Evening Star Newspaper, October 10, 1891, Page 11

LINE OF BA TTLE SHIP ON THE MIGHTY DEEP. Origin and Development of War Ships and Merchant Vessels, THE FLEE! OF COLUMBUS. Onty One of His Ships Had a Deck: the Other ‘Two Were Open oats -Hew the Early Nav- gators Mad Their Voyages of Discovery— ‘The Great War Ships of Toda: ‘Written for The Evenine Star. N THE NATIONAL MUSEUM THERE [3 a model of a viking ship exhumed at God- stad, Norway, in i880. The original was sixty- seven feet jong, sharp at both @ads, shapely ani entirely open, without deck—open to th sky and wares. In fleets of such vessels as this the Norsemen in the eighth century coasted Europe, entering ‘te rivers and laying its cities under contriution with fire and eword. They took London, Rouen and even Paris, entered the Mediterranean and oecupied Consiantinople and Alexandria. Then they sailed from Iceland across t> Labrador and skirted the coasts of what is now New England, | five hundred years before Columbus. Long before this man «J shown that restless Aesire to tempt the deep. Colonies sprang up slong the shores of the Mediterranean—Tyre, Sydor, Carthage. At an early day their mari- ners had passed the Pillars of Hercules (Gib- raltar) and foanded Cadiz. 800 yeurs B. C., sailed south along the western coast of Africa, beyond what is now Siera Leon, with s great fleet and 30,000 colonists | from Carthage. It has been sap that atabont this time Africa was citcomnavigated, Dat this ie bardly now credited. However, 8 crew miled along its eastern coast until they saw the sun rive on their left hand. This, which Herodotas supposed to be a gross imposi- tion, proves to have beem true and shows that they Foyaged far down the east coast. Hamil- ico ssiled far to the north, along the coast of Cornwall, England, where, he says, there were “moantains of tin.” He was “impeded by the monsters of the deep and seaweed, which was | slmost impasmable.”” Pythias sailed so far north as {0 see the sun rise and set at almost the same point of the horizon. The night was only two hours long. He describes the sea as full of that which was neither earth, air nor water. THE EARLY RIND OF CRAFT. In what manner of craft were such voyages made from the frozen north to almost the Cape of Good Hope? In open boats, similar to the Viking, though not of such ‘fine lines, pro- pelled by oars for most part, and one sail. to be used only in a favorable wind. They lived in exposure. hauled the ship on shore o= close to the shore at night when weather permitted, and when not, kept off in wind and rain, with Little sleep and raw meat, if any. ‘This form of vessel assumed grander propor- tions under the Homans, having three banks of oars and known as triremes. The sail con- tinued to be only an accessory to be used under favorable conditions. They were huge, un- wieldy things, intended for inland waters, and not the open sea. Each bank of oars was con- nected by @ bar so as to compel uniformity of movement, with five mex toan oer. For the Hannon, perhaps | | engines of naval combat had compelled other | nations to make material alterations and en- | largement in their war vessels. | _ Close upon this time, however, one finds the Venetian, Genoese and Spanish merchantmen, known as carncks, gallesses and galicone, © | Wodification of the word galley, very grand ships. An old writer of speaks of “several tall ships of London.” \ They baa two, three and even four maste com- | posed of single sticks, square rigged, square Tigged on the bow sprit (no jib as yet), which also had sometimes, according to the size of | the ship, alittle mast, also square rigged, and a high poop or stern, with two or more decks. | lt is an interesting circumstance that the | structure of these early ships, though differing | so greatly in lines and rig, wan essentially the | saine as of wooden ships of today. Built of live oak, with keel and keelson, heavy ribs and deck | timbers, all reinforced and joined with natural knees and heavily planked, they were probably | as strong and perbaps stronger than their de- scendanis. In the present ship may be traced some of the liniaments of their ancestore—the projecting Low and figurehead, stern somewhat invored in elevation and ornament, aud “fore- castle,” stili recalling in name ite original use. {In size they bore no mean comparison with those of a later day, rauning from 300 to 1,500 tons, and the ships of war carrying from thirty } to tifty guns. may be traced in the | “Great Harry,” # famous ship of England, | which may be said to be the father of the | British navy GREAT masRY. ‘The motive or purpose, as in ali inventions that led to so marked change in construction and equipment, should be looked at for a mo- ment. The introduction of cannon, especially nambers of them, necessitated raising the sides of the vessel to a considerable height. But to continue the water line or lower part of the hall to the rail would be inexpedient, and 80 for the purpose of scestring stability the prao- fice wus fallen into to an exaggerated extent of carrying the sides “home.” as it is called, or inward, so that the deck became scarcely balf the breadth of the bold. But there had to be room for working the guns, and this led in some instances to constructing overbanging parts or barbets, and it is to the combination of these two featu well as the high furecastle and poop that much of the picturesqueness of these old ships is due. At first portholes were round, but it soon became apparent that for the scfety of the ship it was necessary to close them in bad weather and when not in action, and then the ones now in use were invented by Descharges, a French ship builder of Brest. Jibs not having yet come into use, the foremast was set close to the prow and canted somewhat forward. while the sprit was peaked very high. Even the relic of these peculiarities may detected in the ships of the past generation. Mediterranean this type, in one or another form, continued dow" to the fifteenth century. The galley thencamo