Evening Star Newspaper, March 4, 1893, Page 23

— tll sale ” ae —_——_ THE EVENING STAR: WASHINGTON, D. C., SATURDAY,” MARCH 4, 1893—TWENTY PAGES. INAUGURATION OF | PRESIDENTS CABINETS The Advisers of the Chief Executive Officers of This Country. A HISTORICAL RESUME. pe hceies ‘They Number Over Two Hundred and Fifty— From Washington to Clevela Over Two Hundred Lawyers—Interesting Facts About Star. VER 250 MEN HAVE been selected for cx net positions. Two hundred and forty-five of these have already been appointed and verved their day and generation, and Mr. Cleveland's announce- ments bring the beyond the 250 ¢. The congresciona and diplomatic expe- rience of theve men be- fore they cntered the cabinets of which they Were members foots ap a total of more than a thousand years’ service. ‘The terms in Con+ gress and in diplomatic positions ot the thirty- | two Secretaries of State prior to their apypoin ments to that position alone aggregate 250 years, Seven of these men became Presidents after their cabinet term, and probably two hun- ' dred and forty-odd of them thought they ought tohave been President. Two hundred of the two hundred and fifty men who have held cab- inet positions were lawyers. A score or more of PRESIDENT POLK. POLK’S INAUGURATION An English Artist's Pictures and an| English Writer’s Report. THE PAST AND THE PRESENT. Prof. Morse at the Key—‘early Half a Cen- rations From Daguerreo- | of the Time—The Throng tury Ago—T types—Fash! at the Capitol. | The Sran reprints the following account of | President Polk's inauguration in 1845. which was published, together with the illustrations bere produced, in an April issue of “The I trated London News” in that year. It is ix esting to note some of the differences made spparent in the reading of this account be- tween the present time and when the article was written. nearly half a century ago. The telegraph was then so new that Prof. Morse himself was operator on the dispatches to timore deseribing the inaugnration. The d guerreotype. the forerunner of photography. was then relied upon in making the illnstra- tions. One of the pi hows the west front Of the Capitel, Many c shave been made since that was drawn. gave place to the bui er- ne shown sto and mounted monument w oval fountain b eld nav bi: lish, comparea w these present t guard. and the number of people who saw th Modest display would not have been missed from the vast crowds of sightseers that 3 of Washin: non similar ¥ ceable also he fashions p the eastern portico of the Capitol a of nothing but rby-hatted men. jictures reproduced here show high hats to we been i great favor then. The women who saw President Harrison's inauguration in the rain must hare been more interested, | though. than were those who were present ai the inaugaration of President Volk. as they | must have felt not a little apprehensive of the | consequences of being out m a@ wintry rain storm iu a low neck dress: From the Hinstrated London News, April 19, 1%- INAUGURATION OF THE AMFRICAS PRESIDEXT. By the activity of our artist at New York we are enabled to present to our readers two of | the principal scenes of the inauguration of | President Polk. on the 4th ult.. together with the accompanying details of this great political raph, ‘The whole plan of an inauguration was first arranged by General Washington, which bas | vast crow: while the | Congress, of the Baltimore convention, gover- them are still with us, some still m_ public life. gaily dresved multitude crowding and jostling | There have been rare occasions in which men not to the Capitol, having just alighted from their | members of the cabinet were called to rit in carriages, no vehicies being aliowed to enter | that body and give their judgment on matters the grounds or square. Here, accordingly, the | under discussion. A notable example of this company had to «light. | was that of Gen. Grant, who sat frequently with Prof. Morse brought out the magnetic tele- | the cabinet in 1967 after the “military govern- graph to the platform. close to one side of it, | ors” were appointed in charge of the tive from which point he could hear everything | districts in the south under t eral control that went on, having under review all the cere- _ and direction of the gencral of the army, Grant. monies performed, communicating resuits to | There have been numerous other occasions in Baitimore as fast as they trauspired, which assistant secretaries, who were acting as ‘The inaugural procession moved to the | as Secretary, met with the cabinet, and a few oc- Capitol in the following orde casions in which other officery of the depart- ‘ ~ ments have been called into cabinet meetings See for consultation. There has been but one cab- Officers and soldiers of the revolution. seatie the entire f Fresidents which was Reverend cleray. unchanged in its membership from the begin- President-elect and his predecessor in an open | Bing to the end of the four years’ term: that poet was the cabinet of President Pierce. In marked Ex-Presidents of the United States, contrast with this was the cabinet of Presid President Tyler’s cabine | Johnson, which during his term had no} Tasaons ort yreme Coart, than twenty members at different timos in tho Diplomatic corps. seven positions which then made np the list of Members-elect of the Twenty-ninth Congress | cabinet officers, while Grant had twenty-three and ex-members of Congress. in all. Members of the Baltimore democratic national conve f 1844. Governors and ex-governors of states and territories, Members of state and territorial legislatures, Federal and state judges, OBicers of the arms. navy, marine corps and mil Citizens of states and territories, Corporate authorittes of Washington, George- town and Alexendrin. Democratic assoc trict of Col: | The First Cabinet. The first cabinet had in it bu men, Jef- fereon, Secretary of State; Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury: Knox, Secretary of War and Navy: Osgood, Post: General, and dolph, Attorney General. The sala! cabinet officers at that time were le: of those The Secretary of annum and the oth tan- 1 w y was fixed at the r. The first cal ons and clubs of the Dis- ia and others from abet pinet | p "bs | Was not altogether a happy family. Petween iaiacaim soery ™ Jefferson and Hamilton + e such jeul- Citizens of the District of Columbis ousies, growing into hosti t they found Conpeny is ben tieeniet oe Gomes their relation: hip in th ily of Pres- The chief marshal and his ened with silks a and rosettes provided with is were bed z. ident Washington dd ribbons in the way of scaris ki on were federalists, while ed himself at the head Je Merson soon of the | ‘im plece of se ican or strict construc: and the | two feet long, which was de differences between Hamilton and Jefferson | There wer eral soon developed into a personal antipath i | tary. ail m excellent o each of them was anxious to withdraw from the iriled. Their appe cabinet. Washington, who did ¢ tice to, isfaction and atirseted the greatest share of | the merits of both of these ablo imers aned ait attention next to President Polk. | his influence and tact to persuade th The “Oficers and Soldiers of the Revolu-| main. ‘The quarrel, ho were represe tleman naval of ed by one fat, puray gen- a sort of navy undress, two young cers and two boys, apparently mid- about sixteen vears of age; and this ectable number of five individuals repre- sented the revolutionary warriors, The clerzy turned out well. There were about twenty. the customs ed each otiier in the newspapers tions over assumed names. Hat- ilton, although hend of the Treasury Depart- ment, was active in sustai = the neutrality proclamatior in the cabinet and defended it in the press over the ture of “Pacifiens,” | while Jefferson sustained Frenean in his at- of the day, | | in commun | though tian and anaious a appearsnge, with | MeKs Upon the financial” poliey of. the | President Tier in the same carriage. Sion." waten’ = Serta Ham~- Tyler's cabinet Wicliffe and Wilkia, rite a series of newspayer articles attack ing Jefferson. Asaresult Jefferson withdrew from the cabinet at the end of the year 1793 }and was succeeded by Edmund Randolph at the head of the State Department, who had also a stormy career, but of a different sort. Impor-ant negotiations wore then going ou between this government and that of France and the French minister, Fauchet, intimated to | his government that with “several thousand | dollars” he could favorably influence American affairs, alleging that Randolph bad suggested tohim. This diapatch was intercepted by a Eritish ship and forwarded to minister in Philadeiphi | tesigned his office and _ prepa None. Supreme Court at.c corp e. ‘Then came the members and ex-members of Congress. of whom there were a goodly num- ber. The sum total. however, of members of nors and ex-governors. members and ex-mem- bers of state legislatures, federal and state judges did not number more than 100 or 120 persons, ‘Then came the Empire Club, or, rather, the banner with the f-w accompanying members, and the band and the picce of ordnance etore- said; and the balance of the procession per- haps numbered four or five hundred persons— vindi- certainly not hore |eation,” which was followed by another | Iu this order the procession reached the | Publication entitled “Political Truthe; or, | Avimadversions on the Past and I pe" State of Pubiic Affairs ” j ernment made up a 4 Randolph for fray the expen-es of foreignintercourse, which Was finally submitted to arbitrators and de: cided against him, cansing him the loss of his fortune. On his retirement from the cabinet | Timothy Pickering was transferred from the War Department to the Department of State. He continued at the head of the State Depart- ment through the remainder of Washington's | term and for a time under Adams, when | trouble arose over the tamot Y. pers, which asserted, doubtleys truthfully, that the French directory had demanded bribes of the American commissioners sent by the State De- partment. Hamilton's hand was again seen in | these difliculties, for altuouzh not a member of | that cabine‘,he still endeavored to control it, and Adems finally dismissed the entire cabi gS. who afterward — re to life as a member of Congress, Henry Knox, who was Washington’ Secretary of Wa: and Navy, for that office in the beginuitg ineInded both the army and nat held the postion many years with marked ability and died from swallowing. a chicken A little later the gov of 249.000 agai ds to de- bone. James MeHonry, who succueded him, held the office daring the remainder of Washington's term and ‘under Adams’ ad- ministration, but met the same face as! Pickering ani was dismissed from th: | the vear 1400 on account of his opposition to | Adams'poliey and friendship for Hainilton. Sam- uel Osgood, Washington's first Postmaster Gen- eral,held the pos yearsand was an- | the Capito! toge the latter does not ex Rew term commence till the new President is eworn in. und subsequent to 12 o'clock. As they procved to the C. waiks on the left’ hand of the President. they return from the Capitol to the Wh Bouse their poxit:on is cba: dent walks on the left-hand side of th dent A fine band of fowed by a well-c unif rmed company. Car load after car load of people continued to arrive from Baltimore till the whole avenue seemed to swarm with people. Every hotel, ‘every place of public resort. became perfectly med. “Fhe whole area from the platform ‘erected in tront of the eastern portico of the Capito! to the iron railings of the garden in the Fear was one dense mass of human beings. No ns were allo and except those designated in the program. ‘The procession line and ere formed ferent parts of t! itary es @ort was very band-om mbered all the independent companies of the District, one from Baltimore and enother from Virgpia. There were two mounted companies and half @ dozen on foot. and these were followed by the »itol the President-elect AS d to enter the Capitol anve | willing to transfi New York | ned when the seat of government was removed from New York to the Quaker city. ie was temporariiy #uc- cerdel by Pickering, whose snecessor, Joseph Habersham, held the position of Postmaster General under three Presidents, Washington, Adams and Jefferson, his term running from February 15, 1795, until November 23, 1801, | when he retired and became president of a bank at Savannah. West