The Daily Worker Newspaper, May 21, 1932, Page 4

Sead Four waiLY WORKER, NEW YORK, SATURDAY, MAY 21, 1932 i ——T LABOR REASEARCH ASSN. MONG large numbe At unemployed has arisen the dangerous illusion that a war will “bring -back pros- perity”,Those who are skép- tical dre told to recall the “high fStandards” ast imperialis of t war, with its ilk shirts’ for workers and| limousines for scrubwomen! The true situation is. more clearly reflected, however, in| 4 cartoon in a banker’s publica- tion in 1919. It shows Labor opening a door labelled “High Wages”, getting drenched with | a pail of water—“High Prices” | rehed -atop the door. | This«bit. of: bankers’ «cyni- | cism should’ be an eye-opener'| for workers who want the real | facts: about. what. happened to | wages and cost Of livifig dur | ing the some of the facts: Purchasing Power Less In 1918 the purchagfng pow- | er of an hour’s. wages’ was’ ac- | tually 20 per cent léss than it had. been during the ‘period | 1890. t 1899. ‘The war years showed a steady decline in the purchasing | powér-of the hourly wage, the drop in the index number- being- from enjoyed during the},, last war>-Here are | Is 100 in 1913.to 92 in 1918. In.1917 the; figure was down to a. The wages of union labor in 1918 could put-| chase only two-thirds of what they | 2 could purchase in 1907. ates Bureau of La~- y of fam- ers, it was found that nine out of ten of the families studied received less than the ‘“m rd of| health and decency”. The average family tn the group had earnings of approximately 8700 a year below the | budget required for this minimum | standard! From July 1, 1914, to April 1, 1918, the wholesale price of 46 essential | commodities, according to Brad-| street's Trade Journal, showed an/| iticrease of 115 per cent. And the| U. S, Bureau of Labor Statistics, in | its study in 1918 of th e increase in} | Gost_of living of workers in the ship- | uilding industry—a- typical “boom”, high wage war industry—showed that $he-cost of living for white families | in 'Philedelphia, for example, had | sen 67 per cent in August, 1918, | Over the cost in December, 1914."And jin New York, in December, 1918, it jhad risen to 62 per cent over De- | cember, 1914. | Wages Lag Behind Cost of Living. While the cost of living and prices j had thus increased from 60 to 115 per cent, a study of wages made at | the close of the war by Hugh Hanna ‘and W. J. Lauck led them. to cons How U. S. Gov’t Supports Japan’sWarProvocations Against the Soviet Union By MacDOUGAL Atter thereturn of Stimson from Geneva, .and the first Seti eanel given out by the State Department, it becames completely clear .that the policy of Hoover's government re- mains the. same as it was before the a Pp encouraging of Japan by open and fc sttret means to begin war against fe ihe U.S. S..R,. The position of three m government departments after’ the D @utbreak of. the extreme militarists | pl ‘m Tokyo and the formation of the new war government is sufficient proof of this, al 1—Depariment of State The néw formula of Secretary of pt ‘State Stimson aims to cover up the ‘American goverriment’s -encourage- te ment: of Japanese. imperialism. It a sounds both optimistic and pacifistic. ve “We are not afraid of an outbreak | between Japan and the U. S..S. R./ Neither; country wants war.” This is Loge an. endeavor to: minimize the signifi- 3 cance ¢?. the fascist. outbreak in ‘Tokyo, and: 4s -tlie. fitst.stép) in. co- a) operating. with the future fascist hor ii anese" government.’ ~ a The new Japanese. governthent will | tk not be. very different frém tke old, since departmental officials ‘here. de- ti clate ‘that Japan was.alfeady ‘75. per ha cent fascist.” However, the State De- - partment tries, through the|\press, to @spress uncertainty about the policy, i ' VOTE COMMUNIST FOR: It 6. Against imperialist war; for the ft défense of the Chinese -people vi and of the Soviet Union. fe v 2 - a Me a ® Booklet on Soviet 1 Peace Policy by A. ¥ ‘ 2 Lunacharsky Issued | “The creeti¥e-iebor, which has led | a to“the eConomte ‘uplift of the jidnd| n of workers ‘and peasants, is carrying c us on from victory to victory ,over ee cribis-suffering, disintegrating, rot- * tihg-capitalisr: Yt is that, which en- u ables the Séviet government insist- pe ently and béldly to defend the cause | Ls of! peace.” N 80 * writes» Anatole’ Lunatharsky, | d member: of the Soviet delegation: to z the Geneva ‘Disarmament Conferenee;| pe in his introduction to TR. Soviets | fi Fight. for Disarmament, , just pub- | lished by ‘International Publishers, | ti 381 Fourth: Ave. je This booklet contains the proposals ii and Speéches of the Soviet delegation | \¥ at the Geneva Disarmament