Evening Star Newspaper, December 6, 1886, Page 5

THE EVENING STAR: tll WASHINGTON, D.C., MONDAY, D said "COL. LUDLOW'S PLANS. HIS FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, rs’ report Is as follows; ‘WATER SUPPLY. It has not needed the successive annual reports of the Commnissionets of several Years past to call ntton to the serious shortcomings of the water ‘bation, and itt necessary only at this time tO ody’ and emy the numerous and increas- complaints of its chronie yaacy t tallare. The actual amount of water deliv- tothe city by Its existing aqueduct—estimated aot to 150 gallons per head per day to Ttuzens living wit of the mains—is so largely in excess of paz poate present require- Ine nt a4 to Inake it doul to what, as @ leading cause, should be attributed the marked or exas- perating deficiency in presente and delivery over Onsiderable areas of tne cit} ‘The report of Caj | their contentstupward through the manoles Into tain Symons upon this subject contains data of | their cont L e much interest. "In extenalve 4m the north- | the streets. overloading was in =< West, southwest and soatheast, and in the vicinity | the | w admittance into subor- ot the™Capitol, the pressure in the malns is| dinate sewers of an immense quantity iy ‘below that which” the ‘satie head | 9€ , Fatnfall surface | drainage — com to differences of level, would call for, | ing down the tying to the northward of the and tn numerous dwellings’ the supply rises | Sity—from a act. ‘This drain: ho higher than the first f00r, and in many. is actually intermitted altogether through the Greater portion of the day. This condition of Affairs is one that at some period all cities reach— not the less soon that the actual available supply isample to meet every need for many years to come. Ttis the familiar fact that want coexists With waste, thus water freely running from main Losewer, without having discharged any useful function whatsoever in {ts course, will not rise into the supply pipes of dwellings, nor fl their flushing tanks and bath tubs—that no luxury of modern fittings and multiplication of plumbing pliances. no¥ even the prowpt payment of the anual water rental changed by the District, will Ml to Secure the desired and desirable abun- dance—which the greater part of the volume Teaching the city {4 passing rapidly from the mains fnto, the waste conduits. ‘The actual amount of this waste cannot be lew: than two. thirds of the entire suppiy of Potomac water Through tie Aqueduct. The statistics up- on subject are found in numerous water reports, and are quite conclusive. In European cities, where the visible supply and eatohment areas are comparatively limited, and where In consequence, a8 need demanded, greater care and economy has been practiced, thé supply per head varies from 15 to 50 gallons per day, notwithstanding that, a3 in Part, ange amounts are used fof Ornamental purposes and for Washing the streets, London has about 40 gallons per day, and most of the English cities less. In America, ot the other hand, Where the sources are more ample and rivers and ‘lakes of magnitude can be drawn upon indefinitely, no care has, a8 a rule, been exe cised to determine the real requirements and re late the use of Water until A dangerous sea ‘was experienced. Having reached that. point, in the absence of exact information as to real utill- zation and dreading the popalat opposition to re. Strietive measures, the capacity of the water sys. tem, whether by pumps or gravity, has been taxed. Yo the utmost, While strenuous efforts were mak- ng to weerease the pumping plant of “absorb ad tional areas of water shed. In consequence, the @ranght upon the mains has reached amounts quite out of proportion to real uses and) the daily supply per head has Steadily risen In course of time to 80, 90, 100, and, as in the case of W: even 130 or 160 gallons. The following 1s the dally supply to the cities named: ‘90; Buffalo, 130; Chicago, 321; Detroit, 144: “Milwaukee, 108; New Maven, 300: New York, 100; Philadelphia, 70; St. Louis, 71; and yet, in nearly ail of these cities this enor: : ate to furnish the supply and pressing necessities. In some of X gland cities, om the bly Providence, where Intel and ulate the matter has established valu- daily delivering is between 35 and 40 gallons—aithougi: large quantities are used tor Manufacturing pi Gnd there is ho com. plaint of scareity nor undue domestic economy practised. It may, therefore, pe reliabiy assumed ihat 40 gallons per day per tiead of population is ample even in a manufacturing city. I this for the conveyance of foul and \tresible waste matters, which may at any potat become the focts Of disease, trom the dwelling to a safe ‘Cases are not susceptible of actual examination fore no pare of munictiay aasalvistraton, present. ino part of mua ecesplen and difficult and call- ing for the di Hished by careful it and 7 Ron to amend tormer and to adopt the sys- ‘tem of discharge of waste matters to the present and ive needs of the community; but (lon increase—over, districts exhibiting, ‘Yarlations of contour and elevation, skill and ‘The comp! terete ievinpencs toat ot Washington, hy itera. The main outlets for the Boui the city sewers proper of the unnecessary dangerous burden and relegating to them Fesponsibility only of caring for the rainfall sewage within the city limita, adaivional expendi ty It expenditures are now "urgent quired. 4 ta , to follow: active butldt the law requii ment _ can enterprises now In pi that before an improved laid the underground condut more, a large amount of drain years ago trated into them and with great into thes ith great ray farge volume ‘nave ‘become mated “wi Pipe, so as _ to seri completely stop the flow. obstructions, though in some cases. chin cement mortar, no further diMculty of Kind 1s to be apprehended. these minor: essary facilities. “Although neglect is not onl since the haphazai ing modern ideas of decency, creating ances and Infringing the health regulations of District. Within a ‘comparatively brief to modity the For this put it may be found bie to construct another lange interceptt along Water street, ‘south front to some poti In view of the sewer department, the pressure upon the revenues for other pi the proposition is not at this time embodied tn estimnat line alley and other properties refuse tosecure the I of sewers for houses butit by them, as they migh amount be compared with the 150 gallons drawn in Washington, the difference represents a clear Waste of not less than 100 galions per day The sources of this, as is usual, are probably several Capt. Symons is inclined to con- Sider that Ube existence of rusty and rotten mains laid many Years since and imperfectly cast and connected originally is responsible for a large portion, and that the impervious coating of con crete pavements covering the streets avalls to con ceal the fact. It is very probable that such 1s the ca ugh to what extent can be a matter of surmise only. But there are visible and obvious sources of Waste which would rapidly account for @ large proportion of the whole. Defective plumb- ing 1s partly