merely the agent of Congress. I am to carry out the laws which it enacts. If Congross should pass a law to give each man who was in the late war a certain sum of money, no matter how large, if it were possible it would be my duty to doit. But Congress has not any such law, and I can only act according to its instructions. I think the people are goner- ally in favor of the decision and I don't think that my construction of the law has yet been disputed.” SECTIONALISM AND THE SOUTH. “You are too young a man to have beon in the confederate army,” said IL. “Yes,” was the reply, “I was nine years old when the war closed. Had I been old enough I would probably have been a confederate sol- dier. But that makes no difference. I am as good a Union man as there is in the United States. Many people of the north have a wrong idea of the south. As fer sectionalism, there is more of it in the north than in the south. Henry Grady’s speech, which created such a stit over the whole country, was only the utterance of the sentiments which had pre- vailed in Georgia for years and which he had been hearing about him every day. The fact that the north was enthusiastic over it was a surprise to the south. I don’t mean to dispar- age Mr. Grady or his eloquence, but he told no new story when he spoke of the fraternity, pa- triotism and non-sectional feeling of the southern people. Sectionalism has long been dend in the south, The people have a senti- ment, itis true, for their heroes in that con- HORE sMITH. to plead. He had only » few hours for prepe- ration, and he surprised every one by his mastery of the casein hand. Ho gavo refer- ence after reference to decisions bearing on the subject and the court gazed with open mouth on what it considered an effort of memory. As he left the court for his office h who is also a good lawyer, asked hi was 10 propare such a case in so little time. He replied that he had just been reading equity cases and that his notes just fitted into this case. BrS FIGHT WITH GAMBLERS, Mr. Smith's early law practice was full of incident. There was no!hing of the coward about ‘him, and though every inch of his six fect two ix made up of good breeding. he has shown himself to be a brave man. Said one of his friends yesterday: “Hoke Smith was the first lawyer to fight the gamblers of Atlanta, It was when he was twenty-two, when his blood was hotter than it ia now, that he was callod upon to prosecute a gambler for shooting a man in the back. Tho cause was the improper relations between the murdered man and the gambler's wife, and Hoke Smith ent the gam- bier to the penitentiary for life. There were a number of the gambier’s friends in the court room, and they were all looked upon as dan- gerous men. Mr. Smith defied them. He told them that they were a set of scoundrels, cow- ards and bullies, who went about shooting men in the back whom they were afraid to fight face to face. He told them that he supposed they would attempt to shoot him in the back if he had not his face turned toward them. The re- sult of this plea was such that this anusual ver- dict was given. After the case was over it was currently reported about Atlanta that these gamblers said they would shoot Hoke Smith on sight. That night he concluded to give them a chance. He was weuring a sack coat, ‘and he put two pistols in his coat pockets and’ walked down to Chisholm's saloon, which was their chief resort, and ordered at the bar a glass of lemonade. 4 crowd of gamblers were present, but they did not dare molest him. THE FIGHTING TRACKER. “T have heard of another case of his nerve,” continued this man, “which happened when he was acting as school teacher as the head of the Waynesborough High School. He was only sixteen at the time. But he was over six feet and was lean and wiry. One of the boys of the school was unruly, and Mr. Smith gave him a good country achool thrashing. ‘The father of the bey objected, and proposed to wipe up the ground with Mr. Smith, but the boy school teacher whipped him as well, and that in such stay that during the remainder of his term the Waynesborough High School was the quiet- est and most orderly in Georgia, and Mr. Smith got the title of the fighting teacher. I don’t think he likes to talk about these incidents of his youth. He is avery quiet man and has nothing of the bully about him. I don’t think he would etand imposition, however, and I be- lieve that he bas the courage to do what he thinks best and right.” HE TALKS OF THE LAW. flict.’ They revere their memory. Thoy weep over their graves, They honor their brethren. But they do not mourn the loat cause nor feel antagonistic toward their country nor their brethren of the north. We have as good Union men in the sonth as you will find anywhere and we love the United States as much as any people in it.”” HE FUTURE OF THE SOUTH. “How about the future of the south, Mr. Sec- retary?” “The south is a great empire,” was the ro- iy. “It is filled with marvelous resources. It j# mineral and agricultural wealth untold and it has the muscle and brains necessary to de- velop it. ‘The south will grow right along. Our young people aro workers—live, industrious and patriotic.” “How about the northern man in the south?” “Hle is perfectly weleome and be bas all the rights and liberties of any citizen, We have lots of good northern blood in Atlanta and the people in whose veins it flows are as much re- spected as our own.”” THE NEGRO QUESTION, “How about the negroes?” “They are getting along very well. Many of them are becoming educated and not a few are accumulating property. They are better off now than they havo been for years. “How about social equality? Will the two Taces ever come together?” “No,” was the reply, ‘The blacks are as proud as the whites, and are as anxious separate. We have no white teache colored schools in Atlanta, and the most of our Methodist churches will’ not employ white preachers, ‘There is lous mixing with the races in tho south than ever before, and it may sur- prise vou to hear that many of the pure blacks Jook down with contempt upon the mulattoes, rho they despiso as being the products of their immorality of their aneestors. WILL Go WEST. “How about the west, Mr. Secretary? Have you ever traveled much through it?” “No,” was the reply. “I have never been west of St. Louis, but I intend to make. trip throughout the west as soon asI can, I want to visit some of the Indian reservations among other things, and I will, I think, go. to Yellow- stone Park this fall. Next year 1 will probably go to the Pacific slope, pot I want to go into the Indian territory and make a study of the Tydians and their institutions us they are at home.”” Frank G. Canrester. ———__+-e+___. Educated for It, 2 Upson.—*You were a witness today, I hear, Uncle Dan'l; how did you stand the cross-ex- amination?” Uncle Dan'l.—“Oh, pretty fair; pretty fair; "twas rather cross at times, but Ma hain’t had me in trainin’ fer nigh onter sixty year * fer nothin’! —— oe Soft Crab Suppers at Bay Ridge Every Da: Secretary Smith is worth, I am told, about about $300,000. He has made the most of his ‘Trains leave B. and O. station at 9:15 a.m ant | 4:28 p.m. week days, and at 9:35 a.m. and 1:20 TO ANNEX HAWAII him| A Question That the Next Congress Must Definitely Determine, THE COUNTRY’S GROWTH Has Been Through Annexation in One Form or Another From Its Very First Begin- ning — History of the Different Tracts of Land Which Have Been Acquired. —— ‘Written for The F:vening Star. HAT WILL THE AD- ministration do about annexing Hawaii? Do the Hawaiians want to be annexed? Do the American peo- ple want Haws':? Would Congress con- firm a treaty of annexa- NX tion? Nini) Being neither a —4 prophet nor the son of & prophet the writer hereof will make no attempt to solve any of these riddles, but will rather invite the attention of the reader to some consideration of the part occupied in the past bistory of our country by this same policy of annexation, But for such policy in the past manifest destiny would have been thwarted, and in all human probability we would be today a very insignificant factor in the family of ne- ions ‘The original thirteen colonies owned and oc- cupied the Atlantic seaboard from what is now Maine to the southern boundary of Georgia, and among them they laid claim to the country immediately west of the mountains and extend- as far as the Mississippi river. ‘ben the war closed they had actual posses- sion of what is now Kentucky and Tennessee, by many thousands of settlers, and they also had slight military occupancy of the Ilinois country which had been conquered during the war by-Gen. George Rogers Clarke, Bat in the negotiations for peace the British commis- sioners insisted strenuously that the north- western boundary of the new nation should be the Ohio river. and they came near carrying their point. Suppose they had, and that all the rich region lying between Pennsylvania and the Mississippi and the Ohio and the great lakes were today a part of Canada? It had been so declared by act of the British Rarliament, (passed in 1774, and there is no loubt that both France and Spain would have been glad to see such boundary established and maintained. The representative of the latter country wrote to his government shortly after the treaty was concluded: ‘This federal repub- lie 1s born a pigmy. A day will come when it will be a giant, even a colossus, formidable in these countries.” BOUNDARY ESTABLISHED IN 1783. ‘The boundaries, as finally fixed by the treaty, “sere, on the northeast and north, substantially as they now exist, from the mouth of the Saint Croix river along the watershed between the Atlantic and the Saint Tawrence river, along the forty-fifth parallel and up the Saint Law- rence and through the middle of the great lakes tothe