The Daily Worker Newspaper, May 25, 1927, Page 5

THE DAILY WORKER, _ NEWS PRINTERS BACK MILLIKEN IN BIG SIX FIGHT Wahneta -and Near- Wahs Slated for Defeat Pre Je printers were Winding up their sttenubus campaign yester- day in behalf ofD'Arey. (Doe) Milli- ken for president. of, Typographical Local 6 (Big Six) against the re- actionary: incumbent, Leon H. Rouse. Rouse’s main achievement foy the newspaper publishers was to kill the six-hour day batk in 1924 at a time en Big' Six-almost had the gieat victory in. their hands. A third can- didate is William M. A. Powers, a reactionary who has the support of the reactionary Wahneta group. The Wahneta or “administration” gang for years ran the international) union and through a conspiracy with foremen of nev fices tried to starve out of the in- dustry the militant members who re- fused to subscribe to Wahneta policies. The Wahnetas were in charge of the union, under the leadership of Mars- den Seott. when the 44-hour strike was lost. in many of t job shops, costing the union $10,000,000. and a heavy Joss in membership The Wahnetas ‘in the present cam- paign have yped to the lowest forms of co-operation with the boss. With boldface-talk of “blood-dripping flags. of anarchy,” they have tried to besmirch one of the union’s outstahd- ing leaders, “Doe” Milliken. The line-up in the present election is Milliken, the progressive party eandidate against Rouse, the turn coat who has held office for years | while playing to the Ptogre: es ‘and Wahne' and Powe and serving the employers, s, the out-and-out Wah canditdate. Th first 1s the time in Rouse’ president that the Wahs ed to support him. But is only a slight. difference be- him- and powe Even the id Wah gang re s that he fs edited among membership and so have pushed Powers out. Powers is ignorant of the labor move- ment. . The election takes place Wednes- day. High School Teachers : Ask Maximum of $3,600 STER, Mass. May are demanding inereases be immediately by the High schoot teachers mum be raised from § men and §2 the that granted -for 525 $3,600 women and that elementary teachers to for be to ale da ela ole ell eb ala ela ofa cba eda le ats sed from a maximum of $1,800 80. apers and job of-, “= | News and Comment Labor ation Labor overpment Trade n Volities | J Florida Cops Hot For Pullman Firm NEW YORK, WED SD Organized Labor-~Trade Union Activities $35 Minimum, New Barbers Demanding AY, MAY 25, 192 Page Five s and Programs The | e Union Press Strikes—-Injunctions * Labor and Imperialism PLUMBERS ARE Against Porters Newark Agreement INDEPENDENTS IN VINDIGATED IN FIRM ATTITUDE Dow Reports Admit Wages to Go Higher —THE striking plumbers of Brook- lyn will win their $14 scale and may gain the five-day -week. 9 —THE s ng plumbers helpers of tht entire city, with the support of other building fts, have an ex- cellent chance of lifting their present low seale of $4 to m high levels. 3.—THE Buildi imployers’ Association is: beaten in its lock- out. The predictions covered in the three points. listed above were broadly hinted at Monday. by the Dew vice Daily Building Reports; the au- thoritative daily chronicle of the in- du E, Beals, the swee made that the Building T: ployers’. efforts to “stabili and make an “ plumbers’ str r. They haye failed beca the build- ing industry has not yet started its decline and be the chaos in the industry does not permit a unified labor policy to be fully effective, ac- cording to. the Dow Reports. C Norman, head of the Employ- wociAti when qu LY WORKS yesterday on the teports story, snapped, “I am sponsible for what the Dow Re- ports »may say,” But he did admit that a full month's efforts to club the Breoklyn st into submission had brought this re- sult; 1.-~The Brooklyn plumbers-are: still out toa man, and no ous effort is Leing “ma te fill. their: places. 2%-The lockout against the Bronx and Manhattan plumbe engineered by a iation, has collapsed, out against the Queens hmond plumbers is being con- wages le” of Brooklyn eon DAI Dow not x and R vinued. Local 1 Pro Thus the militancy and god’ sense of Plumbers’ ‘Local 1 last week in re- | fusing to arbitrate the five da week | and the $14 seale demanded in a strike | lasting since April 1 is borne out by {the official commentators on the in- dustry itself. Shortly after Local had. voted down helmingly the International officers’ demands that | they return to work pending the art. es Correctness. In.a special article by Allen | ng admission was | d by The | Ben Smith is a union organizer in Jacksonville, Fla., and his skin is | dark, For these two offences the police are trying to run him out of town. Roy” Lancaster, secretary of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters tells the story. “Ben Smith is one of our" best or-| ganizers. A year ago he was one of the two lone delegates to the} Pullman company union convention who refused to sign a bad wa