into useand formed tl connecting link between tho trireme and the modern sailing ship. It carried oars, brt did not rely on them, having two masts’ provided with lateen of triangular sails. These could be trimmed so a8 to be available not only for free breeze, but to sail ‘‘close haaled,” as is the term now in use. The transition is marked and worthy of note tha: ually the rudder proper supplanted the classic stearing oar.rigged out at one side of the stern. Without these two features the chip of Co- Jumbus would have been impossible, and at Lis GENOEAE GALLEY. navigation oats natuta.ly be- came only an incambrance. The galley, how- exer, continued to be the only war ship during the thirteenth eentury and went out of gen- eral use for that purpose in the seveuteenth century. The largest were about 166 feet in length by thirty-two feet beam. VENICR’S NAVAL srPREMacr. The farther one proceeds the more apparent will become the connection between the form of vessel and naval supremacy and exploration. At was of Venetian origin and designed to meet @ necessity. In the ninth century Venice was 3B possession of the whole coasting trade of the Adriatic. At the end of the fourteenth century she possessed a fleet of 3.000 merchantmen, of Which 300 wets of 700 tons burden. Th mercantile navy, with its convoyed by & 11,000 marines time for open may be observed here as explaining in pi disuse of oars later that in large vessels benches on which th» rowers sat had to Duilt on s deck pro,» ting over the outside the vessel, rendering her quie unseav rt for outside navigation. Another feature in he trireme cam= fo be abandoned ix: courre cf | events—the beak, which still in a rudimentary form is found m our modern ships as the ‘g- | head, to come ato ite claasic promi- | ence in the gigantic ram of the iron war ship. | Bat the trire went out in a blaze of glory in no less acr han the fameus Buceutau mw Which the Doge of Venice married the Adriatic, of the wealth and power that | ght to the once pirate isles. [ ng bute superbly gilded barge can copied ever with ati nearing all the dig taries of state, with its convey of dancing gou- | doles oxer 2 sparkling sea | DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL ARCRITECTTRE. The mikile cf the fifteenth centary, for | vere mportantera in | tecture. The con-| etween Vonice and Genos had re- | to neither and were now | mutual consent. Any attempt at improvement in merine architecture bad Leer rendered unnecessary between these jt | Sustain hia indomitable will. SPANISH GALRON. The Columbian era was the great modern age of diseovery, commerce, improvement in ships and the growth or decay of maritime powers. Columbus was a Genoese, Cabot « Venetian. Bartholomeo Diaz, who doubled the Cape of Good Hope, or, as then called, Cabo del Buona Esperanza, was a Portugese, as was Vasco de Gama, who in 1498 discovered the route to In- ais by the cape, having with him three vessels and bat sitty men. Portuguese navigators already (1420) discovered the Madeira end (1482) the Azores All thix was, however dis tinguished the achievements, little else then re- discovery, the ancients having been to these islands before and possibly had donbied the cape. ‘THE FLEET OF COLTMBTS. When Columbus departed from Palos he had three ships, among the smallest of those that | § put to seain that era of great ship building, two of them but open boats, his own, the Santa Maria, having « single deck. The aggregate erew was but 120 men. The Nina had lateen sails, showing her to have been very small for sea going. all caravels, which correspond in size to our river eraft. SANTA MARIA. It has been said small vessels were selected to facilitate river navigation in the countries he might discover; it seems more probable it was because the government was unwilling to go to greater expense for so uncertain an enterprise. No wonder, ag an old chronicler says, “they entered upon their enterprise full of awe.” The itlustration given is fully authenticated as the Santa Maria, the admiral's ship, the only decked ona of the three. She has but one large mast, carryinga square sail and a mast aft with alateen or triangular sail. The wind which carried Columbus to America was @ “trade wind” blowing steadily from the east. which enabled hia to use his large sail to the best advantage. Had it Leena bead wind or less ‘orable than it was le would not, could not made his discovery when be did. The hed come and everything conspired to SUBSEQUENT GREAT NAVIGATORS. After bim and within balf a ceniury came a Jong line of great navigators. The coasts of discovery of the Pacific ocean. The Dutcl vessels almost the shape of « wash bowl, ald sail forward, backward or sidewise, ex- plored the Indies and oceapied many of its rich ands. They wintered at Nova Zembla amid — the soft effulgence of the northern ight. Magellan discovered the straite that bear is name and the was circumnavi- gated. Hudson went in search of the north- est to Indiaand perished in the arctic leemekerk sungnt the same in Se for’ war, had long a‘icient for the use| weveer. Placed in and navigating @ sea, a yuil then the At- galley of their forefathers needed at Httle alteration even when the introdue- Wou of cannon aud their use as the decisive nt down, and ed. The Span- carried on thelr envage conquests; under Cortez invaded xico aud overran tne Aztec empire, and under Pizarro conquered the rieb kingdoin of the Incas in Peru, whence fabulous wealth poured into the treasury of It passage f Asia, where the ill-fated Jeannette ent down, and likewise perisued"™ The far } { was all blood money. On the saturated soi] | come the high heaven were sung in thanksgiving for succesefnl oa Never, Earhens, in the history of the world was ex- Such a mediey of hardy enterprise and DUTCH COASTER. 