Contfer- bs @nce, and the introduction by Luna- e eharsky gives, the whole-setting and inner workings of the conference and | j£xposes tts real war'aims. The Soviets | ‘Fight for Disarmament, which is a companion yolume.toThe Soviet |Union and Peace, brings the record Of the struggle of the Soviet Union | tor peace and’ disarmament up. to} date, In The Soviet Union and Peace, which has an: introduction by Henri Barbusse, the record begins with the famous appeal to the peo- iples of the warring nations for peace sued by the ‘Soviet of Workers’, Peasants’ anid Soldiers’ Delegates on Nov. 8, 1917, and continues to the end of 1929. The new booklet brings jthe story up to date, clearly expos- ing the wir aims of the League of | © Nations and its support of the war of Japanese imperialism against the Chinese people and the Soviet Union. It ts given free with every purchase of The Soviet Union and Peace or ean be bought separately at 20 cents fron all workers’ bookshops or direét from Workers’ Library Publishers, of the future government.. “Only if the fascists gain control will the danger of war be serious.” This double -policy means that | Washington is receiving from the Japanese government assurances that the military clique will not affect its interests in Shanghai and will not change. the existing situation in Manchuria to the further disadvan- tage of American business interests. »Now that Stimson has returned from Geneva, Hoover's administration appears to be more certain than | before, that in case of a war Japanese imperialism will depend upon the support of the .U. S. A. The State Department has let it be.known that France's growing financial difficulties force her to hesitate before taking all the risk of the Japanese venture on herself. It is emphasized that'a deliberate j falsifying of the- estimates for the | French budget. conceals a great. defi- cit. Also, the credits that have been extended to France's allies, especially ‘Rumania and. Poland, are now 100 per cent..frozen, and never. will be repaid....The .new : government. of Herriot must take, into consideration these facts before planning s new financial. adventure. * All: this makes, the most. irrecon- cilable’ imperialist’ clique beleive that the war policy of Japan against, the | U.S. S. R not only\will not sharpen ‘| the relations between Japan and America, but will force Japanese im- pefidlism to’ make conceésions to Washington. 2—Department of War Wild information trom Washington | that “250,000 soliiets of the Soviet Red) Arthy are ‘massed’ on the Man- | chuflan border” is not an accident. | TH&t this information reflects a cer- | eine policy is shown:-by the’ fact that | after the official denial by the. Soviet | Government,,- ahd information even | frfom the bourgeois. correspondents jn the Soviet-Chinese border, the | Official government sources continue | to insist on this 250,000 story, adding that the Japanese have only 100,000: Simuultaneously, it. is repeatedly | emphasized that’ the railroad-téle- | Braph along the Chinese’ Eastern | Railway, is.at ithe disposdl of the Soviet Government. Because of this, “anti.other. citcumstdnces* the Soviet | Bovérnment is too well ifformed, says | the Official ‘source,’ about: what is go- | ing on in Manchuria to be surprised by~an’ attack and involved in a war. This is an attempt to. prepare first the’ justification for Japan’s dispatch. | ing new forces to Manchuria, and | second, to assist Japan in placing the blame for proyoking war. upon | the Soviet’ Union. 3. Department of Commerce. Under present conditions it is worth noting the fact that the department of Commerce prefers to observe @ complete secrecy concerning the | shipment of munitions to Japan. It is known that until recently, the de- | partment issued this kind of informa- |tion, although of course concealing | the main facts and reducing this ex- port to ridiculously small amounts. | But even this is now considered an indiscretion, and stopped altogether. Why? The official explanation is the | usual one: “The shipments are so |{nsignificant that they are not worth reporting.” Hoover's imperialist clique under the cover of silence is developing its aggressive plans against the U. S. S; | | VOTE COMMUNIST FOR: &. Emergency relief for the poor farmers without restrictions by the government and banks; ex- emption of poor farmers from elude: that the ri nh wages between ; of othe 1918, was or ‘ssor ‘d r at New cle in th also asked t 18 per cent for 26 per cent for ma Philadelphia Navy Yard for bituminous miners, hand; and 3 cent respectively pipe-fit e Yard. The rise in the building by | 15, 1931 labor nied the wa vas only from 12 to 2 r cent, The we | wages