Evening Star Newspaper, January 7, 1869, Page 2

EVENING STAR. Largest Cirentation in the District CRUSBY 8. NOYES..........Editor. WASHINGTON OITY TATASPAY JANUARY Se LEADING sla °TES ON BVERY PAI ££ OUTSIDE FOL INTERESTING TELE. @eari)0 AND OTHER MATTER. Mr. Jobs Se: ott. wh suddenly loom: up as the probable saccesser of Mr. Buckalew 1a tbe Unsted States Senate, bh, ence tn bs poblie tife. baving acta pacity than asa Tmin the Pe s not ber lung politiciar Stamds high, however. s© an able lawyer. 9 Persuasive speaker, avd a man of integrity, He was origiually a Dougias Democtaat, bat turing aud since the rebeiliom he bas acted cordially with the Repubican party. How be fot Bis strepsih asa candidate for the place is something of a puzrle to 1 Rot wellt the my Penpsyivania p ameug ies of & poser to a good many who con- ider (bemeelve: pretty well posted The erection by the Legis ai the toh tet We adverted a tew days > the par by Senater sp the cos: € Camperiand of Georgia, an tw man has bought t valuable water power at Columbia, S.C. cefore owned by the Canal Company of th: place. Through such occurrences the Sua 78 problem will be speedily and satistactorsly olved. Ail the people of tuat section have to do to secure the brightest and most prosperous toture is to encourage and foster the safasion <f Northern capital and Northern enterprise, @eace and plenty are sure to follow. exteu: Tar New Yous Sexatorsatr.—Judge Da- vis authorizes the aumouncement that he ts eut the contest as a candidate for the United States Senatorship from New York. This leaves the field substantially to Messrs. Mor- gan and Fenton, with the chances apparently in favor of the tormer, although the friends of Governor Fenton are said to be quite sanguise ot bis success. The contest will commence im earnest next week, it is thought, and promises to be spirited amd exciting, as the friends of both gentlemen are bard at work, and repre- sented &s showing some bitterness. Waew Dip rae 19a CeNtery Bactx.—Tue New York 7>/une, in answer to @ correspond- ent, says:—“The year 1*00 belongs to the Lith century.” Then, according t& the Tritmne, seventeen hundred and ninety-nine cents make eighteen dollars, aud the eighteen hundredth cent ts the first of mineteen. We had always supposed otherwise; and we are quite sure uow that debts can't be paid by that style of counting. ton of our spa We surrender a jarge po day to we very able and conclusive speech of Senator Sherman upon the powers of tue Gen. eral Government to promote commerce among the States by chartering railroads. We bave Bot room at tis time to refer to the speech 10 (ue terms ifs great importance deserves, but cuvite for ita carefal perasal, From Blanchard & Moaoun we » tor January 16. we Harp: r The ‘or January, 19. News ry Caste —Oar foreign al- vices of yesterday report formidable Republi- cam demonstrations at Seville and other cities f Spain, and conflicts with troops. A procia- maton has been issued raising the siege of Madrid. Gen. Prim, in an official circular, de- clares that the Provisional Government does not tend to disarm the volunteers. Distur- bances in Italy continae. aud tere is much e: citement im several of the iarger cites. A Pi moutb (England) despatch says that intelli- gence Das been received there of the foundering at sea of tue British ship Southera Empire, on (be 3d ist. with tbe loss of the Captain aad sllof the crew. She was bound from New Lrleans to Liverpool, with cotton. Cretan jeers Lave left Candia and returned to bay, Indiana, ts becoming mo- foniows jor sensations. Th iatest ws pro- duced by the kidnapping of Fred. Buckley, inrmer. who relates thatas he was walking slong the street, im the eveninz, shortly after dark, be Was set upon by two men, who threw abdlanket over his tied bim hand and toot, and ebucked b'm'into a wagon. After criving rapidly for se hoars, his captors brougat up toa wiadowle<s house, on an ob- soure roac, where he was robbed of eighty-five dollars. He was kept prisoucr there tor sev- eral days, when be vas bound and muitled as before, and driven to ‘within a few miles of New Albany, where ne was released aad le: tosRaft for Bumself, Frwaie Epucation in lowa.—The cons’i- tution of lowe requires thatim the State Uni- Nersity women sbail be admitted to all the classes aud im all the departments on the same terms asmen. The mstitution is not fully or- ganized. In the academical tment Wwo- torm thirty-two per cent. of the treshman » seventeen per cent. cf the sophomore 8nd seven per cent ofthe junior «lass. There fe no females in the senior class nor in isw department, which was organizd last September. The medical department will not go into operation until September, A (QvoTa Cask.—Seyeral months ago the firm of Marsh & Bates,of Troy, brougut suit agsinst Hogh B. Cowan and A. Russell. ot Salem Washington county, forthe recovery of =15,0, which tey claim was due them for Hiding the quotas of several towus in Washing- fen county in the sammer and fall of i-6i ‘The case was reterred to Hon. John Moran, ef ‘Troy, and he bas just rendered his decision in savor of Marsh & Bates. tis understood that the defendaa's nave appealed from the referee's decision.— Albany Arjus a PrLtrarnp CBAMPIuNsuIr.— McDevitt, the billiard champion, on Christmas day surrea- Gered the goiden cue to Messrs. Phelan & Col- jender, in order that it might be again put up jor competition under a rule prouibiting the “push” shot. Messrs. Pheian & Coilender bave returned the cue to McDevitt, as being most Worthy of it, wBereupon that champion sends forth his challenge to the whole world, auviling any pilhard player to compete for the cue for $5,000 a side. Consrimacy To aT Justics.—Jam Munkstresk, a magistrate at Dudswell, Can: ds. bas bee arresied. with bis two suns. on the charge of couspiracy to defeat jus! moek trial of one Bogart, paymaster’s clerig of ibe rece vimg ship Vermont, who absconded With alarze sum of money while the vessel Wasim the New York navy yard. The mazis- ‘Ate tried Bogart, but subsequentiy set him ee. Itis alleged that Munkstreak was paid $+K0 for releasing bim SF Brigham Yeung has telegraph wires lead- sng to Bis office and connecting with every mietin Utab—a line Set mules long. Every ettiementof balf s-dozen houses has a tele- graph office, with female Saint operators, and in charge of a Bishop of the Mormon Charec! and who cep report at any time ali that takes placeto Young. From his private office in Salt Lake City, like the watchman ia the fire telegraph. Bgigbam may give an order or ring an sisrm from Idaho to New Mexico. Se-The Yerk River Railway is nearly com- pleted to West Powt, Va. the rails being elready laid to within five miles of that Place. urveys bave beem made through the city of ichmond between the York Kiver Railroad ond the Chesapeake acd Ohio aud Danville, JoF te purpose of connecting all the roads together by rail. Ittyess or Ma. Botts.