3 greed for gain, cruelty and heroism, savagery and zeal. The a of the time ran in the line of geography. and the maps of the western world are truly remarkable for their accuracy, although the appliances for survey were imperfect compared with those of today. In general outline world had been discoveréd and colonized. ‘THE WAR SHIP OF TODAY. Four hundred years after there occurred what might properly beknown as a new Colum- bian éra. It is signalized by an exposition held in « great city neariy « thousand miles inland from the coast; the nations that fitted out the olden expeditions celebrate the discovery ofa new world. This era, too, has iterhips. Caravals, caricke and tall galleons have disap- peared, in their place are great sailing ships with few reminders of the old build, ocean steamers and huge iron war ships. One of the old navigators looking from that dim into the present would be amazed. should Colam- ‘bus sail alongside @ modern war ship to call on the admiral they could, for convenience sake, throw » tackle around the Santa Maria and hoist her on board, so that he could waik off his caraval on deck. To begin with minot things. in place of dim lanterns on board there are incandescent lights everywhere, and the hold is as light as a street: in place of the “cry of the mer, and the shout- ing of the captains’ there ar* electric bells ana signals; for the steering oar and Iaboriour lst is steam steering gear, unc. the clanking caprtar. is replaced by a hoisting, engine, | For onrt anc sails are substitutec from 2,000 to 6,000 registered horse power =n; ARMOB AND ARMAMENT. There great war ships are armored with tron and steel plates anywhere from four and a half to twelve inches in thickness, placed over an oak backing from nine to thirty-#ix inches (a Yard) in thickuess. re Was ne fortress, city walla or whole fleets of the middie age that could withstand a single ship of this class. Armament and ar- are complimentary to ench other. For ENGLISH WAR SHIP. eulverin, demi-culverin. falcon, long George and the like, are substituted guns wits caliber eight to twelve and fifteen inches and weigh- ing froin 5 to 100 tons. A 600-pound projec- tile is not of un unusual weight, and a range of fire of five miles has been attsined. The “De- yastation” is no unfitting name for such a ship. In place of lofty sides and tiers, with fifty guns, the ship is built low, carrying from two to six guns, and small arms have been assembled into Hotchkiss and Gatling guns. At the head of this article sketch of our finest war ship. a complete model of w in to be built for the naval exhibit at the Colum bian exposition and marks the era in ships. How changed. Steamships now run to every Fort of consequence on the glove, to the islands of the South seas, the headwaters of the Ama- zon, the falls of the Congo. Mailsare carried from London and Washington to the Ultima Thule and far Cathay of the ancients, and to cities perched upon the shoulders of the Hima- layas and the And D.C.V. 22+. KNEW HIS WIFE. His Observations by Proxy Through the Knothole of Mis Back-yard Fence. ‘From the New York Sun. He was about five feet tall, had light hair and looked meek. He was making strenuons but unsuccessful efforts to reach aknothoie in a higt. board fence on the outskirts of east New York. Atali man was passing, and the email man glided up to h:m, plucked him timidly by the coat ara said: “Hate to troubie yon, sir, but xonld you mind doing me a frvor?” ‘Not at all; would be happy to." The smail man took him by the arm and led him over to the fence “You sée,” said he, “I promised my wife I'd be home four hours ago and beat a carpet. and -—well, I just want you to stand on that rack look through that knothole up there, and teil me what is going on inside The tall mau looked rather surprised, but cotplied, while the other leaned up against the fence to await developments, “What do you seer” asked the meck man Presently, see a woman— Not so loud! Tall woman, with an- barn hnir, red face and wart on her cheek?” rr. ‘Beating a carpet, isn't she?” 03. “Look warm?” ““Lahould any 10." “Kinder excited, too, isn't she?” eae ~got her skirt up around hor kneos and ieeves rolled up to iuer shoulders?” Exactly." Cas ona biack bonnet with a white stuck hind side Lefore and tied under- neath the chin in a double bard knot?” that's just the way she's dressed.” she using, # carpet beater or a “gh ‘Well “Um. broom?” “A hoe “Lord! worse than I thought.” Just then came from the other aide a crack, sripanda snort. ‘the fence shook, and the tall man almost tumbled from hia post. “Gee whiz! said the other trembling, “but handle. whe | she’s got ‘em bad this time. Did she smile when she hit that whack, stranger? “smile! Sho miggered. “That's all right. Much obliged to you, sit. That will, I guese I won't go in yet. coud , sir.” ———~2-— Tt Would Seem So, an I and an O and a, ai #Y aud an E spell I, Pray what isa speller to ‘ae Man $ard With an ‘Then, if also an 8 and aol and aG And an HE, D spell elde, ‘There's notiing much left for a speller to do Bat to goand commit siouxeyesighed. Pearson's Weekly. Royal Incomes in E: “The amountof the queen's civil list (£385,- 000),” says Labouchere in the October Forum, “in no way represetits the cost of royalty. The maintenance of palaces is a most costly item, for it includes not only the palaces inhabited by the sovereign, but e vast number of houses in which she lodges her relatives and friends. One of these house has actually been given Ne: ® son of 2 one, of the wealthiest the building and keeping in repair of ro yachts and vartoas other such costly items. ‘comes, too, are voted to the sons and to Duke de Louis Philippe, and of the Orleans’ famil; . The bum, end his two sisters hve UNHAPPY CHILI. Riots Raging and Unparalleled Atroc- ities Being Hourly Committed. HOSTILITY TO AMERICANS. It Grows More Bitter Fostered by Interested Britons—Chili's Greatest Celebration and How the Patriotism of the People is Made ‘Maalfest—Dancing and Other Amusements. ‘From The Star's Traveling Commissioner. Coxcerctox pet Criue, Sept. 5, 1891. ETURNED TO THE HAUNTS OF MAN we learn that during those weeks of jour- neyiug in the wilderness, surrounded by uncon- quérable Indians, our lives have been more 9- cure than if we had remained in any city of Chili, where war has been rampant in its worst form—that of brother against brothe:—at- tended by mob rule, incendiary conflagrations, fapine and murders innumerable. ‘The tele- grams, which brought you the main facts of rebel victories, have told you none of the grim particulars. 