gates of the Capitol grounds, where the President and those secompanying him left their carriages and the procession. with the members of Congress and others who were en- titled to admission into the Capitol, and pro- ceeded through the grounds to the Capitol. And on the procession com:ug in sight of the Capitol xrounds there was a new sceue for wonder; for every conceivable foot of space on the elevated terraces of these grounds where a spectator couid have a chance of seeing the procession President and suite was crowded t tion. It was literaily black with the swarms of people—here and there relieved by the brizht dress of some democratic lady who Was not afraid of either the falling rain or the thronging crowds, but was determined to see and be seen. | At i2 o'clock the President-elect, with Chief | Justice Taney, stepped forward to the front of the pla:form. the latter holding in his hand a richly gilt Bible. when, in the presence of the high functionaries of government and of the assembied representatives of foreign govern- ments. the chief justice proceeded to adminis- ter the oath of office to the President, who, after he had conciuied an eloquent and well- conceived inaugural addrew, took the oath of office, ‘The rain fell steadily and more heavily while the President was delivering bis in- Adams. The history of Adims’ cabinet is so inter- woven with that of Washington's that it can searely be considered separately. As already indicated, he accepted the Washington cabinet as his official advisers, but soon found that it was controlied by Hamilton, and after much wranghng daring a large part of his term he dismissed the cabinet and appointed another, whose members, however, had but a few months to serve until the end of his term, when Mr. Adams committed the foolish and puerile act of | leaving the seat of government at daylight on | ‘ the 4th of March and starting in his coach for | his home in Massachusetts, instead of waiti to witness the inauguration of his succevsfi rival, Jefferson. Jefferson. President Jefferson had a more peaceful time ipposed to come at midnight on the 8d of = March, instead of 12 o'clock ‘noon on the 4th of March, as at present. Dexter, who had come down to him as a relic of the Adams adminis. tention, was asked to resign, but declined to do so and was removed and Gallatin ap;ointed Secretary of the Treasnry, which positioa h> held from May 14, 1901, to February 9, 1804, and made for himself a'reputation as one of the greatest financiers of of Lincoln and Brecki the minds of the pres inently connected with tion, Levi Lincoln serving most of his term as Attorney General. while John Breckinridge Succeeded him, holding the office from 1805 to 1807, dying of typhus fever while in office. Madiaon. Madison had seventeen men in his cabinet during his eight years’ term of service. ‘Tho exciting events of the war of 1812 had some ago. The names ridge, co prominont in t generation, were prom- | effect upon his cabinet and his Secretary of War, John Armstrong, was severely censured for hia lack of success in the operations against Canada and particularly for the sack of Wasking- ton by the Dritish'tn August, 1814 which tes dered him so unpopular that ke was criticised. and compelled to resign in the following Sep- tember. Ono curious feature of Madison's rela- tions with his cabinet members is noted in the fact that he made his Secretary of the Tress- urs, Gallatin, bis chief adviser instead of the Seetetary of State, who had customarily been held in this near relationship. Montoe. Monroe, who was a member of Madison's cab- inet at the exd of his eight years’ tex ined two of his associates in the cabinet, Crownin- thield and Meigs,as members of his own cabinet, Crowninshield serving as Secretary of the Navy | fora few months under his former assaciate nd Meiga serving a1 Postmnaster General Monroe for six vents. Four men, Adam houn, Crawford and Wist, were members cf his cabinet during pr. he entire eight years of his term as Pre John Quincey Adame, John Quincy Adams, although he had prac- tically one cabinet from the beginning to the end of his term, had far from an agreeable time with reference to at least one of -its members, His election, it will be remembered, took place in the House of Representatives, Jackson hav- lefferson’s adminixtra- | 7 prominent in a political way nd. caused her eo much pais and distros Of this peculiar stpecionce in: Kis coer h experience in own life that he was slow to believe the against Mra. Eaton, the wife of his Secretary of War. Nevertheless the wives of the other cabinet off- cers and Vice President declined to recognize her, and Mrs. Donaldson, the wife of the Presi- 's terhew, who was mistress of ceremonics at the White House, tooka similarstand. Jack- son scolded hia secretaries and seut Mra. Don- aldson home, but witliout success. Van Buren, who was Secretary of State. and who was will- ing to side with Jackson as against Calhoun, his political rival, supported Jackeon in his quarrel with the other cabinet officers and their wives, The kitchen cabinet fanned the flame, for ther saw in Van Buren amore valuable ally than in Calhoun. lec Jackson, encouraged by the kitchen cabinet, to suspect Calhoun of treacherous double deal ing and of setting his cabinet against bim. ‘The result was a quarrel, which broke mp tho cabinct, and the news- Papers were fall of the details of the Unpleasant affair. In the spring and summer of 1831 there was a change in’ nenrly the entire cabinet. Van Baven, who had stood ' ister to England, but was defeated for con- firmation by the casting vote of Calhoun, who as Vice President the Sonate was a tio on vote. This strengthened Jackson's determination to make Van Buren his successor to the presi dency and he was successful. ‘The cabinet was reconstructed, with Livingston, Secreta State; McLean, Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of Wai Navy, and Taney, Attorney Ge! change in the Post Ottice Depa the kitchen cabinet was somewhat and Duff Green was ignot | of that organizat of Kentucky and Kendal! the ruling spirits of ‘the adimnis- tration, ir plan was to re-elect Jackson to | the presidency in 1882 and foliow him with Van