The Daily Worker Newspaper, January 18, 1933, Page 1

MONEY IS NEEDED NOW. WAIT TO FILL IN YOUR COLLEC- TION LIST. RETURN” PARTIALLY FILLED LISTS AND GET NEW ONES. BRING OR SEND IN MONEY AS COL- LECTED. EVERY MINUTE AND DOL- LAR COUNT. RUSH TO SAVE THE DAILY WORKER, DON’T Vol. X, No. 15 : Dail Central lu,. Ong Section of the Comnennist Saal OO Worker poumict Party U.S.A. Entered az second-class matter at the Pest Office a3 EB? New York, N.Y., under the Act of March 8, 157%. NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 18, 1933 SHOPS. MEMBERS OF TIONS, MAKE ALL MEETINGS. HAVE GANIZATION EMPLOYED WORKERS, MEDIATE COLLECTIONS IN YOUR TALK ABOUT THE FINAN- CIAL CONDITION OF YOUR PAPER, MASS ORGANIZA- COLLECTIONS SPEAKERS. AND SHOP MAKE IM- AT ARRANGE TO GET YOUR OR- BEHIND THE $35,000 DRIVE. CITY EDITION Price 3 Cents BAKERY WORKERS BACK ALBANY CONFERENCE Call All to Join State Session on Labor Legislation United Front Commulttee of 4 A.F.L. Locals and 4 Other Unions in Preliminary Meet Painters Local 121 Also Endorses; Elects Dele- gates to Irving Plaza Conference Sunday NEW YORK.— Outstanding among the latest endorse- ments by workers’ organizations of the state conference on labor legislation, particularly unemployment insurance bills, which will take place in Albany in February, and of the pre- liminary conference which will be held in Irving Plaza Hall Sun- day at 2 p.m.; is one from the @ Bakers City. United Front Committee. This. commitiee is composed of Locals: 22-79-505-509 of the Bakery and Confectionary Workers Indus- trial Union (A-F.L.), of the Bakery Workers Industrial Union, the Bak- ers Section of the Food Workers In- dustrial Union and the Polish Bakers Club, More Unions Endorse In addition the Bakery Workers Industrial Union has itself officially endorsed the Albany conference and preliminary conference, and Local Union 121 of the Painters, Decorators and Paper Hangers (A.F.L.) has done likewise and has elected its two de- legates to the preliminary conference. The Bakers United Front Commit- tee, writing yesterday to the AFL. Committee for Unemployment Insur- ance and Relief, which took the lead in sending out the call to the state conference and. prelintinaty® eonfer~ ence, Says! “The City United Front Commit- tee have decided at their last busi- ness meeting held Monday, Jan. !6, to endorse your movement and sup- port it to every possible extent. “We in the baking industry, real- ize the necessity for such a confer- ence. In view of the fact that con- ditions in our industry are daily be- coming worse, unemployment is in- creasing amongst our membership, injunctions are handed down by the courts against us frequently, we feel that there is an overwhelming ne- cessity for such a conference of the nature of our plan, to force the legis- lature in Albany to adopt measures for relief, anti-injunction bills, etc. “We have also decided to recom- wiend that each and every delegate tike up this matter with his locai ynion and see to it that delegates are elected to your conference. “We will do our level best to see (pit that the conference will be suc- eqssful.” What Is Expected The letter of the bakers shows sgyme of the results expected of the conference. The preliminary confer- ence Sunday is to make arrange- ments for the Albany conference and to rally workers and workers’ organ- izations, local unions, fraternal or- ders, benevolent, benefit, cultural sports, ex-service men’s, and every workers at Arcadia Hall, sentative of Tom Mooney. Mass Ave., Brownsville. © i All Golos, needle trades struggle. Ave. court. Weinstein will o s Park, ‘ Needle sth CITY EVENTS LENIN MEMORIAL MEETINGS, JANUARY 21 Huge Mass Memorial Meetings at 7:30 p.m., Saturday, for Bronx and Manhattan workers at Bronx Coliseum, for Brooklyn and Long Island HELP DEFEND SAM WEINSTEIN Sam Weinstein trial is Jan. 19, at 9:30 a.m. in Tremont and Arthur speak on the frame up tonight, at 8:30 pm. at mass meeting at 2075 Clinton Ave, near 180th St. ° ATTEND TRIAL OF 5 IN BRIDGE PLAZA COURT ‘Workers of Williamsburg are called to fill the Bridge Plaza Court room today in solidarity with Craig Mark, Ben Steele, Eli Simms, Mack Tobe and Sam Sternberg, framed up at Home Relief Bureau, ® . HUANG IN CHAINS HELD BY NANKING Detroit Sends $125; Speed Aid! ETROIT swings into action in the $35,000 drive to save the Daily Worker! From the city where the auto kings rule, the city of the Ford Massacre, the city where nearly one-half the workers are unemployed, comes $125 to save the workers’ fighting paper. More than 500 workers in the Briggs body plant in