Evening Star Newspaper, April 8, 1893, Page 12

12 ’ THE EVENING STAR: Lp THEY ARE. times in regular streets and had two or more stories, were usually of cobble stones and rubble The more important buildings were faced with dressed stone, mortared and plas- tered inside and out with adobe earth and white- washed with white clay. They had no roofs, because the rock shelter served for that pur. pose and the climate was so warm and dry that | THE CLIFF DWELLERS | Ancient Americans to Be Illustrated at the World’s Fair. there was no danger of catching cold from the exposure. Asa safeguard against enemies they —_>——_ | had no doors, the occupants entering through | loophole-like’ windows by ladders of rope. A PREHISTORIC PEOPLE. | thise werea timid people. well ‘advanced "in | their peculiar eivilization, but unable to cope with their fierce savage neighbors, WOMEN'S AND CHILDREN’S WORK. Doubtless the women and children were em- ployed to gather stones and fetch mortar for building. That the stucco laid upon the walls was spread by hands is proved by the marks of the pores of the skin left on its sur- face. Oceasionally the whole print of a hand is left. Tn this way is preserved an impression of the slender fingers of a woman, dead for nobody knows how many centuries: likewise A Wonderfal Castle Three Hundred Feet Long in Colorado—Palaces and Hovels Bailt in Caves Along the Sides of Canyons— Kelics of a Vanished Civilization in the Midst of = Desert. HUGE PICTURE OF a prehistoric eastle in Colorado will be ex- the chubby palms of Little girls and bovs with = he di every crease and dimple reprodneed. One of hibited by the burest | tn, most interesting traces in the plaster is of ethnology at the very excellent cast of a corn cob. Eighteen world’s fair. It was feet be: ne of these ancient structures Loman skull, the built before Columbus brain cavity filled with solidified sand. ee ein tee aes ant bande nenag hers with annexed buildings | peo5Je dwelt in stua!l and often isolated houses, and fortifications, are the palaces of the rich and powerful were on 300 feet in length. | superb scale. In such a castle asthat to be shown in the picture at Chica front With its great towe strong walls and battle- ments it surpasses any similar structure to be viewed on the Rhine. Yet this wonderful edifice is to be seen today ona rock-sheltered shelf of the Mancos river eanvon. It is oneof the cliff dwellings of that d by a peo- ple long since pase The picture re- ferred to, thirty will be painted on the plaster at one 2 ethnologic 3 The carly white led this tie new world. Asa matter of civilizations bad flourish this continent before Columbus di The territory now covered bv the t is a cemetery of lost prehistoric race history must ren shadows of a van : era of the mound builders wer. ers, who built thei towns on the hollow itons canyons of Colorad Arizona. One theirs on the b: about the size of | | | covered it. id States . Whose A SMALL DWELLING. rooms were used for living and sleeping in, the dark back rooms served for storage ‘There was a room for corn and an- antities of both vege- in these compartments kinds of food were similarly stowed vart of the ure was p were roasted in a pit te were baked on smooth ase was thrown ina trac nimas river was ice at Washing- the kiteb and cakes of acorn pi hot : ONCE AN IEMENSE SETTLEMENT. | This and other such ruins Jean county, Col, areon tho northern edge of what was Th nd onte the eav by far the mést important of every euch house was the sacred room, utihzed for ‘poses of religions ceremonial.” It occupied hole of a circular tower, which was some- ‘ty feet in diameter. with # double or trip 1 of hewn stone, dressed on the ont | | side to the curve. This tower was constructed without regard to cost of labor or convenienc: | bein: ded as indispensable. ‘The only e | trance to it was apt to be through a tbe-! passage twenty feet in length and only two feet {in diamet admirtance was only to be gaine ‘This was a safeguard intrusion. Nothing is known of the re- | | n of the people, save that they worshiped | | the sun. ‘Their houses usually faced the east. | | SOME HOUSES OVER 7OUR STORIES. | Some of the houses had four or more stories. | The floors were made of cedar logs, the irregu- | larities filled in with smaller poles and twigs and covered with a carpet of cedar bark. The | ctly preserved today owing to the | dryness of the climate. In tiat region the the forest do not rot. Dead, they the winds and ‘ato forms of fan- region bounded by the Man and Sax Juan rivers iss triangle, around the the times A ROUND TOWER. edge of which isa wonderful network of ravines fairly incrusted with dismantled structures of the sort described. They thickly occupy the sides of the Mancos canvon, which is thirty miles long and fr 000 to 2,000 feet deep, nestling in every cavity in the precipitous cliffs. Some of them and «ow ay have had 1.000 or more in- In the green valley below were acres of waving corn and corrals of sheep, which afforded the people a subsistence in time of peace. ‘They grew beans also and the forest | nuts—the | concealed as to bs plied them with acorns and pine culty by the aid of a othe great delicacy to this day in are while # constant outlook | with stony for s was kept up from the cup: c rock shelter 500 feet above the stream which below. The roads which iead to this region pass through s traci a wergrown with sage brush and infested by toads and the huge spiders called taran Within th triangle deseribed, which covers 