Evening Star Newspaper, September 5, 1891, Page 8

Ss THE VIOLIN-EVOLUTION Some Primitive Stringed Instru- iments and How They Are Made. INTHE REALMOF MUSIC. How Musica} Instruments May Be Divided— With but « Single String—Where the bow is Drawn Between Two Strings—From China, Siar, India and Egypt. against the neck. It has no frets, but incised lines, which, I Believe. were, introduced fora ‘mila purpose, is -poom shaped and the tone ta far from traly merical. bow is quite as crude in construction, cut in asbort stem with an offshoot bent over to form the arch. | | | Written for The Evening Star. BRIEF EXCURSION INTO THE REALM of music and sts instruments may not be ost at this time, when from grove mountains and seashore, its notes of Joyousness are heard on every breeze. Iteeems that from the first man’s art, though not his Present «kill, and his instruments, though not aa orchestra, were in many respects similar to those of today These may be roughly divided into rattles, Anstraments of percussion, as drums and cym- Dale, wind instruments of reed and metal and string instruments to be picked o vibrated ‘With the bow, as harp and violin. Look at the Jast and trace its growth, with many intervals and steps of progress omitted for want of space, and seo how from the crudest begia- mings he has followed out and elaborated his frst idea until be bas reached the violin, the hing of imstruments. the most marvelous product of mechanical skill AND SABANGt. Inthe line of hand-hollowed instruments, though without doubt independently and in- dulging some fancy in construction, unless perhaps there was some tonic result to be se- cured which escapes our attention, the people of India invented ‘the chikura. The body is hollowed out of asingle piece. including the eck. ina singular form, whi admits ofa waist being formed at the sides for more con- venient play of the bow. All the upper half is left open, while the lower is covered with parchment. It has three horse hair strings, each composed of a number of hairs, though not twisted or braided. Be- neath these are four brass sympathotie wires. ‘The use of these, like their abandonment later on, marks an era. Ina body so small and so little adapted to giving forth volume of tone the introduction of stoh reinforcement, raised of @ concert piece. of leaving the upper or neck half of the body open is nardly compre- hensible, the ingenuity displayed in this piece is so pronounced that we may not doubt some- thing was gained by it The stretching of a string over a gourd covered with askin may have been as greatan invention as anything since done, but men remained long content with what they had made. At this point, howover, we observe a clearly defined effort toward the study and making of forme for better tonic effects. TUE SARANGI, an instrument of India, possesses the least of all that had gone before. It is cut out of wood, the walls being left with abundant solidity and the entire body and neck open at the back. Parchmeut is stretched over to form the belly, the neck being covered on the seme side or front with wood. It has four catgut strings and seven sympathetic brasy wire strings be- neath, entering the neck at different distances to the tuning pegs. It is beautifully orna- mented all over with a dark green enameled ground and gold tracery. j Mr. Meadows Taylor says: “Execution on it by accomplished performers is frequently charming und pleasing, while the tones are per- haps nearer the human voice than those of any other instrument. It is much more powerful and sweet than one would suppose, owing to the solidity of frame aud the sympathetic rings. It is used by Mobammedany more than doo musicians. A friend of mine, a vio- linist from England, when I asked bim in Bom- bay, told me he preferred it to his own violin for concert pieces. For the execution of chro- ee harmo: it is in some re~ spects superior to our violin.” A pretty high encomiun. RE-RT AND SAW-00. The first in order we choose at random is the hu-ba from China. The body consists of a sec- tion of bamboo, cut across at its septum or foint and again some five inches further along, affording acyiindrical box, the bottom or sep- tum end of which is then cut throagh with sound holes in the form of flowers or lace work d the open end covered with thin wood, near ich the neck is inserted and over which two silk stringsare drawn. This was played upon by a horse-bair bow. A curious fact, often re- ted in this class of instruments not designed Ror ftingering. the bow is passed between the strings and by a turn of the wrist is brought to bear on the strings alternately in order to pro- duce two notes. 3t m order of improvement, though not perhaps of time, a balf cocoanut sbell was sub- stituted for the bamboo, and the open end cov- ered with ® parchment or other thin skin, over which the strings were drawn, and through the bottom flowers or other beautiful desigus were carved. This instrument, known as the saw-o0, 4s Siamese, and hasa purity and strength of tone over that of the former, as might be expected from the superior firmness of its mate It has two silken strings, between which the bow leinserted. The neck is of rosewood. These iastruments are capable of nothing more than & monotonous strumming, a simple change from one note to another and back again. THE HINDOO TAUS AND THE SARANGI. AHindoo instrument known as the taus or mayuri carries out the same purpose in very much the same way. It is of wood, resembling in form the peacock, of equally substantial con struction with the sarangi,and strung with four brass and one steel strings and fifteen sympa- thetic wires. Its contribution to progress is sixteen frets placed along the tail of the bird the first used of those aids to execution in fin: gering. Acurious feature of this instrument is an ivory nut near the tuning pegs, over which the strings pass. The end of this toward the bass string is ornamented with an elephant’s head and the treble end with a peacock’s. Among the Chinese fowls are supposed to. follow, in EAMESE CAW-TAE. fact. as do the names of the notes, the sounds ‘Tho saw-tai, likewise from Siam, shows @| in nature, of which the peacock’s is believed to marked improvement in instrumentality as in | be the highest and the elephant’s the lowest. art. The body is made of the black coco de ‘A PRIMITIVE YIOLI3 mer, a name given tothe nut by the Siamese. | Again, from India we have the alabu sarangi, ‘o whom it was known in nature, but picked | which brings us still nearer the modern violin ap, cast upon the seashore and supposed to be | invented by Gaspard de Selo in the latter part marive owl it a fatands of Settee t fopetleL mos! can of the sixteenth century. The body is made of a Jong—and formed in two or three lobea. | * large gourd with belly of thin wood slightly This is halved longitudinally and a skin | Convex. Ithas four catgut and five sympa- strongly cemented upon it. It has three silken | thetic wire strings. We