Detroit, under the leader- ship of the Auto Workers’ Union, have just won a strike against a 20 percent wage cut. THIS SPLEN- DID VICTORY WAS WON WITH THE AID OF THE DAILY WORKER. Can they do without it? The Briggs workers, thousands of other workers in Detroit say: No! And they say it with $125 rushed to save the “Daily’—their first contribution towards the quota of the Detroit district of $2,000. Four conferences in Detroit this week and two next week will put life into the drive and make the task of saving the Daily Worker a burning issue for wage-cuts, for relief and unemployment insurance, to lead them in every battle against the bosses’ offensive. * * HE foreign-language organizations in Detroit have set $1,000 as their quota in the drive—half of the district total. about the language organizations in other cities? What Remember: the Daily Worker is the only daily newspaper in English that fights against deportations and all forms of persecution of the foreign-born. Foreign-born workers, can you do without it? Answer with immediate contributions! The National Office of the Communist Party yesterday con- tributed $74. Nine comrades, who rarely get a full week's wages, managed. to raise this sum. What about the workers in the of- flees of other revolutionary organizations? Set the example for your rank and file! ONTRIBUTIONS yesterday, totalling $252.17, ° were greater than on any other day so far, but far below what is needed. ‘The readers and friends of the Daily Worker have not yet rea- lized how critical the situation is. While $35,000 has been set as the goal to,be reached within the next few weeks, substantial sums must come in every day or the militant voice of the work- ing class will be silenced long before that time has elapsed. Don't thousands of Detroit workers. Starvation in Detroit, wage-cuts, fake relief schemes—but the Daily Worker must live, must live to lead the workers of Detroit, of the entire country, in the Handed to Chiang Kai--shek Butchers (Cable by Inprecorr.) BERLIN, Jan. 17—The Chinese press in Shanghai, South China, te- ports that Huang Ping, chairman of the All China Trade Union Federa- tion, has been transported to Nan- king in irons and under a heavy guard. At Nanking, Ping was handed over to soldiers under the personal command of the Nanking butcher, Chiang Kai-shek. The head of the British. Intelli- gence Service in Shanghai is report- ed to be in Nanking with several of his assistants participating illegally, ‘of course, in the examination of Ping who is being held in the death cell assigned condemned politicals, It is thought hat his fate will be decided within the next few days. Workers, farmers and intellectuals throughout the world are urged to redouble their protest against this contemplated murder of the Chinese working class leader and anti-imnerialist fiehter. Protest demonstrations should be held before all Chinese embassies and consulates, and energetic protests wired to the Nanking government, at Nanking, China. QUAKE FELT IN NEW ENGLAND NEW BEDFORD, Mass., Jan. 17.— A slight earthquake of about four seconds was reported felt in this citv early today, and also at Dartmouth and Mattapaisett. No damage has been reported. other sort of worker mass organiza- tion, without discrimination for po- litical opinion, citizenship, race or for any other reason, to the Albany conference. The Albany conference date is suggested by the A. committee as Feb, 26-28. That conference will draw up, after thorough discussion, bills to present to the legislature on unemployment insurance, injunc- tions, evictions, rents, factory legis- lation, and other sorts of labor legis- lation. SOUTH RIVER STRIKERS DEFENSE MEETING Mass protest mecting against jailing of South River strikers, today, at 7 p.m, at Stayvesant Casino. Speakers: 1. L. D.; Louis Hyman of N. T. W. I. U.; Louis B. Scott, personal repre- Admatesion 10 Gente. Richard B. Moore, of the DEMAND RELEASE OF BROWNSVILLE WORKERS demonstration today at 1 p. m. for the release of unemployed leaders and for relief. Mobilize at nearest unemployed council: 481 New Jersey Ave., East New York; 1964 Atlantic Ave., Crown Heights; 646 Stone . UNEMPLOYED DRESSMAKERS MEET TODAY dressmakers meet at 1 p. m. today at 140 West it, Report by Organizer Hoffman of Needle Trades Unemployed on activities and gains won from Gibson Committee; Report by manager of Dress Dept., N.T.W.LU. on role of unemployed MASS MEETING AT HOME RELIEF BURO Indocr mass meeting to demand more relief. Meeting to be held Jan. 93 at 2:30 p.m. at Public School 230, Albermale and Dahill Road, Boro FIGHT EVICTION AT BRIGHTON BEACH Lipa Unemployed Council and Brighton Beach Unemployed call needle workers in that vicinity to demonstrate today at 3096 Nethan St. to stop eviction of I. Eiden family. Take B.M.T. to Diana Shoe Strikers Fighting Injunction; Jobless Meet Today NEW YORK.