Evening Star Newspaper, April 5, 1890, Page 8

JACK AND THE CAT. 4 Punishments Inflicted on Refractory Seamen. THE CAPTAIN AND THE TAR. Differcaces Between Old Daye of Sail- Vessels and the Present—Various Medes of Torture Practiced — The Power of the Captain Limited. aliens XAGGERATED ideas prevail con- cerning the career of Jack Tar, both on the pleasant and the unpleasant side of the picture. The investiga- tion of the condition of affairs on Tu tue Enterprise has directed public atten- tion to and awakened interest in the matter of the punishments in vogue on board men-of-war ‘under our flag, and some very entertaining in- formation bas been given on what was before « atber obscure subject. IS IRONS. “Onboard ship the captain is king and the State of affairson board depends very much npon his temper and his digestion,” remarked anaval officer toa Star reporter the other evening. “A man with a kind heart may sneceed in making his cruise as pleasant as one can be, which is not unusually enjoyable, and on the contrary a nervous, fretting. straight- Jaced, unreasonable sort of individual can, without any extra effort. make his ship what one of the men of the Enterprise termed her, ‘a floating hell.’ On the character of the crew but little depends. They are expected to be of ® rough class, ready for anything in the way of f® row, intemperate and, as a rule, quarrelsome when crossed. With such men to deal with there isa necessity for a strict code of laws, without which every ship would be in danger constantly of a mutiny. KEEL HAULING. “There must be a certain amount of liberty given to the captain to punish at his own discre . tion,or else he would be entirely at the me rey of his crew. But this range of power has been gradually limited and cut down, until there are | only a few punishments that he can legally flict. These are distinctly stated in the naval Fegulations, and are as follows: 1. Reduction of any rating established by himself. 2. Con- finement, with or without irons, single or double, not exceeding 10 days, unless further confinement be necessary in case of a prisoner to be tried by a court-martial. 3. Solitary con- finement. on bread and water, not exceeding five days. 4. Solitary confinement, not ex- ceeding seven days. 5. Deprivation of liberty onshore. 6. Exira duties. No other punish- ment shall be permitted on board a vessel be- longing to the navy, except by a sentence of a eral or summary court-martial. All pun- ishments inflicted by the commander, or by his order. except reprimands, shall be fully entered upon the ship's log. “This is an awful drop from the days when a captain could do as he pleased when he got y from soundings and was the monarch of all be surveyed. There was one punishment that went out of vogue probably before the birth of the present century and it was called "keel hauling.” RIDING A YARD. “This was simply oné way of murdering a Ban. Arope was fastened around his body and then passed under the ship to the other side. Then another line was fastened to bis feet and he was hauled down into the water and under the ship’s bottom until he came to the keel, where he was scratched around for # while. and then, when it was thought that he ‘Was sufficiently out of breath, they haul him Up again, full of salt water, unconscious, with half of his skin scratched from him. He usually died. But that is a barberism that bas passed into tradition. «ud when a captain wants to kill a man he shoots him. And they used to shoot men in the old days, shoot them right off the yard arm and never stop to ick them up, butlet them drift astern, to die if they were not already dead. ‘Chere un- doubtedly was an enormous amount of cruelty in the old times of slow sailing ships, and many & wan bas borne scars to his grave that were Feceived from the stroke of a pin in the hands of an ugly-tempered mate. But now if a man goes wrong he is put in irons, Thisis not much of a punishment to most of the men, for itonly means a rest from duty. Once in a while we tind a sensitive fellow who thinks that he is disgraced forever if the trons touch him. ‘The hardship comes when they are confined in irons on bread and water, and I have seen men almost starved onthis diet. These strong. healthy fellows need a good deal of food, and to sit in one position for hours and dj get nothing Lut a chunk of bread and a8 water isa little wearing on their nervy and their stomachs. ‘The irons are either double or single, the former being on both bands and Jegs and the latter on either. In the case of double irous the feet are usually chained to the deck, through an iron ring. This gener- ally 2 rgcamapen them from standing, while their Bands are manacled in their laps, ‘THE SPREAD EAGLE. “Occasionally it was found » good thing to Scare s man thoroughly, and then he might ¢x- ect to be sent to the yard arm and made to sit astride it for a certain period. He might be placed the yard itself (as the illustration shows) or on the arm, ‘which Projects from the yard. This would give him a stay which would be of immense rolled and tossed and slung side. This was always on deck, so it did not have asanexample. Once ina and was hurt, but sometimes, d. There was another ishment som: tne allied to this called the ‘spread eagle.” A man would be put up in the rigging and made to hang on to the under side with his hands and feet, and without any ropes or lines to hold him there. This wa: terrible thing, for a man soon beeame exhausted and fell the deck below, which was some feet, Some- times, in former days, a man was lashed to the rigging by his wrists and ankles. THE CAT-O'-NINE-TAITS. “Flogging went out of date just before the war, together with the grog, another relic of bar- barism, The cat, as it was called, or the