responsible and the tens of thousands of leaky applianees—each with its perpetual Stream—in the aggregate waste large amounts, A SUT greater aiount ts due to appliances left Funning at full headeither by intention or neglect. With twent pressure only a Water closet or hydrant will flow some 6,000 gallons per day,.and 41 there are but 1,000 of these, a very moderatesup- position, six millions of gallons, one-sixth of the entire supply of the city, are Wasted daily from tuis cause alone. The hotels and other large bulidings where Water Is freely used are probably the chief sinners {a UuS regard, and the appiica- tion of meters and the system ter charges to these large consumers would at once check tle ex. cessive draught, but it is tu the great Federal buildings that the useless flow ts even to the ungest ‘extent. ‘The numerous employes and erowded condition of these huge offices make need- ful many clesets and urinals, and asa rule the tow of Water through them {3 perpetual and the consumption enormous. The sole remedy is the edification of the plumbing arrangements, and Popular inisapprehension ex- onstant flow is supposed to be desirable, a fact it is wot the continual movement of ‘water Dut the securing influence of a sudden dis. putting the pipes under pressure, that es the maxitnuta of effect with the imini- ion. Then again the miumerous automatically operated closets, filing t frequent intervals, without ret- o their actual use, Waste lany* quantities (Of water. These inatters can ail be regulated in course of Tune, and some of them areeven now: within th mol of the ©District authorities, bat Congress only cap grant the needmul aid by appropriations or direction In the more im- S. In view of the interval that must pletion of the new aqueduct and reservotr, and o: the real snMiciency of the existing were it properly utilized, it will De neeaiu ploy ail practicable means to re. the » and light’ the housekeeper in the city boundaries with the unaccustomed y of a five and rapil delivery. Beyond the boundary, upon the higher lands not attainable by the gravity flow, the sole Tecourse must be to ns taking thelr supply from the ring to the greater elevations, 8 Mount Peasant, for exam ity water or sewerage faclil- ‘population are rapidly reusing, in ber and area, but brief ‘period can clapse before thé de- and for these necessities Of civillzation wuist We answered, of the development e_and, by possibility the public recved, In view of these impending the necessity of new mains reused charges against the water Tevetues, due w the division aud of the cost of t jeduct and Its adjuncts between the aot DiScriet governments, and of the fact water Temtals lust meet all District expenditures for the water serviee, it may prove tobe neekiul taat < rentals be Increased. fs without ¢ and as these uu Poorer re ‘This ar he Commisstoners would reiuctanuy sdopt, b os feel assured that the very moter ow imade in the District could be suutic ased without causing undue dissatsfact uizens, Who would be glad to c reasonable cost, and would greatly prefer to pay the rates charged in other cittes could an axaple supply thereby" be secured. ‘At the present thu of the higher levels of Waok, ington papi stations exist wherein the water Is forced Int) the teins on s, wen ‘the operations of whi con- 6 as and : = mmm en See wh. The obvious remedy Is the sof an additional engine at each station, the quality,tiae Potomac generally furnishes F wholewive and weceptable fluid, which analysts shows to be fairly free from dangerous tions, but the prevent turbidity due to toods, sometimes, asin the cas of Last sl early Suzaluer, protracted over a 101 , Linpalrs the potability of the water and injures tts repute. If public iteration be resorced to wo correct ‘this diMeuity the cost would be so large as to prevent the tinmediute consideration of esvablishing the plant abd for the present reliapce aust be led b partlal subsidence on the Dasins and subsesnent clarification in the house. Sotue modifications of the existing laws rel to the water service are needed. AE present It re fuasres te petition of the owners of te majority of the property fronting upon a line posed ie Sah py the tain, ‘This occasions so much inconvenience oth to the citizens and te authoritics, since in UIMeTOUS caseH, OWNeTS oF tenants desiring Water are unabie, for ORe reason or anther to secure the Tequisiie number of signers. As tie f off the —_ iswans Penalty ts uot a Rate by the Dike, nad only detivered yes under the permit system. It is respect mended that an enabling act be eases of this sort, as the multiplic ings without proper sewer connections in the bi up portions more ready to save expenditure than to mi decent and suitable provision for the health of future tenants or the safety of the public. STREET PAVEMENTS, ag shown in the table, entitled “Summary of Street Pavements, July Ist, 1886,” which accompanies the report of Capt. Grifin. Theaggregate of street riptions between curbs wit! city mits is about 5,200,000 Ullate and asphalt blocks. Ten covbie and rubble; 434 |e «dam; 14%¢ per cent. with gravel; 7,000 squ: modern improved pavements, and that improved, are nearly equal, blocks ts restricted to rough freighting, and to slopes the ‘street pavements might prove to be always call for the application of the best engineering uire considerable annual expenditures. of the Boundary sewer during the work have been Tully set ‘and need only be reterred viz, the Tiber creek and B n from time to time over- age indary sewer how intetcepts and carries east- ward into the Eastern branch, thereby relievi icate, however, considerable amount of new sewers is called extension of streets and the very gas, water and sewage must be putin. Further- pipes laid many are now unserviceable. Having been Fie rome ct Weems bare pen. and in iously reduce and in some cases Efforts to remove these tially suc- cessful, are generally quite unavailing, and the sole remedy {sto lay new pipes to take the place of the old. Being now laid with the joints in ‘same ‘The problem of the extension of the sewer sys- tem to the outlying suburbds—such as Mt. Pleasant =previously referred to—i3 more serious, Up to ‘this time no attempt has been made to furnish fations with the proper and nec- they are charged and pay full urban rates Se Secten berines this a it dangero and impertect methods of posal of waste matters now of necessity resorted to cannot be indefinitely prolonged without offend- pertlous nut. int below the Wi barracks for discharge tuto deep water, the problem js an important. one, that need not now discussed, but which will shortly press for solu- ton, and must be carefully worked outin advance, large amount of work doing and to De done in connection with the sewerage system, the recommendation made by Capt. Symons anc concurred In by Capt. Griffin, for the creation of a Is approved, although owing to urully recous- to meet ation of dwell- the city is highly undesirable from every point of view, so that if the owner who is square yards, or lineal miles, of which, in round iumbers, ,55,000 Yards, or 30 per cent. of the whole area, ake