find here four marked wrings, which are passed together through a| features of the modern violin—the arched fingle hole in the neck to the tuning pegs belly f-shared sound holes, finger board and scroll head. eithin. The neck {s cylindrical and constructed of, TRE ADVANCE IN THE ART frase = ivory, — a on its mechanical side and in what is implied namented, as is orn The P back thereby the science of tone 18 marked. Even pp Ren Prema nap me Coral jinn ad paprsidisarrary ails omer describes itself. But the museum at Dresden There are no frets, the strings being simply Dressed with some uncertainty against the contains thousands of pieces telling the same story of progress. while the collection af the tylindrical neck. Due to the strings not bein; United States National Museum, though much tharply limited the tone is not crisp and wel fetined, but rather hazy. This very dream- younger, is ample for the needs of students. ‘The violin of today is a work of passing is ite merit. The native: it upon the beauty of construction and expresses a pro- ground cross-legged, holding it vlightly in. fined, aud accompanying the voice render a found knowledge of mechanics, as of musical tones and harmonic proportions. But it is in- woft though firm aid sweet music with no bar- teresting and instructive to observe how much has been derived from the east, whence came ‘so much of art and poetry and song. _—_ ‘Trenchant Truths. From the Ram's Horn. Whenever the devil wants to perform a piece atl B) STORY OF A MAMMOTH. A Giant Beast to Be Shown at the Chicago Fair. A MONSTER OF THE PAST. low It Was Put Together From Model of Real Mammoth—What the Animal Was Like and How It Koamed in Herds Through ‘Biberia—A Carcass Buried in Ice. MAMMOTH IS TO BE EXHIBITED AT the world’s fair in Chicago. The mighty animal, which is- “restoration” of an actual original that lived centuries or so ago, has been put up at @ natural science workshop in Roch- ¥. Its tremendons size may bost be suggested by comparing it with the greatest elephant known—Jumbo. Jumbo was eleven fect high. This colossal beast stands sixteen feet in height. Its length is twenty-six feet, the body in thirty feet in circumference and the distance between tho tips of the tuske i fourteen feet. The tuske are fourteen feet long and one foot in diameter at the base. The sole of each foot is three fect across. Between the short, post-like forelegs » man can stand up- right with his hat on, The skin is clethed all over with long, dark, shaggy hair. ACTUAL KNOWLEDOE OF THE ORIGINAL. This vast creature, which is destined to ex- cite the awe-struck admiration of millions at the Columbian exposition, has not been put together without accurate knowledge of the ex- tinct original to go upon. Bones of the latter, among those of a hundred of its species, are stored away in the Royal Natural History Mu- acum at Stuttgart, Wurtemburg. From cars- ful measuremerts of these the exact dimen- sions of the animal were first obtained, and on this basis of certainty n framework was put a of timber and iron fer the body and head Over this the fleshy contour was skillfully shaped and the whole was covered by a skin made of paper mash. The trnuk was molded in paper mash also, and the great tusks were made out of wood, enameled to represent ivor Finaliy a coat of shaggy hair wasadded, dyed the proper Color, and thus was produced, as nearly as science and art could accomplish it, the verisimilitude of the living mammoth which once thundered through the forests and jungles of this continent, as well as of the old world. ‘The hair was rendered incomburtible by steeping it in a solution of tungstateof soda. How it was known what the beast's hair was like will presently appeat WHERE THE MAMMOTH'S BONES ARE FOUND. Although history has preserved no mention of the animal in a living state, its bones are scattered over the whole of Europe and north- ern Asin as far as Bering strait. Even on the merican side of the strait they occur in abundance. Over all the United States a dif- ferent species of the same enormous animal has left its remains, und still another species is | known to have ranged in South America. Like | modern clepbants, the mammoths probably delighted in water and mire, and enjoyed wal- | lowing in mud. This instiuet tempted them into treacherous bogs, where they seem some- times to have sunk, for their bones are fre- ently preserved im beds of peat, the entire | Xeleton being occasionally found ia an erect | position. ‘Thus their oyseous parts were kept intact for ages, and in northern Siberi» their tusks, dug up, are so plentiful as to supply a large part of the world’s demand for ivory. of such remains dispersed over that e1 gion is simply amaz The soil of certain islands in the Siberian sen is literally crowded | full of them. This is particularly true of the | Luichovian Isles, north of *he mouth of the | River Seva, The native Siberians, unuble otier- | wise to account for the prescace of these great | bones uuder ground and frozen in the eternal ice, believe them to be those of a gigantic wpe of mole, which burrows in rth, liv ing on roots and ouly appearing during the darkest nights, when ihey conuot be seen. It iv astonisLing enough to consider what vast herds of these beasty must have roamed the plaius in pust times to have left behind them guch mulitudinous remnants, THE FIRST MAMMOTH TONES discovered in Europe were supposed by con- temporary naturalists to be thove of giant men, and as late ay 1577 an eminent professor at Lucerne constructed from a pelvis and a thigh bone aman nineteen feet high. Nor was the mistake so altogether surprising, inasmuch us | mammoth boucs are remarkably similar to | those of a human being. The vertebra of the backb seem” only magnified copies of human vertebra; the shoulder Llade looks as’ if it belonged to a gigun- tic man, and the pelvis, femur, tarsus, matatarsus, corpus and metacarpus all bear similar resemblances. It 1s certain that the mammoth was contemporary with mau, like the cave bear, woolly rhinoceros aud saber- toothed tiger, because its Lones split open with | stoue hammers to get at the marrow are found in the pateolithic eave dwellings in Europe. AN ASTONISHING DISCOVERY. In 1799. discovery was made which pro- foundly agitated the scienti—fic world. During that year aman named Schumachoff, chief of a wandering tribe of Tunguzes, built a cabin for his wife ou the borders of Lake Oncoul, and went to search on the seashore for mam- moth tusks. Que day he suw in an icy cliff a| shapeless mass which piqued his curiosity. About a year afterward, passing this point, be | observed that the object in the ice cliff was more detached from the ice than it had been before. He noticed two long projections, but he could not yet tell what they were. Toward the close of the next summer the whole side of the animal projected beyond the wall of ice. The chief returned now to his cabin on the shore of Oncoul, and told bis discovery