northwest corner of the Lake of the Woods, thence to the Mississippi river and down that stream. Certain points of the north- eastern boundary, which were not sufficiently defined at the time, were afterward settled by the Ashburton treaty of 1842. ‘The Mississippi was the western boundary from its source down the stream to Florida, which then ex- tended from the peninsula of that name west- ward to the river. And right here is a curious point. Suppose you were asked which state in the Union ex- tends furthest north? It is said that such question was propounded in acivil service examination a few years ago and that nobody guessed it. Tho proper answer ia Minnesota. There is a “jog” in the boundary of that state which came about in this wise: When our coun- try purchased Louisiana from France the question of boundary again came up between our government and that of Great Britain and was not settled until the treaty of peace at the close of the war of 1812-14. By the second article of that treaty it was provided that the boundary between Louisiana and the British possessions should begin at the northwest corner of the Lake of the Woods, and run thence westward along the forty-ninth parallel, and if said point of beginning should not be situated in said parallel, then the line should run north or south, as the case might require, till said forty-ninth parallel should be inter- sected, thence yestward along said parallel of latitude to the Stony mountains. When the line was actually run it was found that the forty-niuth parallel was some thirty miles south of the northwest corner of the Lake of the Woods, and thus it is that Minnesota has a sharp point which extends thirty miles further sai than any other American territory out- side of Alaska, THE FIRST ANNEXATION, Twenty years elapsed before the young re- public made its first acquisition of territory, but its very first venture in this field showed that the judgment of the sagacious Spaniard was not at fault in his confident prediction of our future greatness. In 1803 Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States, purchasod Louisiana of France. That territory then not only included the pres- ent state bearing that name, but all of the vast and rich empire tring between the Mississippi river and the Rocky mountains and extending to the Bri ossessions on the north. It gavo usa clear title to all that region, and also ‘claim not quite so well defined to what is now Oregon and Washington, ‘The price paid for this magnificent purchase was $15,000,000, and the United States assumed the payment of certain cluims existing against the territory in bebalf of some of our citizens. This purchase was undoubtedly the most im- portant peaceful event in the whole history of ‘oar country and is a romance in itself. Spain had held Louisiana since before our revolu- tion, For many years her possession of New Orleans and of the Mississippi river had been a standing menace to the peace and safety of our country. : SPANISH INTRIGUES. At one time her intrigues with the people of tho west almost threatened the disruption of the newly formed Union. It was openly charged, and by many believed, that Gen. Wil- kinson of Kentucky was for some years in the pay of the Spanish king, with ‘the ulterior object of detaching the west from the federal government and setting up an independent government, or becoming a dependency of the Spanish crown, But in 1800 Spain coded Louisiana to her old enemy France, and tho | hold-over governor of the province issued a proclamation closing the navigation of tho river and abolishing tho right of deposit at New Orleans, which right the western people had enjoyed since 1795. Jefferson became alarmed. He declared that whoever held New Orleans was by that fact our enemy. He secured an appropriation of two millions of dollars from Congress to buy the Island of Orleans and sent James Monroe as minister extraordinary to France and Spain to act in conjunction with our regular minis- ters already there. ‘Their proposition to buy a place of deposit for western merchandise was met by # counter proposition to sell an empire. Here was a puzzle. Jefferson was the apos' and high priest of the doctrine of strict co: purposes of commerce, but none to ac- quire and annex territory. But the Angio- exponent of the doctrine that the government is mado for the people and not the people for the government. “~The President was oqual to the occasion. He laid aside his strict construc tion scruples for the time being, ac- struction of the powers of the federal | government, It had power under the Constitution to buy a depot for the Saxon has for a thousand years been the living | This masterstroke gave Jefferson's adminis- tration unbounded popularity, and finished the destruction of the old federal party. Its mnccess also seems to have made fefferson a confirmed annexationist. for his