paved with the modern asphalt, coal tar, dis: centare paved with granite and trap biocks; 10 per cent. with F cent. with ma- Yards With & relic of the old wood block, and 1,600,- 000 square ¥ ‘ards, or 31 per cent., are unimproved. It will be observed that the area covered with Point of dis- charge; aré laid beneath the surface and in many sew. an the and Te and ve for the ‘ais the ‘The result of is rater rematkable, “Phe tora ‘eepeoateares for ‘the nine years ending July. 1, 1887, are $2,636,000, of which Georgetown hag had 7 per cent, the Rorthwrest 60 per een, west 11 ‘cent southeast, 11 8-10 per cent = . cent Por cent, Southwest 14 6-10 per cont, 19 per cent and northeast 15 $-10 per cent. Com- Erinteeen pemercacon tie cent, 1 cent. southeast 11 4.0 per cent and northeast Gt abseased ti valuations, which are the Dasis of the revenues derived from taxation and fepresent the amounts collected Genly northwest 8’ Ber Seat” souvent 61510 Sent, southeast 61-10 per Gent and northeaat & ‘In seeking to fix upon 8 basis of distribution of street improvements to the several localiti Posing that local data should determine may further be stated that te to be improved for the year Fecently prepared by the sasury for transmittal to 1y follows similar Heir fh without premeditation to end. later furnish a ‘conclusive answer to those who have declared that certain sections have been favored and others slighted. ‘The contrary is shown to have been the case, and that all sections have been fairly treated on the whole with reference to the appropriations for street improvementa, ‘REPAIRS TO STREBT PAVEMENTS. Under the provisions of the contracts for laying improved pavements, the contractor obligates himself to maintain and, if necessary, to renew them in case of failure or need of repair for the period offive years, and a8 year by year these guarantees expire, the District must assume the Fesponsibility of an annually increasing amount ‘Captain Griin’s report i im. z in Gi 8 ives important formation in this aad che taple, of yearly increase 1n concreted streets to be maintained by the District, 4s prepared to show the considerable amounts which will be needful under this head of appropriation for séveral years to come, both by reason of the natural increase and because the annualappropriations forthree years previous to ‘the current one remained stationary, taking no account of the additional labor wn in. Captain Griftin’s report gives important intorma- tion” in ~ this and the table of yearly increase in concreted to be maintained by the District 18 to show the considerable amounts which will be needful under this head of appropriation for several years tocome, both by reason of the natural increase and because the annual appropriations for three Years previous to the current one remained sta- onary taking no account of the conditional labor thrown upon the District. Tt results trom this in- adequacy @f appropriation that the work of repair period, also, it will be needful to undertake constructions resent sewer outlets and to protect both the reclaimed flats and the harbor of Wash- ington from the deposit of or contact with sewage. advise. sewer on the harbor front for the pur- pose of conveying all the city sewage along the Ss the tes for the ensuing year, ‘There is no legis. lation authorizing the Commissioners to compel otvners of houses to connect thelr premises with Sewers, unless the houses actually front upon a pipe. And in consequence, the owners of indo do ute ake his hin are uite un The use of the stone siness localities, having upon which too sUippery. ‘The old wood pavement has been nearly obiiter rh stone rated, and the The gravel course of ‘removal. wements are in and macadam streets also are being gradually covered with smooth pavements as urgency demands and appropriations permlt, ‘the ‘he distribution of the yearly appropriation for the improvement of streets and avenues 1s perpetual cause of Jealousy and heartbu: the amount avail the AS ible rarely exceeds a small Percentage of the total cost of the work petitioned. lor and _eage! ‘whose duty and upon the sum whic! in thelr judgment should urged upon the Commission mafbllity it 19 bot to desis be allotted to that purpose from the District reve- nues and be recommended to Congress for appro- priation, and to select from the long list of streets awaiting improvement, those which the public terest suggests should take precedence of ine the much larger remainder whose advocates are natu- rally dissatisfied, ¢ In order to analyze the subject and ascertain in What proportion the annual appropriations hi been allotted to the several sections of the city, tollowing table has been prepared, exuiblting localities for the ulation and tax of the totals in each ca ra EB - 2 lh aad SEO Beta || zs |e g E .| E|RERERB SESE |e gee| §| ESGES9ES| 2 i gis| 8|Seeeseeae| * ih] 4|setiatia|~—~ ave the the tual cost of iinprovements made in the several riod 1879-1887, thelr area, pop- le valuation, With the percent- and resurfacing rendered by wear has fallen in arrears, and must a8 rapidly as possible be ep rar a stfeet pavements are to be maintained in good condition. ‘Thus whereas the Speceestve sppropriations for the "4-5 and "6 were for each, increased to $85,000 for the current year, the table as computed makes it clear that the appropriation for’s# shouid be not less i 09,000, and for three successive years about " (A tow words upon this subject, may be appropriate, Themodern Washington street pave~ mients consist practically of a concrete bise, elther hydraulic or bituminous, which constitutes the real pavement, with a surface coat or skin designed to receive the wear from contact, and capable of renewal when neodrul, ‘The base 1s not intended to support tramic. Although in tact capable to a certain extent of doing 80; but the result of permit. Ung the surface coat to Wear down and expose the base isto incur the risk and expense of repairing holes In the concrete itself, which rapidly enlarge and deepen when over established. ‘The theory of these pavements therefore 1s, that they must at all times be maintained in smooth and unimpaired condition, and that thetr economy of maintenance can be secured ouly by systematic and prompt re- pair. Capt. Grimin states that even with the com. paratively iiberal appropriations above indicated there will remain on Juiy 4st, 1891, 170,000 square yards of pavement, having ian average period ot Service of 16 years, and Of this amount not less than 50,000 yards ought to be resurfaced at once. PERMIT WORK. The permit under which the District fur- nishes the material and the owner pays for the labor Tequired for a given work, is a development which has secured economical results and given general satisfaction. It 1s applicable to the repair and construction of sidewalks upon streets not. spe Really appropriated for—the pavi of alleys, and other work from whitch, as a rule, the principal beneficiaries are the owhers of con Unguous property. ‘The control and performance of the work by District employes, secures the satisfactory character of the work and inures to the advantage