—The Richmond Wiepatch of yesterday says: Information was | received im this cityon yesterday that Hon. Joba Botts was lying dangerously ill at bis residence, in Culpeper. No bope of his re- covery is eutertained, and it was thought he could not survive twenty-four hours. ee S7 The Belfast (Me.) Age states thats few | ‘ays sinee (wo servant eile in the famity of | eneral Webster, of that city, coacerved the | a of putting a quantity of croton oil in | me" gi.gerbread, “for fan,” as they after- | wards said. lu comsequence several ot | Se7The Fenians tik of another raid upon Osuada. S71. DL. Cook, of Detroit, challenges — players dt the country to piay- +. MF Boston disvirsed $11,000 Ist emong 1.6 familes of sick and the for disabled sole 7 Findjey, Odio, is to have a “back-wheat souer.”” eve | their main line. Even now, THE RAILROAD QUESTION. IMPORTANT SPEECH_BY SENATOR ERM. The importance of the subject, and the greut, interest felt in it by t le of this wisirict makes it incumbent upon to give as much space as possible to the of Semator Sher. isn's masterly speech Yesterday gpon the cure, rent railroad question; th® bill proposias to arter rutlroads respectively from Wasliag- ton to New York, Pittsburg, and Cincinnati. Sherman said that in opening the arga- ment he would content himself with stating the general reasons which induce him to sup- port this bill, leaving to other members of tne select committee the duty of stating their owa views and replying to auy obsections of a legai or constitutionnl character that may be urged 1D Opposition to it, The questions i yolveé are— 1. The necessity for new modes of railroad from Washington, the power of Congress over + aud its authority to construct Sa Ss As to the necessity tor new modes of and from Wastin ou. able fact that the only access st, or West to Wasa ad, And that a feeder or and Ohio ratio: the United States v3 be caching the population of Washingt several of these great avenues of irave 4 ransportation. This marked isviaion ¢ Wash agton becomes more string when w SideT it as the political capital ot a thicty-six million = are « whled by pub bot, and ulo-t of whom uaterat sit a ast € expect F: spital nccvssiole to all bi monies of oyed by vther cities, and thar this ould be as chexp, and cou. | as possible. The demaud’ for such us of transit comes to us With most forces trom those who reside in the District of Colum- They sre mainly the workmen or agen's of the Government. or those who f nish them supplies, tirely upon Congress for the facilities of travel and transportation. mngrrss bas exciusive jurisdiction over all ters in this District, aiid this authority in volves theducy to secure them modes of iran- sit epustl to those enjoyed by other cities withia the jurtsdiction of a State. ” Huts this daty been. periormed’ Is the access to Washington such as Is commensurate with the importance of tals city as the home of one hundred thousaud per- Sems, or As the political capital of the United States’ Is the branch of the Baltimore and ‘Ohio railroad a renscnably sufficient agency to transport ail those whose business or pleasure calls them here and the supplies aecessary for their maintenance! The Baltimore aud Oaig railroad is @ corporation crested by th» State of Maryland, over which the people of unis Dis- trict have mo control. Its maia line and bronches are 513 miles long, aad it leases and controls other railroad probably of an equat length. lis operations exiend 10 and through several States. The latest report we have of its operations is By this report it th-n employed 23:1 fives and $613 cars. Foes enruings im that year were 1 t may be properly ‘el the great ratiroads of the United State It bas been mangcrd with ability, ana tts i- fluence is teit no: only im Marylamd but in copnecting hues with Cinciuaati, Chicago. and St Louis. dt competes with rival lines for t bustuess of nearly one-fourth the population of the United States, and ft bas the sabdscautial nopoly of that of the District of Coluabie ¢ Other corporations its chief motive is self- Its great object is, first, the profit of econd, tae commercial interests of | of Baltumore; and third, the conveni- | ence of the people ot Maryland. It has uo ve to promote the tocal interests of Washe on, except as the business done here in- ses its revenues. Every regulation of the company makes Baltimore the chief terminal ‘They must depend poime to or near which every persou traveling and every article carried over their road must go. All freight to Washington pays the charges w Baltimore eaperadded to those from Bait more to Washington, and the delay at Balti- more 18 coustantty complained of. Though Wastingtot is one grent source of its business, it grvesia return but 1 interests of Washington. To the people of the District of Colambia it is simply & monopoly impo=ing its own terms, includiig @ tax on each person and on ail | pToperty trausported to Wasbiugton, but paid to the State of Maryland. 1t is a monopoly in that it prevents all rival lines, and tmdeed every menus of railroad transit from the re: dence of three-fourths of the people of the United States to Washington, except over their oxd. Capitaists and rival interests would ave built other railroads to Washington long since, and the only obstruction is uhis railroad, which hss thus far defeated all competition, and has monopolized on its own terms the rait- road transit to Washington. A power like this in a single corporation, however wisely exercised, would in time cause serous be yp Ibis pogo = the general gocd of the States people, whieh and invites free com- petition. Liberty to devise employ new sgencies of commerce, to build new roads aud improve existing rond=, is necessary to secure the just exercise of corporate rights. It ts. | therefore, mataral that dissatisfaction should | eccur with the tay exclusive trausit. even | af at yleldea only a fair profit on the capital | employed, and furmshed ditct, convenient aud cheap communication. But we find—t. That the profit of the Washi- ington branch is grossly out of proportion to the cost of the branch. 2, That it ts nota direct route except to Baltimore. 3 That it is nota convenient route, @eates the usual facilities of travel except to Baltimore. 