Evening Star Newspaper, October 8, 1892, Page 13

_ SKELETON OF TROCHILUS COLUBRIS JEWELED FEATHERS. Curious Facts About ‘Tiny Humming Birds and Their Habits. THEIR NESTS AND EGGS. Hew They Are Collected for Ornamental and Scientific Purposes—Houses Made of Spt- ders’ Webs—Traite of Humming Birds— What Makes Thefr Varied Hucs—Giants and Pigmies Among Them. ‘Written for The Evaning Star. ME SMITHSONIAN Institetion hae just fs sued a monogreph fall of fascinating informa- tion about humming birds. One reason why these daintiest of feath- ered creatures are in- teresting is that they were unknown to the white man untfl Colum- bus discovered the new world, their range be- \ ing confined to the continent of America. It is not the naturalist alone who has found them worthy of attention. The demand for them is great for ornamental purposes. Dealers, mostly Frenchmen and Bel- gians, have established themselves in many elties of South America for the sole object of buying and exporting humming birds. From Santa Fe de Bogota alone many thousands of skins are annually sent to London and Paris. The Indicns readily learn the art of skinni and preserving, and. becanse of the exception profits to be got by this industry, they often traverse great distances to procure the birds. Residents of many parts of Brazil em- ploy their slaves in collecting and preparing them for European markets, and great numbers are shipped from Kio de Janeiro, Bahia and | Pernambuco. Inmates of tho convents are eup- | plied with many of the most richly colored species for the manufacture of artificial feather flowers. Myriads of hummers aro also used by | the natives of Mexico in making the wonderful feather pictures for which the descendants of | the Aztecs are famous, plumes of different colors being employed in place of pigmenta HOW THEY ARE SHOT. Although the commercial demand for bum- ming birds has been the cause of their whole- | sale destruction it has enabled naturalists to GUERIN'S HELMET CREST. become better acquainted with them, the vast number of specimens contained in milliners’ and taxidermists’ stocks frequently yielding species which otherwise would have been likely to remain unknown to science. As to the methods by which collectors procure them many absurd notions are current. It is com- monly said that they are shot with water or with sand. Asa matter of fact, lead shot of (ENLARGED). | enteay Plant down, interwoven with | and strengthened by mented by an external mocale of oe cbens, Ordinarily the nest is saddled uj which it fs firmly ie by spiders’ Por robe hermits, however, fasten the ends of long ‘leaves at the extremities of webs. Some humming birds, which below the snow line of the Andes, hang t nests from tendrils, and when one side of WHITE-BOOTED RACKET TAIL. small dwelling proves heavier than the other = stone or piece of earth is adjusted as a wolght toestablish a balance. These winged pigmies exhibit abigh degree of intelligence in con- cealing their neste, by making them of such forms or materials as will resemble natural ex- crescences of a branch, suchas a knot or a pine cone. The eggy laid are always two in number | and immaculately white. Two broods are pro- duced in a season. THEIR PUGNACITY. Notwithstanding their diminutive rize pug- nacity is one of the most conspicuous traits of humming birds. Even king birds and the Doldest hawks are afraid of them, being com- pelled to retreat before the impetuous assaults of the tiny warrior, whose boldness is only equaled by the lightnirig-like rapidity of movements, thus Daffling’ any attempt at re- sistance on the part of the more powerful ad- versary, ‘The lance-like thrusts of the necdle- like beak are usually directed at the eyes of the enemy. When two or more individuals of er sex happen near the same spot spirited id often violent conflicts are almost certain to ensue. An ornithologist, writing