cat-of- nine-tails, as its proper name is, was an awful instrument, and the terror of fresh sailors. In fact there were but few who did not fear it, and those really assumed their attitude of in- difference, It sometimes meant death to a weak man, with its nine long rope ends with knots tied in them, swung by a brawny boatswain. The ship’s company were usually gathered around to see the punishment, so that all could get aglimpse of the frightful ‘example. They ‘used to tie the culprit up to a grating in the ship's side, with his hands Iashed together, his clothes stripped from his back. Then came the lashes, thick and fast. counted as they fell by the captain or his lieutenant, who stood by to see that justicewas done. The number of lashes determined the severity of the punish- ment. Men were flogged for everything, even the most trivial offenses, and it was not uncom- mon to meet sailors whose backs were all scarred up with the marks of the cat's claws, Nowadays they do not flog in our navy and it is a good thing. When they did flog men they tied them over a breech of a gun, with their hands fastened together underneath and their backs bared to the lash. This made a good ‘pillow.’ the men used to say after they had taken their doses of ‘cat.’ OVER THE GUN. “There ig one punishment which, although it ie prohibited by the regulations, is still prac- ticed by some commanders, as the testimony in the McCalla case in New York showed. This is ‘tricing up,’ which is simply tying a man by his thumbs until his toes just touch the floor to tuke his weight. It isa torture that should be punished by the imprisonment of the man who orders it done. It is done in several ways, but the most common is to tie a man’s thumbs to- ether behind him, pointing upward, and then raw him up by means of a cord passed over a block above. This brought him up on his toes in asecond. I tell you. He had to get up in order to relieve the strain on his thumbs. It was awful to see a man in this position, and it had more effect on the crew that any other of the petty punishments. Of course a fellow in this position was roundly laughed at by his mates, and this riade the punishment all the harder to bear. After a while a man would lose ‘up bis strength and fall, his weight coming all upon his thumbs, Then he wouldbe cut down, more dead than alive. Another position which was adopted was to bring the arms straight up above his head and tie the thumbs there. A man in this attitude was under a somewhat less strain than the other, but it was very hard, nevertheless. It seems that Capt. McCalla had another way of tricing men up by making them stand with their toes onacrack in the deck until they fell over by sheer exhaustion, when they would be placed against the Jacob's ladder and tied there with their feet just on the floor. TRICING UP. “A captain will sometimes do things when in a temper that he would not think of doing if he thought twice about it. This is simply be- cause an officer is merely a human being after all. For example, a commander with whom I was sailing became provoked at the actions of acertain man and ordered a swab to be put over his mouth. When the swab was taken off | the poor fellow was dead. He had suffocated. ‘That officer did not return home for sev Years because of the row that was raised, very Tightly, by the seaman’s friends at home. He was given cruise after cruivo, until an order was issued placing a hmitation ‘upon offenses committed on board naval vessels, beyond which no one could be tried—I think it was three years—and then he came home. THE OLD STYLE. “The loss of ‘liberty,’ as it is called, by which is meant the leave to go on shore. is a severe blow to a sailor in these days of no grog. It is his only chance of finding a sweetheart or getting a drink, and he feels very much like a plucked bird when he is told, in punishment of some slight offense, that he’ will have his lib- erty curtailed fora week or a month or as long as ship is in port. This is a very common pun- ishment and is very often inflicted by the junior officers without any reference of the case to the captain. Then there is the loss of a rating or @ grade, which the man has earned by his faithfulness and good behavior. The law stipulates that a commander shall not disrate ——— whom he has not rated himself, but isa fiction, Whenever a ship comes home from a cruise her commander disrates every man on board, peaking thom all plain seamen, He is then relieved by his successor, who at once rerates the same men, so that it can be said that he has coe t under his ‘the same in the army, but it is more frequently done.” - = [xuase Mos Cane ts GIvEx TO TwE Hate the coming man hairless animal; ence, to prevent the hair from falling use Hall's Hau Keuewer. THE DAWN OF PEACE The Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Surrender at Appomattox. WHAT AN EYE WITNESS SAW. ‘The Description the First Meeting of Grant and Lee Given by One Who Was Present—The Gathering in the Parlor of the Old McLean House. ——s LTHOUGH twenty-five years have passed since Lee's surrender, the sreat event that will cause the name of Appomattox to be pre- served in the annalgof American history along with Yorktown, New Orleans and the city of Mexico, few changes have oc- curred in that quaint village since that event- ful Sunday in April, 1865, when a hungry army, foot sore from a iong and forced retreat, heart sore becanse the “cause” they loved was ‘‘lost,”” laid down its arms in the fields opposite the old brick court house. Although many of the younger residents of the adjoining country, who cast their votes last November for McKinney or Mahoue, have been born since that fateful day, there are few among them who cannot locate the spot where, save for the relic-hunting vandal, the famous apple tree might still be standing to mark the 1. Cemetery Te Lean house. house. Brick stoi ail. residence in ‘65. 