Buren in 1586, ‘The United States Bank trou- bles followed and Jackson was re-elected, re- ceiving 219 votes against 49 for Clay, his chief antagonist, and “proceeded to demo'th the | bank. MeLean, who was then bead of the | Zrousury Department, did not agree with Juck- son in regard to the bank and was transferred to the State Depar‘ment and William J. Duane was appointed. Duane, however, refused to obey by Jackson, resigned and was appointed inin- | had a vote when) sense of the term and that he should take an oath to administer the duties of the executive as “acting President.” Mr. Tyler, however, after careful study of So een Senieet apes ‘this and assumed that be was President in the fully confirmed since and accepted as constitu- tional law, and has been followed in the cases of Fillmore, Johnson and Arthur when they en- tered upon the presidential duties under similar circumstances. President Tyler did not at first disturb the Harrison cabinet, though it did not | take him long to see clearly what their attitude was and what their plans were to control him and his administration. He resented at every | step the insinuation that he was an executor of | the Harrison administration, oe, in- | stend he was an heit of full age. first | marked break between Mr. Tyler and the Har- Word was aiso brought to Jackson that Calhoun, | rixon cabinet, however. ‘came when he while a member of Monroe's cabinet, disap-| vetoed the ‘national bank Dill, which roved of Jaekson’s conduct in Florida, This | hade> been with =the f the Harrison cabinet and passed by Conj f is proved a culmination of the enmities be- tween Tyler and the Hinrrison cabinet and they Jall resigned with the exception of Webster, | Who remained long enough to finish the Ash- burton treaty with Great Britain with refer- { ence to our northeastern boundary, and then he | resigned. Ci dictate to Tyler'as he had tried to do in Har- rison’s case, had with his leaders foreseen thia, and they bad planned not only for the resigna- tion of the cabinet, but for an adjournment of Congress on the’ Monday following the veto and resignations, which took place on Saturday, ping that Tyler, thus confronted with the ous resignation of the cabingt and the want of time to appomt anew cabinet, would yield. Mr. ‘Tyler, however, early on Mon- ay morning before Congress had time to adjourn nominated Forward of Pennsylvania | fo for Secretary of the Treasury, McLean of Ohio of War, Upshur of Virginia for wy. Legare of North Caro- néral and Wickliffe of Ken: ‘er General, and the m ‘oufirmed, Whether the n of Webster at that time © produced the effect desired 1s un- but i: is evident that Mr. Webster was ine to play into the hands of his rival, Mr. Clay, by assisting this scheme. Tyler was glnd to retain and the strong ¢! represented, ‘I caused in- tense excitement and le members of Congress to issue addresses to the people con- demning the conduct of the President and | declaring “‘all political connection between | nations tional dents executiveeo L@ansoun Ave terscoe G Een nv govsion LER ERA Oe LW Sorenson fan ‘canes mrss Mica ‘J nanwison sonnso Go ie HE IN AUGURKAL BALL SOU VENIR. ing received in the election by the people 99 electoral votes, Adams 8, Crawford 41 and ‘The choice of President having been into tho Hi yused hi« intluence in favor of Adams, who was elected over J son, who ha ceived 15 more votes tl had. When Adams made Clay his Secretary of State the Jackson partisans charged that there had been a bargain between Clay and Adams and that Adams bad secnred Clay's port in the House by promising him the £ Place in the cabinet. The custom up to that time had been to make the Secretary of State the succeeding President, Political ing ran high and John Randolph charac:er- ized this alleged bargain as “a cealition be- tweer Bhfil and Black George, the Puritan and the black leg.” wh is asserted, led to a duel between Clay ph, which, fortu- nately, was with result. Despite these charges, ams held on to Clay as his Secretary of State and retained Wirt, Southard “and MeLean, who bad been’assoctated with him in Monroe's cabinet. In spite of the fact that hiv administration favored many principles espoused by the whigs, “apoils system” and declined to eeven the men who had vig- orouly opposed him, while Jackson, disap- pointed at his own faire, promised a clean sweep if he should be elected wext time. Jack- son's promises were mtccosafal, and in the next presidential ciection he received 178 electoral votes aginst 83 for Adams. Jackson. Jackson's cabinet experiences were of a de- cidedly stormy nature, which had characterized the cabinet experi. ences of Washington and John Adama. They were, too, of a less exalted order, for the quar- rels in the cabinets of Washington and Adams were those of s'atesmen of high rank and grew out of differences of opinion of state matters, or at the worst their political and personal am- bitions. Not so altogether, however, in the cave of Jackson, who had no’ Joss than nineteen members of his cabinet from first to last. Jnck- m began his cabinet circus with the xelection of Van ecretaty of State, Ingham, Secretary of the Treasury; War; Branch, Sceretary of the 3 Attorney General, and Barry, Postmaster Gen- er officers such Madison ay et_ne bronght in the first He looked upon his sec- retaries as clerks and made his confidential advisers w few men who held no important ote, among them Amos Kendall, Duff Gecen, W. B. Lewiw ant Isaac Hill. : to be known as the “kitchen eabinet,” which term hax been retained to the present day and variously applied to different advisers of differ- ent adminietrations, Green and Hill were editors of partisan newspapers and Lewis had been active in training Jackson for the presi- dential race im 1821. Jackson, who was om- bittered by his former defeat for the presi- dency. and who believed in putting his own partisans in office, entered upon a wholesale slaughter of office holders of opposite polit and between March 4, 1829, and March 22, 1830, had made 2,000 changes in offfceas against seventy-four which had been made in all pre- ceding administrations, among his appvint- ments being some fifty newspaper owners or writers. It was at