1 want to impress upon my friends in the distant north that in forming their jndg- ment of this Chilian controversy afew things should not be left out of account. In the first place remember that the faction now dominating Chili controls all telegraphic and cable communication with the outer world, and therefore no accounts unfavorable to themselves are being sent abroad. On thi contrary, their paid disseminatore of alleged “news” have scrupulously omitted any allusion to the court-martials, that invariably end in murder, confiscations of the property of many private individuals whose only crime was that having remained loyal to the government, countless asxissinations and carte blanche to illage and destrey, which is known te have Been given in several inmences by triumphant leaders to their blood-ctazed followers. ‘They speak instead of the “merciful policy of the victors,’ and even wl riote were raging in the cities and unparalleled atrocition being hourly committed declared that “peace ai order have becn restored.” A SAMPL® OF atERCY A mark of the ctvilizetion of any lena is ite treatment of a souquered foe. A fair sample af the “‘morcy’ that prevails in Ubili wasab own in the illumine‘ior of their homer and other demonstrations of joy by the powers that now be when the deposed and couqnered ax-proei- dent, who certainly could dono mors harm, lay dead in the cepital city. having token bie own life i in hope of aaving from for- ther persecution his few faithfal friends and in the wholesnle dispensing of free whial the purpose of inciting the irresponsibi. riff-raff to & ghoulish 2elebration of that saa occasion, Remember, the end is net yet. Impartia’ history will by and by render 9 diferent ac- count of these stirring even‘s, and then poor Balmaceda, now suffering the world's con- tumely, will be written down as une who, though perbaps misguided, held the interests f his ccuntry nearer at heart thar, does the t-controlied faction th: jefented him, sisted by English brains and capital for m cenaty purpr tea. HOSTILITY TOWARD AMERICANS. The hostile feeling toward Americans, in- dustriously fostered by interested Britons, grows more and more bitter in Chili, with the Itata farce and the action of the United Stater government ic not roour recognizing the rebels fur present excuac. It it were not for those alleged canses others woul be tramped it the oceasion equally well The fact ix as one with haif an eye should see, that our zy making too mach monet away corer of the globe to ny porticn of it with Ameri- cans. “In the line of monopolizing all t here is of value in a he can lay hands or gain a f ‘hook or by ok,” the thrifty Liriton stands without an equal—ns witness in Baja Monquito coast and other western hemisphere. To an ob- server” it seems strange that the world is slow to understand the — secrt ani- mus of the present conflict the Inst struggle of the Church of Rome to regain its lost grip, allied in its desperation with a few English capitalists, whose interest is not in Chilian patriotism’ or religion, but in Chilian itrate or other articles of commerce, And it is amusing to note how some excited journale eail upon the President of the United States end his cabinet to tremble in their shoes be- cause of the hostile attitude assumed toward them by this puny and unstable republic. Uncle Samuel is still abundantly able to take care of his own in any part of the world, and in time even this arrogant “junta’ may come to understand that its favor or disfavor isa matter of profonnd indiffereuce to the citizens of “God's countr, CHILI'S QREATRST CELEBRATION. Tn spite of his conceit there is something re- freshing in the patriotism of the typical Chilian, though it consists in killing everybody who disagrees with him, if he can. While we, aya nation, have grown somewhat ashamed of our old-fashioned Fourth of July, and the Declaration of Independence, to which we ai indebted for existence, ix remembered for little more than the butt of professional jokers, the true Chileno will cut the throat of any man who retuses to celebrate with him the isth of Sep- tember. There ix a low in the land requiring every honse to have a flag staff, and overy flag staff to hang out the national’ banner by day anda lantern by night on all anuiversaries of the republic. Chilinn vanity goes still further nd insists that all the schools must use text ; ull the bands must of native composers, and visit- pera aud concert winger# must introdace gs of the country into all their per- aces. Although there is nowhere a more discordant and uuraly people, nowhere w much murder and other serious crimes, yet the eruel soldier and the hunted bandit, the haughty don and the patient peon are one in their love of country aud their firua conviction that it is the mightiest on the face of the earth. In the Spanish language, Diez y ocho (ten and eight), means eighteen, and among Chilinos th words have special reference to their national independence, which was declared on Septem- ber 15, in tho year 1818. ‘The finest residence street in proud old Sautingo, the city of palaces, is named the caile (street) of Diez y ocho. All over the land there aru Diez y ocho plazas, Diez y ocho saloons, manufacturies and eatates, and ‘many children, male and female who were so unfortunate as to be born near that patriotic date, are burdsned with the three cabaliatic words for a front name. At this fentive timo of year the tnw compels peo- ple to paint their honses, te clean the streets and to farbish up things generally, both inside and out. Every woman in Chili must have w gown for tie Diez y ocho, and in the matter of bonnets, it is to the creme de la creme of Santiago