on this sub- ject, describes such a battle between two hum- ining birds, both of which desired possession of a flowering bush. He writes: “The little creatures darted hither and thither, inserting their long bills into the tube- shaped flowers with absolute precision and lightning-like rapidity, but all the while gaged in a flerce combat with each other. They constant! position facing one an- other and only six or eight inches apart, su: deuly rising a dozen feet into the air, where they would have a little battle, and as suddenly dropping like two bullets on one string back to lowers, over and among which they would flit about like animated sunbeams. Occasion- ally they would flutter all the way to the ground through the leaves aud branches, where they would lie and pummel each other like two school boys, one on top and the other bencath, the top fellow pausing to take breath and then pummeling some more. The under bird would appear to give up and look very ye with outstretched wings and disordered but the moment the top fellow let go and rose up to the top of the bush the bottom one would be there facing him again. At last one of them retired vanquished and the othet exultantly \possesclon of the flowers." CHASED BY BEES, While invincible against other birds of what- soever kind, humming birds are sometimes chased by the larger species of bumblebees, of which they seldom take the least notice, as their superiority of fight is sufficient to ‘en- able them to leave the slow-moving insects far the numbers 10 and Il are emploved. But by far the most effective weapon is the reed blow- pipe, which the South American Indians use with perfect certainty of aim, little balls of clay being projected by the breath. In Brazil Very fine nets are utilized to capture the birds and sometimes they aro taken by means of bird lime. which is apt to damage the plumage Owing to the reckless slaughter of these little Victims for ornamental purposes certain species ge of extinction. This urprising when one learns that the ruby-and-topaz humming hipped not long ago from a ngle consignment, while at of bird skins held in London more than 12,000 humming bird skins’ were disposed of! And in one week, during the same year, there were sold at auction im London 400,000 bumming birds and other birds from North ard South America, CONTINED TO TRE WEW WORLD. The humming birds constitute the most ro- markable feature of the bird life of the new world They have no representatives in any other part of the earth. About 500 distinct VERYAIS BWOMNG BED. species are now known, while others are being Drought to light with almost every fresh coll: tion made in Mexico. Central America or the higher lands of South America. They are most numerous in mountafnous countries, their cen- ter of abundance being among the northora Andes, between the par and south of the equator. Uhis feathered tamuly is is Ecuador, where more than 100 species are found, over half of them to that country. Colombia bas ther have ninety-six known species. In the rnited states only seventeen valley of the Mississippi and of that river ing only # single kind of Rumming bind The geographical distribution ef humming birds is very interesting, some species having a widely extended range, while ethers are contined to single mountain peaks or valleys. One group of them and most retired parts SPANOLED coquerTE. behind. These tiny feathered beings are read- ily tamed and soon become accustomed to the society of human beings, but they do not | survive continement. Whether for want o! sufficient exercise or for some other cause un- known, they invariably die within a few weeks. ‘They are very inquisitive. One of them will sometimes approach like a fash and poise itself directly in front of one’s face, ite wings vibrat- ing so rapidly as to a ‘as a mere haze on cach side of its body, which iteelf remains so