4 That it is not cheap rout+, but, though very profitable, i+ more expensive than any similar short sine, and is used to levy for the State of Maryland Am unconstitutional tax. The Wasbington branch is thirty miles long, | extending from Washington to Relay House, | Maryland, where it meets the main line, The gross earnings for 1565 were $916,257, or over 230.00 8 mile. The ex; of Operating it Were $365.24, and the net profits were $550,072, or equ: valent to ten per cent. on a capital stock Of $5,500,000. He bad not a statement of the cost of this branch, but from the compuratively easy grades, roacd-bed, and curvature, estimated that $50,400 9 mile, or $1,500,000 would replace the road at the present high prievs. The 1oute Presents no engineering difficulties, and with the exception of the bridge near the main stem it requires mo expensive bridges. The capital stock o° this branch 1s stated at $1,615,00), and it bas nodebt. It thus appears that the gross earuings of this branch will nearly refand the stock im twenty months; that its net earnis ‘Will refund the stock in three years, and that the net earnings upon the stock in 1815 were thirty-three per cent on its capital stock, and Upon its estimated cost at present prices would exceed thirty-four per cent This enormous profit was divided between the stockholders and the State of Maryland— $165,000 or tem per cent. being paid to the stock- holders, $244,157 lo the Stave of Marylana, and the very large surplus revenue then accamu- lated, of $705,013, which was deposited with or joaned to the Balumore and Onio railroad. . It is manifest, from this statement, that a monopoly so productive to all the parties con- cerned will not be willingly yielded, however burdensome it may be to we of the Uni- ted States, and especially to so many of them as reside in this District. ‘The general direction of the branch is to the northeast, and therefore furnishes a reasonably direct route to Balumore,and thence to the northeast Atlantic border. To no other por- tion of the United States does t¢ furnish a direct Toute. Passengers tothe North, to Harrisburg, and the body of the States of New York aud Penrsylvania are required to go ta Balumore and pursue their journey as bereiuafer men- hoved. The main stem of the Baltimore and Onto railroad is from east to west. The direct Toute to those States crosses the Baltimore and Onto railroad at right angles, aud to the people of the West ang Northwest the route is stll more indirect. By a feasible and direct route to Pittsburg, the centre of au existing system of railroads, the distance would be about three hundred miles, while by the present route via Wheeling it is four huadred and ninety-two miles, aud vis Harrisburg it is three huadred and seventy-four miles. Khe managers of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad have been anthor- ized for years to baild & branch of their road trom Washington along the line of the Potomac to Harper's Ferry. This branch would shorten the distance by their line to Harpers Ferry fifty miles, or from ninety-two miles to foriy-two miles. But the fact that so powerful a company bas not yet constructed this short branch, aud has Searcely commenced it, 1s explained by the pal- pable Teason that it is not to their interest to construct it. Their interest is to projong the travel over their main line, and if ever con- structed by them it will be run subsidiary te under the pressure of threatened competition, we scarcely have & Promise of its completion. “And yet this short road of -two miles could be con- structed im ome year, and from the accrued profits ot the Washington branch now loaned tothe Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Even pet, ad it will not relieve the chief want Dietrict, namely, a Competing Toute, By the rapid development of railroads in the United States certain facilities ine sable to the comfort and safety of trave ‘These have been secured by the competition of rival where denied for apy reagon it te to the Local taxes or | | maain line—a far more tation through Baltimore would be avoidei? There are no sical difficulties im the way net easily ove so that the vast ude of travel from jortbeast tothe South might pase b; ive power near to and afouad Ke , same! other great cites on the route. The @ancer of local obstru ina reat city 08 gh! to be avoided, espect when _ experience shows it to be constamtly im. mifent. | J APr the United States, wothe Last. ing Pine naticn, was compélled, 6y an ofganized plot of assassin ition, texstesl through Baltimore at night in disguise. Sol- diers duly sutamoned to the defense of the capi- tal were murdered in the streets of Baltimore. For weeks the railroads in aud near Baltimore were in the possession of an armed force in hostility to the Dnited States, aud the rolling stock and property of the only railroad tw Warbingion were 4m the use of the ene- my. At the seme time their use was denied to the Government of the Unitea States. BR cently an armed mob in the streets of Ba more took possession of a train of cars and in- suited passengers for political opinions. None of these outrages could have occurred if there were free competing railroad lines through and around Baltimore, But the chief inconvenience ofthe present sys- tem falls wpon the tran-itto and from the West, A psssepger to the West has uo choive of rowe in that dizection. He must go eastwardly thirty miles toward Baltimore, and uf be wishes then to go West be m curs and take such fhe ssi, he must pursue bis journey eastwardly io Baluimora, pi and then commence * new journey. Tae Bulti- more and Ohio railroad will wot ¢ tween the only read irom Multimore to the North. it Will not trauster ee OF seil Lickets Over or to that rout he timo tables are are a-rauged to create deimy in Baiumore: a rong) omuibus er carriage Fide acro-s the city on= mils, ramble for big; ateither oonvenien be endured. Toe wu. ally meet and corwect, transfer is mot mide at the point of connec uo and Ub can be no r th. except the hostility of rival compaues—the desire to force the western travel over the main ne of the Baltimore and Ohio raii- road, and the tuct that passengers are utterly helpless to correct the evil. Teus of thou. sands of passengers have passed through this experience: many ladies aad sick persons bave suffered severely. In cold and heat, by day and by Light, this antsquated system ot transfer goes on. It is estimated that the dels and expense of has already exceeded the cost of a now line from Baltituore to Washington. If this incon. venience could fall upon the citizens of Mary- land