of the eftizen by costing him pay the actual labgg Bills, | The afinually enlarg- ing demand for to be done under this sys tem, and the advantageous results, lead inevit- ably to the increase in the estimate which 1s re- commended to Congress for favorable considera- tion, STREET CLEANING. ‘The need for increased apptopriation under this head—to keep pace with the annually enlarging area to be covered and the need for more frequent Sweeping of certain streets as traMic increases—is urgent ‘The contract tate of street sweeping tor the cur- rent Year 1s 2534 centa per 1,000 square Yards. ‘The actual number of yards to’ be swept during the year is regulated by the amount of the appropria- lion, und this necessitates the preparation of a schedule of streets to be swept, designatii in each cage the frequency of the operation. ‘There are now but four streets swept daily, but five Swept every other day and but ten swept twice a week. Of the remainder 131 can be covered Dut once & week and 112 once in two weeks. ‘The result of tls is, that during the intervals Lee bon tan! et es epee Mete untidy, and especially is this the case du e A ae atte gt can Is. very a a Ppropriation be augmented, so that several streets now ent Ae frequent attention than they receive may be transferred from the present list to @ higher one, ‘The daily schedule should be doubled; the tri-weekly increased 60 per cent, and about 10 per cent of the remaining streets should be transferred upward. ‘The increased cost of this, a8 well as of the annual additional area of streets, would amount to about $7,000 yearly, and adding the cleaning of paved alleys, and a moderai ink ling of macadamized the appropriation of $70,000 is recommended for the year 1887-68, STREST LIGHTING. ‘The total number of gas lamps in service on July 1, 1886, and maintatned at the expense of the Dis- trict, was 4,622, an increase of 131 during the year. futtresatiiacton, and the flegraph companies | placed "Tr Sro8 than was originally contem- Shae ‘soe Save from tno (tine been urged ad. read 12 ‘The great lines of be ‘jadict yep from | been = aR} Bindery Jeast the compaataa for perala va UarRMn ot Toad, Brentwood 7th ‘street to the a in the number of Hs has | 14th street road, and frou ‘the Ten- from. to spotnt where there are lines Of leyvown, plke—snd fas tho outiping sebuloments ‘has been Enconen poled on ta'aea Gav streota which the multi they conformed in some om, is, forcunately company as abandoned, bat which with the tan routes ut ia, other re to the control of the fede- re dill maintained by reason of the fact that the | spects litte of the future en- condition has been District wires are strung upon them. AD Exfgement of Washingtor ana’ ne: yard oy eho responsible au- ition Of $10,000 1s asked by future extension of its streets and avenues. by the Com. Weenabis thos achat! er ken coe ‘this un-} This condition of affairs, notwit the of the a ‘a3 the com) xe- | endeavors that have been made from time to exami. Rrests that the shoula either sbaidon | snd with partial suoscan te vetiics Se aeons ‘anow clearty poles or buy them. seventy-five hundred | understanding between tity and county in regard Inherent defects of eBlnctocthe amount wilt sumtce to buy the se Sires ‘andi justment of their streets, still en- suavertel, & large pereens- Taainder will be recined for similar’ at | a into the suburbs, tl ease, ‘portion, was in other oy be oprpeiaton, Sarnoatly re- ve, fr os te now St bo eect Commission- svhiie Waitio bat ‘ous Sinai) rival holdings and the tof ‘with much sums serious inconvenience of busi- Ample consideration and urgent recommenda- pny] ages to the cimposeemed area ig ons have been made in previous from | certain extent does not admit of doubt, but the ‘the only other ‘a8 yet unde of more ad ‘& Gevour of several miles tages to certain ms of the | Tefions a8 Ye and. lon has heretofore been SHY due to the cocupancy of publlo streets ted and the absence ot ‘which In, the that when the federal half the area which 1s == Plans have trom time to time been Pill involve a expense in the te ve assumed pesseasion of the Aque. ‘of the District business, It 18 exe ‘and presented to with the view of re- | future. it will shortly thereafter be replaced | nosed to fire which would destroy in- Gucthy the numose of reroets 0 affected and con-} , But it is not alone the muttiplicity of small valuable Itisina unsanitary, Gentrating the several lines now entering the Dis. | Stitt Goya wee SF ena of the << eS Portiogs of Sreccaremay S Bdinted necesettg foe a a a nee rate | Fectitnear ion of the city avenues. This bie | the employes who are Cempelied for: long. hours Way communications both for freight and at the worst, is a inatter of expense only. on, aD | every day to ‘discharge their duties in a vitiated fers ‘and the interests, of tue pupils. fn the | Gr@Phical cénsiderations nterpose ob; ‘upon the line of New York avenue ex | at Tooms without ventilation or development of dwelling areas and the enjoyment Gifferences of level and contour in design and material | lignt, with gas or heoewparity harning, ts in Ganebatructed hignwaya fa-genera tho gain | MUCH OY the region cok oraiatraed armaneeeeien tt see Hee has been to concentrate the lines upon thove | Tn particular is this the ease with the hit north Arico renich shall do the least injury to the pub | of ‘the city and westward fromm 1ith or 12th ation With the very attractive region of | pay water rents or taxes, or wo confer with the Trunk lines withoue fajustice to either, | Street, to creek, and the difficulties. of ‘and its vicinity controlled by thefede~ ‘pacistanta, are seriously. neve repeated aod cxteot ree oeaanciatonshive | his character are st more greatly magnified seem to be a worthy and | incommoded by the lack of accomm ‘The Not to this time been embodied in the legisiation | When the question arises ot effecting convenient ‘@re Dot | lease of the ‘Duilding expires with the juisite to give them effect, although numerous | 224 cable communication across the deep Unis structure if the Dis. | nscal year, ahd the owners have been notified that pip a n pi pitous Rock creek valley. An | trict revenues should be in any wise drawn upon | at that thers wall Tne hae sr tr ers do not | ¢X8mination of the map of the District discloses | for its completion. ‘The urgent and pressing needs | "4 moderate amount for the of a suitable pee aie by eee On “A See Eins ‘atter- | th fact that, with the exception of the north and. great that for years to | putiding is included in the estimates for the ensu- Ation of existing. Houtow nat ao carnestiy invite | West the city is already Supplied with convenient | come all the revenues to be derived from taxation | ing year; Dut the Commins ‘while attention te the werseuey tor ling some | 2Venues of travel and trafic, with easy and appropriations by ‘will be needed for | to accept almost. any condition Of affairs ober Minor alterations which could, be efectod at no | Jeading to all points, and the nical dim- | expenditure within the District. than the retention of the present quarters, earn- t id ob tot ‘time serve