Evening Star Newspaper, October 3, 1891, Page 10

10 — — ’ THE EVENING STAR: WASHINGTON, D.C, SATURDAY, OCTOBER 38, 1891—SIXTEEN PAGES. MONSTERS OF THE PAST Uncle Sam's Wonderful Collection of Reptiles, Mammals and Birds, 'S OF YEARS AGO. A First Instalment of It Has Keached Wash- Ington—Amazing Lizards of the Mesozoic— Birds With Teeth and Flying Dragons— MILLION Strange Mammals of the Tertiary Kpoch. | ‘Written for The Evening Star. FIRST INSTALLMENT OF THE GIGA\ tic fossil reptiles, mammals and birds which the government has been digging up and eollecting during the last nine yoars has reached Washington, and, under the skilled hands of eateological experts, these wonderful Monsters of the past are rearing anew their mighty forms in the National Museum. Of giant lizards alone United States Paleontolog- fst Marsh has stored awny in New Haven enongh tobalf Sl the Smithsonian's great building with their skeletons. Inasmuch as they run all the way from twenty-five to ninety feet in . some of the specimens having weighed 2 mach in life as thirty tons, they take up a good deal of room. ‘THE WONDERFUL RYPSIRMOPAUE. One of the most extraordinary of them is a @teature called tho hypsirhophus, which was shout thirty fect long and walked erect upon {te hind legs. This 1 the animal, recently dis- eovered, which deferded iteclf chiefly by wagging its tail. That appendage was armed th tremendous spines im pairs, x blow from which mast have Leen denth to its adversary. ‘Owing to the enormons size of” this tail and the importance of its use. the reptile had a wort of second brain if its pelvie, which was an en- Iergement of the spinal cord. more than ten tues ae bit asthe aetnal brain in its skull ‘The deast doubtiese reste; habitually upon its HYPSIRHOPHUS teil and wassive rear limbs,a3 on a tripod, | izing its forearms for respi Its imeiuding the throat, wa armor, but its most remarkable feature @ row of immense bony plates along its the biggest of which were each four feet Ite head, containing proportionally the brain belonging to any known verte- , Was diminutive and covered in front by Deak; it was singgish, stupid and its habits, wading near shore and | upon soft and succulent vegetation. remains of the hypsirhophus have from time to time, but it was only day that acomplete specimen was imbedded im solid rock in southern | Colorado, with its armor platesand bony spines 2 i | i H sf ti rH if tec! rved, just as the animal was | = Tigh down wed dicd in 8 distant epoch, Perhaps 5, 000 years ago. | THE YORMIDABLE AGATHAUMAS. Tn life ft could eearcely have been less for- | midable than the agathaumas, which was one | of its most Interesting contemporaries. The skull alone of this latter beast. which was not | Jess than twenty-five fect in length, fills a huge | glass case by iteclf at the museum. Two shorp | €urved horns, each a yard in longth, spring | from the forehead, while a smaller one’ adorns | the nose, which was further armed with a pow: | erful cutting beak. Its most striking pecul arity, however, is a huge frill of solid bone six feet in width ‘extending backward from the AGATHAUMAS (REPTILE, head. This was required for the attuch- ment of the muscles which were necessary te hold up the enormous head. The creature stood as high asa very big clephant, but was twice as long. It had a protective covering of Massive bony plates ako and it moved slug- Ssbly on all fours, being x vegetable feeder. GIGANTIC AMPRICORLIAS. Both bypsirhopbus and agathaumas, howeret, were small compared with the amazing amphi- coclias, which was fifteen fect high. three fect | taller than Jumbo, and sixty fect ep: When | alive it weighed aboat twenty tons. It walked on ail fours, a remarkably small head and along and powerful tail. Fach of its footprints, | e« found preserved in the rocks, covered u mare yard. Its skull was less heavy than the fourth or fifth vertebra. It moved slowly, hav- ing no weapons, offensive or defensive, and AMPHICOELYAS was of amphidtous habit, feeding upon aquatic Plants. The remains of this animal are Ustally found in places where it evidently got | stuck in the mud, which subsequently turned to stone, thus preserving for ages the Iackless beast engulfed. Vast in bulk as the creature Was, it was bat a smaller first cousin of the Brighty atlantosanr, which was of much the ame bnild. This latter was the biggest land euimet that ever lived. A single thigh bone. Bow hanging on @ wail at the murean, ws ionger ‘than © man by two feet. LIKE TRE SEA SERPENT. Amoug the most numerous and formidable Of the giant reptiles of the mgsozoie, as repre- sented in the government collection, seem to have been the mowamurs, which were swim- ving lizards from sixty to eighty feet in length, ‘Very nearly resembling, the modern notion of the sea serpent, So plentifal wore they m that epoch that their remams are thickly distributed, in various parte of the west, and Prof. Mareh says that ix journeying througisa certain valley be once beheld seven of their ukeletons in sight at onetime. Yale College line bones represent- fng 1,490 specimens. In the eretaceous seas they ruled supreme, their numbers, size and carnivorous enabling them to vanquish all rivals, Thev resembled vast snakes with paddles, by the aid of which they swam. and their lower | we Were Bo aftkchy i by carttince to the ekull | 5 ey they could their mouths enormously wide for # as rerpents do. Cartousty enough, these strange animais appear to have Deen comparatively scarce m Europe. EXOBMOUS VISE LIZARDS. ‘The seasof the mesozore epoch swarmed with (REPTILE, 80 FEET). | are believed to ha (REPTILE, 60 FEET.) having beads like alligators and swimming | rave among themselves, they spread and muiti- | from the otean by the uplifting of the moun-| FISHERIES OF THIS COUNTRY. POINTS ABOUT MIRKORS. paddles resembiing those of the turtle. their species incredibly. Certain varie | tain ranges, stretched from the Rockies enst- Although ther sometimes eame ashore, they developed flying powers, others ewam in | ward for more than 500 miles, oxtending as far lived habitually in the ocean. diving to great depths in pursait of prey. They were most rapacious and predatory, having huge eyes with which to see in the watery abysses. Some notion may be got of their size from the f that in a mold made for a cast of one at British Museum twenty-vix gentlemen sat down to dinner very comfortably. Smaller rivals of the ichthyosaurs were the plesiosaurs, which were somewhat dif- ferently built, having very long necks, with shorter tails. They did not attain a