it would not have been endured, for they could correct it; but all the passengers com- pelled to undergo this transit are traveling be- yond the limits of Maryland, and thus have no Femedy unless Congress can give thein one, It bas beer. complaiued of here and everywhere, but the oply reply 19 that it 1s Lot the policy of the Dxitimore aud Ohio railroad to make this connection. Recently, it is sad, efforts have been made to reconcile the petty Tivalries and je@lousies of these roads, but it is not done, aad not be done unt competition compels them to regard the convenience and comfort of sengers. Even when the transit 1s ore the passenger is further place of destinauon than when he started frum Washington, and yet this is the only mode by which a citiz-n cau travel be- ington and thy Northwest except by the main line ot the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, which does not and cannot make his connections. ‘The same inconvenience occurs in the trans- Portation of supplies to Washington. [ts citi- zens depeud mainly on the West for many es- sential articles. These can only be transported by one route, and therefore from many if not Il the cities of the West and Nortuwest the cost of transportation is greater to Washington than to New York, Philadelphia or Baltimore, while Washington is nearer the common source of supply than either of these cites. This want of competition im transportation is an essential element of the bigb cost of living in Washing- ton, and contributes to the demand so oftea mide and granted o/ increased salaries, The cost of travel and transportation Washington is greater than the same 4 tance on other Toads. ‘Tue charge is $1 for forty miles, or nearly four cents a mile, This is greater per mile than che charge on the xpensive road; but the main line competes with rival lines, while the Washington branch does not. Tae tax levied by Maryland on the Baltimore und Obto rail- road is mainly levied upon the branch. [t is about $260,000 per annum for thirty miles. or $5,000 @ mile—a higher tax than the average gross receipis of the railroads of the United States. A sumilar tax levied on the three thousand four hundred miles of railroad in Ohio would yreld $27,000,000, or several times the aggregate revenue of thar State. The siate. ments already given show that a mileage of or eighty cents between Baltim gion, would on the present travel yield a handsome profit, while it would largely increase the travel and traffic on the roaa: nt this can scarcely te hoped for when nearly half of the net receipts must be paid to the State of Maryland as taxes. ‘The rates for transportation are also much bigber than on otber railroads, and these rates are superadded to the reasonable through rates ofthe Baltimore and Ohio raur oad. The Senator proceeded to quote from the statements made ina report recently adopted by a public meeting of citizens of Washington, im regard to charges for freight, and said that the statements here made, if accurate, deinand AL once a repeal of the several acts authorizing the Baluinore aud Ubio railroad to enter the District of Columbia. Their right to do so is based upon the act approved March 2, 1831. ‘This act limits them “to the same rights, com- pensation, benefits, and immunities as are pre- scribed in their said charter ”” Se of this act their charter has been repeated- ly altered by the Legislature of Maryland and the rates of charges greatly eularged; but these changes cannot increase the races in the Dis- trict of Columbia without the consent of Con- gress. And yet, withent such consent, the in- creased rates allowed by Maryland have been extended to Washington. Full charges tor freight were exacted trom the United States without abatement during the war, while all other ronds did tower tueir rates to the Goveriment, and om United States troops the charges was one dollar to one dollar and ten cents. ‘At the very time the United Sta‘es was de- fending Maryland from invasion by the rebels she charged the United States a tax of thirt cents on each soldier ho traveled over thi Toad to her protection. The amount thas col- lected from the United States far exceeded the entre cost of building and running a new road to Baltimore. £ to It is thus apparent that the railroad transit to | Washington is neither direct, convenient, nor cheap, and that from the nature of the existing monopoly no remedy can be expected from the State of Maryland. That State commands every avenue of approach to Washington. It ceded to the Unitea S:ates this District as a na- tional capital. Tais fact at common law im- plies a reasonabl+ right of way over her re- maining territory to the ceded territory. This 48 not granted. She obstructs free communica- tion between the capital and the great body of the people. The mevitable tendency of this policy is to unsettle the continuance of the capital at this place. It is now far from the center of population, but its fine location on the ¢, central bet ween the North and South, the bistorical assuciations connecting it with General Washington, and the great expendi- Fred for pubzic buildings, will secure the permanence of this location if direct, con- venient, and cheap communication may be had to it from all parts of tLe country. One chief reason urged for this location was its easy ac- cess to the West by the old route of the Powo- mac and Monongahela and Ohio riv This is the great national route to tle West—the route of i.e Ipdian trails—of the pioneers of Obio and Kentucky, of Washingtoa as a sur- veyor and soldier, and apparent on the map as the nearest and easiest connection between the waters of the Atlanticand the waters of the Upper Mussissippi ba: the route designated by Mr. Calhoun in bis report as Secretary of War in 182i as the route of bigbest importance, the improvement of which would do more than any other to biad together the three creat geographical divisions of the United States. Apart trom local inter- ests it would be selected by any competent en- gineer. When the Baltimore and Ohio railroad was built the interes:s of Bultunore and the Legis- lature of Maryland diverted this route from tural course along the Potomac to Hur- Ferry eastward over adifficalt country to Baitimore, while westward from Cumberland the local interests of Philadelphia and Penn- sylvania prevented its construction to Pitts- burg and forced it over dangerous and difficult mountains to Wheeling. The same adverse local interests have been strong enough thus Jar to prevent this national roate from bemg occupied. And thus the chief reason for lo- cating