—The strikers at the Diana Shoe Company held a picket demonstration yesterday with the support of many sympathizers, The strike is now 11 weeks old. The bosses of the Diana Shoe Co. took out an injunction against the strikers and the Shoe and Leather Workers Industrial Union, which leads the strike. The bossesare an- nouncing that there is no strike and are attempting to recruit strike breakers. The union calls upon the shoe workers to support the strikers, who are in great need. A meeting of unemployed shoe workers will be held on Wednesday, January 18, at the union headquar- ters, 96 Fifth Ave., New York. All unemployed shoe workers are called to come to this meeting. On Thursday, January 19, at 7 p.m., at Irving Plaza, 15th St. and Irving Pl., a mass meeting of Shoe, slipper and Stitchdown workers will be held to discuss a plan for an or- ganization drive to combat the new 15 to 30 per cent wage cutting drive, and to prepare the struggle for bet- ter conditions. Get Daily Workers On the Ground Floor NEW YORK. — Individuals and organizations please note: The Daily Worker and the District Literature Dept. have moved to the ground floor, 35 E. 12th St. All collections should be tarned in there. All literature purchases and all bundles orders for the Daily Worker are to be gotten there. daily struggle against starvation, delay! Every. cent counts. Canvass your mates, the members of your organizations. friends, you: shop- Wire or air-mail your contributions TODAY to the Daily Worker, 50 E. 13th St., New York City. HARLEM BARBERS TO STRIKE TODAY Invite Negro Workers For United Struggle NEW YORK.—Spanish Barbers of Independent Local 101 will meet: this morning at 10:30 am. to consider further steps in’ their move for a general strike in-Harlem which is ex- pected to tie up around 116 Speaiet barber ‘shops in this meeting will take place at the joe headquarters, 27-29 West 115th St. The strike has already been en- dorsed by the Barbers and Hairdress- ers League of the Trade Union Un- ity Council, who will give the strik- ing barbers unreserved support in the struggle for their deniands. The Spanish barbers will demand a regular work day to begin at 8 a.m. and to end 8 p.m., and 8 a.m. to 10 p.m. on Saturdays. At the pre- sent time the working day is 17 to 18 hours long. They will demand, further, that each worker receive 60 per cent of every dollar taken in on week days and 70 per cent on Satur- days. Each worker is to be guar- anteed a minimum of $10 a week. The rank and file committee of the strikers is calling upon the Negro workers in Harlem to support the strike. The bosses of the Negro bar- ber shops met last week and cut thelr workers’: proceeds from 60 per cent to 50 per cent on each dollar. Tonight at 9 p.m. the members of Ywcal 101 will meet at their head- quarters and are inviting all barbers in Harlem and particularly the Ne- gro barbers to attend. TWO MINERS FOUND DEAD MORGANTOWN, W. Va., Jan. 17. —The dead bodies of two miners buried by an explosion a mile and a half from the entrance of the Scotts Run Coal Mine, Shumer Baths Strike 100 Per Cent Solid; Harlem PaintersWin NEW YORK —.The workers at Shumer'’s are oul per cent, and carrying on a militant struggle Under the leadership of the Altera- tion Painters Union. Coney Island workers are giving splendid assistance and the Women's Council is feeding the workers on strike and the pickets. A leaflet was distributed by the A. P. D. & P. U. in the Shumer'’s Baths in~ Browns- yillé and Mr. Shumer is beginning to realize that it will be much bet- ter for his business if he signs up ‘with the, Union. Mr. Jake Wolner (Jake the Bum) of Local 102 of the brotherhood made several attempts to interfere with the strike but was forced by the militancy of the strik- ers to leave the scene. Another strike was called today the Downtown Local in the shop of Charles Becker to. enforce union con- ditions that this boss has been vio- lating for some time. The splendid victory achieved by the Harlem Local in signing up the Galesia Shop with a full victory for the workers is already bearing re- sults. The local has livened up greatly and the members are going out in committees to organize more shops. 6 Arrested Forcing Cops to Turn Loose Negro Woman Picket NEW YORK.