to his wife and iriends. ‘They were seized with con- sternation. The old men told over again the stories they had heard from their fathers, stories of a hike mouster seen once in an ice cliff of the same peninsula, aud theytold what their fathers hud Eiid of the calantty which befell the dis- of extraordinary meanness he puts on his Sun- day clothes and assumes a very solemn look. coverer aud his household. ‘They perivhed miserably, every one. Schumachoff was terri- fied und fell sick. Ou his recovery avarice be- No man ever performed an outrageously wrong deed in his life without first persuading himself that be had a good motive for doing it. Strip the devil of his fine robes and he would not be so dangerous. if the devil had to do all hie work with his naked hands, without any help from God's \dren, be would have te give up the battle and quit. Every wrong against the rights of man ever committed has tried to hide itself from the Light of righteous judgment oy crawling under the mantle of religion. Nobody reads the Bible any closcr than the devil does, and nobody goes to eburch moro regularly than be. j@ never stays awey on account of rough roads or bad weathe: Crowd the devil into a corner whenever you | will and he will quote Scripture to make his Pusition respectable. No matter what the devil wants to do, from polygamy to selling whirky, he will try tomake you belicve that the Bible gives him authority wo do it. ————+e- —___ At te the Law. From the Buffalo Express. Here isa little incident which may happen in San Francisco almost any time under the op- ne ion in ite nana eration of the Chinese exelusion la ld, belongs to Araby the blessed- | Omeer—“] hear a new Chinaman has arrived Whon it i strung with one string it {# called : the“ ee viel” when with tue the “poets’ | St Your house without accounting for himself iol. juite ag consistently it bears an astgo- | to the emigration officers?” ‘ Ab Wang—“There has.” ry twansition is here made from a body} “shew returned merchant? Has be ever foand almost ready made in wature, which in | been im the country before?” all departments has becn man's first imple-} “He has not” ment, tool or weapon, to one of his own con- “Then | suppose you know it is against the construction, generally and at first in imitation | law for him to stay here:” of that furnished bim by “I did not know it.” ‘The gusla is the inst: im which the body ts hollowed out of wood, the neck and it fortsing one piece. Overt this s coarse skin ie stretched, after first soshing for Blou; time, and thgn ‘attached by means of drads. It uas but one string, gf over BBs form of bridge, Thich’ may be by holding with the finger presed Q2PAD OF FOTPT AND THE GURLA OF MONTENEGRO. The rabs'b el mooghun’ vee or rebab is an Arab and Egyptian instrument of the class in dich the body is a constructed frame parchment belly and an iron bar running through ft and {nto the neck and head, which serves to strengthen it and also provide a foot. {tis open at tho back. It has neither the beauty of form nor fineness of tone belonging uments of the far east, but is not im accompanying the voice. The Increase of f-mucse, so loug as elasticity is not estroved, insures strength and clearness of Tt has romantic association in its name. which, Of all the w a ee no difference. Unless he can EEOxS f, Brayious residence in the Unige? tea ho will bave to be sent back to ¥: SF ee how from. The law is ex- | gun to get the better of superstition. ‘the ict cliff was explored again, but the mammoth wai found still imbedded.” At last, toward the close of the fifth yeur after tho first, discovery, the ice had meited so much that the great Deast had slid down aloug au escarpment more | ant hurried along until it was within three or | seemed to be making a reconnoiss: | ently it advanced in a cautious, s: | toward the flies again, | was nothing nm, THE EVENING STAR: WASHINGTON, D.C, SATURDAY, 'S 1891-SIXTEEN PAGES. Yenesi, in vo perfect a state of preservat the bulb of ‘the eve, with which the animal looked out upon the world 100,000 years ago, is museum at Moscow. Another carenss was discovered in the some’ year near the river Taimyr imbedded in clay and sand. The name mammoth, now accepted as an ad- jective synonym for bigness in anything from & minstrel troupe to a hotel, comes from the Russian “mamant”—a name applied by the na- tive tribes to the suppositious beast that bur- rows undergronnd. delievs that it perishes whenever by any chance it is exposed to light. moths roamed in herds through northern Siberia the climate of that region must have been comparatively mila. It could not have been very warm, because in that case their long far would not have been Fequired, but it was doubtless temperate. Sud- denly there came a frigid change. If it had been gradual the animals would have slowly migrated southward, but evidently it came all atonee. The gigantic beasts congregated for shelter in valleya, where they were over- whelmed by snow drifts, and lay down to die beneath fleccy avalanches, which were finally ice. This ice, compos- ition that transformed into sol ing glaciers. was swept through the gorges to- ward the Arctic ocean, carrying tho buried creatures along with it, TWO-KORNED REINOCEROBES have been found similarly entombed. Thus their mummified bodies were scatterod along the shores of the great northern sea. Some must have escaped the first great cataclysm, but winter dire and permanent was on the march; the mammoth population struggled vainly Against the despotism of frost, and the empire ‘that was set up has crumbled only beneath the suns of many thousand summers. COXFOUSDED WITH MASTODON. The mammoth is often confounded mis- takenly with the mastodon. There was cer- tainly a resemblance between the two, but the species were altogether distinct, as is most con- clusively shown by the differing formation of their respective teeth. ‘The great American mastodon scems to have been the dominant proboseidian in the new world in the same age when the mammoth was so egregiously cou- #picuons in the old world. Evidence exists that the mastodon survived on this continent to as Jate a date at did the primeval mammoth in Europe. The Indians retain well-detined tradi- tions of the animal. Somo of their ancient mounds are built in the shape of the mastodon ‘To this day thoy refer to the beast as the “grandfather of the buffalo,” relating that the giant species was wiped out by the Great Spirit because it destroyed other game. Mastodons in great numbers became mired in shallow lakes of the west, long since dried up, from the former beds of whicl their bones are dag up today in great numbers. ‘Their skeletons are found sometimes standing erect in beds of peat, marl or mud. What a wonderful thing it would be if one could catch a glimpse of things as they were dh . Atlantic to cific,when Europe was merely an archipelago— was populated by herds of quadrupeds as strange us they were gigantic. The relics of that strange extinct population now afford the most interesting study which the science of the presont 1s able to offer to mankind. 