the capital of the nation here has been counteracted, ¢o that now this city is more dif- ficult of access from the West than any city on ‘be sea-board. If this anomtly is continued it will be impossible to resist the removal of the capital to a more central location, the dapger of foreign and domestic violence, and where tbe policy of the neighboring States Invites the freest and follest competition in modes And routes of transit of persons and roperty. Tr only remedy for all these Soret i free competition in the building ranaing Of railroads to and from Washington. Where this is allowed no legisiative restraints or reg- ions are required, If the sarrounding States would adopt the oe ee. now nearly mniversal weet of the Alleghamies, of allowing any associn'ton 10 busld a railroad wherever locas or grueral interests demand, under general laws applicable to all alike, com: it Would cease. ‘cost of railroads ‘will prevent their inerease, and even where they are un) as an invest- are greatly remunerative to the He py the MW ge of resources. it~ built except to make for the stockholders, or to promot eompett don, oT to promote the general in’ the locality. In any case they contribace far more but tha | Since the pass.’ to the general goed than the imconyenience or loss they inflict op the individasi. Railroads are vast agencies of commerce vitally neces- to modern civilization, and it ig. as wrong 'W to limit the number of them as to limit law umber of steamboats, cotta Ps. Free FRilroaile is necessary in gpother view. readenc Of the age is to = compinatig ot raltrosde— the sBloa of sa i fipes w:t to prevent ‘be Teducabe of fares. This pro- cess bas within a few years, by leases, by ¢ivisions of profits, and by rauning arrang=. ments, united in a single interest, under a com- mon control, over one thousand miles of rail- Toad, reaching through many States. The only Way to ayoid injary from. this combiaation of capital is co invite pew competing lines. The liberty to build these is the only check upon monopolies. But for thie, existing railroads Would form combinations precisely as they would be formed by merchants and manufi:- turers if the freedom of new competion did not compel them to gain their business and profit by the cheapness of their commodities and the excellence of their prodtictions, rat! than by special priv: . A greater dan prsent= itself than mere comb: late freight. get JOUS to fegite It is the combination of great corporations to control Qougress. A very of this is presented by tie OTations to oppose thts bill Senator Sherman bere caus: to be read the erreular jetier recently tesued by the eight rut. road presidents, and said that if ta-y make com bit s of capital to p nt com ae they mu: pect neweompetitors They trol powerful corporations, but these csrp or: tions are subject tolaw. They have no excl sive powers, and he would say to them, + kindaess, that this effort of theirs ts it-ad se oH will result + ms, hoth in the State and it will overrise at once th nt hew railroads, aew combi ties perience bas shown that fr is pot only beneficial to the public, injurious to the railroads. A new velops t's own busin iuction of pric caused by competition increases the amou business. and often imereases the net earnines of aroud. Competition promotes economy ta railroad management. It destroys corruptiou, which is usually an instrument of monopoly. In every aspect, and to every interest, a fre compeiiiton im railroads is beueficial velops local resources, it increases sa industries, it cheapens the cost of living: while monopoly in railroads has the opposite ten- dency, aud creates a feeling ot dissatista which m the end, without regard to legal enactments, will overthrow it. Marked examples of tuis policy may be seen in different parts of the United States. Onio commands every avenue of approach from the East to the West. Lake Erie bends into her northern boundary, while the hiils of Kentucky obstruct railroads ‘through her territory. By taxes or monopolies Obio might have greatly obstructed free communication among the sev- eral States. She might have protected her grain markets from the competition of the West. She might Lave arranged her taxes so as to have levied them on the neighboring States. She adopted, however, the policy of free compett- tion. Railroad charters were granted wheaever desired, and flvally a general railroad law al- lowed any association to build railroads any- Where upon regulations applicable to all alike, The result is the building of three thousand and four hundred miles of road, most of which is producing an actual profit’ to the stock- holders, and every mule of which is of graater focal benefit than the cost. New roads are being constructed, mew competition created, until now cities of the smaller class build rail roads merely to secure loca! competition. All the great lines from the Atlantic to the West are DOW competing in thedifferent parts of Ohio tor Jocal business, They have extended their connecting arms in every direction. The Bal- timore and Ohio railroad also avails itself of this policy and of the laws of WestV irginia and Pennsylyania to improve and extend its con- nections. Lt now reaches with its connections to Cleveland, Chicago, St. Louis, and Cin: nati and the Southwest, It wisely and ab!y competes with all the great lines from Phila delphi. New York, and Boston. This compe- tition is in the interest of the peopte, aud if left untrammeled by State monopolies wili secure chesp transportation, Yet while this road extends its operations into the nataral fields of other corporations it carefully guards uts monopoly here. Its rivals are not allowed by the State of Maryland to compete here. Washington is excluded from the benefits of this bealthy competition. The passenger trom the West ard Northwest may reach any city of the sea-coast from Portland to Baltimore by his own choice of competing lines, bat he cxn- not approach Washington except through or near Ralvimore, and then only by & bran, one of the great competing lines, which public advertisements, deciares as an indi ment for traveling over its main line to the West that it will not allow the usaal fccilities in the transter of passenger and baggage to other Jines in that direction. Such @ policy naturally produces resentment, which, it it can find uo remedy in the power ot Ccngress, will find it in the removal of the seat of Gov- erament, ‘He had thus far considered the question tsa, local one, affecting alone tae citizens of W: ington, or those coming to or going froin Wa-t ington. There 1s another view far more in. portant. The right of a State to obstract co. merce and communication between the S.ates by imposing taxes on commerce, or by granting special privileges aud monopolies, bas ofun been denied in Congress and by the courts, and presents a question of infinitely greater pro- tions than the dwarfing of Washington or the cost and meon venience of persons traveling to Washington. 