600 e miles. is not a drop of water. It is e eh moist wuen the cliff d s made theiz home: here. However, it is certain that they usually depended on the rivers for their water supply. cave dwellings far | ai of dar ts soughe shelter in the led im the rope ladders and ft must ha cena melancholy them to see their ops and flocks 4s coubtiess often hap- ) Ta | iif dwellers knew iittle or iney cat down trees with sed fragments of rock with With equal!y primitive imple- nothin stone a) stone h: PICTURE FOR WORLD'S FAIR ‘¥ ments they dug many of the caves which they pied. Some of the most remarkable ob- jects to be seen in the southwest are the conical and otherwise queerly shaped hills which they have fashioned into houses by excavating por- terior. They had grindstones of sand-stone slivers ground to | a smooth edge. They manufactured pottery | and painted it artistically. ‘They made sandals, | mats, baskets aud bows and arrows. ‘The holes | in the rock which held the posts of their looms | | still remain. Sometimes they carved out ladder-rounds from solid rock, which coald be grasped with This must have been an important disadvantage | |. inasme: hey inbabited these i eessible rock shelters fo: ing themselves of the surround: of their ruined @ weapons quantities of broken p. seem evident that they were eventually over- come and driven southw: CAVES CARVED BY TH ps. ‘The eaves which they occupied were carved out by the winds. Wherever a stratum of soft sand or chalky and friable material was exposed on the canyon's side between layers of hard rock the breezes sweey h the gorge blew away the loose stuff, leaving hollows. The seolian cavities thus created being overhung by orded mos: admirable rain. It is have adopte: dering them babitable by masonrs. pesing that people shoul as places of residence. and secure agrinst en esr to these retreats was Iedge to another over perilo « nearly reached, when rope ladders Inrnisaed the means of ascent. If the face of for # considerable space below the cavern was uot perfectly sheer and inaccessible without help from above it was made so by ar- tiG-e. Furthermore, a most important feature of the improved rock shel:er was a solid wall of masonry built flush with its edge and extending the hands. It is believed that they com; | the skulls of their childzen, just as the ancient [eve are of mysterious Inkes and | he bad learned from a Divine Master.” mitting them .» remde on the plains certain features of defensive construction have disap- peared. THE SIZE AMAZING. The size of some of the castles built by these ancestors of the Pueblo Indians was amazing. In New Mexico there are ruins of buildings which in size and grandeur equaled any of the department structures at Washington. One of them has a surrounding wall 935 feet long and 4 feet high, the erection of which required 30,- 060,000 pieces of stone. In putting up the huge rock-shelter fortresses stone and mortar had to be carried hundreds of feet up the precipitous face of the canon cliffs. The labor involved must have been gigantic. Early man disputed the ownership of caverns with the hyena, the tiger and the bear. Easily displacing those brutes he improved the ac- commodations protided by nature, deepening and widening the recesses. He added to their security and comfort by raising slabs of stone to close the entrances, and finaily walled them in with strong masonry. Later on he dus hollows out of soft places in the rock, thu forming the first artificial shelters. In various parts of the old world are countless cave dwel- ings, very much like those of Colorado and New Mexico. ‘They are plentiful in Asia and Africa. In certain régions of both continents the hills are fairly honeycombed with caverns, natural andartiticial,which once were inhabited by human beings, Many of them are #o occu- pied to this day. There are cave-dwelling tribes in India now. EARTHEN JAR, RELICS OF CLIFF DWELLERS. ia Minor towns are clustered around the ancient rock shelters, which are even yet in use to some extent. Some of these caverns are | so far modernized as to be elaborately frescoed and carved within, serving as chapels occasion ally. ‘The chalky geological formation in which these hollows are found has been wrought by | the elements into all sorts of fantastic shapes, | resembling castles and fortresses, or more often | having the form of iofty cones.’ It is a weird country in which the prehistoric cliff dwellers of Colorado and New Mexico lived—a region of mirages which cheat the eye and of echos | which hav ind-blown caves. Many of | the caverns are whispering galleries filled with strange murmurs, while under certain atmos- pheric conditions the prospects offered to the landseape which have no real existence. Surely the super: stitious barbarians of old must have imagined themselves beset by demoniac influences. Rexe Bacue, pares eee NEW PUBLICATIONS. % HL Char, D.D. tions from old paintings and D. Lothrop Company To those who have been accustomed to iock upon the greai protector as a monster the ut- terances of Dr. Clark wiil be at least surprising. The truth as to Cromwell nas been compara- tively unknown, although two centuries have elapsed since his disappearance from the stage ent an actor. Ma- is true positive utlerances had only little effect upon the biased public mind. The great majority of writers were foreibly adverse in the verdict they found, and the impress made by their work may not es be erased. A few were willing to compromise. N Ben Sac... had tt that Oliver