what Easter Sunday te to the society belles of the north. Fi age streaming over every doorway transfor 1! streets into long vistas of bunting—the beauti- fal Chilian banner, with its single white star on a blue ground ‘and two stripes, one white, one red—intorspers officials. Even the co the contagion of reform, and this morning f found her industriously pushing the dirt from the middie of the kitehon floor into the corners. “Why are you doing that, Dolores?” I asked. “Bor the Diez y ocho, senorita,” she replied. THE LITTLE EIGHTEEN. ‘Though the people ure poorer than ever this year, it will be a great day—-cr rather a greet week. The lower ¢lassey are always ready for frolicking, whether the occasion be a wedding or a funeral; wad fora wealthy family to refrain from celebrating. whether theit hearts aro iu ft or not, would be dangerous at thiv juncture, for the “junta” might coustrue it into an evidence of syinpathy for the “lost cause” of Balinaceda. ‘The municipalities usually recognize three days as the legal time for feasting and rejoicing, during which no one can be compelled to labor —the 17th instant for the assembling of the people frora the country; the 18th for horse-back etal jolsfication; the 19th for some clreles the morry-making is kept cles the smerry-makin inte October. By the way, here is a hint for travelers: In most weeks and is supposed to it This exes wtlon is known ‘eche Shise. “7 eli vetghteon do cet) Zinued from one to three das, ‘Thotgh per ipated in by all ciassos, from : lown to the humblest peon. it is not considered qUite 60 ewell as the Later celebration. CHANGES IN A YEAR. I pent jast Diez y ocho chico in Santiago— only one little year ago, and what changes have taken place! Then the hero of the hour, sur- rounded pe eaves ally, woe the now de- spised Balmaceda. The troubles that culmi- nated in his melancholy suicide were already in, but nobody dreamed that they would end in war. At tho races last year, and the subsequent dress parade on the fashionable drive, the Bulmaceda coach, containing the resident, his handsome wifo and two young Keaghters, was the observed of ali observers, and the rabble who iately shouted with joy at his death were as ready then to rend the air with vivas in his honor. _ With that irresponsible ele- ment it is “Le roy est mort; vive le roy.” ‘Their allegiance is given to the star that happens to be in the ascendant, and they will be just as ready to welcome another overturning. One Year ago the late president was not only e Populat and happy man, bat a very rich one, and that poverty could ever overtake him or his seemed entirely out of question; yet he died vo poor that all the money be ovacesed had been given to him by his wife from her private fortune to assist his fi ‘The widow and her children are lett not only pennilens, but homeless, for the victors wantonly burned and sacked their house as well us that of Bal- maceda’s aged mother. PATRIOTISM RAMPAXT.~ In this third city of the republic the patriot- ism of Diez y ocho chico has been rampant for four and twenty hours, and cannons sre booming and bands_are playing “Viva Chili,” and carriages dashing to and fro carrying fpily dressed people with glad faces. fun reds of young eabaileros, monnted on. praze ing steeda, with wonderfully ornamen: dies and ‘trappings, are galloping about like mad to display their equestrian skill and pre- pare for the afternoon's tournament. ‘Ihe fashionable resort of Concepeionia the Alameda, which lies in the outskirts ef the city, snug up against hill which rises abruptly to th height of a thousand feet, and, though at least fifty yearsold, few attempts have ever been: to beuutify it.” Lombardy popines grow thickly in long rows from end to end of the Alamoda. On either side of the first line of noble trees rows of tenta ha n set, nome inade of boards covered with clot, some of old carpets snd others of canvas. ‘These mot- ley honses are oreupind during Diez y ocho bj thourarde of country people, all dressed in their “est—nhols neighborhvsds together, bent week of thorough enjoyment. ra tu vetVve av a hotel, for in men are constantly preparing {oad—some kueading dongh, others brewing soup and thers frying onion-odorous tomales in kettles of boiling fat. Inside, on shelves, more deliacies are exposed for sale—stch, for instance, xs huge turkeys, each bak and feet intact and 4 green ol‘ve in bis bill. Should you call for » meal at one of these hostelries ‘you would find the menu about as follow: 1 tea crabs, gurnished i entrails of pigs; roasted “sea urchins,” served in their purple shells, fried ' fish, with satce prepared from ‘ox feet; roast turkey, stuffed with onions, spices, red peppers and corianders; fried pens; pepper salad; bred, cheese and yerba mate—the tea of Paraguay-~ sipped, boil- i hot, through a silver tube the size of a straw. You cat. take the whole coursc, stand ing, for the modest sun of about more economically inclined, you cheaper alternative on the back side of the same tent, where, for 25 cents, you can join the family dinner of boiled meat and vegetables, all eating from the same weoden bowl, and an extra medio (6 conts) will secure you two or three glagsen of wine with which to wash it jown. DANCING AND DEINKING. Every tent isa ball room and a saloon, as well as a hotel, where two or three young women sing the plaintive airs of the cuaca, ac- companying their voices with guitars, whilo couple after couple come solemnly forward, twirl their handkerchiefs and dance, and the bystanders keep time by the clapping of hands. Casks, barrels and bottles of wine are strewn all about, and so, while some trip “the light fan- tastic’ others drink, and they in turn dance and drink again, until all become too top heavy for further effort. Here comes a hand- some country girl, in high-heeled shocs and clove-fitting gown of navy blue, with bright, black eyes and cheeks like roses. She twirle her handkerchief in the cuaca, witha young rustic, in poncho, boots and spurs, until xome old woman