time that the celebrated phrase “to the victors be- long the: spoils” originated with William L. Marcy of New York, who made this decinration in a speech in the Senate in 1831. Nothing was too bad for Jackson to believe of Adams and Clay and his wholesale removals were prompted by the desire to “‘turn the rascals out.” ‘This demoralizing policy led to differences in his olicial family, particularly between Vice Presi- dent Calhoun and the Secretary of State, Van Buren, who were rival arpirants for the presi- dential succession. The rule of tho “kitchen cabinet” also made things hot for the legitimate cabinet and there was trouble. The most prominent cabinet difficulties, however, arose ven more 60 than those | Jackson's orders for the removal of the de- posits and also refused to resign. He was there- fore removed and Tancy was made Secretary of the Treasury. He immediately ordered the transfer of ihe deposits of public reve | from the national banks to sundry state ban! which soon became known as. the “pet banks, Taney as Secretary of the Treasury, and Levi Woodbury succeeded him, cat ing out Juekson's policy and remaining to the end of his term. These events had as their result the great panic 1437, which was bronght about by the with- drawal of deposits from the pet banks, destroy for the whiz victory which elected Harri-on in 1840. One curious political incident of Jack- €on’s cabinet wax tho refusal of his Postmaster General—Kendall—to compel the postmasters at Charleston and elsewhere to deliver anti- slavery newspapers and other documents of that character to the persons to whom they were addressed through the mails. Van Buren, Van Buren having been Jackson's choice his successor it was natural that he should ro- | tain myf¥b of his cab: Levi Woodberry, who wis Juckson’s last Secretary of the ‘Treaeu#y, was retained during Van Buren’s entire term; Dickerson, who was Jackson's Secretary of the Navy, also served a part of Van Buren’s term, so did Kendall as Postmaster everal, and go did Benjamin F. Butler as At- torney General. Harrison. ‘The oficial relations of the first President Harrison to his cabinet were brief. Their names were sent to the Senate on the day of his inauguration, and his death occurred jast | one month later, ‘The cabinet was looked upon jas a strong one, with Webster Secretary of Ewing Secretary of the Treasury, Bell retary of War, Dadger Sceretary of the Navy, Granger Postmaster General and Crit- | tenden Attorney General. Those were, how- ever, an eventful thirty days, at least they were busy ones, for the pressure for offices on the part of the victorious whigs was something remendous. The new cabinet officers were besieged and almost driven tion,” Jackson, it will be remem- bered, removed federalist office holders by the ‘thousands and filled the gover |ment service with his partieans, wi his successor, Van Buren, who had been in his cabinet and named by Jackson for the pres dency had followed in his footsteps in this par- | ticular. —Conseyuently when the whigs camo into power under Harrison they demanded these same tactics which had been followed by Jackson, and that there should be «weeping and immediate changes and appointments of whigs to all offices. They brought all the pressure known to politicians upon the cabinet and through them upon the President. Hence | the month in which Mr. Harrison bad official relationship with bis cabinet was a busy and, in many particulars, a distressing one. It was especially so to President Harrison, and it is believed that the anxiety and overwork incident to it was one of the causes which made him fall ‘an easy victim to pneumonia, which ended his life just one month after ‘his inauguration. He cecupied the position long enough. how- lever, to show that he was and intended to ‘be President in the full sense of the word, for during that short month he rerented in plain terms an effort by that most distinguished man of his party, Henry Clay, to dictate bis policy. No platform had been adopted in the convention which nominated him, but Clay and his friends as- sumed that the ‘victory was one of the old na- tional a policies of a national bank, high tariff and internal improvements. Clay's course’ immediately after the inauguration he regarded the vi ‘the cabinet or in person that President Harrison to despera- but the Senate, when it met, refused to contirm | ot | us and Tyler at an end.” By May, 1843, the Ashburton treaty had been completed and the political pressure brought to bear upon Web- ak #0 grent that he also resigned and was succeeded in the State Department by Legare, who in a few mouths was succeeded by Upshur, July 24, 1843, who in February of the follow” non on board the war steamer Princeton, and was sueceeded by Ca!houn, who held the posi- | tion of Secretary of State to the end of Tyler's | term. Thomas W. Giimer, Secretary of the who had held that position just thirteen was also killed by the explosion on the Princeton, This disaster, though asad event, gave ing many private fortunes and wrecking the | to the President a wife, the first “bride of the administration of Van Buren, whom Jackson | White House.” Mr. Gardiner of Long Island, had made his successor, and preparing the way | who wasspending the winter in Washington with | his daughter, was also kill and his body, with that of Upshur, was taken to the White House, and Mise Gardiner being thus | brought into the society of the President, who was a widower, became later the object of his atten- tions and they were married in New York June 26, 1844. Calhoun, who succeeded Upshur 88 Secretary of State, distinguished bim- self during the Tyler ‘administration by the | treaty which admitted Texas to the Union, | though the treaty thus framed was rejected by | the Senate, and it was not until the closing days of Tyler's term that a joint resolution for the ation of Texas was pasced by both Houses Tyler on’ the last day by this explosion, and signed by President of his term, March 3, 1845. Polk. President Polk's cabinet was looked upon as | Sstrong and wisely selected one. Buchanan, who had had long experience as minister to | Russia and in the Senate, became his Secretary | of State; Robert