9. Church, 10, New tobacco barn, 11. Thorn bush where Lee aud Grant met. 12. Apple tree. 13, Poplar tree, While almost every landmark remains un- changed there is only one resident of the village left who was an eye witness to the events that I shall attempt to place on record; and from him, Mr. Geo. T. Peers, a prominent merchant at the court house. the following facts were ob- tained a few months ago, when I had occasion to visit that historic locality. Mr. Peers for over twenty years had charge of the records of Appomattox county and now lives within a stone's throw of the court house. On the 3d of April, 1865, the confederates evacuated Richmond, and on the following day President Lincoln held a levee in what only two days before had been the white house of the confederacy. Lee was then retreating west- ward along the Appomattox river. On Friday, the 7th, Gen, Grant established his headquarters at Farmville, where he soon learned that Ewell had crossed the James. Provision trains for the relief of Lee's army, then subsisting on parched corn and flour paste, the latter cooked on ramrods, had been dispatched to Appomat- tox depot, thirty-two miles west of Farmville. Sheridan had ‘been ordered to capture these trains with his cavalry before they could re- lieve Lee, and Grant, feeling sure the time had come to exchange the sword for the pen, opened correspondence with Lee to prevent further effusion of blood. On Saturday, April | 8. arrangements were concluded for the meet- ing of the commanding generals at 10 a.m. the next day between the pickct lines of the two armies, MR. PEER'S RECOLLECTIONS. Mr. Peer’s recollections of what happened at the court house village are of the greatest interest, It will be noticed that he disagrees in a few particulars from former writers on the subject. His descriptioa of what he saw is in substance as follows: “I remember perfectly what happened on Saturday and Sunday, April 8 and 9, 1865. I believe Iam now the only rdsident of the vil- lage who lived here then, I was clerk of the county at the time and for that reason was not in the army. On Saturday there was consider- able firing in the neighborhood and a few men were killed and wounded. In a little cemetery west of the town eightcen confederate soldiers lie buried. They were the last of the Army of Northern Virginia to fall in the war. On Satur- day Lee’s army was in camp in the woods along the hill on the north side of the Appomattox river. ‘om the soldiers who had been passing for a day or two in retreat from Petersburg we learned that there was little hope of prolonging the struggle, and when we heard early on Sun- day morning that Sheridan had captured the railroad train loaded with provisions that had been sent from Lynchburg to Appomattox station (three miles from here) the mght before we knew that we had almost reached the end. It was rumored on Sunday morning that some negotiations had been going on between Grant and Lee, but we heard that Lee had de- clined to surrender. You will notice that the house in which I lived is m the fork of the road leadiug from Evergreen, a station between Appomatiox depct and Farmville. The apple tree about which so many false statements have been made stood on the side hill on the north side of the Appomattox ri’ a short distance from the west side of the road that leads from my house to Buckingham Court House. Many people believed that it was here that Lee sur- DAWN with his which he had not been able to get at for severaldays. 1 recollect weil the horse that Grant rode. It was dark brown in color and what we call in i i . ‘The conversation between was very brief. I understood that an arrangement had been again in some house in the vill , and Lee and one member of his staff (Col. Caas. Marshall, now of Baltimore) rode toward the court house toarrange fora house in which to meet. I noticed that Lee looked very sad as he rode by my house. Grant seemed to be holding a con- ference with his staff and did not foilow for some time. Perhaps he was waiting for Sheri-- dan, who joined him shortly afterward. As I walked past the court house Isaw Col, Marshall the two generals when they parted meet made to ——- with bape! ecg rr s all Srisg favel pat ing to Mr. Yictean's house. =F) . THE M'LEAN HOUSE. “Gen. Lee and Col. Marshall dismounted on the lawn close by the steps leading to the handed their bridle reins to a servant or fer, and entered the house, “Lee was riding his famous gray horse ‘Traveler.’ Some time afterward Grant and his staff rode up to the house; first Grant entered and later on the different members of his staff followed.” At Mr. Peer's invitation I accompanied him over the red clay road that leads to the oid brick house which has become historic. The roperty has passed from the hands of the McLean family and is now occupied by Mrs. Raglan, the widow of N. G. Raglan, who pur- chased it from Mr. McLean. I must confess to some feeling of awe as I walked up the steps which had been trod by those two great gen- erals who had led mighty opposing armies to battle for many monthe, but who had not cast eye on each other since they had fought side by side in Mexico for a common country until they meton that eventful Sunday to perform the last actin the drama of the greatest war of modern times. THE DAWN OF PEACE. And when we entered the parlor on the left of the hall through the door over which hangs the renowned engraving, entitled the “Dawn of Peace,” of which the above outline sketch ix given, I was impressed with the fact that not one of the principal actors was left to celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of