was both « righteous man da rogue; Smoliet declared him to be ac and virtue. | Boston De. Clark greatest and purest ri try: a! great hero who was the possessor of ull those qualities which fit a man to guide and to govern his fellow men: a ruler who sowed seeds which lay dormant fora generation and then bore} good for all coming time; a protector who | Watched with anxious thonght and noble cour- | age over England, over the Protestants of rope and the colonists in America; aman free from hypocrisy and insincerity, whose chara ter was iilumined by all Christian virtues and | who illustrated in his life the pri iples which | LETTERS TO GOVERNOR LEWELLING. By K. Hubs ditor of the 4 Daily Capital, Topeka: ‘Tue Topexa Capital Publishing Co. Two hundred and twenty-four pages of pamphlet devoted mainly, so far a+ the interest of the reader is concerned, to such satirical ex- planation as makes plain the situation in Kan- | saa, Maj. Hudson is thoroughly qualified to | discuss the disturbed condition of affairs in | that upended and misruled commonwealth. In addition to the letters there is a concise history of the legislative session which has just come to | an end anda mass of material which will be | valuable for reference when the next Jaykawker | revolution occupies the attention of the United States. The historian who must some day write of the rise aud fall of the populist party will be under many obligations to Maj. Hudson. INSTEAD OF A BOOK. By a Man Too Busy to Write One, A fragmentary exposition of phil. ogophical anarchism culled from the writings of Benj. R. ‘ker, editor of Liberty. New York: #enj. k. Tucker. The character of this aggregation of editorial expressions may be judged by that quotation which seems to be the text: “In abolishing rent and interest, the last vestiges of old-time slavery, the revolution abolishes at one stroke the sword of the executioner, the seal of the magistrate, the club of the’ poli the gauze of the exciseman, the erasin: the department clerk, ail those insignia of jolitics, which young liberty grinds beneath heel.” DREAM OF THE AGE! A Poem of Columbia. Kats Browse ‘HERWOOD, author of ire und Memorial Day and Other ‘Hlustrated with orgginal drawings by y and George W. Breck. Washington: ma! Tribune. A patriotic, bold and rhythmic sketch of the birth, the growth, the tribulations and the successes of this greatest of nations, There is typographic excellence also, and the whole forms a poetic souvenir that will attract many. LIFE AND TIMES OF FREDERICK DOUGLASS. Written by Himself. With an introduction by Mr. orge L. RuMfin of Boston. Boston: De Woife, Fiske & Co. Washington: Wm. Ballan- tyne & Sons. A new edition of a wonderful story, the extra pages bringing the description of a marvelous career down to the present time. Few men have risen from so low a level to the heights of fame as has the author of this captivating auto- biography and none have surpassed him as a a The book is a companion THE MARRIAGE OF ELINOR. By Mrs. O1 Puast, author of “Uae Cuckoo in the Nest “Diana; the History of a Great Mistake.” New York: Lovell, Coryell & Co. ‘THE FIRST ENGLISH PLAN- VIKGINIA. By THOMas Hamgior. ernard Quaritch. int that will be appreciated by » great many people who have no particular interest in the early history of Virginia. The original was first printed in Londouin 1588, and this is a fac- simile, even to the illustrations which John White drew from life 808 years ago. The read- ing matter is full of quaint information to which the many pieturos give life. Especially interesting is the endeavor to show that at one time the inhabitants of Great Britain were as savage as the Indians who inhabited Virginia when Raleigh first spied out the land. and the three reprints mentioned below were brought outat the suggestion of Mr. W. E. Cur- tis, chief of he bureau of American republics. ‘These four editions of. the most important doc- uments relating to the civili@ed infancy of the new world aro really worth and as they are caeap acqnisition will not be difficult. from one end of it to the other. Thus the sheer face of the cliff was continued upward to Py of several fect above the floor of the | eave. It is difficult to see how such a strong- Peruvians did. Among the latter flattened heads were considered a sigu of aristocracy and high breeding. The mothers strapped their infants against eradie-boards to juce the held could have been attacked with success by | desired deformity, # year and a half or two any foe, however strong numerically, so long as | years being required to acccmplish the desired the food and water of the besieged held out. | result. The cliff dwellers had i the In the walls described there was only one very | ‘mail entrance, which could be blocked at « moment's notice. Behind the wall the whole space of the cavern was occupied by buildings. All of the structures were of strong and'w: laid masonry. Small houses, which were some- ‘and the dog, as is shown by the picto- graphic writings and other works of art which they have*lett behind. The architecture of their descendants of the t day—the Pu- blo Indians—is but a modi: ‘the ancient methods of building ‘described, Safety per THR sitcn oy him ou Pobraary 15,188 tees: ritter 0 ane ounce the discovery of America. ‘Heproduced in facsimile, with @ translation and tion. London: Bernard Quariten. ‘THY, dss ond auuoubeing the discovery of Ammere ‘ani ‘mer- ica. Printed in facsimile. Londons ‘Bernara FOUR VOYAGES OF AMERIGO THY psPUccL ed in facsimile, with