remarks: “Oh, she must have some wine to keep her heels going.” “So she must,” echoes the rastic, and he fills the gcblet to the brim. which she tosses cff laughing, at a single gulp. Other swains come in for a dance with the same damsel she is so pretty and sprightly, and cach admirer must treat her to glass, of the “rosy.” Her heels fly fast and her tongue faster, but presently she steps high, as if the floor suddenly rose up tc meet her, and though atill showing pearly teeth in a amtle, and coquettishly waving her handkerchief, she staggers and sinks down gracef lly in a eorner. ““Pobracito” (poor, dear thing), says somebody. ‘Hho needs a little steep.” We iook into the next tent just in time to see 4 regular Samson of a man, with a head like a bullock’s, tumbling down among etpty casks and other rubbish, where men and women are already piled in Arunkeu slumber. Scores of peoplé on every side are in scme atuge of in- toxicaticn, but there is no disorder nor quar- reling ror loud talking. ‘The wine being the pure juice of the grape, it produces no iil effects, but a temporary stupor, which sucn wears off. OTRER AMUSEMENTS. For the amusement of those not caring to dance the municipality has rigged up several playthings. One cf them is called a rompe cas vera, “break the hend,” and seems to be well named. It ina block of wood in the shape of a triangalar prism, about seven feet long by one foot wide, poised in a perpendicular position about cight fect from the grouudl, and #o per- fectly balanced that the lig!:test touch causes it to revolve. Somebody places « real on the solid framework at one end and tells the boys that he who crawls across the balanced triangle may have the money. About one boy i dozen sucveeds in winning the prize,the others being thrown to the ground with more or less violence, to the unbounded delight of the pop- ulace. There is alno a pole planted firmiy in the ground, straight, amooth and sixty feet jong. ‘This in wtneared with grease to tho rery top, where a fat-looking purse is suspended, said to contain a large sum of money. to be given to gets it by climbing. ‘There is nota boy in Concepeion but thinks it is worth trying for, tothe ruin of numberless suits of clean linen. A fat man saggeste to the crowd that it is notan impossibility to climb “that there pole.” Anotier tells of a man in Santiago who climbed hundreds of greased poles in the course of « loug and useful life by merely roll- ing hunvelf in sand, aud tinally at the top of one he foand a purse containing $10,000 - in bank checks. Immediately evors boy’ rushes offand presently returns covered with sand and dirt. The crowd increases to thousands, and the grease is rapidly disappoaring from the bottom of the poi. Finally, after several hundred dollars’ worth of Sunday garments have been hopelessly ruined, a ragged urchin, with legs and arms tied up in sandpaper, shins ap the pole like « squirrel and comes down ith the coveted packuge—which is found to contain exactly one Chilian paper doliar, worth at prosent about 20 cents in United’ States money. Faxxix B. Wamp. A Bratal Fighter Sent to Prisot:. In London Ted Pritchard, the pagilist, bias | fil thre been sentenced to five months’ imprison- ment for a cowardly assoult wy a barkeeper who had ordered him to leave Tae public house in which the barkeeper was loyed. soo Detective O'Malley Goes Free. At New Orleans, La, much surprise was expressed when the caso against Detective O'Malley. indicted on the charge of bribing the jury which sequitted the Italians sceused of ‘ausassinating Ohief of Police Hennessey, was state’ wae unable to offer other evidence than the confession of MeCrystal, and that had already been ruled Out in another case. +00 “Not im it.” ‘Worse Than Useless in the Effort to Civilize the Red Man—No Aveane for Kmpleyment of the Gradustes—-Seme Practical Sugres- tions to Legislators and Philanthropist. —— nite shail come and when individuals and ‘uot nations shall be judged according to their works dono in the body eeverni peuple, whose intentions are good enough and sufficient in quantity to provide material for a sidewalk from 9h and F streets to Hades, will be con- victed of gross carelesane+eand inexcusable ob- stinacy; people who imagined they had tried to do right, bat whose organization was such that the receptive capacity was absent; people who were born with one ides and who refused t0 let the light of practical experience dixpei the darkness of but narrow theory. T am writing now of those who see in scholastic education. the one string on which the North American Indian can pull for salvation. It would seem at first glance as bough the being who argues against Indian education must be favorable to continuous bar- baritnism, ond the assumption that he isso would havea reasonable foundation if he Offer a substitute for the structure be assist in rearing. The substitute, however, is at hand, and it 1s 90 immeasurably th superior that any thougntful , whether interested in the Indian er not, ought’ to be able to see et once the erroneous character of the educa- tional practices now in vogue. “By their fruits ye shall know them” is a scriptural trath which, like all other scriptural truths, bas a latter-day application, and no one can object if the results of what is officially ter “Indian education” are need ns the basis on which to make a few calculations. Where are the beneficial rostits of teaching an Indian boy the elements of grammar and geography or the rudiments of a trade? Where Gre the boys who have buen fo operated upon? WHAT ObsEBVATION TEACH For more than four months of this year I have been associated almost exclusively with Indians and during and since that period these Questions have recurred with undesirable fre- quency, while the anawershave been lamentably | cog and uomistakabie. Of course there have mm exceptional cases, whero graduates of Carlisle and Hampton and kindred institutions have done credit to themselves and_ their pre- ceptors, bnt these exceptions were barely