that event. The dawn that had been followed by a morning of anxicty and suspense to those upon whom fortune frowned—a morning which, let us hope, will be followed by a noonday bright with prosperity and fruitful in developing the resources of the new south, . Years before I had visited the office of Gen. Lee at Washington and Lee University at Lex- ington, Va., where every book and paper and article of furniture were sacredly preserved, just as the beloved leader of the cause so dear to southern hearts had left it the last time that he put pen to paper, in October, 1870. Ihad witnessed the immense procession at Philadelphia that had been called together to welcome the victorious general and e: i dent home from his triumphal journey the world in December, 1879—ten years ago. Thad seen the funeral cortege that accom- panied his remains climb Murray Hill and move up 5th avenue, with all the pomp and anoply of war, his coffin followed to the grave y Presidents and statesmen, soldiers and prominent citizens from every state. Thad helped applaud the dashing soldier whose name will live in poetry and drama as he rode at the head of the great parade in Philadelphia in honor of the completion of the nation’s first century under tie Constitution— the gallant Sheridan, raised to the rank of “general” on his death bed by special uct of Congress for meritorious services rendered during the closing months of that war, T had seen his tlag-draped coftin—borne upon an artillery caisson—on its way to his last rest- ing pe at Arlington, AndI had stood by his tomb, in sight of the manor house of the beau- tiful estate once owned by the family of the yauquished commander of the southern armies, to whose surrender he was a witness. “Alas, how few and short the years Hig wreath of laurel the victor wears.” During the conference Gen. Lee requested that the privates among the cavalry and artil- lery be permitted to retain their horses, to which Gen, Grant replied: “J take it that most of the men in the ranks are small farmers, and as the country has been so raided by the two armies it is doubtful if they will be able to put ina crop tocarry them- selves and their families through the next winter without the aid of the horses they are now riding, and I will arrange it in this way: I will nct change the terms as now written, but I will instruct the officers I shall appoint to re- ceive the paroles to let all the men who claim to own a horse or mule take the animals home with them to work their little farms.” ‘This act of magnanimity on the part of Gen, Grant was highly appreciated by those who were acquainted with the circumstances by which it was brought about. THE INTERVIEW. As Mr. Peers was not within he could give me no description of what happened in the old parlor save what he had learned from others, The table used by Gen. Grant, of which there is a gold model ‘in the National Museum, was purchased from Mr. McLean by Gen. Ord, and ehbe small stand at which Gen. Lee sat was pre- OF PEACE. red, and the tree was dug uproot and 1 and carried away by the soldiers a few | days after the surrender. In fact, more apple wood has been taken out of this neighborhood | than enough to supply trees for a large or- | chard —and every one declares that his pioce was | a part of the original tre GENS, LEE AND BAnCOCK. “The true facts are these: Gen, Lee, who had received and auswered several communications from Gen. Grant, while waiting for another re- ply was reclining on an iupromptu couch of | fence rails laid in the forks of an apple tree, | over which a blanket or two had been thrown, | when Gen. Bavcock rode up to him, bearing the | last dispatch written by Grant, who was riding up the road from Farmville. (This note con- cluded as follows: “I will push forward to the | frout for the purpose of meeting you. Notice ! sent to me on this road where you wish the in- terview to take place will meet me, This was about noon on Sunday and shortly after we heard that Grant was coming into the village to meet Lee. I was standing on the porch of my house when I saw Grant and his staff approach, and I stepped dowr. in the road to get a good look at him. There was not a single fence rail leftexcept a few boards around | the court green, so I was not put to the trouble wocdthat could be found had been used to make fires over in the camps. THE TWO GENERALS, “As Grant came along the road leading from Evergreen an officer road up from the opposite direction, and after speaking a few words the party turned into the field north of my house, which then belonged to Mr. Kaine’s estate, near where the new tobacco barn now stands, and I walked out behind them. I noticed that Gea, of opening any gate. Every piece of loose; sented by Gen, Sheridan to Mrs. Gen. Custer. While the terms of the surrender and their ac- ceptance were being copied Gen. Grant intro- duced the general officers who had entered and the members of his staff to Gen. Lee. When Col. Parker, a full-biooded Indian and reign- ing chief of the Six Nations, was presented to him Gen. Lee looked upon his swarthy features with evident surprise and it was believed mis- took him for a negro. After arranging the de- tails of the surrender Gen, Lee and Col. Mar- shail bade farewell to Gen, Grant and staff and lett the house for their camp, it bemg then about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, Gen. Grant and staff proceeded up the road to a point where a headquarters tent had been prepared. At 4:30 « telegramn addressed to Secretary Stan- ton and announcing the surrender was sent to the nearest telegraph office. On the next morning Gen. Lee took an affectionate and af- fecting farewell of his army, standing under the poplar tree on the ridge northeast