in some indus had actu- | or s from the ally decreased, even di ting this | Bulletin” e best “prosperity period”, while the wages | statistics’ York Univers he question: benefit by the tag ers the question by T. Bullock, Ss reported October from monih to month and comp: “Did , the changes. h the changes at | cost of living es indicated by t! po- | tail food index of the U. S. Bui bi of Labor Statistics. He started June, 1914, and followed the figur figures | up to March, 1931, in order to sl “Labor Market | how wages lagged be source of wage | ing that time by the | period. prosperity r or was its geous than ind cost of liv- | the full war and post-war | 1919 {cost of living by ty rcing the relation ‘of’ wage to living costs wh left “the ‘m lof workers in poverty before 1914, wages ranged . below au} age of one point. below; tm 1916, ‘one | they in 1917—the year: the United the in 1918/6 poinis. the acvual war ages lag; poir ites entered low; This wiod. Ta | vig. belo Inflicting Fendich Methods of Punishment Upon Is There FORCED LABOR in America? Are in- human practices being carried on in the land of the “free” against American working men? The above picture says YES. For months eye witnesses have reported fiendish methods’ of punishment inflicted on prisoners at the Wichita Prison Farm west of the Big Arkansas River at Wichita, Kansas. The men are sent to the farm for minor offenses, some simply charged with vag- rancy, guilty of the “offense” of being unemployed. Motorists passing the prison farm report having seen prisoners chained together drawing heavy agri- cultural vehicles, plows and harrows, subjected to the worst form of humiliation and torture. ‘A Wichita photographer, his camera equipped | This is the crux of the mobilization plan as re Secretary of War last year. These four million, American youth, are to be drawn from Class eleven million people. The report states that “the speed with w mobilization can be carried out is dependent upon Secret plans which will set in motion the military ma- chine of the United States and draw in 4,000,000 young men between the ages of 21 and 30 as soon as this country enters the war have been completed by the U. S. War Department. Unemployed Workers in a Wichita Pri ison Camp with a telephoto lense, took the above picture, at a distance of about three blocks from the scene shown here, in which men are revealed being driven like beasts of burden in the cultivation of a field. THIS IS AMERICA.. CAPITALISM’S METHOD OF RELIEVING THE UNEMPLOYED! THIS IS FORCED LABOR! It is direct answer to the hypo- critical charges of forced labor in the Soviet Union, where the workers rule, Stop it! Organize against this viclous practice! Demand Unemployment Insurance at the expense of the capi- talists! Fight with the Communist Party against forced labor! Support the Communist election campaign! @ U.S.War Department Completes Secret Plans to Draft Four Million Men work of a citizen army capable of absorbing rapidly the military man- power of the nation, whereas in 1917 we had to build up practically a complete organization.” In 1917 there were:cnly 21,543 officers in the re- serve forces. In 1930 there were 101,- 917 officers in the reserve forces. Five times as many as the year this coun- try entered the last war, ported by the the cream of I, containing | hich effective three factors: As part of the war preparations of a) The rapidity with which per- © sonnel can be procured. b) The length of time required to organize units and train them for combat. c) The rate at which munitions can. be manufactured and sup- plied.” The whole plan rests on the speed jess, with which the men can be gotten. In order to get the greatest amount} of efficiency, a selective service sys-| Professional tem with the governors of the states! oceans of at the head of each state organiza-| tion and local boards each govern- | ning areas containing 30,000 people | army. has been prepared. It is esti mated | that 5,000 such boards are necessary. | Youth To Go First On the day that the president | to draft the huge ai minimum.” There | take special pains tears o1 Policy” .of the Ame! in not building up his report revealed ;Plans are based on the U. S. within the ages he calls | for (as stated above those between } 21 and 30 will be hit first) will have | | to register. | || Expose the Every worker will ask when read- exemptions. In face of a stream of | propaganda about making the rich as | well as the poor pay for world} slaughter, the U. S. Department of | War, cynically says: | industries! W Daily Worker material produced in “Much has been said on the sub- ject of equalizing the burdens of Arms and | war. All statements on