nu- merous enough to prove the rule. Go to Pine Ridge or Rosebud and select from the thou- sanda the most gaudily dressed of the young navager, those whose faces are continus be- smeared with paint, those whose fect now know no sovering but ‘heavily beaded moccasins, those whose blankets are decorated to excess, and you will discover # Carlisle or a Hampton boy.” Ge through the camps make patient in- quiry aa to the identity of those females whose immorality is & matter of public knowledge and open comment, write their names down, and then, carrying your investigation a. little further, jook inthe records oi the educational institutions for Indians and find uine-teuths of the numes of your list recorded on the roll of graduates. Such statementé as these will, I know, cause pain in the hearta of many who have devoted their lives to the welfare of the Indian, but there is no use in attempting to cenéeal the facts—facts easily susceptible of proof. No one desires to hold philonthropy responsible for the degenerate and immoral tender.cies of many of its beneficiaries, but with the teati- mony of namerous witnessés—witnesses who want to help the Indian uarely on record it is rather astonishing that philanthropy con- tinnes to spend its money for that which is not bread. ‘WRO SENT THESE GIRL@ BOME? As I left one of the agencies I visited this summer, two girls, about seventeen and fifteen Years of age respectively, were pressing tear- Stained facos against the dirty window panes, through which a trifle of daylight filtered # diminutive and dirty log but. But a f days before my departare those two children had returned from an Indian ¢raiming school, and two brighter, merrier girls never rode on the stage from the railroad to the ageney. They laughed and chattered and la an wondered what sort ofa welcome they would receive after their long sbsence. Then they discussed the possibilities of theit home and in their minds conjured up 2 comfortable house fairly well furnished. m years had elapsed since they were taken away to be educated. se their memories as to their earlier child life were vague They had becomy young Isdies —— physical tg to associate with any in nd. stage stopped in front of the but which was tc be theit home and the two girls alighted. In the narrow doorway stood the mother. ry interest visible in tures. She did not move to gteet her offspring ani when they timuly approached her she coldly kissed them and went with them into the miserablo spology for s house. Can any one imagine the heart-sinking felt by those j girls at that moment? A little inquiry and a trifle of observation showed that the mother and children wete almost completely es- tranged: seven years of scpatution hud made the mother careless of het own atid even years of education had developed the sensi- bilities of the girls to such an extent that life ou the reservation was torment. ‘The filthy surroundings, the uneongerial companionship and the maternal indifference were breaking their hearts, but there as no relief. It wax enough for the controliing and directing “system” to know that ite deceived proteges had been educated: the lamentable poastbilities of the post-graduate period received no con- sideration. What will become of these girls? What has become of others similarly circumstanced? The easy probabilities are so plain that I shudder as they unbidden before my mental vision. The seven years of careful training bestowed in these cases have made Indien companionship distastefal; the destre is toward the white people. Need I repeat my reiterated remarks as to the immoralitics which imust «pring from the association of edneated Indian girls with white mer? PRINCIPLES THAT SHOULD 82 APPLitD. No sane being will contend for a moment that scholastic education is one of the pre- requisites in the work of building up # elvilize- tion. The nations of the earth were not fotnded on the alphabet nor did the conquer- ing dynasties of evolve themselves from the labyrinta of coll ite matuematice. Self-help, business independence and the Aequisitive power that comes with experience have made the United Staves, E: a Germany Saye aren factors - we ay ‘These same principles, propetly applied, ma; Hite ap the a American ing oat 4 resent pauperized con toa lite of com- Kore ana'yernapa of sfffuence. ” Will the appli cation ever be attempted in any other than = spasmodic manner? in frivolous and ‘ma: aT PINE BiDOR. E. ¥ hig | i i z & F j 5 i | Ey i tte He F i i | 5 f E b i arrigating HH E it i i ! HAMPTON AND CARLISLE|ferouly HEN THE END OF ALL THINGS FI- |? Daring the past eummer a large number of stock cattle have, in fuléliment, of certais freaty stipulations, been issued to the Ogainl- Ins. | Tho move isa wiso and proper one, but Piostable multiplication of these animale will almost impossible uniess the water supply is increased and distributed. This is not the first time that live cattle have been issued to the Dut these will go the way of their unless the conditions which round stock raising at Pine Ridge ate very ma- | serially changed. Invest the Indian's money—tot it is his--in | scholastic bubbies and he will always be a moderately hungry pauper, for not one in a bundred of the nationally educated ever have a chance to earn a living: disburse it in efforts that tend to make him self-supporting and the reaults, while they may npsc? a few elneat.onal theories, will astonish the wor Poop THE PRISE NECESSITY. The prime necessity of the moc: n indian. who very closely resembles the rest of man- kkind—is food; he cares for ttle cise. Make for him to carn which will supply his wants and he will exert Limself he has not done so, 6 due to the fact ve discour Caucasian obstacl | political partics—in his way. At cinis titme the | Sioux receive ‘all rations and have nothing to | complaix of on that score, but the fricuds of the | j Sioux shonid insis: that he be t to work for | his food aud then be allowed to do when the treaty per ing comes to an © helpless. It is undoubtedly truc