important | culties inherent in the Rock creel lon and be-| Thecaseis diferent with regard to imy estly. upon Congress the propriety and neces ibtto tas = yond the north and west are such as to have communication across the Eastern branch. At | sity for the construction of a suitable gove Prime Baltiianss and Potomac rattroad ts without | Yetted herevotore the opening of suitable lin the present time there are but two bridges, viz: | erument ‘of sufficient dimensions to quar adeatate ana factities for the transaction | Communication through this region. The Tenley- | Béhning’s and Anacostia, turnishing communice- | ter all the ‘of the oft increasing and important. business in the | fOW2 Tad, leading trom the comparatively lower | tiow, ‘Neither of these structures is. adequate to | ofan sehee prorpatey. form of yards ad freight none tecthee of | levels of Georgetown to the altitude of 400 feet | 198 purpose nor sufficiently centrally located. A | itis earnestly represented that while re itis cars and thie teee prety acicht, above tide, is the only present means of access sfrycture extending from the eastern terminus of ations are made for public buildings in in consequence of which large surfzc areas are | (ereto. | The Woodley lane. and’ Plerce | Pennsylvania avenue acroos the river ie urgently | the neeriawons are, made for public buildings tn Tractically aPprOpT ete Doe eee anaes | mill roads from Washington are, in effect, and itsdue proportion of the expense of | iar conveniences for the District of Columbla has td numerons Cracks in the atoudes Which they | COUnETY roads winding. thelr down the | this construction may well be borne by the Dis- | been so far overlooked, ‘There are numerous sites are authorized to Tun throt ‘to the serious in- hill side, crossing the creek on. len bridges a ° trict government. There ts no bridge across Rock which would be entirely aj late for the Convenience of citizens and the cutting off of com. | fW feet only above the level of the stream, and | creek at the present time Which can be regarded Pose in question which could be secured ‘thence making the dificult and circuitous ascent to the greaterelevation of the Tenleytown pike. Fully cognizant of the dimMculties already re- ferred to arising out of the multiplication of minor subdivistonsextertorto the city limits, and barring the extension of streets and avenuesin their direcs as satisfactory, whether in int of stability or needful accommodation, TI within the ta proper, upon Pennsylvania avenue, M and ahold gaa ar pe gc by ee substantial ot width and a Yenient access to and from the heart of the city. ‘The company should be required to procure by purchase, or léase sufficient ground other than the public streets and avenues for its needful purposes ‘and thereafter to abandon to such extent as shall be practicable, the constant and permanent oc- Without expense or at a small cost. AS such & Dutlding will require some years tor on the Commissioners hope that. Congress will favor ably consider the requested increase in the Priation for rental to enable them to be in. te quarters until such. time as a permanent building tion, and of the topographical difficulties | manence. The county bridges across. Rock cl bbe provi SUPSRCY ok he Public highways. maist upon the | inherent in “the ‘undevel srea, ine U2 | at Woodley Inne road and ‘Pierce mull "road, aré en eet Seitenende abandonment of the éth street station, the conve. | Wig, DOnumest the | very irregularity gf | wooden structures of considerable age, upon Which | pap GEN, BUTLER SAVE WASH MeHCe OF WOH Corns PaOND Be kone gc onNe | which” constivites for "some "purposes repairs have been made from time 10 These 5 as to warrant its retention, but an immeng re. | greatest advantage, the District, ominisione also should be replaced by iron or masonry struo- INGTON Het could be effected if the railtond were required | HAVIRE, carefully "considered. the — needs . of | tures of greater elevation and accommodation, = ee to remove its tracks from 6th street to the west- | the District and with the ald of the phi pal HARBOR FROMT. Breaking Orders 00 Get Throngh Wrard, and to sink them to such level as would af- | hina trong rons, by, the recently completed | onger a récent decision of the Attorney General peer « Tho. presen a operons for crossing, them. | have contemplated the rectilinear extension of | ot the United States, the District. Commissioners | war wa Tan MATTZ= Wire snevenaon” DAVIS frequent pasaage of tainsand engines readers tao | Severs, puleyenisting avenues where It, was are charged with thecare and responsibilty of | “ruar mE DIDN'T CAPTURE fE CAPFeal CEPY, aa sitllity Of coutiucusonmimunt: | of Way and the dedication of ensements would | the harbor front, imposing upon them the neces-| are wtoRT HAVE DONE? us tO I moved, ‘and the ity Of contiuous commiunt- cation between the Capitol and the White lot be restored, to the great, advantage of all that por- tion of the city and of the general public, ‘The Baltimore and Ohio road has two lines of track, the main and Metropolitan branches, enter- ing the city limits at different Polnte, the ‘former crossing the Boundary near the intersection of oth street east and L street and thence be procured without cost, It would have been well had action of this kind been taken many years sii but it is now im- epee) that ‘advantage should be taken of all vorable propositions from the owners of unim- Banged net ie” Bunk ate ae e e ct and are pared to dedicate such pertines of sai eialgs Seventh regiment was on tts way, and they came as are becessary to secure the future estab in their holiday clothes, and I remember that crossing numerous streets, cccupying & consider. able portion of I street and of north Delaware avenues crosses North Capitol street, and termin- ates at its depot on New Jersey avenue and @ ment af important lines of communication ‘The county roads in genéral, which uxist ex. fertor tothe tty Mets are winding in direction 3 ‘branch, | and variable in thel le, in many capes Betis ote tao necetauae gees | a naay Sr ba aay eller oe and the Brentwood road, crosses the Boundary | than merely pleasure purposes. For tiils reason near New York avenue and ist street cast and oc, | the Commissioners have considered that. when It Cuples this latter street to the junction With the | Became a question of the extension of » given line the main branch, between F and @ streets, of communication the important feature of grade ‘There are two features in this system, as at | Should be carorully Ghent at th present existing, which the Commissionets regard | -,.1i6 18 espéctally ne BB te AR doe as capable of ready and economical modification, | fartid anbhakt Pavements of Washington, whic and which would not necessarily interfere with | to Marian weae: Re an ae eros any possible future consolidation of the lines of puepayemento ina crsseteen tienen: the Baltimore and Onto and Penneyivantasystems, | Apoet, Pavements 1s 4 or 4 feet In, the hundred. ‘The two points In question are that the depot of | The Capitol ts reached by a 6 per cent grade, whic! the Baltimore