length of more than twenty-five feet. In appear- ance they have been described ag resem. bling the body of a tortoise strang thro: 2 a9 2A, Ey S— the water, some dwelt upon the land, while many were amphibious. As the continents w their swarms increased. Gigantie croco- and tortoises appeared. The age may fairly be described as one of zoological night- mares, full of dragons and chimeras dire. While detritus kept continnally falling upon the bottom of the inland ocean during thoa- sands and thousands of years, numberiess dead specimens were buried by it and Sem gre sorved for all time, the mud eventually har. ing into rock. ‘TN THE AIR AND ON THE WATER. Not loss weird than the landscape in those PLESIOSAURUS (SWIMMING LIZARD, 25 FEET). with a snake, the flippers with which they | swam being like a turtle’. There is no doubt of the fact that they lived in the shoal waters near land, feeding upor the fishes of the shal- lows. SEVENTY FEET Lowe. One of the largest of the amphibious reptiles contemporary with those above described was the camarasaur, which was seventy feet long and dwelt in the ocean shallows. In pursuit of the sea weeds which formed its dict it waiked along in water deep enough to cover its back, while it extended its enormously long neck #0 as to lift its head above the surface and look about for food. As x convenience important to this manner of life its backbone was com- posed of vertebra which were mere shells filled with warm air from the lungs. ‘These served as floats to support its huge body, while its solid and massive legs and tail wete useftl for anchors. OTHER MONSTERS, Among other gigantic reptiles of that mare velons age was the morosaur, plentiful remains of which have been found in Wyoming. It grew to a length of forty feet, had short fore and hind legs and was very sluggish, having extremely heavy bones, It bad a swaller cousin, hiowever, only fifteen fect long, which ossessed small and light bones. ‘The latter has been called the morosaurus agilis, because of its activity The titanosant was also builton the kangaroo plan, being sixty feet im length and standing thirty tect in height asit walked apon the moun- tain sides and fed on the folinge of the forests, portions of which food have been preserved with itsremains. Of equal bulk was the vast iguano- don, which was a biped in habit and bada nipping beak. Contemporary with these were the anchisaur and ammosaur, about the size of setter dogs, which are believed to have made the foot prints in the Connecticut valley, for a long time supposed to be those of giant birds. Tmmense newts there were, too, as large as men, land tortoises twenty feet long and no end of other marvelous creatures, among them being a monster which had regu: lar masts and yard arms on its back for de- fensive purposes. With the exception of the mosasaurs and other swimming lizards the animals thus far mentioncd were all vegetable feeders. The armor plates and tremendous bony spines which some of them wore were necensary to them, as well es their Luge horns, for pro- 25 FEET) tection, against formi Areadful foes were fizards, which lived by eating the herbivorous ones. They were built after the fashion of kangaroos, with enorrously long hind legs, upon which they waiked erect, looking about for victims whow they might devour. To render them more agile and swift of movement their bones were hollow, and their leaping powers were simply incredible. The ‘lelaps,” ashas been esti mated, could jump seventy feet at a bound. It had not only tremendous teeth to bite with, but sharp claws us well on its fore feet, which been used chietly for the purpove of xerutching out its adversaries eyes. This terrific animal stood about twenty-five feet high. One day. not very long ago, Prof. | Marsh exhibited “a fossil hypsirhophus.—th creature with the bony frill und the brain in able enemies, Those its tail—to a fellow-scientist, and the latter. abserving the beast's astonishing protective ‘equipment, remarked: “There mnst have been some other creature which lived on this huge reptile. Possibly you li come across it some das have wlready done 0.” replied the pro- fessor. hin the last few weeks the very animal has turned up, which was éntirely exp- able of preving upon the hypsirhophus, de- vouring the body of the victim after ri up its beily with n stroke of its powerful bind foot. I have ealied it the ‘creosanr atrox.” Probably it was about twenty feet long in life. Kexides this “atrocious flesh lizard” there was the comparativel megalosaut, which was fifty feet in length and fierce ahh “moan toits bulk. Another and smaller vorous specimen was the ceratosaur, distinguished by @ mighty horn. ‘THE LAND. At the time when these extraordinary crea- tares lived there was com) vely little dry land in the world, the greater part of the con- nent not having, ae yet, emer from the ocean, and what are now the mountains were then merely sonttered islands. Up to that period animal life bad been chiefly repre- sented by fishes, which may be sxid to have Fan creation. At a the coal-forming period there was « emergence rom. the water, due to contreetion of the carth’s crust, the Alleghanies being inciden- tally upheaved. Then came the mesozoie era, which Las been called THE “AGE OF REPTILES.” This was the epoch when as yet the Rockies were nearly submerged and all the in- Other dangerous reptiles besides, the Liggest of ICHTHYOSAURUS (SWIMMING LIZARD, 4 terior of the continent was covered by a vast which wore the fish lizards, called ichthyonaure, Tdey gree w the length of edvnt forty fet, shallow wa, 8 must have been the aerial scene, the heavens above the floods being filled with ac- tual dragons having a twenty-fire-foot spread of wings, as woll as with numberless emaller pteroductyls, feeding upon fishes. There were countless birds, too real birds, with a strong likeness in some particuiare to the reptiles from whose kind the feathered tribes un- doubtediy descended. Thove birds had teeth, aud the most surprising of them was TRE TESsPERoRNts, of which complete vkeletons have been found. It was six feet high, had no wings at all, and was undoubtedly the most tremendous water fowl that ever existed, being more completely aquatic than any other known bird. Each of ite legs, of great length aud muscular power, wasu perfect instrument for propulsion through the water, having the backward stroke of an var, cleverly feathered on ite return. ‘The limb represented the same kind of specialized moui- fication of wtructnre us has fitted the ostrich among recent birds