1t is the sare question which mainly led to the adoption of the Constitution, to the formation of the Zollverein of German and to the formation of the present empires of France and Great Britain, It is the struggle between local restrictions and the liberty ot commerce, The effort to harmonize these was Autempted by tae Constitation of the United b> rat States. Local government for local purposes, Js the primary object of ‘cities, counties. and States: general government for general opjects affecting the people of the nation was the ob- jeet of the national Government. The precise boundary between these must Always be the subject of dispute: and chis must especially occur where a specific power 1s iven to both the States and the United States The power over commerce is of this character Congress has power “to regulate commerce With foreign nations and among the <everal States anc with the indian tribes.” Here the power of Congress is only limited by the na- ture of the commerce. The power over local commerce between the citizens of a State is left excius: yely to the States, but commerce among the States is to be regulated by Congress. Rat!- roxds are the agents both of local commerce and commeree among the several States. This creates the difficulty of defining the limits of the power of Congress and the States. Naviga- ble streams, even if within the limits of a State, have been repeatedly held to be subject to the regulations Of Congress. States create rail- Toads for local commerce. May not Congress create railroads for commerce ainong the States! States prescribe fare and freights for local com. merce. May not Congress do the same ior commerceamong ‘he Siates! This brings us to the general constitutional question involved m thi: and all the bills referred to the select committee: does the Constitation eonfer upon Congress the power by general regu lations or ial corporatioas to control and build radl- ws ‘The general design of the Constitution was to secure to Congress all legislative power af- fecting the interest: of more than one State and essential to the general welfare. The powers reserved to the States, or not delegated to Con- gress, are such as affect solely the domestic interests und happiness of the people within the States. All questions of education, the do- mestic relations, of contracts, nearly all ques- ons of municipal law, are reserved to the tes, because they aifect only the le of the State, and depend upon locality, wealth, density of population, the employment of the people, and « multitude of considerations prop- erly tobe judged of by the vicinage or State. But where the questiors involved affect the people of other States the Constitution with- holds their decision from local authority and entrusts them to Gongress as the representa. tives of the whole le. Thus questions of | ops or war, of armies and navies, of foreign Intercourse, of commerce with foreiga nations and among the several States, are carefully reserved for the consideration of Congress. It may sometimes be difficult to draw the line between local commerce within the State and general commerce between the Si but there can be no diiliculty in classifying tle vast oper- ations of modern raiiroads, he 4 vane transportation companies, resching from State to ‘State, as commerce among the States. Merce between New York and Chic! tray. ersing several States, cannot be cl ‘as local imterstate commerce, nor is it made so by being carried on by different agents of these: eral States. Though chartered by different ‘States, it they form connecting line for a single voyage they are agents of @ commerce between and ate subject to the regula. tion of Congress. If. by Policy of their State or by local interests, they fail tocondact bens commerce between States in a cooveee. cheap, anc expeditious manner, may scporeeded by eer agencies creased by ‘Gon. gress. The power to regulate includes the er to enforce regulations. The law of fate cannot obstruct OT Opt this power, Nor can its agents, under shelter of at thority of the State, impede. retard, or delay commerce among the States. Civilization ts orven a question of communi- cation. No nation can be really great unless its means of intercommunication are ample. ‘Its comparative influence depends rather upon roads and sbirs than w! armies. The em- pires ot the pust have ouly while they maintained their su} in modes of trancit. The highways of im| Rome sup. = her me 4 ‘well as her legioas. Das commerce is the lite-blood of a nation, ‘As essential to national existence as &9 army or bal .aneen nanentiol case eaparsea Sonernaeate of Government or the careful division of power, As an object of ternal commerce is only of life and PeRlensonang thas trom juature and charac. { i | i | ter of our Goreramentand the language of the Constitution, be@ould not doubt the fail power Of Conztess Rot gmly to regulate the com ner + ‘A MEETING OF the Wastia ree i STOCK BOLDEBS N ANY GROBGE- PANY. for the election along ibe States oouducted oy existiag r:.:. t the office of the Com- fonc<, but when it deems i: expedient back ij bn SE enue and. street, Bew raihosds, directly by the mobeg or gee the people or by ested b¥ a. Gad oratione gr Gis view is stzengihened vy Me Oonetitnricn. At was vot only conterre Bwace, but toavord tae int-renc history of fae be L opened on See'y er Might, by eorstract om, be cc VENTA NOTICE commerce, unusual tautelocs w declaring it toextend to W 8 BARRETT. D Ds several Stun Te power of the United works of internal improve min ta States bas bepn settled uy x serics of pro teas strecching through our entire tegisiariy <u. ory vt Philacelphis,) No. 20 4» streot, tween Pa. ave, and C street. * ’ watbout pein by aimaister we ate and sanctioned by every departiaent of Peal, Th Beer Government. ‘The public records Prot James trea Rye? ® the policy in some form or other ba Prt Geo TF DDS coeval with the exittence of the Gove Prof Eine Wwid 7 AMUSEMENTS, WALL'S OPERA HOUSE. SCOTT-SIDDONS TWO NIGHTS Onn (NEE ONLY Supported bh her nes Perk ton 4 for THIS -Thutsda,) BVENING a: sect Ss YoU LIKE IT To-morrow: Friday 'eveniac. NOOK ape anouT NoTUTING een and BIDOONS MATINGR THE NHCACHOA A PEices oF Orchestra