J. Walker,an ex-Secretary and oue of the best authorities on national finance, | was Secretary of the Treasury; Marey, Secre- tary of War; Goorge Baneroft, Secretary of the Navy; Cave Johnson, Postmaster General, and John Y. Mason, who had been a member of Tyler's cabinet, was first Attorney General and afterward was transferred to the Navy Depart- ment. ‘The admission of Texas was completed in the following December, and under this cab- inet was carried forward the war with Mexico which followed, during which Abrabam Lincoln firat became prominent by his resolution intro- duced in the House of Representatives after- ward known asthe “spot resolution,” calli upon the President to designate the spot of American territory where Mexican troops ha! t spilied the blood of American citizens, he whigs, however, although the spot was not named, fought for the bill ay ting $10,- 000,000 for the prosecution of the war. It was toward the close of Polk's administration that the bitter straggles between Congress and the President over river and harbor sppropria- tions and the slavery question arose, but this did not apparently pi tion in the cabinet, for four of the six cabinet officers held beginning to the end neroft, resigned from the head of the Navy Dopartment, did 80 for the purpose of accepting the more i Position of minister to Great Britain. In this connection it is interesting to quote from Mr. Baneroft’s own words , Who was still attempting to | north which he , ing year was killed by the explosion of a can- | ng | iticians and political ciubs. Cannon were at & 9% 10 and 11 o'clock. and when | ever, spoke from the portico and uncovered, the procession entered the Capitol grounds. | except that he was sheltered from the rain by ‘The sun did not deign to shine at any mo- | an umbrella, Hs address was received wi went and the rain fell copiously from 10 o'clock | 80 enthusiasm. As he appeared before the throughout the day. The procession lost all | multitude he was received with cheers of wel- | sugural address than before. Mr. Polk, how- | With bis cabinet. He appointed James Madi- son Secretary of State, Samuel Dexter Secre- tary of the Treasury, Dearborn Secretary of War, Stoddard Secretary of the Navy, Haber- sham, who had served under two former Presi- , and the same marks of respect followed | dents, Postmaster General and Lincoln Attorney ee ere oa ‘tm umbscling, “The: white’ silk Phim ae be retired with his friend’ The lowent | Geueral, With bus cablret be lived during the Dadges of the marshals, with their biue ribbons. | estimate of persons present is 25,000. whole of his two terms in com! a stuck to their black coats, while the piames of | Our second illustration shows the multitude the military hung drooping ‘The rain, indeed, | upon the steps of the Capitol and the impres- gpoiled the display of the di sive scene of the inauguration in front of the ‘As the rain increased umbrellas became in | portico. To the left is the chief justice ad- | great request, and, as all wore well supplied, a | ministering the oath of office, and behind them Wectater some distance up the avonce’ looking | Is -Mr- Dalles, the Vice Preddent apeana et cuard see only a long line | six feet high, with a profusion of long white hair, ‘The platform was crowded with fashioua~ bly ladies and the foreign diplomatic body in the court suite of Boag herr mad “The, magnificent scalp the left ts magni jure on Periso’s group of Columbus and the Indian girl, traced from s dagverreotype. mony and at the end he declared that if be had to choose he would select the same indi- BEOUE AHL i with reference to the wife of ‘his Secretary of War, Mrs. Eaton. Secretary Eaton had married Mrs, Timberlake, who was formerly the beau- tital O'Neil, and with whose name and Tepatation goseip'had been busy. Tho ‘wives of the other secretaries refused to recognize felt called upon to administer a rebuke by saying, “You seem to forget, ei, that Vale J wit who am ‘Tyler, who succeeded to the presidency bp the death of Harrison, found himvelf .instantly im peculiar and embarrassing relations with his cabinet. His firstinformation of the death of i ivi r he bad not become President in the full | of office, and announced an entirely new one, | cabinet of Linc: with Webster as Secretary of State; Corwin, | Secretary of the Treasury; Grabam, Secretary | of the Navy; Conrad, Secretary of War; Stuart, | Secretary of the Interior: Crittenden, Attorney | General, and Hall, Postmaster General. Pili- | more and his cabinet had a somewhat v and unpleasant experience, because of the fact that his administration was in a political mi- nority in both houses of Congress. Yet their term at the head of the administration resulted jin | the act for | the extension of the tional capitol building, the treaty open- Jing porte of Japan and ‘other ta ortant acts, One remarkable feature of the history of this cabinet is that it is the only ‘one until a very recent date in which « mem- | ber of the cabinet was a candidate for the | idential nomination of his party against the | man in whose cabinet he was sitting. This was Webster, who was a candidate for the Pree- idential nomination against Fillmore, his chief, j atthe convention which sat in Baltimore im 1852, at which time Webster tial can- @idacy, with aemali following, defeated Fill- more, in whose enbinet he was sitting, and threw the nomination to Scott, which was fol- lowed by the defeat of the party im the #ubse- muent election. This bit of ‘history Fegarding insension in the party and its result becomes the more interesting in the light of recent erente . catenaling: in the cabinet selections which have been the subject of newspaper dis- cussion within the past few weeks. Pierce. President Pierce, as already indicated, was the only man whose original cabinet was re- tained Intact from beginning toend. Marcy of ew York was Secretary of State, Guthrie of ventucky Secretary of the Treasury, Jefferson Davis of Migsissippi Secretary of War, Dobbin | | of North Carolina Secretary of the Navy, Mo- | Clellan of Michigan Secretars of the Interior, | Campbell of Pennsylvania Postmaster General and Cushing of Massachn-etts Attorney General. That this cabinet