and the horse among mam- mals for the attainment of extreme speed on land. Evidently the ereature spent its entire life upon the water, presumably only going ashore for the purpose of breeding. It must have been a wonderful diver, and its long shal- low jaws, sect with sharp recurved tecth, were admirably adapted for seizing and retaini they most active of the multitudinous fish whieh swam in the bri ‘BIRDS WITH TrETHE Another numerous and important group of birds in the same epoch was that of the ich- thyornia, which was bat little larger than a pigeon, but possessed great powers of flight. FeExa teeth Peet in sockets. Wherens the. he perornis had them in grooves along its jaws Fi'vontd have been a carious spectacle tc wit- ness flocks of these toothed fowls, swimming or ICHTHYORNTS (TOOTHED PIRD, BIG AS PIGEON.) hanging with librating pinions over the waters, actually in company with the dragon reptiles, which had no teeth at all. With its fierce equip ment of teeth the hesperornis must have been lord of the air indeed, since not even a ptero- Sactyl with a spread of twenty-five feet could have maintained a confict with it. It is believed that this giant bird, like the ichthvornix, was eventually rendered extinct by the mighty swimming lizards, for which it’ doubtless af- torded choice bait. WHERE THEIR REMAING ARE FOUND. Deposits of the remains of ail these wonder- fal creatures exist today in inexhaustible mines distributed throughout the west and in various other parts of this country. On the flanks of the Koeky mountains ean be traced for hun- «reds of miles a narrow belt of strata contain- ing bones of nearly all of the great reptiles mentioned. WAY BIRD SKELETONS ANE scancr. As for the birds of that ancient epoch, their fossils are very searce, for two reasons. In the first place such ot their bodies as fell into the water usually flonted on tho surface until they were either gobbled by swimming lizards of became disintegrated through decay. Sec- ondly, bird bones are light, fragile und easily destroyed. ‘Thus it was only under the most exceptional conditions that dne of these feath- ered creatures could have been preserved. On the other hand, the land animals were always likely to get stuck in the mud. WHEN THEY WERE DESTROYED. At the ond of three millions of years per- haps—for no one can guess with any accuracy the duration of these past epochs—something happened. There was a tremendous convul- sion of natare; the cartl’s crust in contracting was tremendously crumpled up, upheaving the Rocky mountains, the Andes. the Alps, the Py- renees, the Balkens, the Himalayas and other great ranges, Simultancously, for reasons at present unknown, all the giant reptiles were wiped out of existence. Only some of the turtles, crocodiles and lizards of the modern type survived. They were all like those of to- day, but were very much bigger. Such is the story read in the records of geology, which are reserved in the strata of the everiasting hills. it has often been imagined by fanciful persons that «few of the old-time monsters uty yet dwell in the depth of the oceans, bat eorro! ration of such a theory is lacking. THE SEA SERPENT. powsrble survival referred to, which seems very difficult to of. A few years ago a sea captain, a man of no education, arrived at San Francisco from by southern Pacific with a south es Kansas and northward beyond the present boundary of the United States, The ohmate, which duting the jie had been very warm and moist, was tropical. sie 4 the borders of this great body of water roam . HERDS OF NUGE ANIMALS, feeding upon the luxuriant vegetation. Per- laps the most remarkable of them were the tremendous mammals befonging to the order of which the vintatherium was a type. It was nearly ag big as an elephant, but in appearance somewhat betwoen the rhinoceros and hippo- potamus, with three pairs of horns on its head and huge saber-like tusks that fitted iuto sheaths in the lower jaw. Moro imposing vet was its first cousin, the loxolophodon, which waa somewhat similar in aspect and mensured sixteen feet in length. Bigger still were the brontotheridm, which in numbers on the ‘eastern Rocky mountains. In that found deposits "containing remains several hundred feet in thickness, the successive strata being marked by distinct genera and species. ‘The bronto- therinm had a head like a rhinoceros, with two immense horns, It had plenty of cousins as dig as itself. THE MEGATHERIUM, Another extraordinary and very plentiful beast at that period was the giant sloth, called the megatherium, which was as large as two elephants. It grew to be eightcen feet in Jength and fed upon the foliage of trees, which it tore up by the roots, seating ftsel? upon its mighty hauuches) and iiuge tail while it em- braced the trunk. Another strange creature was the sivatherium, resembling an antelope, but as big as an elephant, with two conical horns on the front of its lead and two immense spreading ones behind. Most enormous of all was the dinotherium, the biggest land mammal that ever lived, which lad a trunk and long tusks A tall man can stand upright inside ite a For ages, while the vast lake above described Was filling up with detritus, thesc great beasts were getting mired and perishing around ite awa and palm-shaded borders, or their bodies were swept into it by freshets. By the time that the lake had become inirly filled up the strata thus formed had reached a mile in thickness and hadturned to solid rock, with bones of the aucieut animals referred to scat tered all through it. Since that time water bus Washed away portions of these immense de- posits, leaving the hilisides cut away as a oaki might be with a knife, so as to show the ge logical history of the formations snd the suc- cessive layers containing fossils of different sorts. Among these water-worn ciiffs the paleontologist journeys in quest of the osseous remains of extinct giants. MINING FOR THESE HUGE BONES iselow and tedious work. They have usually to be taken out of the solid rock bit by bit, to be put together afterward. Often,when a skel- eton ora portion of one has been exposed, plaster of Pariv is poured over it and permitted toharden, 80 asto prevent it from fracture. Then it iseut away bencath and removed bod- ily. Usually the bones are giver a coat of gue to keep out the air, and any that are broken or splintered are bound ny with twine in the most careful manner. In this ehape they ure shipped to the muscum where they are to” be prepared for mounting, and there sometimes months are »pent in chiseling them