—A large crowd of workers yesterday forced the police to release a Negro worker, a woman, arrested while in a mass picket dem- onstration before a dress shop at 151 W. 25th St. Six others were arrested, but the Police did not get the woman, whom they had marked as a likely victim, because she was a Negro. DRESSMAKERS IN UNITY MEETING Fight Starts Against Racketeering Scheme NEW YORK.Following the success- ful organization campaign of the Unity Committee composed of mem- bers of the International and Indus- trial Unions and others to unite the workers in the trade to improve con- | ditions and establish uniform prices, which has already resulted in a strike against the Topaz Dress Co. and other shops. About fifteen hun- dred dressmakers including members of both unions rallied to a unity dem- onstration yesterday in West 36th St. in the dress market. Three speakers representing the Unity Committee addressed the work- ers warning them against the maneu- vers of the International and Love- stone misleaders. George Cohen, the first speaker, showed how the clique intends to introduce the racketeering system of company union now in op- eration in the Amalgamated in or- der to exact dues from the member- ship to pay their salaries, Under the pretense of fighting the contractors the clique is in reality or- , ganizing them into the Metropolitan ' Association, and the workers will be compelled to belong to the Interna- | tional against their wishes, wherever the Metropolitan is established. This action on the part of the In- ternational will result in a lockout today. The Unity Committee calls upon all workers to turn this lockout into a real strike. All workers who find themselves locked out should re- port to the Unity headquarters, 140 West 36th St. in the morning, and to Webster Hall in the evening. Fight Imperialist Wars! Statement, Central Committee, Communist Party, U. S. A. To the Workers and Toiling Farmers of the United States, White and Negro:— To the American Working Youth, to the American Workiag Women:— The war is raging in the Far East with increased tempo and cruelty. Without declaration of war Japanese tmperialism over one year ago in- | vaded Manchuria, has occupied it with sword and fire and set up the puppet government of Manchukao. Today the Japanese Army, after having occupied Shanhaikwan, the key of Jehol Province, is marching in three columns to extend the Japanese colonial territory to the border of Mongolia, The Japanese plan is obvious. Its aim is the partitioning of China, the stationing of troops on the Soviet border along its whole length in Asia and the strengthening of its position in northern China, in preparation for the attack against the Soviet Union, in Preparation for the crushing of the Chinese Soviet Revolution. While tens of thousands lost their lives on both sides, tens of thou- sands of civilians, of workers and farmers, were massacred’ in Shanghai, | in Manchuria and in the new blood bath of with establishing order and normality in China, for the ‘glory of capit- alist civilization.” The League of Nations is still discussing the Lytton { Report, is still discussing the Japanese formula that “there is no war | going on.” The handling of the Far Eastern situation and the question | of the Latin American war by the League of Nations shows clearly its role as a screen behind which imperialist manoeuvers are carried on. ‘The mask of the Kellogg Pact, of the Peace and Disarmament Confer- ences, has been pulled off. France and England, while pushing forward their European vassals, the small nations, to speak against the murderous war in the Far East and in this way attempting to save the face of the League of Nations, the instrument of war and intervention, are directly supporting the Jap- anese plan for the division of China into spheres of influence, United States imperialism, hurt in its imperialist aims in the Far East, openly threatens another race in armam« ‘Navy has been in the Pacific over a year and ts. 1c Manoeuvers on a big scale are being prepared on the Pacific Coast. For months and months the the PI ition of war material has taken the route of Hawa‘ | | The United States } and Mevertheless, all American imperialists, including the hypooritical advo- cates of an illusory “independence,” are deiermined that the Philippine Islands must remain and be strengthened as the base of United States imperialism in tHe Pacific. What is the meaning of these military preparations? Is it only in the line of opposing the Japanese occupation of Manchuria and secur- ing a. fair share of the Chinese plunder? While the United States of America