correspondence in later vears indicates that he contemplated, when we were threatened with war with Spain, the annexation of both Florida and Mexico. THE FLORIDA PURCHASE IX 1819. The same logic of events which decreed the purchase of Louisiana likewise made our own- ership of Floridaaforegoneconclusion. In six- teen more years the young “pygmy” had grown too vigorous to longer tolerate such neighbor as Florida was in the ownership of Spain. That portion west of the Perdido river had been claimed by the United States under the Louis- jana purchase, and in 1811 our government took 1e ‘possession of the same. In ‘our second war with Great Britain the Spanish government was unable or unwilling to presorve her neulrality, and a British expedi- tion was fitted out agaiast our country from Pensacola, and Gen. Jackson thereupon marched against the place and captured it In 1818 we had further trouble with the country, when Jackson again captured Pensa- cola and — = St. eat = was in this expedition that the pugnacious Tennessee gen- eral ‘caused the execution of the two British subjects, Arbuthnot and Ambrister, a proceed- ing which came near causing a third war with Great Britai The Spanish minister also demanded an apology and indemnity from our country, but never got either, end finally the country passed into our by Bae Cop oe on took formal ion of the country July 18, 1821. By this same treaty we also A quit claim from Spain to the Oregon region and extending as far south as the present northern boundary of California, and thence eastward to the summit of the Rocky mountains, THE TEXAS ANNEXATION. The story of Texas is another romance, It is the only part of our territory which had an 1819 the question had been finally settled by the establishment of the Sabine river as the two countries, Mean- of our acquisition of Louisiana, the unfortunate region of Texas had been the Mecca of every adventurous spirit of the southwest, The ambitious schemes of Aaron Burr con- templated the capture and occupation of this sparsely settled and disputed territory; it was s leading factor in the schemes and pians with which Gen. Wilkinson of Kentucky was con- cerned for some years; Col Kemper, Col. Ellis P. Bean, Gen. Toledo, Col. Perry and Gen. “Xavier Mina were leaders who were more or — less with insurrectionary movements against the Spanish authorities. Gnerrilln warfare, battles, captures and butcheries almost equal- ing in’ atrocity that of the femous 0 marked all those years up to the treaty of 1819. In 1813 the Spaniards were defeated with a loss of 1,000 killed. In another engagement nearly 2,500 Americans and Mexicans were killed and 700 peaceable inhabitants of San An- tonto were murdered in cold blood. In 1817 Gen. Mina was defeated, captured and shot. The celebrated pirate Laffite established his headquarters on Galveston Island, and was not dislodged until 1821, In the very year of the treaty settling the boundary Dr. James Long, a Tennesseean, organized a revolutionary ex- pedition, marched into Texas and proclaimed a provisional government. He sought the co- operation of the pirates and was afterward cap- tured, then released and finally assassinated. Meanwhile there had begun in Mexico that series of revolutions, which finally culminated in her national independence; and with the ad- vent of Stephen F, Austin in Texas affairs came aclass of American settlers who were home- seekers and home-makers, rather than adven- turers seeking the phantom of political empire. ‘The Austinw were the men of destiny for that wild, lawless and blood-stained region. They builded better than they knew; they planted the germ which was destined within afew years to grow into an American state. But the days of her troubles were not ended. Mexican rulo over an Anglo-Saxon tion meant only misrule, jealously, op- preesion,wrongs unspeakable, ‘Texas revolted, and under the leadership of Gen. Sam Houston won her ini lence at the battle of San Jacinto April 21, 1836, On July 4 the convention of Texas met to con- sider the act of ahs ratified the same and before it adjourned prepared a constitu- tion for admission asa state into the federal Union, The annexation was completed by joint resolution of Congress December 29, 1845. But this was not accomplished without vio- zenith of its power, saw in this acquisition of empire only the expansion of slave territory. Great Britain and France looked askance at the movement, because they were jealous of our growth and they had hoped to take the you: republic under their own protection. Wi Mexico it meant war. Her pretext was the old subject of a disputed boundary—Texas claimed to the Rio Grande, Mexico claimed to the Nueces, But it would have been war had there been no dispute about the boundary. Notwith- standing the opposition of the whigs to the measure they gave their vigorous aid to the war, both in Congress and in the field. One