out. EVER so MANY OTHER CREATURES contemporary with these huge mammals of the tertiary have been brought to light from the same geological strats Among these are nu- merous tapir-like and rhinoceros-like auimala. ‘There is also the limnofelis, a carnivorous beast nearly as big asa lion, which must have been very fierce aud formic ‘there were gantic armadilios und rodents of many species. there were giant beavers and remarkable car- nivores, called tillodonts, which resembled ro- stents in some respects, bat had skulls like a bear’s and long, pointed claws. ‘The latter were as big as tapirs. WHEN CAMELS WERE IN THis COUNTRY, Investigation of these same deposits has proved that eames were very plentiful in this country during the tertiary epoch. Probably they originated on this continent and made their way hence into the so-called old world. From 4 single hole called “Antelope Well,” on the Union Macatic railway, Prof. Marsh dug out within a space of ten cross by six feet deep two kinds of rhinoceros, a beast some- thing like a log. two creatures allied to the cainel and a carnivore as big asa tiger. In all fifteen fossil species were f uud ti: that dig- ging, which doubtless was once a mure sink that entrapped the a was discovered a liiliputian horse two feet high. {t had four toes and a rudimentary fifth toe. Other strata have yiekled a hind of horse us bi with three toca, and finally the horse which walks upon the wail ot his mid- dle toe and still exiiLits tue last two vanished ‘ones in the shape of a Jittle splinter of bone on either side beneath the flesh. According to the story told by the deposits, the pig seems, in the course of ages to have made many attempts to become somewhat of an improverient on his simple self. He has brauched out ito many developments, but all of these, one of which got to be nearly as Dig asa rhioceros, becaine extinct sooner or latter, while the pig himeelt has kept on almost unchanged ‘Lhose mighty mesozoie hi: hophus, agathanmas, amphi rasaurus—are among the original discoveries of Professor E. D. Cope. His tind also was the huge mammal with horns, yelept loxolopho- don. ‘Ihe contributions which he has made to paleontological science, however, are too vast tor brief wammarizing. Paleontology is a coiny It is only within the last ii has turned her magic Jan past, showing to mankind of th In aseries of wondrous dissolving views, ge countless tribes of creatures that trod the rth for myriads of centuries before the hu- man race was born. Kens Bacnz. als. At the same time isthe hypsir- tas and cama- new science. 8 that scien pou the living present, as if +02 SCOTT AND VANDERRSILT. The Great Pennsylvar Illustrated. From the Louisville Couri In business matters Mr. Scott was quick in hig couclusions, scand in judgment and inex- haustible in resources. The public remembers t the sale by William H. Vanderbilt of £20, 090,000 worth of stock in the New York Cen- tral at 120. That sale was inade by William L. Scott. Vanderbilt, harassed and worried in the man- agement of the property, vexed by public criticism, and uncertain about his health, ex- pressed in the presence of Scott a wish to be rid of the property. “You are not in earnest,” said Scott. ‘J was never more in exrnest in my life,” was the reply. “Why not sell it, then?” the Pennsylvanian asked. “sell it!” exelaimed Vanderbilt, “where can I find @ purchaser for €20,000,000 of the stock?” * ‘IL can find such a purchaser,” said Scott, “at a fair commission.” “Do it,” was the response, “and I will pay you bali’ million dotiars.”” Ina few days Scott had orgenized a syndi- cate wmong the bankers of New York to pur- chase the Vanderbilt stock at 120, und without any difficulty the transaction was concluded. Phen came Nr. demand for his com- mission of $500,000. Vanderbilt demurred half a million dolhits was a big sum of money for sueh work. Mr. Scott insisted that it was « bargain made openly and seriously and car- ried toa conclu Still Vanderbilt objected that it was too big a commission. “What was it worth?’ arked Mr. Beott. ” said Mr. Vanderbilt, “two hundred thousand.” “Very well, then, let me have the £200,000.” waid the gentieman from Pennsylvania, and the matter was settled. Hnd Mr. Scott’ insisted there is dittle doubt the half million would have been forthcoming. As it was the com- mission was us casily carned as any money Mr. Scott ever mad ‘Sam‘s broad domains isa glacier frapye. If a Philedéiphia man wakes up in the morning long | #24 feels that a glacier frappe is the only drink A Fa fE FER ‘that will touch the right spot he should bear Written for the Evening Star. QUEER KINDS OF RAINE Showers of Blood and Their Explanation— Raine of Frogs, Fishes and Insects. ne PHENOMENA OF NATURE HAVE EX- cited more wijespread consternation in lame “JoSIAM QUINCY OF Bo¥TON. The Fish Commission Pablishés an Inter- | What They Used to Bo and How They Came esting Report Respecting Them. HE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION has just published an interesting report on the coast fisherics of this country in gen- The Author of “Kaltoolah” Telle Abgat « to Be What They Are. Wendertal Coinctdenee. HE BARLIEST MIRRORS OF WHICH mention is made in history, 60 a Stan re- porter is informed, were in use among the R. MAYO. THE WELL-KNOWN AUTHOR of “Kaloolab,” tohd a writer for Tax Stam the story of a curious coincidence. Rome eral. Incidentally it is shown that Maryland, | Israelites in the time of Moses. That gentle-| ancient and even in comparatively modern | years ago he was acting as surgeon ard which for so many years hasheld unquestioned | man, as recorded in the Bible, commenced in a | times than so-called pains of blood, stones, | the United States ship of war Crana. vo supremacy in the catching of oysters and other shell fish, now falls into second Place, being surpassed by New Jersey. The advance of the fisheries of the latter state recently has been due to the artificial planting of oysters and an increased output of clams. Another notable change is found in the whale fishery. Massachusetts, which has led in this industry since its establishment in America, now drops to second place, California taking precedence. This is due to the fact that since the Pacific railways were built it has been found most convenient and profitable for the Arctic and Paciti¢ whaling fleets to rendezvous in San Francisco, and vessels belonging to the Atlintic ports have generally shipped ¢heir product home by rail instoad of ceeding it by along and tedious around the Horn. ‘This has naturally led to the