from the court house. Many of hie men expressed a willingness to stay with him and urged him to cut his way through to Johnson, then in North Carolina. But the cruel war was over and more than 15,000 muskets were soon stacked in ac- cordance with the termes of the surrender, TO PRESERVE THE PLACE. A Dear of capitalists, among whom are pbell of Ohio, Gen. Burdett of the 1d Army of the Republic, aud Mr. 8, M. i control 1,500 or 2,000 |. for all years to come, test interest to every Ameri- or south, turn these old battle fields into acamping ground where the Grand Army of the a and other military or- ganizations, no. and south, may hold their reunions, will be to erecta monument commemorative of the peace of hether he live north It is the intention to Lee and his staff were approachi from the direction of the confederate aaa All were riding slowly, and as they came closer together the staff officers paused and the two generals rode out &® little in advence and i 1865, under whose shadows those who wore the gray feel as comfortable as those who wore 18, * A will be erected to accommodate vis- itors and a good road put down between FLOWERS OF SPRING. The Biggest Plant Propagating Gar- den in the Country. HOW THE CITY IS DECORATED Beautiful Blowoms Turned Out by Millions From the Gardens Near the Monument—Rose Buds by the Cart Load—The Proper Care of Plants, ASHINGTON people are not gen- erally aware of the importance of acertain local institution which is in large part responsible for the beauty of this most admired of cities—namely the horticultural garden near the Washington monument. And yet this es- tablishment for the propagation of plants, a Srar reporter learned, is the biggest and most complete in this country and one of the finest in the world, Under the conduct of the pres- ent director—Mr. DBrown—it has come to afford a wonderful illustration of system as applied to the growing of whatever is beautiful in the vegetable kingdom. Three hundred and fifty thousand plants it turns out each year of a flowering and otherwise ornamental description, for the decoration of the national cafital. Next month these prod- ucts of earth-born loveliness will be contribut- ing their rainbow tints and varied perfumes to the breathing places of the city. At present they occupy myriads of pots or garden spac in and about the huge green houses back of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. At this season, when things are begining to grow, it ought to be of interest not only to amateur horticulturists, but to every one, to know how piants are turned out on scientific principles, DECORATIONS FOR THE WHITE HOUSE. One important part of the business of the propagating establishment is to provide plants for the adornment of the White House, and for this purpose alone a great space is appropri- ated under glass—one huge green house being given up exclusively to palms and other trop- ical and semi-tropical exotics, When the Pres- ident gives a reception or on other occasions of festivity these things and all sorts of other beautiful vegetable products are loaded, in their pots, into great closed express vans of the kind used for moving furniture and con- veyed in this way to the executive mansion. ‘The east room is transformed into a scene from the tropics, the enormous height of the ceiling giving space for trees ot considerable size, lesser ones and plants of smaller growth bank- ing the walls, so that the whole great apart- ment is a mass of green, festoons of smilax lending delicacy to the effect. On Decoration day it is no unusual thing for the head gardener to send up to Arlington a ow load—think of it!—of rose buds. To pro- luce THESE LOVELIEST OF BLOOMS at such a rate, not only are great rose houses and gardens necessary, but also there is re- quired a most elaborate method, a part of which consists in disposing of half the stock of rose bushes each spring to make room for new ones. Inno case is a rose plant kept longer than two years after it is planted as a slip, for the reason that the bush always does its best bearing during the first twenty-four months of its existence, when it has its most active vigor. Then the most profitable thing 1s to dispense with it at the end of its secon biooming season to make space for the bush that you have been raising meanwhile from the slip for that purpose. In this way you will get the greatest quantity of blooms fora given number of plants. The entire stock of rose bushes depended upon for a year’s supply of blossoms in the Washington gardens is at present arranged on a narrow shelf perhaps 80 tect long, filled with little thumb pots, each of which holds a small but promising slip. Next April those slips will be bushes three feet high, ready to take the place of the two-year- old stock, which will be disposed of. Very few people are successful in growing roses, but that is merely becausa they don’t under- gtand the simple principles involved. SUCCESS AND FAILURE. They should have a soil that is half rich loam, @ quarter sand and a fourth part manure, Plenty of light is necessary for them and also plenty of water, But plenty of water does not mean adeluge. Amateurs in gardening usually kill their plants by over-watering—in fact, more plants are destroyed in that wey than in all others put together. Watering twice a week ought to be enough for a plant in the house in- stead of every day; but the pot that is prop- erly watered cau always be distinguished by a slight moisture on the outeide—if it is dry the plant needs a drink. The saucers beneath the pots must be emptied once in every twenty- four hours, else the earth will get sodden and sour. As for bugs, it must not be a question of getting them off of the rose bushes; they must never be permitted