2 4 NOVEL DUEL ON A BAR. Six Bottles and $60 Wugered on the Kesult. From the New York Sun. A number of thes bad settled on one end of the bar at a well-known uptown resort the other afternoon, attracted by a few drops of a sweet drink that had been spilied. A group of customers of the place stood near, but the tippling flies were objects of no interest to} them until one of the group discovered a red- dish-brown ent moving in a yery business- like manner toward the flies. The presence of an ant of that kind in such a place was eome- thing so unheard of that every person in the house became interested in it at once. The four inches of the flies, and then stopped and | Pres- | ling manner The flies were apparently so much engaged | in absorbing the strauye delicacy they had | come upon that they did not notice the ap- | prosch of the ant, and even if they hag there | the mauner of the insect to | strike them with alarm. ‘The ant sidled along | until i was close to the unsuspecting flies, QUEER WAYS OF BUTTERFLIES, Some of the Habits of an Insect ‘That Bogan Life as a Worm. 66FWHE HABITS OF BUTTERFLIES AF- ford very interesting study,” said a naturalist to «writer for Tax Stax. “You will find few of them abroad in the fields before 7 orS o'clock in the morning, and by 7 in the summer evening, long before nightfall, nearly every one will be tucked away for the night, with shut wings and antenna packed between them, re sting beneath some leaf or clinging to a grass blade. TES BREAKFAST. “The butterflies’ first thought on rousing themselves for the day is breakfast. Off they ko, probing every flower for its sweet juice. Usually their day is mostly spent in this em- ployment. Some are less greedy or more lazy than others, devoting long hours to sunning themselves and gently half-opening and shut- ting their dainty wings. Many kinds are decidedly pngnaci 8 one will perch on the tip of a twig and dash flereoly at the first Dutterily that pews, os cially { i€ be one of its own species. Then the two, circling about ench other rapidly, will mount skyward, until presontly they part and the pursuer goes back to the very ‘samo twig once more and there awaits another foe. However, such butterflies do not limit their attacks to others of their kind. Almost’ any anglewing. if yon toss your bt in the air, will fly at itand circle around it with the utmost ferocity. Thelittle American ‘copper butterfly,” one of the smallest specics, wil ‘go for very bulky grasshoppers that come within ite range of vision. us. Buch FOND OF WATF “Some butterflies are particularly fond of water You sometimes see them on the brinks of roadside pools, hundreds of them to- gether thronging about the puddles, with wings erect and standing as close as they can be packed. ~The ‘tiger swallow-tails’ crowd around lilac blossom: drinking the juice until they become intoxicated, ao that one can catch them ensily with his hand. The ‘milkweed butterfly’ mounts to lofty heights, as no other | butterfly doer, and plays about in ceasel | eyra ions. Occasionally a crowd of butterdies warm upon a bush so thickly as to change its appearance by their color. Some kinds of butterflies seem fo be nauseous to the taste, so flies of other species imitute their coloring closely in order to obtain like immunity from being gobbled. IN GREAT swanMs. ‘Duttorflies are often seen in vast swarms. A annoyed one season not long ago by great numbers of these insects which gathered around his light so as to obsoure it. ic lights in cities attract numero: butterflies from the conntry, aud entomologists have taken advan- tage of this fact to secure many very desirable specimens. Butterflies are peculiarly insec of warm countries; they live in the sun. Nevertheless, there are a few varieties which make their homes in the frigid zone and on the bieakest mountain peaks. SNOWING BUTTERFLIES. “Darwin, in his ‘Naturalist’s Voyage Around the World.’ says: ‘One evening when we were about tev miles from the Bay of San Blas, North Patagonia, we saw vast numbers of butterflies in flocks extending as far as the ey could range. Even with a telescope it was not possible to eco any pace that was free from uttertlies. The seamen cried ont: “It's snow- ing butterflies!" The day was fine and calm, ashad been the day before, so it cannot be pp ed that they had been blown off the land They must have taken voluntary flight.” IN TE TuOFICS. “Observers in India and elsewhere in the tropics have often noticed great swarms of whitish-yellow butterflies proceeding in line ong the seacoaet. Dr. Shulte, an eminent | Scientist, relates that in a dead calm in the Baltic sea he steamed for three hours, thirty through @ continuous flock of white butiertlies of the sort which, as caterpillars, prey on cubbages. Subsequently the shore was found strewn with the insects. boxe FLicuTs. “Early on one October morning a few years ago people on the north side of the main island of Bermuda saw a big cloud coming from the northwest, which tarned out, on approaching, to be an immense concourse of sinall yellow buttertlies, that fitted lazily about over the when it made a sudden dash and se: ly by one of its wings. ‘Tuts ereated & panic among | the flies, and the aulucky one was left strag- gling to escape from its captor. The Ay was more than twice the size of the ant, and if the latter had seized the former by a leg or by tho body the fly would bave ad uo dificulty in beating the ant away, whatever its ultimate fate might have been: but the wily ant coubtediv hai calculated on that when it made its attack on the fly, and by grabbing it by the wing made it impossible fer it to iise. Jun the struggle that followed the aut was tumbled and rolled and pounded about by the big dy, asabear might tumble a woodchuck which presumed to give it fight. But the ant held on, and prescutly accomplished what it hod set out to do, probably, from che first. It cut the wing from the fly, close to the body thus put an end to the insect's power of it The attack of the ant on the Sy excited the i rest in the group of wpe. and when the ant disw Ny the lively rough-and-tumble round, “a | bets were quickly maie on the result, | the odds being in tavor of the ant. ‘The fly, unable to take wing, tried to escape by ranning, but the ant was upon it again ina | second, and again they wrestled about on the bar. By this time two or three of the fly's com- | panions had recovered themselves sufficiently | to comprehend the trouble it was in, aad came | back to aid it. They plumped down on the | wreitler aud managed to break 12s hold ‘on the fly before any further perceptible injury | had been done, but the ant dashed boldiy to the fight again and grabbed one of the new-| comers by the leg. This tly rose from the bar, | taking the ant with it, but the ant nipped the | leg off, tumbled back on the bar again and | without an instant’s delay started in pursuit of the crippled fly, which was being helped along by its remaining comrades. ‘They might Lave succeeded in getting the crippled fly to some place of safety, but the ctators who had bet on the ant iuterferred at this pointand chased the rescuing contin- gent away. The ant then pitched into the one- winged fly, and after another lively wrestle cut the remaining wing off. All this timo the other flies were making efforts to get to. their ime periled companion's ept out of the fight by imipping off the ‘y's second wing the ant boldly grasped the insect by the head, and, throwing it over his shoulder as a lioness might a deer it had captured, trotted off with ite prey, climbed down the end of the bar, and disappeared in the hole behind it. Sixty dol- lars in mouey and six botties of wine were lost and won on the exciting ant and fly duel, which lasted tive minutes. —-——ee____— Written for The Eventag Star. (On the Gun, A TRUE INCIDENT. ‘Through the Shenandoah's Marched an army iu retreat, Orderly as on parade, Patient in defeat. than 200 fect bigh and lodg ed onabank of sand on the seashore. Mere Schumachoff found bf mammoth and cut off the tusks, which he sold for £0 rubles. WHAT A MAY OF SCIENCE FOUND. ‘Two years afterward a man of science went to the locality and found the mammoth, but not as Schumachoff had left it. There had been hard times on the shores of that icy sea and the le had cut up the flesh of the mam- ani ir dogs. White bears, wolves, foxes and giuttons had picked th bones. The head was still covered with skin. The brain remained in the skull, but was sowe- what dry. The cyes remained’ in the sockets and through all the yeare of eutombment—per- chance a huudred thousand—they had lost but little except their luster, Qneof the care was She skinrsdark gray in color--was forushed ‘The skiu- ry —Was with ‘Drlstlo-ike" hairs frou four to elghteon inches in length, another covering of thick-set hairs four it long, and, Gilling the interval between the hairs, a coat of wool. On the neck was a long and shaggy mane. ‘TUE ORIOINAL IY BT. PETERERURO. All that remained was at once carefully col- lected, includfhg more than thirty pounds of Fearless was the front It bore, Resolute its leader's mien, ‘Though tae foeman pressed it sore Witu their sabers keen. "Mong those soldiers, war-worn, wild, By the canon’s blackened moutd, Barefvot, bleeding, crept a child Of the sunny south, ‘Heavy-hearted, poor, oppreased, Overcome with sore fatigue, Ne'er by kindly hand caressed, Limping many aleague. ‘On she trod to be made free— Hungry, faint and helpiess, too— For dun dreams of liverty Gave her power to do. When the general saw the child Moved was he with pitying grace, Stooping down he gently auniled, Patting her dark face. Faithful to his country’s fame, ‘Mls to act a patriot’s part, ‘Tooughtless of ail praise or blame In chivalry of heart. Safe was she from slavery’s harms ‘When the hero, nobler none, ‘Raised her in bis own brave arms And act her on the gun. Leaped the Saine of liberty, Glowed hia soul with holy hue, Swept by chords of aympathy ‘By an impulse true. ‘Rose @ prayer’ from home and hearth, Echoed by our martial ranks, ‘That One who blewed a child on earth ‘Would prosper General Banks. —DAvip GRawAM ADEB. ‘Yarrow Farm, Laurel, Md., August $1, 1901, la sy patches and cultivated ficlds, ag if fatigued after a long voyage over the deep. Fishermen's bouts out on tho water at the same time were covered with the i: ets aligh: The iendency of certain reddish-brown butte! flies to swarm along the water's edge in prepara- tion for long flights is well known. Certain species must have down long distances over the Pacitic to have tenauted the scattered islands where thoy are found. Une kind was seon by « naturalist in the south Pacific 500 miles from any land. — THE ICEBERG MELTED. An Unexpected Ciimax in the Courtship of Mr. Kershoch. From the Chicago Daily Tribuns. Yale street, Englewood In this recherche, a la mode, and comme il mullen-staik ever obtrades its plebeian per- sonality. No upstart dandelion rears its feath ery head on the irreproachable lawns of this stinguo Lighway of suburban fashion and blows about it afterward. The sun pauses ecorousiy us it passes over Yale street and then Lurries reluctantly on to fulfill unavoid- able engagements elsewhere. The banana ped- lec speaks with a modulated voice and a more pronounced Italian accent when he invades ite hallowed confines, and the nomadic fish mer- chant announces bis coming by using « silver~ piated horn with an amber mouthpiece instead of the soul-destroying aquawker he employs when his wagon wobbles and rattlos along 634. 4 pale lenion-tinted parlor with vivid per- Mmanganate of potarh stencilings on the upper borders of the walla, A chandelier of gorgeous and intricate arcbitecture Ears, its best to illumine the surroundings, but hampered by having nothing but a shelf-worn article of Town of Lake gas on haud to use. A young woman of elaborate bangs and haughty de- meanor and a youth of dejected mion who had received blow and was endeavormg to grin and bear it, but found himvelf unable to grin. Such was the general tout ensemble. so that birds will not touch them, and butter- | light house keeper on Lake Ontario was greatly | THE SUMMER RESORT GIRLS, ‘Why Young Men Are Scarce on the Hotel Plazzas, SOME MUSINGS OVER THE WANING Gay srasox— STATISTICS OF 4 POPULAR RESORT—ON THE WALL STREET OF THE SUNMER WATERING PLace— ‘BOW SUMMER GIRLS ARE UNSUITABLY DREQsED. YOUNG WASHINGTONIAN WROTE TO & friend recently from « summer resort: “Draw Jick: I came down here on Thurs day. For heaven's sake join mo and save my life. I send you the statistics of the place on another sheet, and am,” &c. The statistics were drawn up in the form of a table. Here it is: visible here {in the mornt: ils fo onlaras al niche ensued tobe (wishing to ve Number of old maids Number of men ‘ Number of young married woinen Dwi don” Number of ehilaren. Pe Doudtt an exaggeration, but there ix something in it, for the cry still goes forth that there are no men at the suramer re- sorts. Inasmuch as the season is nearly over it can do no harm to look at this important mat- ter candidly and fearlessly. In the first place, it is, of course, inevitable that there shoul more women than men at these resorts. | N: all men leave the city in the summer. Th have occupations from which they cannot take themselves away, and many of them have to make the money that tne ladies are spending. Then, again, those that do go away don't « very long, and, as they do not all go at the same time, they are not very many when they are scattered about the broed piazza of a sun mer hotel. All this is inevitable and cannot be helped, but ‘there are other causes that con- spire to produce ascarcity of mon which might be helped. Way WE RAN awar. “What, bave you come back? And why?” This inquiry the writer put to a young man who had cut his vacation