sees in the growing power of Japan the challenge to its own position in the Pacific, it is preparing to secure part of the loot in China, is striving to provoke war between Jdpan and the U.S.S.R., in order that by weakening both, Japan and the Soviet Union, it may strengthen its own position in the Pacifiic. is in this line that the invasion of Northern China by Japan, its aim at evolution going on in China, the extending and converting of Manchuria and Outer Mongolia into a place d’armes for . the attack. against the Soviet Union, is receiving the applause of the imperialist powers, including the United States. This attack is prepared against the Soviet Union—the only country in the world where the workers and farmers rule, where the workers and farmers expropriated the expropriators, where the Second Five Year Plan provides for the final abolition ‘of classes, where the whole of the toiling population is made into. an active, conscious builder of a classless socialist society. At the same time that Japan is extending its power along the border of the U.S.S.R. and the Far East, France is leading the feverish prepar- ations of ‘the Polish, Rumanian, Latvian and Finnish armies and of its own army and navy. Conferences of the joint general staffs of these countries under the chairmanship of France, are following one after ‘The journey of General MacArthur to Poland was also not without significance in this connection. crushing the Soviet another. the white bands in the Far East. army of White Guards who drill openly in Europe under the eyes of the bourgeoisie find the Second Internation Against whom? American toilers, we are at the door of a new im- The sharpening of the economic crisis, the sharpening perialist’ war. It Imperialism is again arming It fs organizing an expeditionary U.S. IN FLEET Imperialists Intensify WASHINGTON, in readiness in the Pacific for sharpening tension between U. S. area on Jan. 30. U. S. in an “attack” maneuver. charges in developing war situation. Foreign Offices. Union. bomb volunteers. trol over China. * RALLY AGAINST IMPERIALIST WAR AT LENIN MEETS Hathaway Urges All Worker Organizations to Take Part NEW YORK.—Two great mass meetings at 7:30 Saturday night, one for Bronx and Manhattan workers in } Bronx Coliseum, and one for Brooklyn and Long Island workers in Arcadia Hall will commemorate Lenin this year. They are part of a gener=! se- ries of such mass meetings through- out the world, wherever there are workers. District Organizer C. A. Hathaway, of the Communist Party issued a statement yesterday calling on all New York workers to make these meetings an occasion for the broad- est possible, strongest, united front protest against the rapidly increasing war preparations of Ami an imper- jalists. His statement stresses the need for rallying of the greatest num- ber of workers, and their mass organ- izations and sympathizers against American imperialism particularly “Relentless Struggle” “We must,” states Hathaway, “take heed of Lenin's warning: Vor a re- lentless struggle against imperiaisst of the struggle in all imperialist countries between the capitalists and the working class, the sharpening of the struggle of the colonial peoples against imperialism, is driving tne capitalist countries into new impe- rialst wars, is sharpening,the struggle for the re-division of the world, et {SONPINUED ‘ON PAGE 4) wars. ‘But we here -in New York, must observe, in the memorial event to Lenin, the precise content of Lenin’s teachings. We must, to follow out his ‘counsel, recognize how inseparably bound up with the struggle against imperialist war or the great inter- lated factors of the struggle for Un- employment and Social Insurance and for Immediate Relief; against wage cuts; against the Gibson Cominittee discrimination and taxing of workers, the Black Bill, against discrimination of Negroes and foreign-born workers, against boss-terror, etc.” The meeting at Bronx Coliseum, E. 177th St. will have the following pro- gram: Pageant depicting the role of Len- in, called—"Lenin and the Masses” by League of Workers Theatres and Workers Dance Council; Internation- al Workers Chorus, arrahged by the Workers Music League; Workers In- ternational Relief Band in revolu- tionary selections. Speakers are: C. A. Hathaway, for the Communist Par- ty, N. Y. District; L. Patterson for the Young Communist League; Chair- man, Lena Davis. The program at Arcadia Hall, 918 Halsey St., Brooklyn, has the follow- ing: Pageantry, as described above; Choral sections of the Workers Mu- sic League; New Dance Group; Red Front Band. Speakers are: Karl Browder, Gen- eral Secretary of the Conimunist Par- ty of U.S. A. Mary Himoff for the Young Communist League, Chair- man, Charles Alexander, MANOUVER AS TENSION GROWS WITH JAPAN OVER CHINA LOOT | Wall Street Gov't Usea 3 Ww ar Dekts as Bludgeon in Attempt to Force Britain and France to Join Against Japanese Efforts to Divert the GrowingWar Danger intoAnti-Soviet Channels BULLETIN Jan. 17.