to get on them. If they getastart you may as well throw away the plant. You can easily prevent the bugs from coming by applying freely a mixture of strained tobacco solution and whale oil soap diluted with boiling water. The rose, by the way, is the oldest of cultivated flowers, THE METHOD OF MANUFACTURING sorL employed by gardeners is* rather interesting. To begin with, the loam is obtained from sods cut just two inches deep on fertile land and then permitted to rot, the final result being a rich powdery substance agreeable to the feel, pleasant to the smell ana full of suggestion of the good things of which it contains the ele- ments. But all plants, like some people, do not thrive on too rich food, and so a portion of sand is usually mixed with the loam. ‘The lat- ter is composed chiefly of vegetable matter, with a more or less proportion of minerals, ‘The soil was originally formed by the disinte- n of rock. Scrapings thus made produced certain low forms of vegetable growth. which, by their decay, added to this beginning of a soil, which was thus enabled to produce forms of vegefation a little higher, ‘These in turn de- cayed, and thus the soil went on getting deeper and deeper until it could support trees, PROPAGATING IN VARIOUS WAYS. The propagating of plants in the Washing- ton gardens, however, is done without the aid of soil at all, Coarse sand is used for the pur- pose and nothing else, save only plenty of water and heat. The sand is placed in wide and shallow troughs running the whole length of abig green house with a passage- way between. Beneath the sand run steam ipes and the sand itself is plentifully sprin- na with water twice a day to keep it moist, ‘Chis one house is capable of producing 1,000,- 000 plantsa year, ‘The workman engaged in the task of propagating makes a littie gutter an inch deep across the trough in the level sand surface and fills it with a line of fresh cut slips of geranium, sey. Then after in this gutter with sand and smoothing it down he makes another gutter parallel with the first, and so on until he Las planted as many slips as he wants. Take one small geranium slip, for instance, and let us pursue its history. Upon being stuck into the | sand its sap runs down to the end where it was | cut off, heals the wound and makes from its own substance tiny fibers that project this way and that through the sand in search of life- giving moisture. During this period, just as is the case with a baby or a chicken for the first twenty-four hours of their existence, the infant plant requires no food, But before long the fibers referred to wili have developed suili- ciently to FORM A SUSTAINING ROOT and then the youthful geranium is ready to be transplanted to a mite of a thumb pot and to be supplied with solid diet in the shape of good foam, though some gardeners believe in mixing a large proportion of send with the soil at this stage, just as a baby’s bottle milk is diluted with water, Subsequently the plant, as it grows, is transferred progressively to bi and bigger pots, as it needs more room, the pots must never be too big; the most com- mon reason why the nts kept by amateurs do not bloom is that their pote are too large, so that they expend their superfluous strength in extending roots instead of prod blos- soms. Flowers do not bloom while are doing much growing, but rather during inter- vals of arrested growth, during which their wtrength expends itself in bloom making in- stead of leat making. growing in the Washi gardens is ED NAL the ra agree Ywng of the familiar bean, | ——————— UCATION = which starts originally from a seed planted at EE VAMINOTON. the foot of a tree and subsequently becomes a W 2200'S COMMERCIAL SCHOOL, 407 F. CAP. BT. ite of that tree. the near its root Fet- Censns aud Cvil Service Examinations, Fi King ot. Thirty the = web pd raed (x thow in atieudaber A, Washington garden de teach | _Sendvercireulator call ea Subh Tym, mISte from Holland, their propusation’ ‘Over there the acaved po m. Over » the after planting with seeds and shoots, the bul! ‘being then in condition to blossom the follow- rs AND CIVIL SERVICE NY x. C'Catinlete informations" baccouiah Mraparntion: r ence of years & : FLYNN, AML, Ivy Tostitute nw oot HH ing spring—are dug, cured and dried, in which aM ee ene aa nnans, Bue, Voc state they are sent to this country about Sep- yeneortcnd Analysis of Muitc: pur Sunken” ~ seed . tory, LIFT Tosh ee aw — als imu The function of this horticultural garden is very different from that of the Botante Garden here. In the latter is gathered an assemblage of plants that is made as far as possible per: mots gis mecchenged emf = xed on to = extent n for supplying losses. On ti! ofber band, the Horticultural Garden pretty am RENEWS ITS STOCK every year, all soft-wooded plants—such as Geraniums, coleus and chrysanthemums—being Propagated afresh in February for planting out in the parksin May. great quantities of plentifully blooming plants—like violets, begonias, pansies and bul- bous blossomers—are grown for use in the early spring. Smilax is cultivated all the year round in a manner that is very beautiful to the eye. Hanging close under the roof of one of the green houses are wires stretchin During the winter | % AILLARD SCY Wineton Branch 1 1L OF TAs a so Method (publisher D. scientific, edtcational French Wainister of Publ OF MUM, #13 | Primary and 0, Organ, Violin, ke kB x ad HART, ton. WaAstinston MUS! Good Templar Hi: Twenty: first year. Pian. Orne. Ne, | Free adv: Jale-ien! E. SCHEEL, TEACHER OF PIANO,ORGAN AND 2, Sineinge as weal at as thone od taught, Jar attention to becin- Gorman oF ther advanced 734 12th ow | Correct (@eep) Brest Dramatic Aetwon, at 1 YOLUMBIA COL) 623 La. aw ‘Six thoroueh Cou: across horizontally and raliel,a