should have remained abso- lutely unchanged during the stormy times of | his administration over slavery and otber ques- tions is tae more interesting. It was during the term of Jefferson Davis as Secretary of War in this eabinet that the great stone arch known as “Cabin John bridge,” near Washing- t to carry the pipes which supply Washington city with water, and it was in this arch ti e Tas cut and from which it ring the war, erased by an oficial of the | War Department, Buchanan. Buchanan did not retain any of Pierce's enbi- net, but appointed Cass of Michigan Secretary | of State, Cobb of Georgia Secretary of the Treasury, Floyd of Virginia Secretary of Wat Toucey of Connecticut Secretary of the Navy, Jacob Thompson of Mississippi Secretary of the Interior and Black of Pennsylvania Attor- ney General. The exciting events of his ministration and preparations for secession dis integrated the cabinet toward the close of his term. Cobb resigning December 8, 1860, because of his sympathy with the south, as did also ‘Thompson a few days later. John A.Dix was then appointed Secretary of the Treasury to succeed Cobb, and his appointment gave great satis- faction, relieving the financial embarrassments of the government. which were very serious, It was while Secretary of the Wreasury that Dix gave his celebrated order, “If any man attempts to haul down the American flag shoot him on the spot.” This order grew out of the refusal of a commander of a revenue cutter at New Orleans to obey an order from Dix, who had, in view of the pros- pect of secession, ordered two revenue vessels irom New Orleans to New York, so that ther should not fall into the bands of the south- ervers. The commander of one refased to ober the order, when Dix telegraphed: “Tell ut. Caldwell to arrest Capt. Breshwood, as- sume command and obey the order I gave. If Capt. Breshwood undertakes after arrest to in- terfere with the command of the cutter tell Lieut. Caldwell to consider him a mutineer and treat him accordingly. If any man attempts to haul down the American flag shoot him on the spot.” Thompson also resigned a few days later, being a southern man, and his duties were performed by Chief Clerk Kelley. Cass Tesigued in December, 1860, but for a far differ- ent reason. His adberence to Jeffersonien doc- trines would not permit him to ait idly by and asxent to Buchanan's policy. Although he did not openly protest in the cabinet against Bi chanan’s message denying the power to coerce @ state he openly asserted hie views and resigned a few days later when Buchanan refused to re- | inforce For: Sumter. He was succeeded by Black, transferred from the Department of Jus- tice, and Stanton made Attorney General. Stan- tonsoon showed the stern stuff he was made of, | for, although a follower of Van Buren, he was an uncompromising Unibn man, and when Fiosd demanded in cabinet the withdrawal of | the troops in the ports at Charleston Stanton declared that suc! his opinion, be « crime eq and that all who participated in it would de- serve hanging. This was too hot for Floyd, who resigned and was succeeded by Holt of Kentucky. Black did not agree with Buchanan that there was no authority for coercing a state, but was not as pointed in his expression of views as were Cass, Dix and Stanton. Lincoln. Lincoln hada most difficult task in the selec tion of his cabinet. Alrendy, when he entered upon the duties of his office, several states had withdrawn from the Union and seized the forts and military posts within their lines, and others were preparing for similar action. It was with the greatest care, and after consultation with the strongest men of his party and the 5 Union men generally, that be made his selec- tion. It was nota time, he believed, to abso- lutely draw party lines in the selection of men who were to help save the Union. Loyalty and an earnest desire for saving the Union, com- bined with ability and al fitness, were the | qualities he sought, ant more than eme-belf the | men first selected for the cabinet were of demo- cratic antecedents. Seward, his chief t for the nomination, was his Secretary of State; Chase, Secretary’ of 3 '; Smith of Indiana, Becooaey of Interior, while the border slave states were | whig antecedents though ali were, of Pronounced anti-slavery men. ‘hie cabinet | underwent certain modifications di ‘Lin- coln's term. Chase resigned in 1864, after a most brilliant record at the head of the Department; Cameron, whose methods in the War Department were more vigorous than Mr. Lincoln approved, resigned and was made min- ister to Russia, and Stanton, a war democrat, who had made a good record in Buchanan’ cabinet, was made his successor, holdi place until after Lincoln's death’ when John- ‘on's attempts to remove him were long unsuc- cessful: Smith accepted a ju and was succeeded by Usher, Bates resigned in the last year of the administration and tucky was his successor, while about the same time to —— Blair's resignation was because that Po lg Prd .. fall accord some features o policy, though Sanmtiing Eee eee Or aaa rvalt; the sendi rough the mails, Cameron's due to the fact that he was not i af if are HH In when he xnecended to the presidency. Seward recovered from the assas- tin’s knife sufficiently to return to daty a little over a month after Johnson assumed the presi- dency and attempted to induce Joboson to modify his_proct on restoring Virginia te the Union, but without success. Still the rela- tions of Johnson with the Lincoln cabinet were not seriously strained for some time. He at- tempted to cxereise his authority over Grant aa neral of the erms by directing him to go te Mexico on a diplomatic mission inti= mated in reply that it would not be agrecable to bim, but soon afterward was’ summoned to the White House, Jobnson read him bis tnetr Grant said: “You know I told you it would not be convenient for me to go to Mexico.” Job ton replied with great emphasis, bringing ni fist down on the table, ~“I want to know if there dean officer in thearmy who will ot obey me,” to which Grant, taking up bis hat, replied, “I am an oficer of the army, but # Citizen also. and the service you ask isa civil service: m= on citizen I may accept oF