—The entire U. . Battle Fleet is being held ‘any crentualitieg” in connection with the and Japanese imperialists. The Scouting Force has been ordered to Hawaii nd will reach that Present orders are that it will “sail back” towards the . SUMMARY OF EVENTS IN WAR SITUATION 1, Wall Street and Japanese imperialists hurl charges and counter 2. U.S. Ambassadors in London and Paris visit British and French U. S. utilizing war debts in frantic drive to force Britain and France to support Wall Street interests in clash with Japan. 3. Danger of war against the Soviet Union grows, as imperialists increase efforts to solve their sharpening differences at expense of Soviet 4. Chinese Red Army and peasant partisan troops in Manchuria effectually hold up Japanese advance into Jehol Province. Marshall Chang, Nanking’s commander in North China, attack volunteer army defending Jehol against Japanese advance, Troops of as Japanese planes 5. Huang Ping, Chairman of All-China Trade Union Federation, transported in chains to Nanking, where he is facing death. 6. ‘President-elect Roosevelt yesterday issued a statement support- ing Hoover's foreign policy and making it clear that the incoming ad- ministration intended to continue the present struggle of U. S. impe- rialism against its Japanese rival, for supremacy in the Pacific and con- * The threat of a new world slaughter grew more acute yes: terday, with the U.S. and Japanese imperialists hurling charges and counter-charges across the Pacific. The Wall Street gov- ernment gave verbal and active expression to its hostile reac- tions to the Japanese penetration of North China with its di- rect menace to Wall Street’s spheres of influence and in- vestments in China. The Washington government is again utilizing the war debt ques- tion as a lever to bring France and Britain into line with U.S. policy, by offering concessions on the debts in exchange for such support. U. S. Ambassador Mellon secretly confere red on Monday with Sir John Simon, British Foreign Secretary, before the latters’ departure for the League of Nations conference at Geneva. On the same day, ‘Theodore Marriner, counsellor of the U. S. Paris Embase sy, visited the French Under-Secree tary of Foreign Affairs. France is openly supporting Japan with whom she has a secret military agreement for the Far East, and Britain is care rying on a more veiled support for Japan while it maneuvers to utilize the Japanese-U. S. antagonisms for its own imperialist benefits. The Japanese delegates at Geneva have met this attempt to buy Anglo- Fgench support with bitter denunci+ ations of the U. S. and open charges that the Washington government is using pressure on Britain and France to effect a united front agains§ Japan. They have demanded the exclusion of the representatives of the U. S. government from the con- ference. They likewise have de- manded exclusion of the Soviet del- egates. Meanwhile the Japanese war office has refused to withdraw its charge that the U. S. was furnishing war material to Marshal Chang Hsia- liang and wags contemplating 3 mile itary loan to the Nanking govern- ment. But the greatest danger at (CONTINUED ON PAGE THREE) DEADLIER GUNS GIVEN TO MILITIA Equipping Chief Anti- Worker Force First WASHINGTON, Jan. 17—Eight of the new 4.07 anti-aircraft guns were Shipped several days ago to the 212th Regiment of the National Guard in New York City. The guns include the latest devel- opments in anti-aircraft guns, are of long range, with all range instru- ments controlled by electricity. They can be operated by five men, where- as the older guns require 20 men, with hand control of the range mea= surements. The shipment signifies a change in the policy of furnishing the newest weapons of warfare first to the reg- ular army and only afterward to the national guard. This change of poli- cy has significant bearing on the developing struggles of the toiling masses against starvation for the sixteen million unemployed workers and their dependents and {ncreas- ing wage cuts for the employed, It is remembered that eight months ago, this same regiment tional guards received full wi ipment, including steel helmets. ‘2§ as a » ah - ~ne »