great nui ney. Telegraphy, Shorthand and Type writine ber of them, edie psig one end of the | Puliding and hee turniture, Sena fabeacaion ee building to’ the other. From Yhese wires | nina year'te's Baswed Mee cay pate strings are stretched downward to troughs of | team} member of the tactilty of Bagtinan College, earth below, by which means the smilax climbs | Jat suthor of the Fastiney System ct Train ng, up, thus,throwing a succession of lovely green | Teas baucationst the Woolas pany weaned for Busi curtains across the house from the roof to the floor almost, Very many plants—such as ver- benas, pansic seed by preference. The way to get big pan- sies is ure very young plants, keep them moist often and use plenty of manure water tha: is not toostrong. ‘The finest pansy and fuchsi seeds fetch from $75 to 100 an onnee. Always remember to use tepid water on your plants, by the way. One great beauty of Was! ington is that every street in the town 1s an avenue of trees and these are all propagated from seed in the gardens, The flowering surubs, of which 15,000 are produced aunually, grow from cuttings, ANIMAL AND VEGRTABLE. Zoologists and horticulturists are much in- terested at present in the question as to where the vegetabic ends and the ammal begins. The question seems well nigh impossible to solve, inasmuch as there is no criterion to which it may be satisfactorily referred. What are you going to designate as the point which distin- guishes animal t and balsams—are grown from | to oul near the hight, sprinkle the foliage | AN ELEMENTARY 8. 1511 Let. Puptie | a amituatons. | Huchest retere: | BALCH S Clvil SPRVICy 20th ; neces, rpue BERLITZ scHooL oF LaNcUagEs, 14th st. nw. Pranches in N Th, Howto Philadelphia, Louisville, ‘Paris Drevdeu, Germany, Moscow, ad. irooklyn, Chic ance), Beritn Buss, apd Lon wie \NokWood INST 1407 Mase ave (Hiehiand Terraces, reet Circle. @21.6m. Mr and Mia WM. D. CABELL, Principaia NCERIAN BUSINESS COLLEGE, Corner 7th and D sta. iw. rom vegetable? Locomotion | “School of Bosiuess and Couuting House Training. has been suggested, but that is no test, Cer | Eee ee ad eee pewriting tain small sca weeds have power of! scicol ot Tclesraphy and Plectrical Science, locomotion, while on the other hand| School of pencerian anally the animal creature known es the “ant’s cow,” from which the ingenious insect obtains its supply of milk, cannot move a particle. The more deeply _ science dips into the subject the more inevitable does the conclusion become that life in the animal and the plant is precisely the same thing and that vegetables possess in the fibers of their roots the same sort of intelli- aap that human beings have in their brains, low do these root fibers know precisely which way to look for water? Plant instinct, per- haps, Butinstinct is only a vulgar term for inherited experience, which in itself implies consciousness, Oh, yes, vegetables have minds—at all events, scientific men have pretty generally come to that conclusion. aa ea THE SAILOR’S COMMON LOT. It Is Not So Bad as the McCalla Court of Inquiry Would Seem to Make It Out. “TI admit that the evidence in the McCalla in- quiry would seem to show that life on board the Enterprise was made pretty hard for the blue jackets and I have several times lately heard the question asked why men should en- list in a service where they are exposed to such tyrannous discipline—confined to a ship's nar- Tow quarters, always under the eye of authority and Liable for offenses apparently tritling to be subjected to the most ignominious punish- ments,” said a naval officer toa Star reporter. “If the lite a sailor leads is compared fairly with thé career open to the same man on shore,” he continued, “I am of the opinin that the blue jacket is a person to be envied from the point of view of hisown rank in the world. How do men of that rank exist on land? They are laborers, carrying the hod or Kx wielding the pick ax may be, BR dwelling in more or less sqhalor and && propagating poverty. As a role their very read and butter is uncertain, owing to the sone of employment. The sailor in Jucle Sam's service. on the other hind, is always well fed, comfortably lodged and taken care of. So long as he chooses to behave him- self and do his work he is sure to be kindly treated and even indulged. Discipline 1s of necessity severely exercised upon a man who misbehaves, but that is his own fault. From being always a prisoner in the vessel Jack Tar has plenty of holidays. Whenever his services are not needed on board he is permitted to go ashore and amuse himself as 4 chooses, and not infrequently he has vacations of one week, two weeks or even more. A sailor's pay, too, is high.” GOOD PAY AND PROSPECTS, “How much docs it amount to?” “Twenty-five dollars a month, with food, lodging and washing thrown in. Buta sailor may rise by good conduct and efficiency from the ranks and become a petty officer, in which capacity he can get much higher pay--as high, ioleed, as #100a month. Or he ey become a warrant officer, with cven greater remunera- tion. Warrant officers, too—the boatswain, the carpenter and the ‘sail maker are such— have very independent positions. They hold warrants for their places, like commissions, trom the government, and they can only be Jis- charged by the President of the United States, So you see that a mar who enlists as a seaman in the navy really has acareer open to him, such as would not be afforded him on land. All he has to do is to behave himself and do his duty well.” “Can any man whoo desires enlist in the soy 38 “Yes, if he can pass the usual physical ex- amination. But unless be has bad experience as asailor he will only be rated asa lands. man at much smaller pay. When be has learned the business he will be put down as able seaman and will receive $25 a month, Take the case of a man who enlists as a full- fledged seaman. His term is three years al- ways, at the end of which time he receives his discharge. If he has been honorably dis- missed he can enlist again for another three years, receiving $26 a month for his services, and 60 on, ONE DOLLAR A MONTH BRING ADDED at each re-enlistment after honorable dis- charge. When » man has bebaved well for three years he receives from the department at Washington, at the instance of his commander, & ‘good-conduct medal.’ On my last cruise 1 saw a seaman presented with his seventh good- conduct medal, representing twenty-one con- secutive years of faithful and orderly service, The occasion was considered so important a oue that all bands on board the ship were mus- tered on deck and, in the presence of officers and crew, the captain tendered the reward of honor with a speech. A sailor who does his best and behaves himself is always sure of entle treatment and the easiest of the work. ‘is comfort is looked after most anxiously in every particular, and he is cared for as if he were a child. A large percentage of the sea- men in the navy are very hard characters; the life they lead is not of a sort that tends to make men steady and sober. But the ap- prentice system of enlisting boys and teaching them the trade on ship board is ropidly im- proving the personnel of this branch of the service. Probably not more than half of Uncle Sam's sailors now are of foreign birth.” The Point of View. If things go crogked don’t despair, It's wrong to fret and stew; Bring you 'y to bear And the point of view. Tn couree of time all will be right If you will only wait: A dawn succeeds the darkest night— ‘The gun is never late, i 5 School of Mecha: ¢ Architectural Drawing. Bud night sem ted catalogue free. » Principal: SARA & _ PIANOS AND ORGANS. 07% KRAKAUER PIANOS” Ab ¢, touch aby durability. oF A SUPERIOR Burdett Orvaus and “Pease™ Pisuos at Temple of HOKUH Practical Piano Maker. | termi eas: Leapixe Assrecueste DECKER BROS WERLR ¥L ESTE! IVERS & POND ESTEY ONGANS. MODERATE PRICES. EASY TEKMs. OM Instrunents tasen iu part payawent, aud Key % ‘Teiey buue 628, PIANOR ESTEY ONGAN® Tuning no Magnificent ES’ of 30 pedal notes, Uiful solo effects; suitubie for chu organist or student, Wall be sold ALG on easy tec, uuder ate price SANDERS & STAYMAN, mo ae F strect northwest, Ssy TTT 1 FER FFP Per g's ge hUf Sse of oH RR be be sf it tee FF & Prize Medal Pans Exposition. 200 first preadtus indorsed by over 100 music schools and colleses foe Guralaiit, Old Piabos taken i exchange. The quly Uprieht it can take the place of 2 Grand. @21-Gm Prk: 1 FER & CONLIEF, 514 11th st. um ORKMANSHIP “New Ar Db tustic Styles,” Bu COWATIVE AKA, HAND PIANOS. — A large almost every well-known +4n thorough sepair, will be clo PECIAL INDUC! ved in desuens of HIGH- Est Piavos tor rent in the sed cut at Vou MINH DE ROREST, LONG-ESTABLISHED AND reliable Ladies’ Pliysician, can be cousulted dai, at her residence, 901 Lst.n.W. Office boure trom. 9 pm.; with Ladies only apo-Lus® SUFFERERS FROM VARICOSE VEINS AND »O other obstiuste swellings will fud immediate relief by use of ELASTIC STOCKINGS, WKISILETS, BELTS, &c. | For directions for measurement, prices and sty address GOUDYEAK KUBBEK ¢ S08 YUb et. v. MELVILLE LINDSAY, Mauager. ay LADIES, WHO REQUIRE THE SEKVICES OF Experienced Female Physicians sould cousult Dr. or airs. WILSON, 1105 Park place, nc, between Band ¢, 11th and 13th ete. ne. Ladies only. Rem edy @5." Prompt aud reliable treatwent. Ouly Siietiaauer Fiipeciat inthe city, betablished 180: ap4-or* 1 EAD AND BE Wisk be *.W., appeared the Cldcst Establis 2ud will wuaruntee: ol wen aud furnish Wediciue, oF bo charye cuusulle ana advice free at any hour of the du bed and sworn to before me by Dr. BROTHERS, MUEL C. MILLS, s Nowry Public iu and i ee Columbia, Unie Jd day oi July, LD do. std HAS NEVER BEEN RADICTED THAT Dr. BROTHERS is the oldest-established advertis- ing Ladies’ Physician in this city. Ladies, you cam confidentiz consult Dr. BROLHEKS, 900 B'st. aw, Particular attention paid to all disteses peculiar to adie, married or aunele. Forty years’ experience, spy-lan* ANHOOD RESTORED BY a) USING A BOTTLE of two of Dr, BROTHEUS' Invigorating Cords Will cure any case of Nervous Debility aud loss erve power. It imperts vigor to the w. Male or Female, 906 Kw 8, WEAKNESSES Cured by Dr h tumore,Md. 67" Kvows jall-eosm" ISEASES OF SECRET—CONSULTATION FOR Gentlemen only. Dr. Condory (formerly assistant ih 1: to Prof. Dr. Kicord of Paris). Office boure to lz and 3 to Solclock, 1223 13th stu w. mize tm ROP ESSIONAL MASSAGE CAN BE OBTAINED ‘with Dest of medical zeterence, by applyiug at #1 Oth st.n.w. mo-Gw* FTER ALL OTHERS FAIL CONSUL do. 320 .N, 15th st, Lelow Callowhill et, Philedelpia, Twenty years’ experience ih special diseases; cures the worst case of Nervous Compiaints, Bioud Puixon- tug, Blotcbes, Ervptions, Pics, Catarrb, Ulcers, Sores, Lapaired Meiuory, Deapondeucy, Aung, Liver, Stomach, Kidney (Bricht's Consultation tree. ‘Treatment Stricuy Con bdcutal S$P-Call or write for question list; alsa, book om Special Diseases, nat oy ‘Disease. OCEAN STEAMERS, Bb Steere ), Bremen. « aa pantments. Prices: Ist cabin, $40 and up- | Sara's bern, according to location. 2d cab €50 am adult; steerage at low eter, Apply tok ¥. DKUUE, zo Penn. ave, apo y¥ NO*PPBY Site Beats ack Pa. BG-AMERICAN PACKET COMPaNY. ‘The man who worries never gets —— Me beat bine of tne ie aS PTOPPELIGB ia op SE"STOUE S002, always dwelling on bis debts ‘Ywon-screw steamers of 10.000 tous and 12.500 to Or croaking to his wife. seen borse a NE BOLD> a] were only half. way wise 4-CORD. TO AND Fhol thing that be SUUTHA! SUNTINENT.