decline it, I decline.” Johnson's views were so much at variance with those of the Lin- coln cabinet that be made numerous changes in 1868. Postmaster General Dennison being #u0- ceeded by Kandall of Wisconsin, Attorney Gen= eral Speed by Stanbery of Obic, who reuene@ later to defend Jobneon in the impeachment trinl and was succeeded by Evarts,and Secre- tary of Interior Harian, succeeded by Browning of Mlinoia. Seward remained in the cabinet to the end and was a powerful conservative in- fluence over Johnson. Stanton's cabinet career” under Jobnson was stormy. One day be sent for Boutweli of Massachusetts, and on his arrival said to bim: “I more con- cerned for the fate of the country them at any time during the war.” This anxiety on his part grew out of his discovery tha’ the President was mauing orders to officers of the army without his knowledge. After @ consultation a bill wae framed wiring that ers to army officers must pass through the bands of the general of the army and that those ixmued in any other way #l void. This = wa interwoven army Dill and the difficulty of defea! veto permitted it to become a la ter appointing the commanders” in. the southern districts in 1 was often invited to sit with the cabinet to dircust conditions av suggestions and vigorously combated the rought against his subordinates, ine sting that he and they would obey the law «@ Temoval without concurrence of the Sen- ate, and directing Grant to perform the duties of Secretary of War. Stant rendered the office under protest and took charge in very much the same spi When the Senate met Johnson sent to that his reacons for suspending Stanton, but the were not acceptable to the Senate and Grant turned the ever to him. Johnson them announced the remotai of Stanton and the ap- pointment of General Thomas ax bis «nccessor, which was also resisted, but was quickly fol- lowed by the impeachment trial and by the ap- pointment and confirmation of Schotield, whe served to the end of Johnson's term. Grant. President Grant had in his cabinet from fire to last no less than twenty-threo men—Wash- burne of Illinois, Secretary of State for a few days, followed by Fish; Routwell, Richardsoa, Bristow and Morrill in the Treasury Depart ment; Schofield, Rawlins, Belknap, Taft and Cameron, War Department; Borie and Robs- ton, Navy Department; Creswell, Tyner Jewell, Post Office Department;’ Hoar, Aker- man, Williams, Pierrepont and Taft, Depart- ‘ment of Justice; Cox, Delano and Chandler, In- terior Department. " His attitude toward the members of bis cabinet was different from that of many Presidents, for be left to the head of each department the greatest freedom of action, but holding them to strict responsibility. His loyalty to his friends, which was proverbial, placed him in peculiar relations with bis cabinet, and any cke upon them which were proved well Jed gave him the keenest pain. The bie tory of the various members of his cabinet is so fresh im the minds of the generation that they need not be repeated. The charges against bis Secretary of the Navy Robeson, the whisky ring trials and develop- ments, "the enforced resignation of Secre- tary Belknap to escape im it because of yment of bribes toa member of his fam- post trader are among the -remembered features of cabinet Hayes. President Hayes was nearly as fortunate as Pierce in retention of his official family from beginning toend. There were but three changes in his cabinot, while in that of Pierce there were none. Evarts. his Secretary of State; Secretary of the Treasury; Schurz, Secretary of the Interior, and Devens, Attorney General, served during ‘the entire term, while Key, as Postmaster General, was succeeded by nard and MeCroars, as Secretary of War, was succeeded by Ramsey, and Thompson, Secretary of the Navy, by Nathan Goff, fr. One striking feature of this cabinet was the fact that a mem- ber of the opposing party and an ex-confede erate, Key, was invited to a seat Garfield—Arthur. President Garfield's cabinet, which consisted of Blaine, Secretary of State; Windom, Secre- tary of the Treasury; McVeagh, AttorneyGeneraly James, Postmaster General; Kirkwood, Interior; Lincoln, War, and Hunt, Navy, bnd a'short but very trying ‘experience. Between the strite within the party over the offices and the ansas~ sination and long illness of Garfield, the mem- bers of the cabinet had little of pleasure to look back upon when they tendered their resigna- tions to President Artaur. He, however, re- meeting of Congress, and ail did so except Mr. Windom, who resigned in October, after com- pleting the refunding of the bonds into 8 per cents, and became a candidate for the Senate. Edwin D. Morgan was nominated as his successor and confirmed, bat declined the ntment, and) Mr. Folger was appointed, holding the "position ‘unt Seath fe 1684, when be wee eucceeded ‘by Mo- Culloch. Frelinghuysen succeeded Blaine as Secretary of State in Decom- ber, 1881, serving to end of Arthur's term. Lincoin was retained from the Garfield cabinet to the end of Arthur's term. Hunt was suoceeded in April, 1882, by Chand- ler, and about the same time was ap= pointed Secretary of the Interior. Brewster was made Attorney General; Howe, Postmaster General, and after his death was succeeded Gresham. who served from April 8, 1683, to October, 1884, when he was transferred to.the ‘Treasu it for a few days and Hatton inted his snccessor. In this con- Ho te maint AA 7» Mr. Treey, the thres ¥ Blaine and added to this y followed by end event commande the simultaneously with | universal of the people nation Pats Sacco ae oon carry on the war, Stanton and Welles, guiding mitum- zz mishing them with mental supplics fertarn.| Keeper (in menagerie)—"Yon'd better mot ing on the war, feeling their cautiously, | £0 too close to that cage. It's none too strong, but firmly, amid the jsionsng” of officers | and that tiger's.a savage one.” and statesmen and the ‘of seeret and! Visitor—“‘I'm trying to get acquainted open enemies at home and end all join- | him. I believe in keeping on the good side elke get od Seas proton eek mont |""CPaling is way)—Then yon be. caaid Sete arenes mec Corea | hostess with Srmseane te thoright! = ——S=_=_== Johnson. AR 4 may he '