and Ohio be removed to the east. | 13 Of undestrable steepness, ahd the horthward ex- Ward of North Capitol stroet, in order that this | Condon of, 16th, street eee a aed fine avenue sho be unobstructed from the Cap- traffic. The Commissioners therefore decided that, among the baggage they had 1,000 velvet carpet camp stools that were in the way when we were moving. Isaw it was impossible to get through Baltimore, buteif we could get to Annapolis and hold that we should hold a way open, as there was ‘@ railroad thence to Washington. f any appropriation for the reper: ae the harbor ota priation wall, it’ wae Needful to construe ‘hs a8 one for the restoration of the street and the appropriation for street, had there. fore to be drawn upon to meet the mcy. An year has estimate of 000 for the ensuing fis I wasina eal ofa tn , tor I was Seay made rfp ana other noni pargonm able to tell then, and I nave never been able to i rn rin the disc! of his duti ‘since, what was the matter with Jefferson Davis the police in the protection of the Fiver front, a ‘on Sumpter was jt the fire dey it in the exti aay sie battle of Gettysburg, snd why he did not do and to enforce compliance with the fisi ‘The Commissioners should be suthorized by Con: | Sula saysiery He hea coed beer rhe eet gress to make and enforce sttable harbor regula- tons, as they have already been authorized to make building, plumbing and health regulations. | }! ‘The Commissidners expect that the returns from. i itol northward, and possibly terminate above in extending an: r leases and wharf charges will amply reimburse had been any lars of iter number neon ay % iy given avenue its rectilinear pro- eed a ee at theme gute Ape Ug armen Would then be con- | Tngation should be preserved if possible: andres | the District treasury. than those in the Concord massacre under com. In connection With the harbor, attention may be invited to the future necessity’of measures for the reclamation of the extensive marshes bor dering the city front. The Potomac flats are in course of recovery “by filling, and when com- pleted will be a most im t conservator of the healthfulness of the city and an addition to its advantages, Whether the marshes be devoted to pleasure or Business purposes. A similar area of probably equal extent exists upon the Eastern Branch, which was formerly», navigable stream with channel capacity for deep drafts, but which lomacy and the regulations of war that runk to very mod- in Burope, he would nave made @ most Important ve, avenue should be so laid out as. ty have no grade In excess of 436 per cent. With the appropriation of $30,900 made in the curtent appropriation act tor the first time for that purpose, the necessary infovmation has been secured and in some cases dedictations of certain lands lying in the course of the extension of streets have been accepted where such, action involved no cost. This was the case with the northward ex- tension Of 18th street in a rectilinear direction through the grounds of persons who were pre- Pithe extension of North G itol_street, beyond ‘The extension of North Capi on the Boundary to the Soldiers? ‘Home, constitutts gciregt re ot eee ee Capit fo thé only great park which Washington has, was likewise considered 1 matter of sufficient importance to warrant the Action of the Commis- stoners after ascertaining t hat the holders of lands ‘The other feature in the judgment of the Com- missioners, is the ce of ally necessity fortwo lines, of, Chtrance, Jt the Metropolitan, branch, down the valley above referred to and upon 1s street east be abandoned, the communication can de made at a point near the Bunker Hill road, a Mile and a half outside of Boundary street, crossing the Brentwood road either above oF below grade and connecting with (he main oranch north of the National Fair grounds. kor the accommodation of the traffic of the Metropolitan branch additional rails could be laid along the Present route of the main Iine, and thereby the Very serious obstruction to the development and. Prosperity of the northeast section of the city be reduced One-half, In the public interest the Com. ilissioners earnestly press upon Congress the ne- cessity for early action, B g a 5 i i Be: BRyERE age" e4 GESEEE E § 8 te 4 eee ey _ Siento eo ae eae thent to reclaim and obliberate, the marshes con- tiguous to the city may well be recommended by ‘the District authorities to the attention of Con- ee Ot ee ee that of the new Jamps, was $98,000. actual amount of street ilumination in Washington is insufficient and the city, with its wide spaces and abundant foliage, oftey gives the impression of being badly lighted. Under existing ai ents, in order to bring the expenditures within the ‘appropriation, the lighting of the lamps is limited in hours and en- Urely oinitted when the moon 1s regarded as high and full enough to answerthe purpese. As is inev. ttable with this dependence upon natural sources of light, the moon occasionally falls to keep its en- fageinents, and marked by clouds, bas at times lett the city in almost total darkness, It is be- Meved that no other city of equal importance in the country exhibits this naif trust in the heavenly ilitumthants, but to do otherwise, and the lar lightning of the’ gas to dawn, would enhance st of the service about 23 Ber cent, | ‘There are also uumerous applications for new lamps in oe recently tel tae and unlighted, and in the region bordering Boundary street numesous dtol the $100,000 appropriated for 1995. Out oF D1 cor Congress authorized the expenditure of Sooub for electric lighting, and in pursuance of this provision contract was made for the maintenance of forty-three lights, at designated points on Penn sylvania avenue F street, from sunset to sun- rise. The gas lamps in the same neighborhood were at the same time omitted. The Commis sloners believed that for its large ‘areas and wide streets Wi tht with advant follow the example of other Cities, and contemplate the enhancement of the public safety and the attrac- tveness of its principal avenues by ly al enting the system of electric fae oe The brilliancy of Pennsylvania avenue at ni; numerous electric ee ops and other places of business is in itself the argument, ‘The inspector of gas and meters, as now vided tor by 1 law of 1874, oocuptes an anomalons ty “MOULVLA40d CNV ‘ALUNAOWA WIGVEVS 20 MOILVOIVA ‘VEUY 4O ‘SHANNAY GNY GLNWWIS AO SINERMAOWIKI WOd GSMALIGNRAXE 40 INURALVIS GIVING! us relation to the District. ' He is appotnted by the President and centirmed by the but he is paid by the District and his duties are practically and to all intents and pr those of a District oficer. It 1s recommer that the law be amended to constitute the inspector a, District offl- lal and 80 provided for. TELEGRAPH LINES, Of telegraph Wires has ip all modern communities Ween recognized as not only an undesirable fea- fure of street architecture, but HOUSE RAILROADS, ‘The street car service of the city is very far from being sattstactory to the citizens of the Dis- trict or adequate to the public need. A certain amount of this service 1s recognized as an itapera- tive necessity, and