that where educat and Christianity ‘are, there o, 80 that | «lof governmen 7 ily i he may not bs total re the hi; | mental and moral types of humanity, bat whut | is the use of education toa man who is not mitted to carn a it #pend his money | ia such a manner thet it will help him practi cally end then engrafi on his growing workily success the religion and the eovtbing siflucnoce of civilization. Gro. H. Hannms icin HORSES FOR A DOT LAK HAC: Immense Droves of Horses in Queensland Which Have Become a Serious Nuisanee. No can buy « horse about Wasisington which is fit for a yore for le Abroken«lown car horse 1 worth amount. A horse for a grocer's es York, Chicagu or San francisco w €150 to $209. In Qneenslend, An ever, the horse market is a well-broken ni Farmers in the interior ea: horses to Brisbaue for » stock will not bring more than 5 per bend. | They shoot them instend! And, what ts still | more startling. they pay at the rate of 62 per head for having them shot ! All of these statements are «trictly The colony of Queensland is now seri. enswing the posing a tax on all sialic ntment of inspectors to ger that d animals are killed. AU over Quecne- Jand they are going to keep down horses ax we kecpdown the superabundance of dogs in thecity j of Washington. ‘The same state of fairs holds | in some of the other Austrslian colonies, Horse breeding in Australia was for many years a remuuerative businoss. A great de. inand was crented by the taking up and oc" cust from traiin, how ay down. bonis t afford to send be ause ordianry pying of new country, from the opening Of new gold fields and for the prosecution of the sugar industry. Every one who had lan began breeding borses. Now the demand has ceased, the sngar industry is declin- ing, the mining is stationary and the owners of what was formerly new country are sellers instead of buyers. The consequence ix that the whole country is overrny with unsalable horses. ‘They cannot be enten like sheep and cattle, and a boiling down factory for the manufacture of glue and other products failed after consuming 30,000 animals. Now, in a semi-wilé state, they overrun the entire interior of the colony | The best of them bring at aue' than #13 or #14 4 dozen. | Property holders in, New South Walor have relieved themselves of th grazing lands by shooting them won river wit On the Bar- | two years between 60,000 and 70,000 head were destroyed, atacost to their nominal owners of 25. pet head. Queenslind | has now the same trouble to fight. titled “The Marsupials Destruction Act” is in foree, directed ngainst the kangaroos, check the increase of these no Buta kangaroo xkin is worth £3.75 in the open market at Brisbane. How much more necd is there, then. of a horac-estruction act when horses are larger animals, eat move. are more numerous than kanguroos and are nearly worth. leas! This is the question which is agitating the property bolders of Queensland at the pres ent time, as is learned from the recent bulle- tins of the department of ugrictture of that colony. Will it pay Australians to ship these horses to the United States” The passage to San Francisco will take twenty days The Pa- cific ocean at certain times is always smooth. One of the Australian steamships will probably carry from 700 to 1,000 horses ata trip. The import duty on horses and miuies at present is #90 per head. It resolves itself into a question of water carriage. —--- STAMP CRANKS MAKE TROUBLE. They are all the Time Bothering the Post Office Department —A Curious Scrap Book: 0 ONE HAS EVFR YET SENT IN 4 MIL- lion eanceled postage stamps to the ost Office Department, al:tough 200 letters are re- reived annually requesting information about the prize of $900 which the governinent is eap- posed to offer for that number. Mow this popular delusion originally started no one can toll. For twenty years it has prevailed, and during all that time people have been making collections for sale to Uncle Sam. Presumably no one has thus far secured the desired million. At all events the packages of oid stamps sent to Washington as installments never contain more than few thousand; 59,000 were the most that ever came in one bundle. Ordinarily the collector gets tired by the time 4,000 or 5,000 have been go! together. Children mostiy are engaged in this intoresting Imt fruitless pur- suit. though many women both young and old take it up for a while and bother everybody they know tor contributions of stamps from old letters. People are constantly writing to the depart- ment with requests for stamps to put in their apecimen sets of ite issues, unused, but that Mas dincontinaad in 150. A very interesting clbum is kept in the stem; division, coutaining sets of all the i e burden on their | 1: stamps that | 3 + THE CHESs wortp. HE WASHINGTON CHESS CLUB MEETS every evening.. Visitors always welcome 1213 F etreet. PROBLEM No. 11 By “COVERPOINT,” Weshineton, D.C. «Composed for The Evening Star.) 2 pleces Rinck White to play su By A. ANDERS: White PROBLEM 2 b SEN a @z iD 8 ac KS Kiet gh Me OM Whites By J. 3. MANAt & Ate % : Argh play aud iat re VER, 4) QBr Waite to play and uate tn three mores PROBLEM No. 14 | Be D A. CeISA, Savannih, Ga we White to knight dl yielA ae At Kh then kr pies ke re tn thre moves. re Sunday News, y and GAME No on ate ih tro moves. recent vieit to the city. 3 "4: Position atter white's tw: The following a one of the shortest two clube, ou record. ‘White Mr. Hesse, GAME No. 7 nig partie i+ remarkable as bete rrespondence waines, let +e ‘We get it via Bro. Pollock. Falkiwor Gambit Bi Apropos of the Invan tourney: axe in Amsterdany GAME No. # BREET RE RET REA A L ok GAME No. & A sparkling Allgaier. And bi BS ‘lack inates ih seven moves. ‘TIONS AND SOLVERS. of and the other is for 10 cents with gees ‘ We ton's bust. Before that year letters | 27%ulem pe jeaate poo mek E 2” Sst: were distributed by mail with ac- | Lochmal, 19. kuleit, © Momedt, AL Vs gompanring way bills, and the prices obarged | Cgimius Ge, “peat gal. Bow ~ ‘distance. . eat 2 z