stationary that the inquiring expression of its bright black eyes and the outline of nearly very feather of itw compact little figure can be seen. But the slightest demonstration — it to vanish so aa that the eye can trace the line of its i. In ing Sameleg binds frequently ad by the feet, with their b ede: Sevnnsenay tates the manner of some HOW THEY FEED. = THE EVENING STAR: WASHINGTON. D, 6.. SATURDAY, BER spiders’ wobs and often orna-| plumes, to | The colors are variously distributed in different | O0TO! 5 Some, instead of having luminous tEreets, have the halo of tadianoe transferred en, Face are blue, violet, red or birds have teag forked Bive a notion of the vivid beauties ie fnen nt bird, which flite from flower lower. VARIED IN coLon. The staffed remains of the “feathered gems" ‘in museums convey to the eye no conception of their beauty in life. One # from Nootka sound changes its throst instantaneously from the most vivid fre color to light green, while the “‘Mexican star” alters similarly from bright crimson to blue. Humming birds spend most of their time on the wing. They differ from all other birds in their manner of ht, which is entirely that of an maect, ospecially a large Deetle ora bee.” An exception to this rule is found in the giant humming bird of the Andes, which, while hovering over a flower, flaps its wings’ with a very slow and powerful move- ment, totally diferent from the vibrato common to most of the species. While ie tropical raglons the humming birds are nent ose of temperate Tehttades | ° make cheno aad rations, going south in the spring an ae north in the sutuma. Some of them make an annual migra- tion of nearly 2,000 miles. Though they peroh, they are not able to progress on the ground or on any flat eurface by means of their lege and feot alone, nt humming bird above reforred to ammeter ® good- sized swift, being nearly mine inches | The smallest known species is Princess Helona’s humming bird, of Cuba, the entire bulk of which is much loss than the head alone of the iant hummer, ita total length being only a lit- le over two inchs. Of the seventeen kinds of humming birds found within the limits of the United States the finest is the rivoli humming | bird, belonging to the Mexican table lands, but occurring also in southern Arizona. It is nearly six inches long, and the male tas a brilliant emerald-greon throat, with rich metallic violet on top of the head. THE BILLS OF HUMMING BIRDS constitute one of their most interesting features, inasmuch as they seem to be ospecially designed with relation to various kinds of flowers. In order toreach the honey glands of certain long | trumpet-shaped blossoms common in ite region | from the sword bearer has a benk more than ve Paris inches in length. which contains a tongue ca able of being protruded nearly as far beyond its NESTS OF CALLIOPE HUMMING BrnD. . The hook-like beak of the sickle bill is evidently intended for insertion into the curved throats of certain orchids of unusual form. Some species, instead of getting their food from flowers, feed exclusively on spiders and other insects, which they snatch from the under surface of leaves or from branches. For this pur- pose they have the tip of the bill hooked and the edges of it finely toothed near the tip, the bet- ter to secure their prey. ‘THEIR DISCORDANT NOTES. Nature having provided the humming birds with such brilliant plumage did not them voices for song, and the notes they utter amount to nothing more than a warbling | ™ twitter, which the males produce during the pairing season. They have remarkably large Breast bones for the attachment of the power. ful wing muscles. It is reckoned that their wings vibrate as fast as 500 times in a minute. So great an exercise of muscular force as is in- volved by such rapid movements calls for an ample supply of blood, and this is provided for by beaet of unusual