agreement. Last December thee fired him on another pretext and the | union. put him to work. “Smith was lining the porters into} the union at Jacksonyille for three weeks before the company found it) out. And then the police told him to get out of town. Ben stood on his rights, and asked why: f Paper An Insult. “*You are connected with. that Messenger Magazine,’ the cops said, ‘and we folks here regard that paper! asgan insult. . “The Messenger is a reputable la- bor magazine, and is the organ ‘of our brotherhood. Smith has the right to live in Jacksonville and or- ganize the colored workers. The union is standing behind him. .The American Civil Liberties Union is co-| operating with us in defending him,” Lancaacee said the Yuumah Co. 158) doing everything in ts power against \ue union pending the report of Ed- win Morrow, the federal mediator, who is passing on the claims of the | Brocheriiood to represent the wark- evs, as against the claims of the company union. Worcester Cops Use Guns to Terrorize Workers on Strike WORCESTER, Mass. May 24— Day by day in every way the strike of the Building and Common La- borers 6f Worcester is becoming more and more effective. From the moment the strike commenced on Wednesday morning, May the 18th, every member of the union was on duty on the picket lines around the, various construction jobs, A mere happy, determined and militant or- | ganized body of workers out on strike| was had by all. | has not very often been seen in this metropolitan organizer of the I.L.D.,! city before. The first serious incident of the, NEWARK, J., May 24.~-Master Barbers’ Ass’n. of Newark met yes-| terday to take up the demands of the Barbers’ Union... The agreement be- tween the journeymen and bosses ex- pires May 31. The workers are de- manding a flat rate of $35 weekly | and fifty cents on eve@y dollar above $45 that they take in.. The men are seeking a working day from 9 A. M.| to 7 P. M., Saturdays from 6 A. M. to 9 P.M. If these demands are not conceded by the bosses, the union has made preparations to call a strike and | | fight for. their demands. Hebrew Singers Organize. NEWARK, N. J., May thing new in the line of unio: arrived in this city. The Hebrow choir singers who perform at all Jewish holidays have banded them- selves together inté a local union of Hebrew Choir Singers Local 17.682 of the A. -F. of L. Their hesdcuarters at the Talmud Torah Building 64 Montgomery Street. Electricians Joi NEWARK, N. J strike of the local electricians has been progressing favorable to the strikers. At the Essex Trade Council | Friday evening the celegate from the Electricians Union Local 52, re- in Strike. May .—The | ported that practically all the inde- pendent contractors have signed up union contracts and conceded to higher union workers. The majority of the men are at work and in due time all the contractors will be com- pelled te sign up with the union. The attempt on the part of the local con- tractors associated to introduce the open shop has resulted in a total failure. Sacco-Vanzetti Meeting. NEWARK, N. J., May 24.—On Fri- day evening at Kreugers Auditorium | on Belmont Avenue near Springfield Avenue, there, will he nine mass meetings in behalf of Sacco and Van- zetti. Harry Wendrich, president of the Essex Trades Council will preside. All workers of the city are urged to) attend and raise their voices for the liberation of these ‘two class war prisoners. I, L. D. Dance, Success. NEWARK, N. 4, M 24.—On Saturday evening the combined locals of the International Labor Defense of the city of Newark staged their first successful dance. Hundreds of work- ers attended, and a jolly good time Pat Devine. mel spoke and was given a rousing re- | ception, The affair was a success! EFFORT AT PEACE IN 1. L. 6. W. UNION Committee of 50 to Seek Formula for Unity Plans were laid for a committee of 50 at a meéting of the In- dependent Group of the Cloak and Dressmakers in Cooper Union to bring about peace in the Inte ional La- dies’ Garment Worker nion. Despite determined ef up the meeting, which hall, a resolution was pa on “both factions inv struggle” to declare pub agree for a peace wih s the question of new leade referendum vote of the membership, conducted by an impartial committee. The committee of 50 steps to bring to an end t ammed the ved in this cl struggle” with instructio to get in touch with the Jewish Council of Greater New York to assist in that work, The committee was given full power to work out plans to “este lish ordcp” based on a “spirit of unity and solidarity of all members of our organization.” Harry -Berlin, a member of Local 10, whom disrupters attempted to shout down, declared the big issue in the union is not Communism. “I am not a Communist,” he declared, but if I were, I wouldn't be ashamed to admit it.” Heard Patiently. A, Student, another speaker, called the entire audience and. the nsors of the meeting “Communists” and re- fused to stop speaking when his time was up. He yelled, “I dave anyone to touch me and make me stop.” The audience would not be provoked but kept on Shouting, “Time is up; time is up,” until he left the Another trick that failed to break up the meeting was an attempt to switch off the light. A Sigman hench- man was discovered in time. I. Brauner, chairman of the Shop Chairmen’s Council, told the assem- bled workers that he is a member of the. democratic party and a deputy sheriff in Kings County, but because he is opposed to Sigman’s policy he is accused of being a Communist. A. Alvois, Local 10, said that “it is difficult to be neutral after what has taken place in the union.” Union Heads irked orts to break F sed calling its that they ! platform. | |Wall Street Gang Owns | Traction Companies (Continued from Page One) in search of and will appreciate light from every direction. His statement further, laid down a method of procedure for..the. later hearings which consisted of five main the various interested com- panies would record themselves as be- ing a part to the hearing. ond, each witness of these com- r to be called would appear as an_ individual, Third, the commission counsel would examine witnesses. Fourth, the company counsel might then question the witness. Fifth, only oné counsel would.do-the cuestioning. Following the reading of this: state- ment by Untermyer, former Governor Nathan I. Miller rose to present the tion for the B. M. T... He began 3 a that the hearings, were | “welcome” to his client and that they would “cooperate” in a spirit of the utmost helpfulln "and more to this ed for the stuffed ears. of pot t Probe of Control. tly he came to the point: The - would fight all attempts to te the stock transactions of ss, a matter which they would n is not not * tinent or re- » the ing z M. T. which is known defin- he the controlling company of sit line: S was pre- dicted in The DAILY WORKER, will seek to prevent all delv into its shady metho The B. itely to all the city tra Following this was a statement by James L. Quackenbush, counsel for the Interborough, who did not deign to present his company’s position in the matter but only o ted to the er of immunity which Untermyer demanded of each witness. This point was left hanging in the air, so to speak, but it appears that witnesses will be under some persuasion to an- swer though there is nothing now to compel testimony. Who Owns I. R. T.? The first witness called was H. M. Fisher, secr ry-treasurer of the In- terborough Rapid Transit Compar ical of the Interborough. He had hard- ly been sworn in before Untermyer began a cross examination intended to reveal the real owners of the In- terborough stock Fisher had a ng fifteen minutes in seeking to avoid the answer to di- rect questions. Old mmy Unter- myer, himself quite familiar with the internal affairs of more than a few concerns seasoned to put his hand on the sore spot in every instance, Then the information came out: The stock of the Interborough is held hy about 2,5000 stockholders who own to- gether about 350,000 shares. This seems a pretty widely scattered own- ership, But the few questions on this subject revealed the fact. that only about 6,000 shares of the total 350,000 were owned outside of Wall Street. That is, about 98 per cent of the stock and hence of the voting power of the company is in the hands of the brokers in the financial dis- sher is a hard boiled chestnut, typ- | U. $. Investments Lead to War, Says Speaker at Geneva GENEVA, M 24.—Declaring that American investments inevit- ably lead to military intervention, Delegate Varia of Colombia, asserted frankly in a speech he- fore the World Economie Confer ence here that ath =America would welcome European invest- ments to those of the U. 8S. Variaez explained that Ameri; ¢an capitalists have now more than $100,000.000 invested in Colombian securities, but that “ i he U, S. in the inte in Latin A ica h with apprehensior no stock whatever! Frank Hedley, president a | manager owns but fifty wckner, another di- rector, owned two! In fact all of the directors between them do not own a hundred shares of the company stock. This is a strange fact indeed. But the meaning of it will batome clear. On further qu ning it was revealed that the coal bill of the .In- to terborough amounts millions of dollars a the insur- ance bill amounts to d figure in the large hundreds of thousands, perhaps more; the amount could not he extri- some four cated from the unwilling lips of Fisher, To the question often re- peated as to how he explained the fact that none of the directors owned an interest in the we e of the com- pany, Fishef had no available an- swer. Wall Street Control. The hearings broke off at this point. What do the two sets of facts dis- closed mean! The first, t the stock. is in the hands of Wall Street brokers who are in possession of a voting