the sub- | Ject must refer to burdens other | ‘ than those incident to death and || and shipped disability, for these can never be || from all sect equalized.” US Stas This means what is stated else-|| have already efeller and the rest of the million- | aire will claim that they must re- faxes, and from forced collec- thon of rents or debts, kept here to run the factories. But the plans state that “any disturbance ters at once! | of the economic structure of the na- | tion is to be kept to the practicable | 12,000,000 out of jobs. | easy to see that the government will | army out of the ranks of the job- Oceans of Tears patriots have wept Chief of Staff MacArthur in | | @ large force of officers around which calls for mobilization, every man in| ay we have a skeletonized frame- Preparations; Write| | that where you work. are being manufactured Many workers letters to expose the vast American imperialism, the United States Navy Department is: reported to be considering the permanent con. centration of the entire United States fleet in the Pacific, Ocean. A Washington dispatch to the New York Herald Tribune reporting this definite war mobilization move, says: “If plans urged by the ranking naval officers are adopted, the | scouting force, with its fifty fight- ing units, hitherto based in the Atlantic, will be left with the bat- tleships and subsidiary vessels of the battle force off western shores. “This program, constituting one pf the most ,important inovations in policy since the battle force was shifted to the. Pacific in 1919, and especially significant in view of the delicate Far Eastern situation, will go into effect immediately, if the Navy receives assurances in the next ten days that Congress will close the Boston and Charleston, S. C. navy yards.” The are today over It is. quite to get its first wer the “suicidal | rican government a huge standing that the army the principle of med forces. “To- US. War announcement of this move jing this, who will b2 exempt? will | | by A viali : fs - fi | by the United States imperialist had T have to die for the capitalists’ fort- | For the Daily Worker} |an immediate reaction among the | | Anes? ‘The mobilization plans state — Japanese imperialists. A Tokio dis- definitely that there are to be no| Workers in the war patch to the New York Times reports statements by Japanese naval offi- ‘rite tonite cers to the effect that if the trans- about war is being factories Japanese Navy would have to con- sider the situation.” The dispatch pretends that the Japanese imper- ialists have accepted Admiral Pratt's statement that the war situation in |the Far East was not considered in the transfer of the fleet. Later on in the dispatch, however, it is ad- nunitions to Japan ions of the written to perialists, now in a diplomatic siage eee tai Sescarces a ial | the Daily Worker and over the loot in China. It says: et ards will grant permits to the | | toe wf ‘ ow 2 4 rieh “those whose importance to the | their letters exposing While it may be fantastic to nation of the service they are ren-|| America’s war prepara- Sk pba, latended 4 dering in civilian life” makes it ne-|| tions have been .pub- mae 8 ey reds nas Shanghet cessary for them to be here. Like in | lished. ie Nae saad Raeloplerta gins the last, war, the sons of Ford, Rock- | We must have more cific would be an insuperable ob- stacle to such a scheme, main to direct the plants. And they war preparations that ‘i Velie oats Mn jhe bind Wee will get away with it. re got 0 the ic, therefore, can hardly ge iy || are going on all over the talt;sto' ‘he Poghrded “by "the | dap Of course, many workers will be|| country. Send your let- anese public as having some con- nection with the international sit- uation in the Orient.” fer is intended as permanent “the | mitted that the transfer of the {leet | is part of the struggle of the im-| i Tom Casner, Superintendent’ of! the Wichita Prison Farm . war—12 points | points; but tose © ‘THE MYTH — HIGH BB ion IN WAR-TIME above only ii 1920-21 v. a the, cr he 81 | prices. ie concludes that of he found j months under review from Jung i|the cost of living in the last’ six | 1014, to-March, i921, “Wages are be: | vican Acadeihy of Politi months of 191% an average of, 7) hind the cost of living in 49 months; | (end ial Science, September, 1921, points. In 1915. they. lagged an avers | which. {860.5 per cent of the total;| After citing after page of offie ‘2 on even terms in’'5 x nich 13°6.2'per cent of the total, ed" ving costs in 27 mouths,..or, |88.8 per cent o7 the toial.” “Sik Shiris”?