transfer of vessele and business from New Bedford and other Mastachusetts ports to San Francisco, certain emergency that these articles should be transformed inte washbasins for the priests. They were made of brass. Doubtless similar utensils of this and other materials were in use long before that. At that same period biack glass was employed for the purpose, aa well at transparent glass with black foil on the back. | It is related that the Spaniards found mirrors of polished black stone, both convex and con- cave, among the natives of South America. The mirrors of the ancient Greeks and Rom- ans were thin disks of bronze, highly polished apd usually fashioned with handles, though sometimes they were set upright on stands. Later on silver was used, and the first mirror of solid silver is said to have becn made by | Praxitetes in the time of Julins Cwsar. Subse- quently silver mirrors took the place of brass Or bronze once almost altogether. though stcel, be pal and even goid were also emplored. “Looking glasses” of metal were employed fishes and reptilon. The peoples of antiquity regarded such ovcarrences as dire warnings | and portents, and at the present day their oc- | casional happoning gives rise to much wonder and actual fear. Neverthelom, science has Deen able to ascertain the causes which pro- @uce these remarkable precipitstions, which are accounted for by reasons entirely common- place. In 1670 a “rain of blood” fell at The Hague. The citizens got up in the morning and found that a shower of crimson fluid had fallen during the night. There was great excitement, and the occurrence was looked ‘pon as foretelling approaching war. One Jovel-headed physician zota little of the strange water from one of the canals and examined it under a microscope nd that the fluid bad not really a red c: amply fille with awarms of small Crimson talon. Further investigation showed these anizanicules am craft @ full ena, izon as to be scaredly ©, wae deserted. Tr ing to make out the stranger, with bis apy @base the captain aiid der what that vessel can ba” « Dr. Mayo, who was one of « group of officers tain, spoke np and said “Oh, that's the Josiah Quiney’ of Borton.” The captain turned, looked at the doctor tm Astor shed sort of way and then procerded once more to gare through his apy glass, while hers wont below to the ward reom of,” said a senior lieutenant, * = mistake to quiz our gom- He has no more notionef hwinor than a billy goat, and he coeen't eppreve of jokes That's a fact,” the rest in chorus, as @ Huuleting wae persed in midocean, wie to beaspecies of water flea th branchin piped: “The The advance made by Conucetiout in the | everywhere up to the ftieenth eomtary, heiran. Seosmmnadly, thay eecok . pat inva beney.” oyster fishery during the last ten yeurs is POCKET AND GIRDLE IRRONS. great distance by wind and deposit ly smiled, but he felt a fittle astonishing. “This state now ranks next to Vir ram. However, notwit tion, the Hollanders persis affair from a ev many declared a From the twelfth to the fifteenth century small mirrors carried in the pocket or attached Yo the girdle were regarded se indispensable adjuncts to l:dtes' toilets. The pocket mirror nding this exp a gant point ot that it ginia in the value of shell fish caught, standing Afth in position. California also takes a promi nent piace in the crustacean fiehers, while Massachusetts has dropped from second to for of course be no oi the weesed saghted Gam 11m the moon, Ker was approached a giving tation . . be was fourth, ytsos, eine 10 the decline of her lobster | was a circular plaque of polished metal fixed | sabsequentiy Drought into the couutry with | ‘iy loaded hearily Pasingss. Louisiuna, Mississippi and Toxas | in a shallow box and covered with a lid. Ivory { fire and sword by Louis Xiv. | with some kind relandise. Bat as the have doubled their fishery product within the | was usually the material of such cases, and, ta <<ebniies mane conan. | Craue passed her ale went off ona fresh tack amd last decade. chiefly owing to the development | tale, they were carved im relict with ropre- . | the m could read ber name through ble ep tapansetigry and thé ending at vant , In March, i813, the people of Gerace in Catn- | he © ° {throug of yatel ry an opening of vast | sentations of love, domestic scenes, hunting A as T cere. i Voniah Quiney ef Te Rew oyster and other fishing grounds. | sports and the like. Gold, silver, enamels and | PFi4 ®awa terrific cloud adva from the | Boston This advance is due to the capital and labor | chony were likewise used’ as materinie, ‘The | ®a, which gradually chanced from aypalehueto | "Ht and blooeat™ which have sought profitable employment in the waters of the gulf, partly because of the failure of shell fish fisheries along the Atlantic shore. Louisiana also holds high rank in the crustacean fishery, ranking fifth on the list, and sort of mirror worn at the girdle had no cover, bat was provided with « ebort handle. In the middie agos, when steel and silver mirrors were almost exclusively used.a method laimed the astonished: afiery red, entirely shutting off the light of loctor he the stn. Soon after the town was envelo darkness and the mbab: cathedral, supposing that the b, sur * replied even give Ps n of backing gines for the same purpose with | was at hand. Meanwhil @ bad been — first among tho reptile-producing | thin sheets of ictal was known, Small convex | covered the whole heavens and, amid terrific ¥ the first nawe that came into his mend. mirrors of glass were made in Germany before the sixteenth century and were in demand until comparatively modern times. ‘Ther were peals of thunder, ai of forked light which were in that um ng 38 too coincidence he has firmly A thes strange tobe referred to 6 @ om pa y vivid flashes | ed rain fell arge drops, the excited px A most interesting table compares the catch of shad on the Atlantic and gult coasts in 1680 and 1888. In the foi ar, it will be re~ ® er Y te, | Produced by blowing small glass globes, into | to be drops of blood or fire. The trang mes membered, this fishery was in such condition | which, while they were hot, wie passed through | shower continued to fall until evcuing, when] WILL ME FIND SVaMES that it was feared there would ¢hortly be no i Apipe © mixture of tin, antimony and resin, When the globe was coated inside it was al- Jowed to cool and was afterward ent into con- vex lenses, which formed small but well-defined images. the clouds dispersed. Analyses made of the fluid showed that its coloring matter was a