short for some unac- countable reason. “Well,” he said, “I will tell you why. There was only one thing todo down at the springs, jand that was to flirt with the girls, and as I couldn't flirt with fifteon girls at the same time 2 000 Don't you see, young la men about you im the sw et hold of a man you You have sofew er that when you > much of him. to possess him, gular com nearly all the girls at the hotel to possess e man. Now, unless he is very your piiisticated ho doesn’t like that.” Don ‘now that men are lords of creation’ want to have their own to be pursued too openly. ‘Ihe result of the pursuit is that the man gocs away to some place where there are more men and fewer girls. There is another thing in which you make a mistake, too, young ladies. Know, you don’t asa general thing dress as men would have you dress. LEARNED BY EX cr. Tar Stan writer made a tour of the summer resorts lately. It is needless to say that he fell in love half a dozen times and that he quar- reled with fourteen different landlords. It is | almost supertiuous to add that ho smoked a bréerwood pipe all day and drank numerous juleps and talked incessantly for sixteeu hours @ day; that he came home poorer in purse | than he had ever believed it possible for a man etuition among | HEREDITY IN MONKEYS. A Sebeme for Improving the Intelleets of An- thropoids by Breeding. A MAX OF LARGE MEANS WHO RESIDES <A in Washington has recently declared bis intention, privately, to devote €100,000 to # very original purpose. The idea is that no satisfactory opportunity has ever been afforded for the development of tho intellect of the brate. Intelligence, like bodily qualities, 8 susceptible of improvement through breeding, as every one knows who has thought about the evolution of the dog from the wolf by artificial selection. This rtcif man Proposes that monkeys or apes shall be taken as subjects for experiment, simply because man understands those azimals better than be doos others. Let fifty of them, half males and half fe- males, be placed in a paddock ided with separate quarters f Then have them bree thove who’ st evelop certain spicuowsly than other individuals will exbibi ing of the commands y ib ands female are found who exhivit the same sort of apu tude in any direction thev «: to be mated. This process, carried on for generations, would devulopment of sape- after the lapse of | : ears perbaps, there would almost | certainly be had apes orn r higher in the scale of reason than any known up to the provent time, These putative cousins of the human race have already exhibited a mental and even me- chamcal capacitysutticient to give grotud for Great hopes of possible development in point Of intellect, Chimpanzees have boen taught to bring things to the table, and the big Langur baboon of India is commoniy used im tha co ‘y today as a servi unkab fans, with which ie rom dinner tables. Expl given an uccount of apes Which carry torches Staigut, This is believed by sc’ surdity, because | tribes.are too a thing possible. gorillas, whil itably pro- © BeXeR. # shall be to them or will the hand! pear stupid are to be ex- their Atisa known they will gather about a dese: the sake of warmth, will ne keeping the embers slight by adding eiess, every book on natural his- tory relates many an~ instance illustrative of these creatures’ thinking powers, | no question that it could be great by the process of judicious br | bis eding. n be teught to count up to teu. i HIS FIGURES NEVEK KNOWN TO LIE An Illiterate Mathematical Wonder From a Back County in Old Missouri. From the Kansas City Tames. Although the public has heard something of ube” Field, the mathematical prodigy of , What has been said and written of | him has generally been guessed at. He is the mathematical wonder of the world, as regards jcalcuiations. “Rube” is as illiterate asa say- jageand can instantly solve any mathematical problem. He would not recognize his name if it were placed before him in type three fect high, nor can he tella figure seven troma cipher, yet he can tell how many grains of tobe; that he was as cross asa bear aad re- flected upon the forty-five dear friends he had | made, allof whom he has alread: forgotten that he was glad to get something to ent; that he was glad not to get anything to drink: that it was pleasant to sleep on a bed that wasn't made of corn cobs and chestnut bi ; that he he wanted to go back right off, but is now | reconciled to his lot; all this and more cau be readily understood by the poor fellow who re 1 thi \d whose own vacation is over. parenthetical and Las nothing to do with the fact that the girls at the summer resorts | don’t dress themselves as they should, except to convince the reader that the writer knows what he is talking about. Well, let us take the hotel pinzzu as the place where all the women may be seen: but here another parenthesis must be pardoned, for the hotel piazza deserves @ few words of description. O THE HOTEL Piazza. What Wall street is to New York, what the avenue is to Washington, the hotel piazza is to { the summer resort. It’ is the grand rallying point. There the men (if there are any) meet and smoke; there the girls come to be seen atnd to see; there the old maids gossip over the work: there the thousands of children come and romp and run races and make them selves ‘obnoxious to everybody. The hotel piazza is not alone tor the hotel's guests. The summer resi te with houses of th the “cottagers,” as they are c. who live in boarding houses, a upon the piazza of the big hotel. Let ‘us now step out upon this famous spot and see how the women are dressed. it is about 930. You have just finised Ureakfast and have lighted your pipe. Over in the corner commanding the best view and in the shadicst place are the old ladies, glaucing up from their needlework ! and keeping their eyes avoxt them, you may be sure. hey speak quite frequently to one another and they make comments tipon the men und women who are not within tarshot with a candor of opinion that is quite charm- ing. A sample of the couversation will do. ‘Is that a splacher or tidy, Mrs. Masham “A splasher. Do look at Miss Fetchet and | young Npraw! the girl throws herself at his | head. Mer mother must be ashamed of hi says another. ‘These Saxony wools are lovely her mother was always $ 4 Now, how wonld one expect these excellent ladies to be dressed ut this early hour in the morning? In plain and simple attire, or in silks with peaked sleeves and jewels on? Sad to relate, all wear the peaked sleeves and many wear the silks and jewels. But over in anotier corner of the piazzathere sites young mau. He hasa jaunty country eap perched on the top of his head and wears a striped flannel tennis suit, from which it is fait to presume that he never plays tennis. The i eritable brierwood pipe is in his mouth, and he tilts his chair back lazily. youn surrounded by nine beautiful girls, age from sixteen to thirty. Let us sce if « por- tion of tho