translation, juction, a mapand a facsim- ile of a drawing by Stradanus. London: Ber~ ard Quariten. | the United Wy ea TO END A DISPUTE. The Alaska Boundary Survey Expe- dition to Set Out Monday, A LINE HARD TO LOCATE. An Expedition Which May Accomplish Much for Science, Besides Fixing the Limit of Uncle Sam's Sway—How the Survey Will Be Made—An International Work. ee ONDAY NEXT AN IM- portant exploring and surveying expedition, made up of trained ex- perts and engineers at- tached to the United States coast and géo- detic survey, will start from San Francisco for Alaska to determine the long-disputed boundary line between the south- eastern section of that territory and British Columbia. A little Inter a similar expedition, commissioned by the Canadian government, will set out from Vancouver to prosecute a like investigation from the British standpoint. The fact that immensely valuable gold mines and ‘vast deposits of copper and coal have already been located along the controverted line ren- ders it urgent and imperative for the peace both of Great Britain and our own country to have it settled definitely and speedily before the interests at stake shall become so great and involved as to embroil the two governments in war. ‘This arduous duty kas been intrusted on the part of our own government to the coast sur- ver. Prof. T. C. Mendenhall. superintendent of that scientific burean, recently selected sev- enteen of his most experienced subordinates to go upon the ground and perform the details of the work under his direction, accompanied by thirty-three others, assistants, civilians, &e., making in alla party of fifty. Chief among these experts who will have charge of subpar- ties are Engineers H. G. Ogden, Otto H. Titt- mann, E. F. Dickens, Join E. McGrath, Homer P. Ritter and Fremont Morse. They will have at their disposal a fleet of five vessels, owned coast survey and manned by naval ne Patterson, the Hassler, the Face and the Cosmos, steamers, and the’ Earnest, a schooner. To SAIL MONDAY. The Patterson and the Hassler, with a por- tion of the party on board, will leave San Fran- | cieco on Monday, the 10:h, and steam up the Pacific coast to Port Townsend, Wash., where five days later, on the 15th, they will be’ joined by the remainder of the fleet and party. The little squadron will then speed direct to Sitka, Jnska, which is to constitute one of their as- tronomical headquarters and the base of their future operations in charge of Engineer Morse. 7. ©, MENDENHALL, SUPERINTENDENT U. COAST SURVEY. The whole party will remain six months this season, and it will probably require two seasons more to complete their work.aniess the weather this suinmer and next shall prove exceptionally favorable. One or two members of the party will be detailed, in accordance with a previ- ous arrangement, to accompany the Canadian party in their reconnaissance, and reciprocally one or two members of the Canadian expedi- tion will be permitted to join our party and observe their wors, for the mutual information and enlightenment of the two governments, ‘The steamer iatterson will be used princi- ally in the survey of Sitka harbor, and the iassler will render service in making what is called “carouometrie connection” between Sitka and the astronomical stntions at the foot of Mt. St. Elias and at the mouths of the Unuk, Stik ku and other rivers of southeastern . The three other vessels will be stationed at the mouths of the three rivers named and will also transport the land parties from one point to another, wherever the exigencies of their task may call them. Five engineer subparties will ascend all the rivers for distances of from thirty to sixty miles, to take measurements, make surveys and gather facts and data requisite for the de- termination of the disputed boundary line. THE DISPUTED EoUNDARY. Only a comparatively small proportion of the entire Alaskan boundary is the subject of the present controversy between Great Britain and States. All that vast stretch of partition from Mt. St. Elias to the Aretie ocean —100 mites—is agreed upon, the survey re- cently made by the United States of that por- tion having been accepted by the British gov- ernment practically without question, and like- wise that portion of the line which extends from the southern cape of Prince of Wales Island to the head of tie Portland canal, The dispute is solely with respect to the middle and dificult portion of the line, from the Portland canal to Mi. St. Elias, and’ arises out of a curi- ous defect in the original definition of the boundary in the treaty of 1925 between Great Britain and Russia, from whom our govern- ment derives its present ownership of Alaska. ‘This detinition was based upon what little in- formation was available at the time that treaty was made, and it now transpires, strangely encugh. ‘that some of that information was in reality misinformation, For instance, the treaty, after doscribingthe — bound- ary line as beginning at the southernmost ex- tremity of Prince of Wales Island, on the fiftieth parallel, traces it from that point north- westward along the ‘summit of a range of mountains parallel to the coast” to the Mist meridian, and thence following that meridian in an unbroken astronomical line due north- ward to the Arctic or “frozen ocean.” Unfor- a COAST SURVEY. tunately it happens that there is no such range of moun! “parallel to the coast” as was described and supposed to exist, and hence it has been found necessary to avail of an addi- tional