requisite authority has beett fiven by Congress from time to time for the extab- lishment of such lines of horse railroads as could be shown to be demanded. Nevertheless, at the present time, these tracks and thelr surroundin constitute the most serious disadvantage to t highly elaborate system of perfected street pave- ments, ‘The form of the ral now th ‘ise Is objectionable in that It projects above the pave- ments, and of necessity leaves grooves between the ralis and the adjacent blocks." This particular form of rail was adopted years ago, under the prov visions of an ancient law entrusting to the Secre- ‘through which the proposed extension passes would, in a majority of cas, be willing to dedi- cate the full width of the avenue, and feeling as- sured that in the remain ag instances the assess. iment of datnages would te fully offset by that of the benefits to adjacent, j roperty. In the case of h nsetta avenue, atter care» ful investigation of the; ground and of the accu- rate surveys recently miade and the preliminary Tunning of several trial nes, the Commissioners de- cided upon a certain ro ate as being that which was ‘most desirable in the public interest, and assur- ances were secured from the owners of the property through which the axis of the avenue would that they were prepared. to dedicate to the Dis trict the entire widt?, of the avenue along any line upon which the Com missioners should determine, and therefore make gheir subdivisions 1n conform- ity therewith. tary of the Interior and the companies the deter- | ‘The extension, as projected, crosses the creek at mination of its fori, and the companies uow con | a elevation of lin sty-Ave text above thigemt hes tend that this forma of rail having been adopted by | NO grade in excess of4% per cent. It is rectilinear the ‘authority designated to select it, cau- | with the exception of one deflection of about fifteen. not now be chi by the authority or the District government, It is obvious that were the ‘nis deflection 'g forced by the configuration of grooved rail to be substituted forthe present form, | Rock Creek valle:/, which, bending eastward, occt- find several examples of this are in successful usé | pies a large part Of the direct route, and renders in some other cities, much of the difficulty owing | the constructior(of the avenue at _a ‘requisite ele- costly and in effect impractica- to the present form of rail would be obviated. The | Vation enormou, "the Onk. AI cemetery alae conmicueare gress. POLICE REGULATIONS. ‘The District is at present without any code of police regulations, such ordinances as exist being the survival of the old corporation apt petond u avo captured thecity. ‘Washington and Georgetown. In conse. | foreign nation we were in treaty’ Glance the movement of teat in the streess and pa the ‘safety of persons and property in the public SBpuiacor by the Commissioners. PoP En illustration of the abomolous condition ot affairs in this may be given. A wagon ad te pring tg “the horse as well asthe convey: and imy ‘ance the safety of the occupants js not at the = fashington by rail present time punishable by alty. ‘The sole | a UT. ALL SLOPES, OF recourse of the injured int being a suit in r, tt which it will be requisite for him to errs that actual was inflict and no redress could be obtained, however, derelict the tablished A siinflar cocurrence 1m Georgetown tablishe Would subject the offender to penalty for careless ing. ‘There are also needed regulations with regard to the compelling of owners to equip dwellings with suitable fire escapes and the Commissioners should we also be au to ite the dimensions of | {Laughter and aj 5) dwellings Which are needed for human Occupancy. 1 wa At the present time there is.no provision of law ry which Commissioners can prevent the mult plication in the tnterior of squares and elsewhere of contracted dwellings of inadequate dimensions if to be led by families, and permits are taken out for’ construction in large numbers of domiciles having a frontage of eleven, ten, and entirely proper vast the fegulatiou of this impor. fant subject should. be in conformity with eae best modern practices as adopted in other cities, TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY. : ‘The topographical survey of the District, which ‘has been in progress for sume years past under an- ‘nual appropriations of $5,000, 1s considerably more ety ae eT vt 4 tension ot ‘and avenues into the suburban et i ‘ § space between the rails and tracks ts now gener- | ble. ally paved with cobble, a pavement which the | formidable difdculty, as the necessary embank- companies insist is the best for purposes of trac- | ment would cover a considerable ot tion, although it has long since been as| its occupied, area, Furthermore. aie obsolete and barbarous for the p: Vehicles, | rect, line, ‘after “traversing Rock creek The result ts that In some of the asphalt streets a| Valley at jan acute angle and passing double line of car track, with cobbl ces, | the “cemetety, enters a somewhat narrow ‘and with stone blocks for two fect exterior, the | valley, in wiaich the construction of an avenue of outer rails, will completely destroy the character | the cl jf Of the one in question would be dit- of @ street pavement, however elaborately con- | fleult and ¢Jstly, and would then practically ter- structed by the substitutions for a smooth and | minate at r, low point on Tenleytown road, within. ptoper ‘surface of the roa and noisy stones. ‘the limits «ot Georgetown. It 1s proper to say that Other cities, such as Baltimore, in streets having | while this {inportant matter. has been under care, improved pavements, have judiciously and p1 ful consid ration for a number of years the consid- required the compinies to pave between (a erations 1eached after study of the subject have tracks and rafls, at least with comparatively | fivariably been the adoption of the line now ap- smooth block, either of granite or asphalt, and no meee by the Commissioners, as the records of good reason exists in Washington, where to mucn | the eng! heer department of the'Distsiee sie atterition has been given to the street ements, Apprehension has been expressed that the ex- Which eonstitute so prominent a feature and so | istence of the avenue through the observatory undoubted an advantage, similar Provision should | ground s might in some measure interfere with the author altel i a pal Hl ante a iH : : fy Et not be made. Since the question of aut Work C& the observatory, but, this, it is believed, | Tegion, and providing for lines of communication | the capital of Maryland. I have then be suecessfuily disputed it 18 recommended thet { Will n'St be the case. Provision, Gan be rand for | from the Capitol to ie boundary of the District. | vance by @ forced march of thirty miles to reach Congress empower the Cotamiissioners to make | the st Aooth of the road In the vicinity of | The information thus gained is applicable to any | the capital, in accordance with the orders Tat first suitable lations with regard to this important | the 0’ pagrvatory. thermore, most of the work whether | see 08 eee wencea ae Tecel it which subsequent events, in my matter, and 0 order both sich rails and such is co advicted at ight when the passage of vehicles ee eer res aestranuity, shouta, 1 poate, ia vary in their execution, believing frou ving’ mat shall least impair extremely rare. ‘The Commissioners | gument ‘that there will great Sarvics of the avenues and acreete rn W2o Publis | Woe ga be cxtremely are. ihe tion ‘to | Bow be completed at the eartiest posite day, and | numbers wo ald me. * == At 21 ain, Col’ Let ‘The companies’ charters constitute @ valuable | utilize the pro avenue for the ‘of eg- | further ex) pele under has been submitted, ferts bas refused to march with me. 1 go alone at Pyonerty, Which, as a rule, cost them nothing. | tat Aishing car lines or any similar traction faciii- | An estimate for teueieonde to Go 8 o'clock to execute this imperfect It I suc- Thety horses contribute a greater pi ‘touts | tle A. Froin its central postion and su riot width | and is respectfully ngTess. ceed success will justify me. If I fall, purity of in- labor of keeping the streets clean than perhaps | Of 460 feet, the importance of Mi usetts ave- BANITATION AND PLUMBING. tention will exctise Want of judgment or rashness any other one and toward the | ‘of this | Dt Ae to the city of Washington 1s greater than that} ‘There is great need In the District of stricter B. F. Boruzs. the companies contribute only thetr Hcense tex | any other, except Pennsylvania avenue. At supervision and a more rigid application of the | _ We landed at Annapolis, took tt, and held ft for. ‘and taxes upon real property. the present tine it, alone traverses the city unob- pers i ver during the war, and from that time forward. Furthermore, the conduct arid service of tte | ffructed, except by the Baltimore and Ohio tracks, | laws of hygiene and lon, especially in con- ‘Then Capt, Blake, with tears in his eyes, said to Pte toes of thetr street pl: istar from the Eastern branch to Rock creek, and Its ex- | nection with plum Bppllakiee introduced into me: “Here is the jution, You have ae very ‘sutl ctory. The cars are neither well key ot, well: ‘nsion westward to effect a junction with the | houses, Nominaliy plumbers licensed to do | smali force, Gen. Butler. Annapolis rf be re cl ‘well ventilated, nor warmed. Thetr num. leytown road, and in the future its possible | work of that character are bonded to compel ob tnd I want to get away the frigate bers in morning and eventng, when the gteat | Still further prolongation ond the boundary of | servance of the plumbing and health ions. | Constit it orders it you to tide of travel is-moving to and’ from the several { the District, will constivate ie the most supers save there is. ho ascervainment,, but tne | heip me do 8." "1 eald, “Pain here with places of are quiteinsumctent,and in eon- /} attractive Righway in the world. te of an applicant, of his qualification for | out otders, and carrying on the ‘war on my own Sequence the cars are unduly crowded, to the sert-,{ _A minor county road leading from the je | the very im} ‘work he The | hook. (Laughter.) ‘I can do pretty much what I 0us inconvenience and discomfort of 11 iblic. Ford on Rock creek to the Tenieytown road with } physician is not w ‘without ." I said, ‘ly, I have some men ‘The Mets vatiway, leading dro, hb | & width of seventy-five feet having been offered to ‘able to present evidence of bis due knowl ‘can ‘The old Constitution wasbullt upper Lh et gonial by way of P street, Corp. | the District without cost was acce] after ex- nor the chemist to dispense medicine with- | at Marbieh« ae has ® company necticut avenue, F street to the Cay itol, uses On amination. it ites conveniently midway between | out ' certification 08 to of | bere from M: yy Sg One-Rorse cars without, eomdoten and ‘the Woodley Lane and Pierce's Mill road and in | ch and skill. in com ing. ‘The | to take hold abd save what thelr fathers * Sd dae ares 7", deposit his own fare in thet jox | directness and ease of grade is superior to either. | work of the.plumber 18 possibly even more im- | We worked that day and got her out to sea that and the driver to regulate the movements of ‘It ts not contemplated that any considerable ex- portant to the ith of the household than that night. We hela from that tme for. herse, to look ous for passengers and make cha penditure will be required in the immediate future, | of either the or chemist. It is urgently | ward, as I say, and ‘thousands of ‘this notwithstanding the fact that the chart, ‘of the current approy \tton for these purposes being | recomme! at measures be taken to provide | troops from the north to_arrive and were the company expressly provides that tt shall em. | $30,000 only, although the joners have | for the examination, by a competent a of | passed through safely, and Washington was loy first-class ears, ‘with all the mcjtern for the fiscal year ending June 30th, 1888, | all for licenses to do plum! a improvements for ‘the convenience and- /eom. | for the further suin of in view of thé and to aly Uiat should be found to be ‘show you what will {9 & man tor he fort of passe It would seem ‘j> be {ble condemnation of and payments for lands never knows what will to him until quite clear the employment a between the Soldiers’ Home and Rock creek, ies, and then some of a, aim afraid, do not c , Who shall relieve the driver of jail re- | Kor muny years past this problem of the exten- know—t have told you that on the 19th T sponsibiiity, except sfon into the suburban regions of the ‘wrote that communication to Gov. Andrew that I wereots and avenues of, the city has, besa Tian GOING (9 start the ext, morning, for Annap- PE cat venation, at the lls, and. to 1 aid save arene iene Cee M 1 mind. {imore. wrote och that Gov. end A GREAT SLURT STORM IN BOUTH CAROLINA. CRCA00, Dec. 6.—A special nh from Colm. Dia, 8. C., says: For the last 60 hours the heaviest in prowren. "Te Whig suriaen of the co uy ole surtace coun! iret Talay has been tig, d'to suspend opera Hons, All tratns are delayed. In some places in {he state snow bas falicn Instead of ten to Hifteen inches deep. It is feared that if Une Storm Continues great’ numbers of attic will ! ! i county. It is ble that each rider has beaten the best, records, as well as all cutaide contestants for the prize, but this will not oRETEE, on Tender, erent 200, 2800030 Peco pte tp ed friends are respectfully ‘Helauives attend. bd 4 Home | the aged, H street, RATE, aces aen geome FAFPELER, In New York. Devember 14, 1880, Dr. trom the Fourth Presbyterian church _ late Po Ag ee Ce nee Le cldence, 723 Tate. teenth street porth west, o'clock a.m. SAT STM eee ae SE pote 6, 1886, Mrs. JANE KEN- en ‘et St. Stephen's Church, December AN. 1 st five Ly Pi AN, ot A “i. E: Hagan aged enphstoon Tuesday, the Ta of Booster” OCOk Dame gm You Mosr Be Isresssren Ix OVERCOATS AND 80 ARE WE. DOwT GO. OB DELAY YOUR PURCHASE WHEN YOU BUY SUCH ELEGANT MEN, BOYS’ OR CHIL DREN'S OVEROOATS AT BARGAIN PRICES. OUB COUNTERS ARE BEXDIXG UNDER THE OF THE HEAVY : : (ai ia a ia Ci 8 . ° > i] <4 > 4 3 FT] i i 8 H PLE | oF : i a Bi ! [ : s e