light carthy taste. Probably this profit in it, owing to the depletion of the #n; piy. ‘The catch tt 1880 was 15,000,000 pounds n 1898 it was 36, ds, or just doable. the artificin! proy on a large The Son of the Original Symmes Thinks ‘That Licut. Peary May Keach It. From the Co Journa ct e by au active volcano, carried for a great ¢ ts ibe 2 5 mur paper of the Sth instant I find quite tintil 1881, herp tore, the effect of it upon: the ee eee ee ee ee yen ed gyre Al see piece about Lest. Peaty and fe are thet e secics conld not beobserved | Early in the sixteenth century a manufactory | A colo —— a abundance of the 5; or felt until 1985, when the urtificlally. hatched fish attained matur ity and returned to the rivers for reproductive purposes. It will thus | be xeon that the excess of te catch of 1888 over that of 1880 practically shows the resuit of arti- wicht be lost. I presume the piece was writ j ten by Mr. ¥ Me aa: rom start te finish the expedition was b: upon miecen- ception.” J know it wasnot, for I corresponded with the lieutenant, an took place in a valley of Piedmont on ber night in the following year. The powder covered the trees and grass, and the next day a fine rain fell, which, on being evaporate ried away the less-colored parti of glass mirrors wes first establiened on » com- mercial seele in Venice and the republic en: joyed a monopoly of thin very profitable buasi- ness for 150 years. ‘The makera of looking i ion | Minder, accumulati the cavities of the know that he was ficial propagation in the third season after its | glasses formed an important corporation Baer Produced te ntentia i: oo ccedli of | Tight in all his “conceptions,” except the ides uffects could ticed. mong themselves and were allowed unusual | Liood’ dot, and created of spending the winter in Greeul toad of There isa gront deal of information tm the | Privileges. ‘Their process was to blow sylin-| cmong the pens ot wan de it i Se aeeier oe inavead « report quoted abont the fisheries of Maryland | Jers ot giase, which were afterward flattened eposth, which had on earthy favor, was of vol, on north and following the wild agi- aud Virginia. The former wate has 31,054 | pona stone, carefully polished and silvered | CoP: wach ad aa curthy asor, was of vol- | mals that leave that y fall and go persons, 1,618 vessels, 7,728 boats and $6,280,000 | OW the back with an amalgam. in this way | thet qoit te the Aethethoa tee tea cheek ane | tow warm counter winter. He capital employed in sach industries. “Of the | Gite large ones were produced, sometimes the red mat; chiefly of cobalt. Doubtless alleged rams of blood which were always looked upon by the nts as such faiel portemts were to be similarly uc counted for. BLACK RAIN IX afONTREAL On November 9%, 1839, the city of Montreal was suddenly enveloped in darkness and rain as black as ink began to fall. liquid, collected and forwarded to Ne city for analj as dite: should now, in the middle of September, be following there anumals, oid the rigor of a wit he is prepared for the w next spring. he sare measuriug as much as four feet in length. The secret was car y guarded, and the laws were enforced which declared that any work- man atthe trade who carried his art to a for- eign state must return upon requisition on pen- alty of imprisonment for his nearest relatives. if, notwithstanding this penalty, he refused to return, cmisaarics were sent to kill him. Nevor- theless, in 1665 Colbert, at that time prime minister of France, imported from Venice twenty makers of looking glasses, who set up their business in the Fauberg St. Antoine. Be- Persons mentioned 22,600 are ocenpied in the actual eapture of the prey for market. They caught last year $75,000 pounds of bluefish, 1,262,000 pounds of cattish, 11,600,000 poands of alowives, 517,000 pounds els, 25,000,000 pounds of menkuden, 1,060,000 ‘pounds. of white pereh, 1,000,090 pounds of yeliow perch, 5,009,000 pounds of ead, 1,125,000 ponnus of striped bass and £00,000 pounds of pike. Be- Sides these they took in considerable quanti- ties of mullet, suckers, founders, cruekers, sturgeon, sunfish, spots, &e. In addition they would by «0 doing in € ome scientists think (what that Greenland on- tends 45 degreca north. D——n science, sey I, for it has no business up there and. has been the means of rendering futile all the efforts that have ever been made, where millions of dollars and many vali lives have beon lost im York ed to owe its inky ble 5 fe Ve. | hue entirely to’ soot. The explanation of it Boe caught 60,000,000 pounds of o: 2 fore long the French mirrors excelled the Ve- , 7 orthern explorations and has never proven poutits of hers aise aap eho ee TTewn | nitien, ands fresh impulse wos given to. the Jones tee areca, Execivcsly Goon tmemense | euything im abd of the Newt cory. Bat crabs, 326.000 pounds of clams, 74,000 pounds | “tin 1691 by the discovery of process for sar g pala «te tay opty oe. cou for that “scienc xplorers Stterrapin, 25.000 pounds of other turtles, | Making plate glass. From that time to this | Pens, remarkably drs. and the sooty particles | would have gon d have proved the 2,000 pounds of frogs and 8,000 pounds of | te looking glasses ein Frauce have been | ‘T0™ cnas hike 30 none ek | SFmmes theory tr ago. Bat shrimps. r the best in the world. To rie hes a en me Oe 80 malas ORE | sost en teen 05 the theor to be In Virginia 15,11 Hand mirrors of metal are stilt in common | ‘id "uy worm fe fell ter eve i developed nud the explorers got into a ware ishing. “The vearly e: naludes | UFC in oriental countries. In China and Japan | ,, 4, Shower mtved bn Gaetar gre 20 a1, | COWBTY, with no more ice in their and ail 1,890,000 pounds of bluetish, 6,000,000 pounds | they are usunily made of bronze, slightly com | (eit once ag st 08 APTIL 24. 