of theqreat whig leaders, Clay, lost a son at the battle of Buena Vista, and it is a curious fact, if the annexation had a political significance, that the war with Mexico gave one whig Presi- dent to the country and another whig candidate for the high office in the persons of Taylor and Scott + ‘THE CALIFORNIA CONQUEST. Our next acquisition of territory comprised the vast region lying wost and northwest of Texas, and stretching thence to the Pacific ocean, and it was the natural result of the Mexican war. This region comprised all of what is now California, Nevada. Utah and of Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico. There have beer peoplp who thought it wrong on the rt of the United States to take this territory rom Mexico and keep it, This acquisition rounded out and gave sym- metry to our possessions, and under the cir- cumstances it would have’ been little short of national sin to have failed of its accomplish ment. Our government agreed to give Mexico $15,000.00 for this cession, and the purchase ‘was doubly fortunate for our country, from the fact that withina very short time thereafter came the world-famous gold which added many millions to our wealth, and within little more than three years from the time when California was a revolution-ridden Spanish province gave her admission ase state in the federal Union, THE GADSDEN PURCHASE. Again the evér-recurring question of a dis- puted boundary came up between our country and Mexico, The latter country claimed that the boundary defining the southern line of what is now Arizona should be the Gila river, while the United States claimed considerable terri- tory south of that stream. The matter was finally settied by a treaty with Mexico, con- cluded in 1853, by which we to give $10,000,000 for the country south of the Gila river. The price would seem extravagant for that path of desert when we consider the two empires which we bought for 15,000,000 each. “PIPTY-FOUR—FORTY OR FIGET.” ‘This historic campaign ery had ite origin in the ngitation growing out of the disputed boundary of the northwest. It was one of the rallying cries of the democrats in the presiden- tial contest of 1844, which resulted in the elec- tion of James K. "Polk. It is said that Wi liam Allen of Ohio, then a Senator in Con- | oud ine gress, first gave it currency. Our claim to that line arose in this manner: It seems that in the yeur 1824 our country concluded a treaty with Russia, which was then the owner of terri- tory by discovery and occupancy in the riorth- western portion of the continent. No defined boundary was established between that country and our own, but it was agreed in the treat} aforesaid that Russia would form no settlements south of latitude fifty-four degrees and forty minutes north and that our country should establish no settlements north of that line. It seems that the Hudson's Bay Fur Company did not consider this rather non-committal agreementas in any manneroffecting their rights, and by the year 15274t’was found that citizens of the Unitet States and subjects of Great Britain were both in actual possession of the country wnd claiming the same by right. The country was in that early day considered so re- mote and perhaps of so little value that neither of the claimants cared to resort to extreme | measures, and so to settle the matter. tempora- rily they agreed to a joint occupancy af the dis- puted territory. and that singular state “of af- fairs continued for nearly twenty An attempt was made to settle the matter in cepted the treaty and summoned Congress in extra session to ratify the sam ‘The vast territory thus acquired was then pra tically an unknown land north and west of St. Louis, and the most extraordinary stories about it were circulated among the people and were gravely discussed in Congress, It was said to be inhabited by Indians of gigantic tuture; the plains were aid to be covered with buffalo, and the soil was decinred so rich as to preclude the growth of trees. A thousand miles up the Missonri_ was said to bea pure | and $15 pr Sundeys, Round trip, 61 Adve mountain of salt, white and glittering im the fin, and 160 miles long by forty-five wide, | the Ashburton treaty of 1842, but failed. Fi- nally by treaty of Juno 15, i846, the dispute | was ended by the agreement to extend the line | along the forty-ninth parallel from the Rocky | mountains to Puget sound and thence to the ocean, We gave up territory sufficient to have | formed another state north of the present state of Washington; but our claim to 1 was perbape no better than thatof Great Britain, and | Country at large was satisfied with the settle- ment, THE ALASKA PURCHASE, Our last accession of territory was in May, Il point Charles Hallock in New York Evening Post. Away up in the Porcupine river coyntry, between the Alaska international boundary and the great divide, there is an unknown region