Chairs . arc wet Bd Doess t ircle CANTERBURY aud the rapid progress of the nation is ey ide. 50 eS Leelee: SIXTH STEEAT AND LOUISIANA AVEN of the wisdom of the poli-y, Veto | D mf = sine nes limited the general Power t | mind — THIS FET ie uene a cae hese are exceptions to the general raise, | Fou toe oni coUstTa2Y Kiversand varbors have been improved: c1uais | 347 SEVPNTS STREET clay have been made; tara And rativoads ba ve EXTENSIVE BOOT AND SHOR 4 Lowa trom this am 6 r0m been constructed: private property Bis been | othe publi may find, alease ntert r cory es 7 approp d for public use, aa tevery end thet of :* Cane e . form of commercial improvement bas been BEVE Tue EN? ® Psoris authorized and constructed by tue authority -f ‘Two doors south . t Gover t feet RAND aN ite, UpOM the debaves au Waincr rc JOYOUS LIFE IN PALIS AND PLEASC TE 1 € the last eight y Jost vice lot of wart ny MUN ADR cu han wt ase IMPERTAT rs Lovee Rilst E DV Se elnoaie tar Se TALI uvAY arte ss OAN W onuvevs ceuren step NATIONSD THEY Ey DINI ROOMS r “. ve ’ d all formas of iu “ m VemMent as 5 Sie, 314 een id a ’ ¥ ever, qhrsttay UNDINE Ox. THE NATAD OCEEN - . SCFNFRY.COSTTMES, DANCTS, « wo ML y font ] The Rewitching CAN CAN ig returned from Pacis. is pow prepared to | th Swithontestre charge. ss u ia west | METZ R07T NALS an¢ to disregard any obstruc Fe purchased when ia Paris a aupero Din- | —s Biate, ‘The United States Bani cases aud ta+ | per Set, which cau: qualled in this country. WOR o1\ NtUUTS ONLY Wheeling bridze case sustain all that is a‘ al im JAMES WORMLEY = — tewpied by this bill Waether the bank was 58 THE WORLD RENOWN 10k. nary 4 1869 WibHEUM ant a proper aud uecersary for ibe exe, of the express powers of Con |NITED SATES PATENT ¢ J Washi xeton OdaABLE the petition Was & question of doubt, but m) man will que A CATBARINE WILHELM, of Poste: tion but railroad between Wa e for the extension of » paton t of commer oA day of April. 1458, Tor a ctor for Lamp Shades Ictsorcered that said ition Ge hesrd at this office on the = day of ch fwd may oppose this extension Objections. depos! Hous, an4 other papers should be filed iu this salve twenty days before the day of bearing LIBHA FOOTR. x bw jastoner of Patent, 60 Reet 207 bbls, NOW Stare Koight 7 ved per steamer E INOW LUMSDON & 00 SLaa, between 6th aud /th streets, Buask sooxs jn 6 3t WRAPPING Very cheap, and yitaily a sary for the postal, military, ana comine service of the Vnited Slates: and to hold that ho sucit agent shall exts be created by aStute, controjied by a State, regulated by & State, made a monopoly by a State,und be- yond the power of Congress, is to des:roy the essential qualities of a supreine mational Gov- ernment. It is secession intensified, for if a te seceded it lost the benefit of the protection of the Genera. Government: but a State cat can grapple and control fer ter own interests merely, all commanication over ber terri. tory “could enjoy all the benctits of Union and yet inflict upon her sister States all the imjuries of separate overn- ments. The case of New Jersey is a marked and, fortunateiy for the country, an PAPER. BAY between lth an DAVENPORT BROT © lately rete or years in Kuro, of Wasbineton th: RE MARKARLE Powr PRS Har Fisich have heen satietactorfly oxMMiitnd before the Crowned Me Nobility of all Laropess Nations. a — ABTONISHING AND CONFOUNDING THE WISEST OF ALL COUNTRIES THEIB FIRST PUSLIC SEANCE WILD. BE iveS WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 6, Continuing SIX NIGHTS, Satarday, vb: Admission 50 Conte: R Vickets can be secured in a» Moric Ste Doors open at 7 commence at $ AGES arrangements tor PRIVATE * isolated example of this policy. Her terri- ONE DOLL*R PER BOTTLE tory lies between the (wo great cities of the Ipaw’s Golem Tincture for B veew ticemt. It 1s generally level, presenting uo 1 Divas. & never failing remedy to difficulties for constructing raitroats. Sue re. | Testore the catamental evacnation.« pow-r un crives vast local tenefits trom her proximity | Keown ip any other medicine. Bach bottle ha the coat ofr f the of It sh id never be t pregpancy. x= tt would be of Paris stamped on by females during ) canes miscar to those cities. (ne of those cities coatrols the commerce of the coniinent, the ober is the them a cbief manufacturing city of the contiara’ The Tiege. Vihoe 179 Soath B str veteren Hh ani Toad between them should be open, free, easy, | ith. Leland. a5" and cheap. Every mode of transit should com. pete for the exchange of co:amodities and pro- PARLOR ORGANS dvetions. Yet New Jersey undertakes tof des MELODEONS clare that but one corporation shall transport all these commodities and productions, aud | AND ALL OTHER MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, na: this corporation shall collet for her a tax For Sele or Rents). ogy a all this com:nerce, ‘This monopol Q TERMS SN kan ibeon intained for years, Poly | For Day, Week, Months or Yenr Pires within the — preseat is _ __ Great bargains in | forts will be made for its renewal SECOND HAND INSTRUMENTS. Atallevente it will have power eaouzh to pre- vent State authority for the construction of rival lines. Now, therefore, isthe proper ttme to assert the authority ot Congress to regulate LABGEST ASSORTMENT IN THE CiTY ENTIRE BUILDING DI Kas NEW MUSIC. Bi Commerce among the States by authorizing | 9 tarsi hovk of Sol pence Pe tere io be new lines of transit: by encouraging competi inad at our connter tion, improvement, and enterprise; by making JOHN F ELLIS the Construction of ratironds as freeasthe cons | 0aG-3t 306 Panusyivante aged siruction of merchant vessels and blacitsmith ages hops, and by guarding by general laws the lives and safety of Rasseogers on railroads as 40S. J. May & CO.'S ty Well as steamboats. We hive already by agen- erai telegraph law greatly increased the com. PARIS KID GLOVE DEPOT. Petition in that agency of commerce. We have often exercised 04° power ‘o regulate commer- cial vessels, both on the sea and on the rivers. ‘The iron track #8 now the great commercial road of mankind. Over tt the commerce | ot men is now greater than by all kinds of navigable waters. The locomotive is either suj.rseding or Tevolutioniziny ‘he canal-hoxt, the sailing vessel, ud the steamboat. It is creeping up every valley and overlesping every mountain of our vast country. It is every- where the agent of commerce and civilization. Athas added more to the wealth of our couutry than ail the land and houses and possessi vas were worth forty years azo. It the railroad | and telegraph are not national, then nothing is national. If railroads