provision of ths treaty, that wherever the summit of the range of mountains referred toshall be at a greater distance from the coast than ten marine leagues the boundary shall be formed by a line drawn parallel to the wind- ings of the coast, but never more than ten marine leagues from the shore. THE INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT. It would be inordinately expensive, if not ab- solutely impracticable in that bleak and deso- Inte mountain country, to survey a continuous boundary line which should meet these roquire- ments by winding parallel with and thirty miles from the innumerable indentations of the ooast atevery point, and for this reason the British and United States governments agreed last summer, by a treaty concluded at Washington between Secretary of State Foster and Charge d’Affaires Herbert, to execute a coincident or Joint survey in spots from the ‘the Portland come into possession of such would enable commissioners of the two govern- ments to adjust the dispute satisfactorily to both sides without incurring the expense of s more minute and exhaustive . The two joners provided for, so far aa ‘they bay to agree, are to make , A WASHINGTON, D. C,, SATURDAY, APRIL 8 1893-SIXTEEN PAGES. ation and establishment of a permanent and final boundary line. ‘That is the program which is now to be par- sued. The first preliminaries to this season’ work were looked after Inet summer by our government in a way that is quite interesting tothe lay reader. ‘The initial task was to fix the latitude and longitude of Sitka. The lati- tude could readily be determined by a well- known astronomical process, but the ascertain- ment of the longitude was a matter of more difficulty. To do thisa bright young man of the coast survey staff was dispatched to Tacoma, Wash., with seven costly chronometers in his gustody. He took passage m a steamboat ply- ing regularly between Tacoma and Sitka, and @uring the season he accomplished no lers than ‘ix round trips. On starting from Tacoma he set all his chronometers accurately by Tacoma time, and on arriving at Sitka he com- pared the mean time ay. by the seven with the time indicated by the best “regulators” to be consulted in Sitka. so as to ascertain the difference of time between the two points. Then. setting his chronometers carofully by Sitka time, he started back to Tacoma, and on reaching that port compared the time there with the mean time indicated by his chronometers. Some of the chronometers of course ran a trifle faster than others, and the most reliable results could be had only by considering the average. The five subsequent trips were taken for purposes of verification, lest the results noted on the first trip should be in any degree misleading. From MAP OF ALASKA. the difference of time thus established between Tacoma and Sitka it was a simple thing to fix by mathematical calculation the precise longi- tude of Sitka, This season the steamer Hassler will carry seven or eight chronometers, and taking Sitka as the starting point it will travel back and forth between the various astronomical stations on the southeastern coast and by the method Just described the exact longitude of each of the stations can be estabiished. THE EQUIPMENT. ‘The coast survey party will take with them a fall supply of instruments and ample stores for the season’s work and subsistence, and every precaution will be taken to escape the trying experiences which the two parties who located the 141st meridian were compelled to undergo in the winters of 1890 and 1891. These two parties were sent up to Alaska by the government at the instance of the State De- artment to establish the meridian and upper oundary line and were led respectively by Engineers J. E. McGrath and J, Henry Tarner of the coast survey. They set out in the spring of 1889 and did not return until the summer of 1891. McGrath's party took their way from Bering sea up the Great Yukon river to Belle Isle on the 41st me- ridian, while Turner's party brancied off northwestward from Fort Yukon and followed the windings of its tributary. the Porcupine river. to Rampart House, likewise on the I4lst meridian. ‘They tock observations of the stars, made astronomical calculations and erected permanent landmarks and monuments of stone on the margins of the watercourses as a means of future identification and measurement. ‘They even purhed their way as far north as the Arctic ocean and set up on its frigid shore a marked tablet at the point where the 141s: meridian leaves the ice-bound mainland to cut through the icebergs to the north pole, less than 20 degrecs of latitude distant. The hardshivs and eufferings they endured were acuce. McGrath’sparty, when the second season came to an end, were obliged to stay in camp on the Yukon, because their work was not quite finished. Turner's party, on the other hand, although their work was completed, were forced to remain at St. Michael's, on the west coast, by reason of an unlucky accident which prevented them from reaching the port until after the last boat that season bad left for San Francisco, Both of these parties found the cold weather of Ala-ka appalling. While in the months of July and August the heat was al- most insufferable a couple of months later the temperature fumbled and jumped down to Hand 40 and even to 60 degrees below zero, and not only mercury, but coal oil and alcohol were solidified by the intense cold in a surpris- ingly short time. For twenty hours on each day during the montis of December and