size. The ectual fying speed of the humming bird is less than the ordinary observer might suspect, for the small size of the creature adds to’ the seeming rapidity of ite tight, Just as the little puffing tug appears to move faster than the ferry boat, though it really does not do so. 0 far as the coloration of the head is con- cerned no other humming bird equals the ruby and topaz. It is the species of which the greatest number are exported from South America to Europe for the purpose of adorn- ing hate and bonnets, for the manufacture of artificial flowors, do. Humming birds were great favorites of the ancient Mexicans. They used the feathors for their superb mantles in the time of Montezuma and in embroidering the pictures #0 much extolled by Cortez. Theit name signifies in the Indian language ‘‘sun- beams” and thetr feathers are still worn by the EDUCATIONAL. ‘NT OF seers pecreis: (ees eet DGE, DEPARTMENT O1 eect Tam eee pereses Bheibotse ye sete te GERMAN. —complete DEP. iT OF seeetts peinjeers Mean AR SCHOENFELD, Phe DEPART! German. incfudinn STMENT OF C7} Late ae TED TO Lane re eee, class; 8 29's QHORTHAND A} ZprEWRITING_INSTRUG. Band’ a Pa RR Rees Faye oa wee ME JAMES CARE Speqtfogeons an Pe beara SINGTES Corcoran of, een we ob PATE: Baa sich anleat “Eine. Con: 1, sale bad ao aoe cal RFT portman, cenieoe —T z ae SUNN, BOPart. Hop ‘Work. Oo a ee, ee RiccaA ere ace a cea ae o a us “At 1090 0 ot FE fener © ate one at pupil Ee emenn pets MR eg Eee, pupibof the late Ptadio, oF snot we coo-tm_| rataee Rie sperimentn, Praca Miss PARELER waERT ra Prey W a gy Ws Bain. ul reeslre' viol vaptl ‘cor Soteter LSE ab Bad ee painformation pe Prof, HL. Te THE? pic ype a (or ae cre, forbe Nave ies rember of ponte CSE BE P| A Gontervatory of i Tend AGE ave. ne. cher at sere eee ae ae a Cannan = cule wy ln Be pes ae P. MONTAGUE, Ph. D., artes anen aati 3 aired. Addross 00% 224 a ME Par “oe, ocl-1m? Prey, a EER mt fn ll THIS | cdasoctate “Faction a eens tthe pata ara i the coming UR United Bt stat - n ‘Mt hls residence, 18 Ein | Profemorot. the Constitutional Jurtepradence of the ated States, ‘of "ne of Dorneatio ftola- tions. of Coinmercial Paper and of Torts. The Hon. WALTER 8. COX, LL.D. justice of the Supreme Court of the Dis- Fi cuteas UNIVERSITY LAW SCHOOL 71 JAMES 0. WELL! And Professor of Publi riot of Columbia Professor of the Law of Real and Beran mal Property, ritracte ai of Ortanes tnd Misterspanons” Cagaiatang Attorney General fie United St Professor sf Panty Jury of Common Low are tnd Faulty Pleading. and of the Law of Hvitenco. JYRTRCCTION IN PRIMARY BRANCHE Hon. DAVID J. BREWER, LL.D. nis Hous, 60 am 0 HO pa (Associate Jumtice ice ot tha, Supreme Court of the Person an “apply at above waa after October! Professor of bn Tarr of ‘ps doh ans Monkton Giver er on the Otvil Law HENRY E. DAVIS, A.M... Gometime Assistant Attorney of the Bisttict of Co- , Practice and Lecturer on Reman 'D Linn Yor Boarding pup RT SCHOOL. eae Mise 8. wane London Medaitet, ga Fo | teos gs ~ ‘WEST END. Ctasece reeumed October 8. pel, "Sometime Destriot Antetney g td Bete Rs. ALFRED BUIAG REOPENS HER SCHOOL apne oe ig 8 Number'of pupils limited tot nyse wets sttagion Bay, oo RAI sitiatiie #1 ve calves Lecturer on Practical Commercial Law. octal attention will be-sty a; Tho Hop, WILLIAM EDGAR SIMONDS. ACME LL.B, fa "eigefesnone age ole feaor aa ae Bees Era acHS, The Hon. ANDREW O. BEADLE ven at 1488 Corcores I, arp... | Aanontate Samos oh Fed Cicetlac se te De Tinie lars. Terms mederate, "welS-es1m* | Lecturer on L and on "brtminal Pleading VE aPRMAN ¢ RAR EMA She ion a WILLIAM 0. SORNGON, LL.M. eh oreier ‘Studio, 34 Mase Rei oo (of the ae. ‘Judse of Moot Court hee Tema Cate- srecsay of Ms are reset nthe homes 21a ey ae pe olelock, when the facuity jouncement of the Snew scbsisntio vent <The, He has an undergraduate and spate JOHNSON, the judge of the moot