conversation cannot be overheard. ‘The young man is talking: ‘Yes, aud the fellows at the Hinkerkooten | “If this is all the answer you have to give me, Thuringia De Hote,” he said, “I don't see use in continuing the cony None at all, Mr. Kershoc! ‘And I might as well call it a water bau! and you choose, Mr. Kershock.” “It’s a pretty ending to all my dreams,” he muttered, us if communing with himeelf, “House over bere on Harvard street, ten modern improvements, nineteen closets, regue lar boudoir, see straight through dining room of north and south neighbors’ houses, and plan all fixed for tennis court on shady side.” ‘The young woman smiled » cold, glassy smile, and Mr. Kershock drew on a glove, “I see it now,” hecontinued. “I might bave known it. It was folly in mo to think I could win the affection of an iceberg.” Wo pulled on his other glove, took his bat, increasing shook his head, and went on with sadness: “Thad taken such satisfaction, too, in mak- ing a collection of souvenir spoons that I hoped soine day——"" “Of souvenir spoons, Mr. Kershock?” “Yes. Been two yearsgetting them together. What goodwill they do me now?” he usked, drearily, | There's the "Landi bere rim-Father spoon, Spoon, the Stock Yards spoon, the Alleinbra- by-Moonlight epoon, the Eiffel Tower spoon, and a whole raft of others. Got sixty-seven of ‘them in all, and——” “sixty-seven souvenir spoons!” exélaimed Miss De Hote as she rose up, quivering and panting. “Say it again, € Say it in the same ‘Yes, sixty-se' he replied “Yos, sixty-seven,” 1 was going to— dejected way, “ threw herself in his arms, Club they wanted me torun for the board of | managers—" Chorus of maidens: “Oh, how nice!” “But it’s no fun being on the board, don’t you know, so I told ‘em to take Charlie Farwell in my place. You know Charli Chorus of maidens: “Ob, yes, intimately. Dear Charlie! * WOW THE GIRS ARE DRESSED. And that will do asa sample of this piazza conversation. How are the girls clothed? Do they wear broad, flat-hecled shoes, plain skirts and light sensible jackets? Have they hats like men. that can be put on or taken off ata moment's uotice? Are they ready for a walk or a climb orarow? Not much. One of them has on a pink hat with ostrich plumes. another wearsa yachting cap at such a precise angle that it must have cost considerable iabor to ‘adjust it properly, and another one wears an arrangement of fruits and flowers and grasses Their gowns are on the seme principle. It is the fashion now, aud a most idiotic, not to say untidy fashion, it is, too, to weat a small train to the skirt; but mn the country at 9 o'clock ia the morning this train is reaily absurd. Yet many of them wear it, and they com picture with high-beeled slippers. Not ail of ‘them dress this way, it is truc, for there are some who wear sensible costu wheat piled upon each other would reach the sun if yougave bim the distance from the earth to the sun. Such a problem he considers quite simple, and willannounce the answer by the time you bave concluded the question. Rube” is not easily engaged in conversation and there is not a person in the world to whum be would confide his secrets. No more to his mother than to you. He believes that all man- kind is in Jeague to take from him his gift, or, aw he puts it, his “mystery.” He regards every man in the same way, and that ungovernable fear will no doubt keep im out of sight of the ublic, as it has for the last tweuty years, Phough he is mercenary to a degree in bis deal- ings, he does not seem to possess any apecial Gesite for riches, but rather evinces the desire to see “fools,” as he calls the human family, vat to Kome expense on his account. It makes Ge feel big to have men hire bim to be inter- viewed, and yet he will not make a public exhi- bition of himself, another evidence of his unu- sual composition. He cannot tell how he manipulates figures and computes numerais as with a thought, nd this inability to explain bothers him least of all who are aware of the tact. He says he is aware if he could writs an arithmetic with his system of calculation as a base he “could make more moucy than ten railroads,” but be can't do itand doesn’t care anything avont it. He ix satisfied with his lot and has great plans for the future. It is his belief that he came into this world to herald to men that beyond their vision of the science of nutubers lics the key to all the mysteries of life. The great work he is todo upon earth has not been out- lined to him by the Omniscient, but will be. king him ‘unaw: 4 : to 1,938,548 to 69, 24,135 to 1,546,023,001 to 14,374 without stopping to figure: “That mukes 71, eaid he on the instant, and then he laughed at my gurprise. As Icalled the numbers to him be added , having the aggregate of the first two be- fore { had finished “tho third, and of the whole while Tcaught my breath after enumerating them. Then I read him «column of figures ranging from tens to hundreds of thousands, the length of a shect of legal cap, and he had furnished me an accurate aggregate the mo- ment { finished. Such an evidence of unexplained power will astonish the most credulous, batwhat mustone thivk when such a character says that be isa living, walking chronometer, proves the same before you can dispute it. He mistrust with the inducements of acquaintances, necessary to set his tongue goiug, which done, he keeps you busy listening. for he talks like a torrent rushes, swears with the fury of a loue, and calculates with the rapidity of electric pulsations. employed him to be in- terviewod for ud, desiring to test hum as to his knowledge of time without giv Lim an opportunity to consult a timepiece, asked at is the time now, professor?” lights to be called “professor.” ) ‘Twenty-five and one-quarter minutes after 3," he replied. I reached for my watch to sce he was right, and before I could see be said: ‘Your watch is one and one-quarter fast.” ‘How do you know?” I asked. icant tell you, but I am Tight,” he said. And so be was, as the Western Union regulator proved. I then concluded to test him further, and resolved that I would say nothing of it when his bour was ended and note if he kuew it, Imagine my surprise when, in the middle ofa problem, he stopped me and announced that his time was up. Consulting my watch I found him right toa second. Previous to that 1 bad asked’ bim the time in St. Petersburg and he stated it correctly, saying that he was conscious of the degrees Of longitude and lati- tude in all his calculations of time. He knows their location and can answer any question of time whenever asked. Often he has been aroused from sound sleep, aud upon being asked the time would state it accurately while rubbing his eyes. Reading the dial of aclock in Berlin, he says, is no more trouble to him than that of the watch in my pocket, and in this he brings proof of the assertion that he is conscious of every correct clock tick in the world, whether sieeping or awake. You may take him by surprise, and after stating