can ouly be built by a ey Teguiated by a Siate, monopolized by u if @ State can prevent their consiruction to promote some loval interest or monopol: then our Governmen: .3 not nation A State, under pretense of State law, taxes other States, Itis one of the great b=wuties of our Consti- tution, iramed by men of rare wisdom, that though man miy invent and magnity; Wough the habits aud agencies of their day are swept away by the inventive genius of their childreu: though onr population has increased twelve. fold, and ovr country extends across the Con- tinent, yet that the general principles aud pow- ers they have ingrafted in the Constitution, the teachings of the Bible, mect all changes, all time, all diversities of condition, wealth, and population, and, applied with a liberal and fair construction. regulate agencies and things of ‘which they had noconception, in harmony with 30) PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, (Between 9b and 10th streets.) Ry Steamer “St Laurent 300 DOZEN OF ALEXANDRINE’S” AND * DESPRIE'S ” TIFUL PARIS KID GLOVES. ia one nd three Buttone—ail Colors and sizes, we are in recetpt of Have removed to the corner Rew Yore Avexre axp Sixty 8trer One gauare from Northera Liberty Market. ” ore. olesate Ladies’ High Kid sutton Boots etree ae “ Polish fe a 8 * ltineh Morocco Shoes from $1 Ghiidren s Shove from 49 ceats to $2.5 ut's hne Ce cote 34 sewed Oalf Boots $5.50 sewed Calf Boots, home made, $7 Gent's heavy Kip Boots g3 25 Also, other fiae Boots and Shoes at equally low prices. Call and see for yourself. and be convinced, their central idea of a local gevernwent for | *t STEABEURGEB BROS. local purposes merely, aff-c:ing only the people | ge 15-1m* fh re eet, of the State: a national Rovernment for gous. —. ral purposes, affecting the people of diiter- ent states He believed that 1a avthoriziag tae constaudtion of these railrouds we exercise 20 doubtinl power, while if our legisiauom is fol- lowed, as he hoped it wouid be, by their speedy construction, we will have contributed not | Lspontant SEWs. ©. B. JAWELL’S PEBMIUM SOAPS are acknowledged to be only to the loca! interests of this District, bat to the common good aud general welfare of the whole people of the United States ‘tn the market. | , They are made on the old fashien plan by boll- ing, and are free from ell injurious Chemical E! NG OF ZENS sulterations. taue plect in ths Gouactl Chasey: Ot The premium ORIENTAL 80AP, al) ov FRIDAY next. the Sth Instant, at 7 p.m. | The “ NEW YORK CITY Soap, $e consider tan <1 apd teres The “ CHEMICAL OLIVE 804?, wy rement of the river «ii el ‘ne District Committees of Qougress and members sf the Goan. | Th¢ “ LAUNDRY SOAP, cils are particularly invited a Are brands of lor quality, and are guaran. FS MASONTIO—A stated communication of | Std tive perfect antisfaction. BUPB LODGE No 20,8. £A-M., will | ASK YOUB GROCER for any of these and take (DAY SVENING. instant, com- | 20 other. ‘kK. Panctual atvendance ts re- of importance is to be trans- : CHAS. H_ DICKSON, Bee. (0 PASE OF wasuinoton. JANTARY 5, 1859. The Trustees of this Bunk have this day declared vidend of Three per cent. out of the profits of last six months, payable to stockholders on demand. JAMES aDAMs, _jn6-3t* OITY REGISTER'S OFFIC Wasnixetox, D.O., January 4, 1359. TO THOSE IT MAY CONCER Thereby give notice that the LIvBN@ES for rance Agents, Bill Posting, Bucksters , AB scary aly Mactasa sere pra son of ongretle te ht of the BEST GROOBES tn the Manclectory, Nos. $00 and 603 @ street norta Pow Erokets, Boalers in Bags Boxes wD |. Dealers ; and Bones, expire on the let’ day of Jam each year, and must be renewed within ten F. A. BUSWBLL. Regiater. at 336 PERMSYLVANIA AVENUE And 7 Cite Treviss, Paris. (oelT a0 5 [Chrou&Rep} OS eet Fore. oe (je CRAND ABMY COURSE. ACints ccd By sTUrrb ce Tobe ee: Derecond LECTURE of the serive in aid of the | syiventeaseonetCagie Hin et ea reese CHABIT) FUND of ‘No 3, fer the relief of ‘wounded and indigent soldiers and sailors, will be a i _- PFPFBPBPBPPEPBOBEPPE _ saTURDA t EVENING, Jauuary 9, 1359, a THOMAS H. BARRON, = “pEMuCcHAcY AND LiteGatcer.” | SF poiper, conrracror, avo pTipkeys. 30 Conte, Reserved Seats, 79 Cente, to | > SUPERINTENDENT. = = aor reel fay mechante, a | (Orne MTWmownbr. | Seat Repetcats Wen et cil lteepouetbilty, 2oinam i. cai egy tener, Salen coea ‘whee newly. built. Temes "any escchanic can Work ea tosait eS one ‘may favor me witha “ROBERT BURRS, sa drones is ede to the following walle PORT AND THR MAN,” SZ Mercison end Joe Brown, For tae Lotte aid eT aa as JANUARY 71H, 1869. aehoe ar Bee rete Bars and at Par- i ddddadadaadad ‘ices... | _Sareitld z ia seer es Serer onate J W. THOM ' WM. W. MOORE, Bec'y ond Treats Wasurscros SKATING PARK Foor or Twaxmnrm Street WHEN THE iCe PERMITS The SIGNAL will be FLAG WITH BEO HALL on the Cars. Reason and Single Almission Ticket at the Gate i 333 TWeLrT Near P RT GALLERY 304 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE vice collection of O1L PAINTINGS, Ger ‘rene’, Rugiteb sod American CHROMO ENGRAVINGS: PHOTOGRAFIS, PASSE PAB: To ROROOPRS and EOUPIO BAMES, CORDF rietor.— DENY, Ue. opposite Metropolitan Botel. We would rospecriuily anucuses thet to revel) oS eitcen x ng ae ped ot, + prices «f other Professors in the elt; on an ‘ A Ste8o'olh, TUCRSDAY RED, ¥.from8toWo'ciock Is future both Reet {goth Professors constantly ta attendance, MAE ere tapes Danoige fad tor ‘Por, iy at the Academy for elses re i | La COTERIE CARNIVAL Hl \ | sears ‘ THE BEST 80APS FOR THE LEAST MONRY | FINE WATCHES BAL Masyvs. ARINI'S ASSEMBLY BOOM, E street, between 9th and lth ete. La Coterte Carnival given at_my Deen #0 successfal Fopetition of the pa Tee ive the ame share pine on UCR ay SvEsinG: cbreary |. Bubscriptic ai the Aeadeaiy: ne ma e a MABUFACTUBEE OF ABD DEALER IN SAMLEL LEWIS, SEWELRY, SOLID SILVER, SILVER PLATED WARE, Er 6m 250 Penna. ave,, bet. 12th and 13th ate ‘UEP. BESSHi" HERETOF - ING betpece the Uaderstaned dor the nan and style of JOBN B. ELV, & CO. is this aay tissclved by expiration and mutaal covsent The Lusivess will be conducted at the by JOBN B. vel ee uw CHABLES B. Washington, danamry tetas DR. MAUR PATENT WMPROVED TOOTH BRUSHES em os (Letser fri Mier Me ‘4, 4. M., M. D., t ter from aay vost 4 Ayureros, D. New MABYLAND B Unsurpassed ia quetity. MINCE MEAT Fresh and of best yuailty. PRANDY PEACHES. At 76 cents per jar. APBICAN DATES. ALAGA G: | At bows —— J BAPES s W nebee ie, aor Lutt an Pattee streota, SE Eh Ee EF LOUR! FLOU! Lour! Four: WEED! oats a * FEED! FEED! FLOUB AND FEED, ‘Ls quantities to sult. as