lying between the 186th end list meridians and extending from the 64th parallel of latitude northward to the arctic coast, which remains today the sole incognita of the North American continent, There is no other geo- Graphical district or division between the two oceans which has not been officially visited by government agents, prospected by miners or timber hunters, explored by adventurers or trapped over by runners of the fur companies. Even interior Labrador is better known. Only three or four white traders whose names are of Fecord have ever made it an object in all these years to penetrate into a wilderness whose ex- pansive area of 300 miles square is occupied by THE WHISKY DESTROYER. Eccentric Oareer of the Rev, John T. James of Virginia, An Exhorter of the Biue Eidge Who ts ® Strange Mixture of Good avd Bad— Some of His Freaks. ‘The Rev. John T. James of Londown county, who stepped into the white light of fame at the world’s fair by «mashing an exhibit of fine old identified | reported lent opposition. The whig party, thon in the | tent utilized for sundry thrown away. Catoce are mi in the absence of suitable section of bark is first son Bay Com tourist can reach Fort McI’uerson Kenzie delta in twenty days from Winnipeg, and from there it would be quite follow the surveyed route to the Yukon, a1 there take one of the Alaska Commercial "g steamboats on its return trip to Fort St. Michael on Bering sea, all in the course of a single season; or the tourist might go over- land by the regular miners’ and packers’ trail from the confluence of Forty Mile river to Chilcat in soutbea-teru Alaska, and thence t steamer to Sitka, though the chance of be hung up in the interior for the winter tend to discourage such @ venturesome cxcur- | sion for the Hi Question and ing post at the mouth of Forty Mile river, which sewed with roots, and a suitable gunwale frame of willow are them exceed eight inches in cannot live in a seaway or rough water.” nt, yi Messrs. : i i : i ! scarcely six score of impecunious, groveling redskins, and whose annual proceeds of the chase would bardly pay scoliector for the hard independent national existence before it be- | ship of win the temperature for came a part of the Union. It is true the United | five months at persistently keops below States had claimed the most of her territory by | the zero point. virtue of the Louisiana purchase, but § This isolated and trackless region has many resisted the claim, and in the Fiorida treaty of | chat Yellowstone National i if made of spruce bat jt Hu E E : H 8 & there break them up, burning the frames for | fue) and utilizing the bark as covering for their craft are very frail. A slight rub on the bottom will break a and unless kept continuously in water they 'Y | soon become drs and very brittle. Very few of hole in them, th, so that they y's freigbting steamers a ‘the Mae- bie to they established in 1887, and there is a large mining camp in the vicinity, where some gold diggers winter every year. miles from Fort McPherson to this camp. It ts about 200 300 m1 | z | woaid Me- | TOOK TO DRINK AND CARDS th until bis name became a byword and reproach. Although he reformed after an interval of reck- Jess conduct, to this day many Methosist con- gregabons refuse to listen to him. All up and down the Shenandoah valley at bush OXE OF WIS TREAKS ‘Was to suddenly disappear from Virginia, and afterward it was learned be had joined himself toe peculiar sect of free-will believers in New ty it . E i i 4 i fal ul i 5 He fe 3 E i | F sf e Te ae teal REFE t 7 fi rH i il ' g jd " a : f 3 E as A FASTER. Atanother time he was seized with « frantie ton said be really could not consent to pase into: history as the man who fought the Rev. ‘T. James, —»— ‘The Red Man and the Live Wire, From the Tucson Citizen. Since the weather has grown warmer the towa has been overrun with hatless and shoves interest in whatever is going on. ‘A couple of them were recently indolently watching thestringing of the electric light wires in the vicinity of the post office, when one of the ropes by which they are haaled taut broke; the end of the wire, fying back and croswing other wires, received quite a current of whee ity. Ey ons etnatehenen Gach, reaching the innocent rope of bright copper, MEfwre aqui bcp vinowt waning fe gave a quick hop without u env ba’ yr coretlly examined bis sole. He then cautionaly aj ed the wire, daintily touched it with his toc, and immediately gave amp. ~~ By this time hix companion had joined bie, ‘upon invitation put bis foot squarely YY and was in turn intensely mystified. then suddenly recollecte themselves. around ata number of spectators. and seeing, their proceeding had been observed and evi- dently enjoyed, they quickly walked off to tail the mystery over in the neiguboring corral. ———__ e+ -—__— ‘Time's Inequality. Frow Puck, Ps no Cimacy — southeastern Alasha ‘afnes mornin.