—A My “Why then do people still talk of | j the “silk shirted” mechanics and the | thigh war-time wages”? Bul swers, this in part when he that the somewhat reci:less spendi: S| “of @ relatively small bu’. favored | licity as to convey the iu that the situation was representa: of the working class as a whole. He also emphasizes the fact that.in | the lat.er period under re hea | the: ecst of living did deciine more! than wages, that employment ‘was inking even more rapidly. Thus the income of a given family or of the working class cs a whole, yes Bo |. tually werse during eyen this period} + because of the increcve in uncmmploy- | meat, e) of 1921 brought_a general collaps? du o group has beeh given such wide pub-| ‘ Lee oe Seta a) clusions on the relation ng to wages during the are given in am bvaham Epstein in Annall cial figures he concludes: “It is pate ent that despite the tremendous, ine crease in Wages experienced during the last six years (preceding 1921) es of wage earners in keeping pace with the increased, cost, of . living.” He shows also, by quoting figures of the Indust: Conference Board agency — that. group of workers in the( es earned the minimum: r the support of @ h the most necessary come farts, as conserystively estimated by not 2 sing United St | this employers’ organization itself. Th ere in the od old” war days of “high wages”, Vollowing the worst eco Of capitalis during wnic crisis in the history “standards” imperialist lower than those i 1914-2) ks, “Why the Will Back Prosperie April’ 14, 15, |Active War Are. Exposed (By a Worker Correspordent.) BALTIMORE, Md.—Metal workers employed in the Bartled and Hay- ‘wood Machine Workers here repori- ed that cartridges are being manu- factured’ and shipped secretly front the plant. 3 Other workers from the air craft industries on the outskirts of Balti- more report tifat in one plant twelve heavy bombers’ are abcut to be con- pleted for the U.S. navy and an or- der for 24 more is coming. Anotl | plant is working on twelve scouti planes for the U.S. Army. ~ The Krib Paint and Color Works, a Dupont. concern ‘in Curtis Bay, which is- équipped to ‘manufacture poison gas on short: notice,-Has set /up.@ rule that a worker ‘going to” work in the plant must take an oath that he will not discldse to any ore what is going’on in the factory. ‘This ‘was confirmed by about 30 workers. | | Preparations in Baltimore and Phila. the by Workers Munitions Shipped from Philadelphia (By a Worker Cozrespondent.) PHILADELPHIA, Pa.Workers from Victor Phonograph Machine Works report that part of the plant has been converted to the manufac- ture of ammunition. Longshoremen report that muni- tions are carried down the Delaware River on barges. Some of thes? mu- nitions are stored in the U. S. Ma- rine Corps Depot. Other barges have been seen unloading at pier 98. It is reported that the munitions unload- ed ai pier 98 ts to be put aboard ships sailing for Japan and other | points in the Far East. While most of the DuPont En * Plants are working part. time, one chemical plant near Chester is work- ing full time manufacturing poison gas. ' Hamilton, N.Y. Editor, Daily ‘Worker: Iam a student and have spme acquaintance. with @ factory near here, the, Sherrill, N.; ¥., brancli: of the Oneida Community Plate ©o., Ing. , Im reference to, your published ‘tiquiry about factories producing-war » | materials, I can; say that this plant jdirect” war materials, such as med- during the world war produced “‘in- ical instruments for the war depart-' |ment. The machines for this Dave | | been recently cleaned- and repaired ! May, 1932) erings.~ One was the* National’ Con~ ference of the Cominunist Party‘ of Mexico; the other was the plenary session of the Central Committee’ of | |the Comrhunist Party of the! United States. While each of ‘these gather- ings had*special problems to'consider |in accord with the special ‘conditions of each country, their objective’ was the ‘same! °This objéctivé was to formulate ‘practical .measures: for’ the organization of the working class and of the toiling peasantry, as ‘its ally, for the revolutionary struggle against the offensive of the-exploiters: We wish to make. this: eyeat *ture occasion fo: bringing forward, ones more, the undeniable fact ‘that it is only the’ Communist Parties to whom the masses can look for leadétship in the struggle against the capitalist- lahdlord-imperialist. offensive. Every- where, in ail parts and sections. of the imperialist and colonial world, it. is the Communist Parties, the Par- ties that are following the example of Lenin and the Bolsheviks, that are organizing and leading the oppressed and exploited masses to their, social and national liberation. The two Comununisi gatherings in Mexico,and in the United States were Seretre, to- wards that end. Both of these