1781; | signs of the New eory.. of alewives, 7,000,000 pounds of ehad, 1,500,000 | YeX: and about twelve inches in diemeter. na ; anne ware p Phong, ——— turn around and come back home. Peary w sc “striped | The Japanese woman who is so fortunate as to | Place within an extensive distric foun pounds of spots, 79,000 pounds of ‘striped bass, 240,000 pounds of Spanish mackerel, 1,100,000 pounds of squeteague, 200,000 pounds of hickory shad and 7,000,000 pounds of shad. Yo these should be added 773,000 pounds of clams, 957,000 pounds of erabe, - 19,600,000 pounds of oysters, 144,000 poun iw of terrapin and 33,009 pounds of other turtios. — Moral Forces in War. From the London Giobe. It is most interesting to note how one factor after another, in military preparation, assumes 4% predomiuant place in the writings of French officers. At one time it is the excellence of their arms, at another their attack formation and at another the physical exercises practiced that scem to be of paramount importance to the a y. At present it appears that moral forees are held in the highest estimation. In act let science stop him. see and find the ¢ to, for be mays: a covered with a gray water, Which, being evap- orated, left a deposit neetiy @ quarter of an inch in thickness, It was determined that this solid matter must have come from Mount | Etna. It is certain that vast quantities of solid | substances are constantly aflout in the atmos- phere. Th; wets ull over the world ure redder to this day on account of the dust from the mighty eraption in the Straits of Sunda Fears ago, which has not yet entirely settled. MATERIAL FLOATING IN THE AIR. Not only mineral substances, but large quan- tities of vegetable material likewise, are always floating in the Astronomers have fre- guently mistaken such organic bodies for meteorites as they pamed ncross the field of the telescope. They were finally discovered to be mostly the feathered seeds of plants carried by the breeze. Having been the first to tind this out, W. R. Dawes of the Royal Astronomi- cal Society adjusted the focus o! astrument own a mirror regards it us the most precious of her possessions. ‘There is an ancient myth to the effect that the Japanese san goddess once became angry and shat herself up in her cave so that all the earth was dark. To entice her from her concealment the other gods tried various attitices, but all in vain, until it oc- curred to them to construct ‘a mirror, by which, when the sun goddess saw her face in it, she wus drawn forth through jeaionsy and curiosity. When the Japanese empire first caine into existence the sun goddess gave the mirror to her grandson, saying: “ upon this as my spirit, keep it in the same house with yourself and worship it as if it were my actual presence.” ‘This mirror is to this day rhe most important article in the imperial regalia of Japun. MIRRORS WITH MAGIC QUALITITS. Some Japanese mirrors are suppose to pos- Sessa magic quality, which hes rendered them Mow the wild animals, and find & new country—«’ new world thet would be warm and genial, that ie intended to call “Symmesonia.” All this feet about Lieut. Peary was made by this “level 1 cuss.” who feared Peary did not know tow he was to get back. He did not #em toe | know that all the currents up there ran and all they had to do was to get an their boats, with which Peary was on the ice or in the would bring them bi and Hall's men. Some of Hall's == rs camped on the ice und floated back until pi : . ; 4 ap by a vensel in search of whales and seals. the “Jourual des Sciexcen Silitares” there: 8 | objects of superstitions reverence for centuries, 22, Saatmine the seeds, which he found | "'ite also wave “a woman. being tn, the paryy on the “Rational Instruction of In spe elong to many different kinds of plants, such | adds to its difticaltion”” She T 10 dou fancy,” urging that more eare should be taken | 4: in fact, it has even puzzled modern science | °F Mitten decdcloue aud nulows. ; y = | will have to sxcame command. as ber husband is nid up with his broken Jog, and wa she had the courage to go with him, she will eee the necessity of showing those qualities of courage and perseverance that women have ever abo when they have been placed at the bead of great undertaking, and ax sbe had the love and courage to undertake it with him it will be ap fault of hers if ther For ave must Than uct Bo ¥ to develop the “attention, intelligence and judgment of the men, and that these qualities rather than memory should be cultivated and depended upou. ‘The writer sav« that some com- man cers make a great mistake in giving somuch time to instruction in single stick, box ing and fencing, which are all very well in’ their vay, but xre not to be compared to the moral aching Which alone can exable soldiers to wit battles." The same publication devotes an arti- cle to the well-known Col. 1. Muiilard’s new book, “fhe Elements of War.” This anthor akes, to some extent, the sume line as the pre- eding one. He says: “It isnot in the perfec tion of the material engines that the force of armics resides. It is solely in the moral power that springs from intelligence, the will and coursge.” One regzets, however, to find that an officer like Col. Maillard, who was for ten years a professor, with a constantly growing yeputation, at the superior school of war, should write a powerful and remarkable book, which breathes throughout a spirit burning tor war and reconquest. It must have a con- sidernble effect in fanning the flames of a hatred which already seems unquenchable. He prophesies that “the name of some little vil- iage in Lorraine will yet efface the shame of Sedan.” not a little. When a strong beam of light is so reflected from one of them as to be thrown upon # screen there appears upon the screen au image in delicate tracery perfectly repro- slucing the pattern engraved in relief on tie back of the mirror, which of course is alto- gether hidden from the light. Inasmuch as the fuce of the mirror presents a surface that is perfectly smooth npparently the reason for this phenomenon is dificult to find. Its cause, however, is simple enough. The preliminary operation of polishing the face consists in scor- ing the cast disk with a sharp tool in every di- rection. ‘The thicker portions, where the orna- mentation in relief is on the back, offer more resistance and the result is a corresponding in- equality of the polished surface. This’ in- equality is not suiiciently marked to be visible to the ‘naked eve, but it is enough to turn the rays of light, and thax the pattern of the en- graving on the back is reproduced on the sereen in the manner described. These so- called magic mirrors are 4o highly valued that they cell for from ten to twenty times the prices paid for ordinary ones. Sn teas Not Se Hard of Hearing After All, From the O:ueha Morning World-Herald. When the September term of the district court opened yesterday there was one among the jurors who wanted to be exensed. Joba Doe is not hia name, but it goes here. “What is your name?” asked Judge Davis, ‘John Doe,” was the repiy. “Do you want to be excused from duty?” in- quired the judge. “Hey? You'll have to talk « little louder, judge. I'm alittle hard of hearing,” said Mr. Doe, Judge Davis repeated the question and Mr. Doe replied: don’t want to serve.” “What