the distance from City to New York and the dimensions of a locomotive drive wheel, allowing a stated loss for slipping of ‘the whoel in each mile traveled, and he will instantly tell ie ey ereaions tee whee oe. make “Oh, Clarenee !” ‘The proud beau pillowed her Yale street robust Stowart avenue shoulder, and ering glare of the consumptive guali ly upon @ rapturous maiden’ wi ccatatic nothings m1 the ear of @ ished youth who wondered if he crazy. Banquets and Dinners Trom the Philade!vhis Ledgor. Styling a public dinner a “1 \¢” is some- thing of a mistake; that is, if the use HEL fH Hi i i #34 ti i id Ey t i i | Hay & i £ E & r i} § y 4 i f i i F fi all men, and a financial consideration, together } FREAKs OF FASHTON. Some Funny Ones Neted Among the Dudes - and Swell Girts. SOYY MAT FUNNY NOTIONS IN A satart, way fashion does develop,” ssid « society woman the other Yay to ® Sram re porter, ~The latest thing is for girl to have & particular flower that shecalls ber ows and to leave it at the doors of houses where ghe te intimate instead of acard. A little bouguet rowes, if she affects that particular blossom, will supply buds enough fore morning's visit to her particular young women friends. Laid upon a silver salver, such a dainty bloom is a pleasant greeting, ebaste and pretty thoughts. THE DUDE AND MIS FLOWER, “Perhaps you haven't heard that tively correct and unexceptionable e flower for his butte: y from under the lapel I: seems a trifle, but of course fach matters of no apparent moment tl gush the really truly well-dressed maa foom the mere imitator. ‘The latter i What behind the For tstance, just now he keeps — sash instead of a leather belt, which Proper caper. By next season be will canght on, end by that time the ewell adopted further touches. BOOS AS ORNAMENT. “Two other novel points of fethion have to @o with bugs and not plants. A little artifieist should be attached to the * be small, green or gray, and ae itteltke as je. For some time past women have worn veuls with cobwebs embroidered apon them, but this is @later touch. The spider may on the cheek, the chin or the te & to taste. An imitation and realistic caterpillar i ae appr adornment {or the hat or bonnet. — <2. AS AN EPICURE. } onc veil. RE WwW His Disagreement With the Top an4 Bottom of @ Pirst-Class BM of Pare. | From the New York Sun. | Aman who looked hung-y and with an air of jignity that ill comported with bis -aiefit and own restaurant z," said he, im the tone and with the ner of 2 man who knew what war what en was determined to have that and notuing else, “fetch mea yeuison steak and bave it fat and juicy!” “I beg pardon, sir!" said the waiter, with elevated eyebrows. ~Veuison steak, I said! fat and juicy!" “Oh, sir!” suid the waiter, “but the venison fearon hasn t come in yet, - . a ineen that you have no venison’ iret-class restaurant, ain't it? looking about him as if be was he had got iu the wrong place. Ih, ye id no veniso: { season, sir!” coking stranger again looked at ned Jings apprehensively. said he,"pcrhaps you could aeeommo- with half a dozen brook trout. I want them crisp, but x dry. Hali a doz “Lam sorry, wr,” suid the waiter, with on logetic shake of his head, “but the brook ms just gone out : exclaimed the stranger. “No brook tront, cither?” ~All the fault of the Jaw, sir, We can give you sulmon, “I 1 hed wanted seimon [4 have ordered salmon!” exclaimed the man. “Ido my owi ordering.” The waiter bowed meekly and said nothing, Finally, throwing himself back in his cbair re- signedly, the customer said: ell, fetch me a quail. Broiled, of course, On toast. It's tunnya fellow can't get any- thing but quail in these so-called way-up res teurants. Fetch mea quail. I'll bave to put ¢ seavon is up on November 1, sr, bat— “ “exelaimed the customer. tap- on the table with hin knite. Does this extablisbment ex- pect wwe to sit here for four months waiting for it to broil me a quail? ‘The longer you have to wait for your order to be served the higher toned the restaurant is, 1 am aware, but wait- ing four months for one is « little too bigh toned, it scems to me!” The waiter wiped away the Perapiration that began to gather on bis brow and bowed again, Finally he plucked uj had nothing ele but wm cock for two weeks! Iam not asking for rmation, but tor something to eat! Is possible I've got to fall back o1 looks that way. But don'tfetch me « piece one bit bigger than my hand. Fetch me just one little piece of bear steak, waiter, aud have it well done. Kare bear is worse than raw liver. A picce no bigger than my hand, waiter, with brown gravy. The waiter locked about bim The perspiration trickled down his face. He at- tempted a umiloas he turned to his customer again, but it was a wan and sickly one. am afraid, wir," saad he, it is hardly cold enough yet for bear.” “Hafdly cold enough!” exclaimed the per- You don't suppose I want ck, woodeock, sistent cuistomer. cold bear, do you? You're afraid it's not cold enough for bear, ch? Well, what do I care what your fears are? They're ai to me! to cat! ‘That's all I ask of you mean to say that establish- | ment can’t serve me any bear meat The waiter, now in a state of almost utter collapse. mopped his face and stammered: “I'm afruid—that is—I'm obliged to say, siz, that bear is not yet on our menu.” ‘The customer bit his lip as if to su his indiguation and tapped the tablo still more nervously with his kuife. The waiter seomed to be ou the point of calling for help when the customer said: “You've got bluefich, of course?” “Oh, yes, sir!” replied the waiter, brighten- ing up and gaining stres % “Certainly you have!” exclaimed the eus- tomer. “And bluefish are not fit to eat before j Qetober! Positively are not fit to eat before ‘The waiter grew weak in the knees again and shed more perspiration. “And Fi beta dollar you can fetch me « sheepshead?” continued the customer. “Finest in the market, sir,” replied the ‘Waiter, once more with hoy “Any-man who can eat a once secing the countenance of oue his brothe: of disgust. excl the € ine “A fish with «sot of teeth like @ dentisi’s sign was wever made to be eaten by man. Pah! Hope left the waiter again, and he resigned himself to his fate. He wiped away the spiration and waited for customer's nex§ assault. The customer looked out of the win- dow awhile, and then said: “Have you any codfish?” ‘The waiter hesitated to ack: Testaurant so first-class as that ordinary, every-day fish as cod, ite effect on this critical customer, but he at last acknowledged that codfish was to be had thera, The stranger was silent a moment, and said: ~-There 1s no better fish swims than the cod. ‘This was so unexpected by the waiter that came near knocking him off his feet. Bat big gleam of hope it revealed sustained him. “Tam glad you have codfish,” said the “You may fetch me some.” « “How rs that such an LY é lhl f ‘Madam, FOU e woman suffragist?” “No, sir,” was Well, if you privilege of voting, would you ng 1 mat busbaad.” $5, it i !