gatherings were in- spired in their work by the,,.epoch- making activities of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, headed. by Comrade Stalin, which is, leading. the working class and the, toiling, pegs- aniry of the Sccialist Fatherland in the completion of the Five-Year Plan and in the launching of the Second Five-Year Plan of the building of Socialisin. The work of the Communist, Par- is of special importance to us. The Staios . is Porty in North America. It is, the In the past two months there stoke place.wo important Communist gath- | ties of Mexico and the United States Communist Party of the United the largest Communist Hamilton War Industry Is Ready for Government Orders and put in condition for use. , Pro duction has not started, but can be at practically a moment's notice. This plant is a typical instance-of the results of no organization. . Star- vation wages are paid and ‘only 30 per cent of the former number of em- ployees are on the payroll and’ these work ‘only a few days each wéek. The only answer inthis and similar situations is to organize and demand ‘the just share for the !workers.* The workers here are beginning to see it G.w. Communist Parties. in the Struggle | Against Capitalist Offensive. (From an editorial ‘of Mundo Ovrero revolutionary working-class part ‘of | | that,.courcry..whose capitalist class dominates and oppresses the. toiling masses of the Caribbean.’ Therefore, thé growth of the Communist Party of the United States means “the growth of that power which, in) alli- anee ‘with the workers and péasdnts of the Caribbean,: will overthrow “the rules of. Yankee imperialism. The Communist Patty of Mexico also c= cupies @ special place. It is the Com- minist Party ofthe most important country in the Carlibean.’ It is one of ‘thé oldest and largest*Communist Parties of this region. The deyelop- ing contact arid: collaboration of these two parties lays the basis for a ‘wider coll: tion of all: Communist‘ ties of the Americas and for the: ere- ation’ of the alliance between cthe | teiling masses of all Américen roxm- tries against ‘imperialist domiustion. Britten Urges Military Tyranny for Hawaiians |’ which would’ place Hawaii under ® naval or’ military : dictatorship wes.’ introduced. today, in .() House by .Representative Fred Ar Britten, republican, Miincis. Britien, who speaks ‘for the Hooved administration, ta'a ¢ov- ering :siatement said: “No other nation on’ earth would allow so important ‘a possession to be so completely dominated by @ nati population.” “Dhe Marsie case, li said, has “shown the extreme to; which the civilian population. as! well as the courts wil} go to wu hold the native spirit agains: any- thing that is American.” , Britten ,referred, of course, to, the fact that there is erate h law which is a prelude} itary dictatorchip, 1 {against the imperialist robber war “WASTINGTON, May 18—A bi “The Communist Party of Mexico +-} Yankee -}munist Parties in North America and exploiters, £| Lsoriet Union and the Chinese Revo- The first step in this wider collab: oration of the Communist Parties of he Americas was taken by the-issu- ance of the joint anti-war appeal signed by the Communist Parties of North, Central and South América, which is reprinted elsewhere in’ this issue. This appéal calls upon” the workers, peasants and revolutionary intellectuals to join the struggle upon China, for the defense of the ‘Chinese people and the Soviet Union. May First was designated as the day of mobilization for the anti-war struggle. - This appeal calls upon the toiling masses of the Americas to} help forge the alliance between the -proletarian. revolutionary movements and the colonial. liveration move- ments of the Americas for. the com- Scruggie against foreign im- pevlalism .and its, native. supporters. ‘The Communist. Pariy of the United States is undertaking to mobilize the. working class of its country to support, actively the libe cyation struggles of the toiling masses -of Latin America, especially those ;Gruggles that sre directed against Yankee imperialism. | is underteking to organize the work- xs.and toiling peasants of Mexico to Tight against the capitalists and lehdlorés—the native supporters. of imperialism—and against their government which is a puppet of Yankee imperialism. .dn this way the two largest Com- in the Caribbean are building the evolutions vy front .of the tolling ses, under the leadership ‘of the yoriing class, for the common truggle against the offensive of the for the defense of the lution. Our most important ally in’ the sirnggle against Yankee imperialism and its’ social-fascist agents is the working class of thé United’ States and its Communist Party ;