rar Rig ‘asrine se ehole year, cont guipsing juare NE_GLOWARD, 1 F CLOWARD, Loc aE pikes am hi i aa aie builaina,” ire ci ae en ma ie Sepa. sn aaa d ISS R.M. WARD, EACH ial f ayrighil the papi! wat arnt a on. Tee be auslane to students 3, PRANCES GERMUILLER. TEs TEACHER | § ristrar willbe dalty In mthondie ran, Vocal ea Mbrary Cpe Ay ‘this om per ape rareuatin’ ‘to bewinners as Well ae to pu papi i For ctalgraes, svg encrttion oft ‘of the a RING AND PRE! tien PARAT i Se PORatie OPER 6 |S Oe see c wea ees Box 13 145, Star of 2 SHORTHAND yw “MG. A, AND 2%. | LENMAN ed October 1 . HANNA. AMP] "ERT > OF VOICE CULTURE. Mn VIRGINIA KIDWELL, rath “bee et cw. tm 1m* HS, SUSANNE, OLDBERG. ¥ OICE CULTURE. se. ot lasaidation of puplis Wednesday and Saturda snd painted morning et KNABED IANO HOOMS, 817 a7 Market Fi — OnOr si BIMOX, fori n CGAL, CULTURE, Bone. “Gail or mot meee Zof Tandon, afd the colebral iC ot Gerster, Natalie; | EDWARD M. HULL, View Eames, Tnstri moked and T Sicubers at ree TS LEAGOR WILL ieee egsee ee fel we. ek ee fi (COEUMBIA COLLEGE OF co: G23 La. arg. b BR and hat, aw Seventh year as ota educator: foun Texre’a member of the facut lege, ix Eaalia ob, Citi Service. Sho tnd Typewriting. Superiot Sourses, "Gradua eer Pe reanearacag r tscity. Fit- a Keates he £08 Th st ae principal art» suisbed success. 188 KATIE V, WILSON HAS RETURNED Me Rivera, orvil ape Miro OCTOBER Tar gestat Sat ete wee we ue a ee cultures en he eucceset a Pupil of William Shak Es tons wade HENRY XANDER WI resume his lessons panpiane and theory Stndto: ME »ERENCH TFACHER, ‘nine wee) Gon" dive’ mouthe ies 16; private __1008'T ats n.w. {s026-1m) 11 1S"oroheck FOR REAL B iG. AND J Par eon R GIRLS AND rane RE boa iss iNigg COLLEGE, L, e ety age a tes Sete Spee ENOH, GERMAN, term tober t, Classes ADDY Brow York ave: for tora und free iat aa? Batol ‘R, ERNEST LENT WAS RETURNED FROW F Indian women as decorations for the ears. A poet once ieee “art a bee or butters Bach andall Gisoe ied ol fs shape om 1; 4 bee collecting sweets fro bloom to bloom, uancy of plume.” NEW Bi BOOKS. POOR'S DIRECTORY OF RAILWAY OFFICIALS AND MANUAL OF AMERICAN STREET RAILWAYS. 1892. New York: International Bank Note Co. Washington: Rob’t E. Beall. GES FROM MARS. | By Rosen? D. Baars, ‘New York: J. T. Ogtivie. AUTOBIOGRAPRIA. By Watt Warman. Edited » by Arthur Stedman. New York: Chas. L. ANNUAL sTATIOTIO OF _MANUPAOTURES. woes s pases opted a ue. ov om Siee ‘OF ADLAL BE SERVENSOR. = ot Panken. New York: Cassell's Publish peal FOR cnet Pd ‘Mrs. E. M. Joxzs. ‘New York: Orange Ju: RUTH MARSH. By speak ow Tore: Yates States Book Co. Washington: Brentano's. THE FARMERS’ TARIFF'-MANUAL. Dawret STuNoE, MSc, New York: GP. Putnams Washington: bert Beall. ‘AXATION =D WORE EDWARD ATKINSON, be ag ae yok Ob Panes Sonn," Washington: Robert Boail. MR. WITT'S WIDOW. By AxTgoxy Hore. New Fork: United States Book Co, Washington: "ANDARD * aRrrmwEric. Wim J. be * a ‘New York: American field: Five-cent Novel Company. long and Tadge Hunt of cinctnett ht be nc ro doa, Dr. College. Mr. Clews: he will the re" sone ner mayor of New Tork yachtmen for the America's ‘is ro Seiving’ attention in, New York Now Mere a fase ae ee ka 4, 1892-SIXTEEN PAGES. SR ATIORAL. AAT ACTION SSE ieee! RESTUES OPTS Ray er | Be “APESSONS — Ere jOnIgA “te Sa im the cribs xa ae i| S™ape BF eT UPR ae | eden HN Movxr Venxox Susnmany, CORNER M AND 11TH STREETS KX. W. WASHINGTON, D. a, BOARDING AND DAY SCHOOL FOR YOUNG LADIES AND LITTLE GIRLS. Bighteenth year opens OCTOBER 4, 1892, Xew buildings perfectly equipped for health’ and: comfort * Stoam heat, passenget elevator, perfact sanitation. Special advantages in Literature, Modern Languages and Music. For circulars apply to the principal. ___Mrs, ELIZABETH 3. SOMERS. ‘OBWOO! BOARDING AND DAY N Ba U POR YOUNG LADIES, OPENS SEPTEMBER 28. 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