excuse have yon?” “Well, judge. I'm hard o’ hearing, and I'm afraid it would be useless for me to try to your hear an ordinary conversational tone?” asked the judge. Doe, placing bis hand be- Hey?” remarked hind his ear. “Tsay can you hear an ordinary conversa- tional tone of voice?” asked the judge, pitehing his voice a little bigher. “Well, it bothers me somo,” ssid Doe. “Well” said Judge Davis, in a low tone of voice, “I guess we will have to excuse you if you can’t hear well.” Low as the tone was, Doe heard it and be started away with a pleased smile twinkling Crimson snow has been fotind in great quan- tities at different timeson peaks of the Alps. Its color is due toa minute species of lichen in Bafin's bay in ISIS Capt. Ross of arctic fame discovered great cliffs covered with bright red snow. The coloring matter, when exam- ined under the microscope, was ‘found to be vegetable, consisting of particles like very minute round reeds, all of exactly the mame It was never Joarned from what plant these globules were derived. Rains of fishes, frogs, insects and other ani- mals are frequently recorded. They are always caused, apparently, by whirling wind stomms which ‘gather them up in yortex and carry them to a distance. ERB ee The Pian Was Too Exacting. Prom the Chieaeo Post He was from Shelbyville, and looked like it when, with his son “Bil,” he “orrove” at the Palmer Honse the other dey. Ina burst of confidence he shook hands with Clerk Cunning- hem and informed “Sie an’ Bill come in this mornin’ with a caro’ hogs, an’ we ‘lowed we'd come in from the stock yards an’ see the sights. Whut's the cheapest room ye kin give me Bill? We don't want no strlen e ye hev yer own g00d us—ch, Bil?’ pecans Bill bobbed his head forward in pantomime assent and Clerk Canningham informed them that the lowest prict for the two would be $5 # ¥. wa hee TES Aes, From the Chicago Sunday Trilvane. An old man in « Lake strect house, who bas traveled over the western country many times in all the weather for which the west has been noted, was explaining to an acqanintance how he happened to be in the city. guess] have put up as many lightning rede as any man in the Curted States,” hemaid. “But Jam through, not because Iam 0 vers old. but because the business is playing out. You 200 A Queer Wil Paris Letter to the London Queen. Mme. Guzman, 4 widow’ lady of wealth, died at the ond of Jane last, and her will was opened lately. It contains, among other items, three various legacies. By the first sho leaves the large sum of 100,000 franes to the Academy of Sciences, to found a prize which is to be given to the person, Frenchman or foreigner, “who shall discover 'a way to correspond with one of the heavenly bodies—that is to say, fo receive an answer from the inhabitants of ‘a planet to some sign made to them on ours.” No par- ular planet is specified, provided it be not Mars, which, Mme. Guzman thinks, “is already sufficiently known.” ‘This last condition will most probably put off for an unlimited period of years the awarding of the money. The prizeis to be named the “Pierre Guzman prize,” in memory of Mme. Guzman’s son, a major in the French army, whose life was spent vearching after the mysterious problems which psychical societies endenvor to solve. His last words were: “Do we aiter death still keep our individuality?” Mme. Guzman had a belief in the mysterious and still doubtful “telepathy,” and, probably, she was convinced that if ever we did communicate with the stars.it would be owing to it. However, as she saw woll enough that it was trying to land as @ customer. I used to believe a good deal more myvelf than I de now. Liay the decline of the lightning red to public schools and colleges. I reckon no one will doubt me when i say that the more education we have in this country the fewer role we wil have “Khe kes "tee cane i made to the country 1 found who had their chairs sitting in cups, such as poles. “I found the sume bedsteads in the same. ‘That is walt of (public schools and colleges. people themselves would never have any better than to buy lightnit their children have grown up aud than the old folks. You sce, the iuave beon taught at achoal that glass ts om snlator, and they have explained that to old tolks, until now in some of the more lightened sections, whore the, you been to college. you will see such hepa ‘No lightning rod agents allowed on the ives.” “That i putting on city aira xpect to see signs on the cros roads forbidding colportears trom soliciting orders for Bibles. “The farmer isn't whet he used to be. I have seen the time when I could go in ‘the counter ‘My! That's pretty steep! They on'y charge $1. day at Smith’s Hotel down to hum. But I guess, seein’ as we're here, we'll go the whole hog, eh, Dill Again Bill assented and the old man asked winger: CONES tine te meals ready? “Breakfast from 6:30 to 11, lunch from 12:90 to 3, dinner from 6:30 to 10 und supper from 8 to 11:30,” replied Mr. Cunningham. The old man waited fora minute and then shouted: “Gosh, Bill, we won't have scarcely no time to do nothing but eat.” ay Nearly Wrecked Beneath a Calm Sky. From the Philadeinhia Record Toenffer wreck in stanch vessel, under a calm sks, in midocean, and with not enough wind blowing to fill a sail, is a rare fate, but the crew of the steamship Effective of the Earn line, which arrived in port yesterday, feel that they came very near to such an end. The Effective was on her way from Cnba with a 1 ‘tit re the could about his face. - parser Spgs saroerg her a “Wait, Mr. Doe,” said Judge Davis, “I guces a ae eae aa ot meee cy ao ES SS ot eat et ee TRG TE | Aad eke Dee Gelbgeed Gok eek oer dhl pak: Sea eam oot a endif ix dasa the heavenly bodies or of their connection with | nearest chair. There eyo ly Boyt = rhe yt our planet, either by means of extremely per- wrth hile to tun up tho caymnte to cht fected instruments or by 4 other method.” — . Ae iy ay iy These last words clearly luded to “‘tele- cmgeng ee Dh pee tomes a. ‘would turn bottom ae The cargo of 2.700 of iron ore was with the heavy sea m4 ance Publique that music may be played in the homes of Ste. Perinne, Isay aod los Petite-Me- where the old and infirm ean live com- fortably for taoderate rate, not generally ex- ebeding £50 a year; se ‘bands are to be hired once a week to play if Mme. Guzman's legacy is accepted. 7? i : A New Crown for the Emperor, ‘From the Pall Mall Gazette. ‘The German emperor has recently, with the aid of the well-known artist, Emil Doepter, de- sigued for himself acrown. It seems ef be i: i r \