Jan- uary no reading or writing could be done in the winter quarters withouc the aid of artificial light, and their stock of oil was unhappily very ited. Still, despite all their perils and triais, Uoth parties returned home at last in the very best of health and condition. MAY LEARN MUCH ABOUT ALASKA. The outgoing explorers are expected to return to San Francisco from Alaska by the end of October next, laden with valuable informa- tion touching tho various native tribes and the plant and animal life of that wonderful country. Alaska is stil! substantially a terra incognita, notwithstanding all that has been written and printed about it. Its area is 580,- 000 square miles, and its shore line exceeds by 7,239 miles the combined lengths of the Atlan- tic, Pacific and gulf coasta of the United States, Its prize mountain, St. Elias, is the culminat- ing point of the whole American continent, being 19,500 feet above the sea. Ite great river, the Yukon, is one of the mightiest and most wonderful in the world, 2,000 miles long, and measuring in some of its interior reaches seven miles across. ‘The sun goes down in northern Alaska about the middle of November and does not rise again until the latter part of Junuary. Some of the party will make special inquiry into the mineral resources of the southeastern section, particularly along the Stikine river, where several rich gold mines are already be- ing worked with great profit, The Treadwell gold mines on Dougiass Island, near by, display the largest visible quantities of gold ote in the world and rank among the most profitable. The largest stamping mill in existence is in opera- tion there and between 250 and 260 stamps are running day and night. Others of the party have arranged to collect and preserve specimens of insects, furs, plants and minerals aside from gold, and it may be safely predicted that the result of their labors, beside aiding in the settlement of an international dispute, will greatly enlarge the sum of scientific knowledge respecting our valuable but little known north- wost territory. ee Light, Love, Life. At the close of Dr. Bartlett's Easter sermon. last Sunday morning at the New York Avenue Church he read a short poem, to which his dis- course had been directed throughout and of which he had spoken in terms of the highest praise. It was based upon a sentence in one of Dr. Bartlett's addresses: ‘There are but three definitions of God in Seripture—Light, Love, Life.” The poem was atterward sent to Dr. Bartlett in an envelope that contained noth- ing but the sheet upon which it was written. ‘It was unsigned and the author is unknown. It attracted a great deal of favoral the time it was read and is cot work of real merit, It was as follows: Close lower the clouds, And all abvat me gathers blackest night, Biind,—I wouid w: dazed But “God ts Light” Earth's friends forsake, ‘And those whom best I’serve ungratefal prove; ‘Lone life would be, and drear, But “God is Love.” Snrruitfal al lifes labor and les pals iatrult 's Tabor an But “God is Life.” ‘Then on: SE nor death shall ‘God, now and forevermore, to me Is Life,‘and Love, and Light.” Hawkins—‘‘No, got no place to go to, like you have.’ Jodge; but I hain't LACING THE CORSET. Who Was the First Woman to Adopt the Practice? WAS IT A SAVAGE MAIDEN? ‘The Corset is An Institution So Ancient That Nobody Knows Who Invented It—So Long as Slender Waists are Admired It Will Sur- vive—Facts About Its History. Sea wh any ID YOU SEE THAT & girl said Noodles quickly, glancing out of the window of the Plat- ypus Club. “Just a glimpse,” re- plied the eminent pro- fessor of anthropology who had been taking lunch with him. “Who is she?” “Don't know; but she has the smallest waist ever saw, It's like a wasp’s. Upon my word, she looks‘s though she might break in two very easily.” “It's funny,” remarked the professor, thoughtfull: “that tastes in the matter of waists should have changed so much within the last few years. Such slenderness as that of the young lady whom you pointed out does not excite admiration nowaday: On the contrary, in the eves of most people, being so evidently artificial and at the same time suggestive of ill health. Nothing better illustrates the growth of common sense in the present age than the almost universal abandonment of tight Incing. Yet one hears cranks denounce this evil practice as_if it still existed as it did when my grandmother was a young girl.” “Was she @ victim of the practice?” asked Noodles. “Decidedly, She often told me how she was sent to a fashionable boarding school when she was fourteen rears old. Having always lived in the country and spent her time unrestrained in healthful pursuits out of doors her shape was what nature intends that a young woman's shall be at that stage of her being. To the ladies in charge of the scholastic establishment in ques- tion, however, her figure appeared “sim dreadful.’ as they expressed it. It would hi been well enough, perhaps, for a milkmaid, but for a young lady it was most improper. ‘The misfortune could only be remedied by treat- ment of a drastic character. Accordingly, my unfortunate progenitrix was at once put into a course of straight jackets.”” itraight jackets?” repeated Noodles. xactly so. A corset of great strength and rigidity was fastened about her body and laced in to the utmost possible point of constriction, ‘This she was oblized to wear at night as well in the daytime, the instrument of torture being fastened behind in such a manner that she could not remove it surreptitiously, Further- more, during her waking hours @ board was strapped fiat against the back of her waist and shoulders, extending up the back of the neck, where a steel ring covered with leather encir- cled her throat. Thix latter device was de- signed to prevent her from stooping. She also wore straps to keep her shoulders back, though an apparatus, sometimes preferred for the same purpose, was a stiff curved bar of steel sewn along the upper edge of the stays, which ex- tended back to the shoulders on each side.” “You must be joking,” said Noodles. “I never heard of such things.” “Nevertheless, my young friend,” said the professor, ‘devices of the sort I describe were commonly employed in 1820 and later. It is probable that tight lacing was carried to » worse point at that time than ever before or since. It 1s said to have been quite usual for a mother to lay her daughter down on the carpet and plac- ing her footon ber back. break half a dozen laces in tightening her stays. Many of the cor- sets then in use were strengthened with bars of iron or steel three to four inches broad and | eighteen inches long. ‘The standard of elegance for waist measure was the span of two hands. At the boarding school which my mother at- tended there was actually a rivalry among the girls as to which of them should have the| smallest waist. It was considered necessary that every young lady should have her figure ‘formed’ by such artifices. The proper way to accomplish this was by system of gradual ‘training,’ as it was termed. It began when the girl was quite a child, corsets being put on and worn often night and day in order that the waist should be prevented from attaining the size natural to an adult.” “As bad as Chinese feet,” said Noodles. “Much worse, because infinitely more destructive to health. Plenty of young women in those days used to boast of sixteen-ineh waists and a measure of fifteen inches was re- garded as most enviable. Naturally, after a course of straight jackets the muscles on which the body relies for its support were rendered so far useless that a young woman accustomed to wear tight =e could not get along without them. Deprived of them she felt weak and hardly able to sitor stand upright. Thus there were always to be found plenty of advocates of lacing, who declared that it was really neces- sary to comfort. My grandmother's case was an unfortunate one, because not having enjoyed the advantages of the ‘training’ system she was obliged. at fourteen years of age, to undergo the process termed “forcing,” that is to say she Was compelled to wear a progressive series of straight jackets, each one tighter than the last, until’ she was reduced to the requisite point of constriction. The tortures she underwent were horrible, but no mercy was shown her. In fact, it was then regarded as wholly impossible that ® young lady should be allowed to have a normal waist. She would have had no chance of getting married.” : “How absurd!” “Such was the fact. Men admired nothing so much in a woman then as a small waist. | Physicians have told me that this practice of our grandmothers is chiefly responsible for the little health of women at the presént time. There is a young lady of my acquaintance who takes such good care of her health as to sur- prise her grandmother. The latter said to her the other day that when she was a girl she was accustomed to do with impunity all sorts of things which young ladies would regard nowa- ¢ays as dangerous imprucences, relying on her robust constitution. She was trying to show that girls are not what they used to be physic ally. ‘Well, grandma.’ replied my little friend, ‘if you had taken better care of yourself when you were young probably I should not be nearly #0 delicate as Iam.’ * “That was one on grandma,” said Noodles. “There was a good deal in it, I think,” ad- mitted the professor. ‘As know, at the period of ti rican revolution tight lac Which went out of style for ‘a, winle mete quently during the reign of the first Napoleon, was very much in fashion in France. Stays were laced then to the extreme limit, the bodice being sometimes sewn upon the figure of the wearer after the corsets had been adjusted. The stays were commonly made of sole leather, no other material being sufficiently unyielding to stand tension. ‘They formed a sort of narrow conical case, in the most circumscribed part end of the reign of George end of the reign Corsets as well as ladies.”” ‘as part of their training for the army. In early as the reign of Queen Anne, hospe had IT MAKES PEOPLE WELL. Best Spring Remedy in the World--Paine’s Celery Compound. The True Medicine for Lost Nervous Strength—-What Scientifio Research Accomplished—-Proved by Success Where All Else Has Failed. else has failed. People well, than to any other one subject. There is one trae specific tor diseases arising from a debilitated nervous system an@ that is Paine’s celery compound, so generally prescribed by physicians. It is probably the most remarkable remedy that the scientific research of this country has produced. Prof. Edward E. Phelps, M.D, LL.D. of Dartmouth college, first prescribed what is now known the world over as Paine’s celery compound, @ positive cure for dyspepsia, billous hess, liver complaint, neuralgia, rheumatism, all nervous diseases, and kidney troubles For the latter, Paine’s celery compound has succeeded again and again where everything ‘The medical journals of this country have given more space in the last few years to the many remarkable cases where the use of Paine’s celery compound has made TEE EE “Yes; when she assumed the power which she so long maintained at that court, costume and fashion became her study, and at no period of the world’s history were the laws of more exacting. She detested thick waists, the correct standard of measurement as de- creed by her was thirteon inches. In order that this extreme slenderness should be a: tained she invented and introduced severe and powerful corset which was called the ‘corps.’ It was hardened and stiffened in every imaginable way, descending in a long, hard point and rising’ stiff and tight at tho throat. In this rigid contrivance the form of the fair wearer was incased, and gradual con- striction was pursued until the waist became of the proper size. Over this corset was worn & cover of thin steel plate, cut out and wrought into an open pattern for the sake of lightness, Upon this cover the silk or velvet of the bodice was sewn directly, #o that there should be no fold or wrinkle. ‘The steel cover was made in two pieces. At both front and back a long rod of steel projected ina curved direction down- ward. On these rods depended mnirly the adjustment of the long peaked body of the dress and the set of the skirt behind. “The ladies of the nobility in France were compelled to adopt these devices of the queen, as well as the standard of waist measure set by her. In this way the fashion got such o start that it was followed over the greater part of Europe. Queen Elizabeth's court accented it, but it never became general in England. In that country later on it was suporseded by a stout and unrielding corset closely ribbed with whalebone. Both men and women wore such stays. Queen Catherine's eon, Henry ITI, was much addicted to tight lacing. He inherited from his mother all of her taste for personal adornment. He wore eardrops in his ears, dyed his hair and padded his hips. “As far back as the sixteenth century Em- peror Joseph of Austria, becoming alarmed at | the formidable lures laid out for the capture of mankind by the fair sex, issued an edict rigor- ously forbidding the use of the corset in all nunneries and places where young females were educated. ‘Transgressors of the law were threatened with excommunication fzom the mand, like an electric shock. startled the col- lege of physicians into activity and zeal, and learned dissertations on the crying sin of tight lacing were scattered broadcast among the ranks of the benighted and tight-laced ladies of the time. The only result was that open defi- ance was bid to the edict and the doctors, and corsets were, if possible, made tighter than ever before. ‘It is not known just when the laced corset of modern type was invented. The first exist- ing record of it is a caricature which adorns a manuscript dated 1043, now in the British Museum, The drawing represeuts the Fiend of Fashion, which seems to be a typical imp with horns and claws, wearing a long skirt, jewelry anda corset. The picture was pro- duced during the reign of Edward the Con- fessor. It is believed to have been ® monkish satire on prevailing fashion, convering a warn- ing to the male sex that alabaster shoulders and slender waists are too often associated with brimstone attributes. In the thirteenth cen- tury corsets were made for men. Richard, king of the Normans, and his son Edward wore them. At that time the practice of tight lacing pervaded every rank of society. Chaucer speaks with admiration of a young lady as being ‘small as s weasel.’ ” ‘So there were no corsets before the eleventh century?” said Noodles. “Yes, indeed. Corsets have always been worn since the time when savages first found yy a broad stiff girdie. Such girdles were fret from the skins of beasts. A thong of hide or strip of tendon served for a lace, which was through holes made with a sharp bone. It did not take long for the primitive oung woman todiscover that a belt well drawn Ii served to dispiay her figure. to greater ad- vanto~> than one carelessly or loosely adjusted, Toi. .4e it ornamental porcupine quills, sea shells and the teeth of wild animals were fast- ened upon it, In the mysterious and ancient forest city of Palenque. in South America, the history of which is lost in remote antiquity, there is a bas-relief representing a female with an elaborate waist bandage. It confines the waist from just below the ribs down to the hips as firmly as the most unyielding corset of today. “On certain islands of Polynesia, when they were diseovered, the native young women were found wearing ' peculiar corset of spirally arranged rattancane. This, once put on, was not removed until the celebration of the mar- riage ceremony. The taste for small waists seers always to have existed in the world. It ‘32 Gozs to the seat of the pain, Salvation OF. church among other penalties, ‘The royal com- | | | | | ape paF en ay got My | Vanons, Pep ana Gr ae ae | Can bay our “Cream Biend” Flour of the following grocers, It i» the only recognized Blended Flour on the market and = trial will com vince the most skeptical that it ts the very besb im use: Wholesale by BB. EARNBHAW & aka, Washington, D. C. J. E. CONNELLY, 999 ist nw. RL. MATN, 1522 14th nw, H. B. DULEY, 1800 ath a.w, | G. W. GOLDEN, 1034 29th aw, RP. WATTS, 1138 12th aw, J. L. HAMMACK, so0dth a. @, F. M. DAVIS, cor, 7thand Fae, ROBERT WHITE, gr., voourn a. jac KAMMERER, 130 Ist nw. . F. AUTH & BRO., cor, ddan Tad E, HOGAN OL X. 3. ave. a. seats IOHN H. 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