trust enabling them to manipulate it at will, is proof that stock owners as well as the city and the r : at large are being exploited by the huge Plunderbund inaugurated by the trac- tion bandits. The rs have noth- ing to lose in the swi much as they’ do not own the stock but have me secured poss n of it for trading purposes and receive their commissio: At the same time the brokers are themselves under the | thumb of the Morgan interests which now control the B. M. T | Plunder Not Service. The second fact disclosed, that the directors of the I. R. T. do not own any of the stock, convicts them ‘as | already stated in the DAILY WORK- ER, of being a mere Plunderbund whose interests are directly opposed to efficient service. They make their rake off and get ‘their graft through enormous salaries and through the sale of coal, insur- ance, building supplies, steel, and other materials to themselves at enor- mously inflated prices. } Fhey are limited in this graft only by the necessity of paying interest.on the bonds of the company, a matter not diffieult when it is remembered | thatthe city pays a yearly deficit of | over $11,000,000 towards the upkeep | of the subways. inspired us { P ves sept Meh a : strike oceurred on the following day | morally and financially, We wish to, trict. The full significance’ of this|°", ag they | ut Some Foamiiinaks arisen oe ore that. the strike was declared when | thank all our friends who helped in| fs revelation will become clear in rela- Pea gaa Se an oe | hatha acho a. Gaines aan pce ot a| Frederick F, Mute, a superintendent making the affair a success thry The | tion to the second fact disclosed, umh of The DAILY WORKER, } Power In tld Pah te este 3 nage e {on the new Horticultural Building DAILY WORK | ef | y ows Untermyer then devoted himself to | "US" ” ae 25 the Prada elt pe ‘cials hied eer job, in the employ of J, J, Powers, the | motion “That all members o! cal: | ential any ‘the nabiteg af ae wiitees “4 ! | eas |most aggressive anti-union contractor, | , :s vend avg . torship of the company. In a moment OF..1927 hat IC: selves back ied Chicago. ga tee rushed to the picketers with a shovel | 210 and bare Bhall eease work on Fri- it was revealed that the members of | $1 Postpaid . Building trades workers in Cooper- 2 Pi . * day, May 20, 1927, commencing at 8 ry he Board of Directors held practically par ce ‘ses > i =, act | SWinging in his hand. Were it not) "y, . 7 tne - Ph the Board of Directors eld prae ically GPE aS BeaWeartnagah pei ne oS for the quick assistance of his fellow ba os rice ay of Local 620 until the no stock in the company, The chair- Red Cartoons > night reflected the optimistic turn of |. : veay| Strike is settled.” b acneod . f the board and the chairman of . events'in A demand that the interna- | reupecreri ah dpb daca bobby Ls Workers Greet Strike Call. (By a Worker Correspondent). he concectifng executive Committee of Of 1926 Now tignal union enter negotiations with | 0st) blow.” |, Hats and coats flew in the air.) CLEVELAND, May 24—The con- the board. E. J. Berwind of the Ber- 50 CENTS” the Plumbers Helpers’ Association, | * i Cops-Pull Guns * (hand clapping, whistling and cheer- vention of the Brotherhood of Lo- Wind-White scab coal company wink! looking. toward their..admigsion into | ie + nal ai Pat ole ne sreeted the passing of the mo- comotive Engineers will be held in) ~2———— LEER OE IE NES |the union with regular standing. The oneres eee ensued as Patri tion, With the walkout of the other | this city on June 6. Over 6,000 dele- building workers also commended Lo-|men 0 Rourke a nd Bartholomew | two locals, six of the smaller contrac: | rates dad denis: ane expected Pay cal 1 and called for renewed support | pounced upon the strikers who van}tors realized that they were UP ithis occasion, But C, BE, Linda PHILADELPHIA ‘lof the strike in Brooklyn and_ the |to assist their brother. Without any | against a stone wall so they hurriedly bh cece Ih Be - ae , cag tae ae oe, ee x |locked out men in Queens and: Staten | provocation the cops pulled their guns} signed up and the men went back | vather wistful over the prospects dhe age eee std dechliatiets i Tsland, altho the patrolmen were aided by a igned- bs, -All the other! q . enue x a score of passersby who were of a righ ag Ai pee Son aaterraininent: for the dolagayes. Bisho William Montgomery Brown 1 Mi 5 i “Trib 99 | middle-class element, Despite all the} masons and bricklayers having no ie A sdotcta ied Lol oa kel p i i ig inneapohs UNE | provocation upon the part of the job| tenders vefuse to accept materials |” R Ne i Don't waste your energy ; 1 accep’ lvention center, but finds that the lo- mht i i superintendent and police the strikers| furnished by scabs. The masons and| ; : ; Pat Devine | in idle protest. When Bus V0 . Cagers merely wanted to rescue their fellow-| pricklayers are impatient at the Bons 1 chamber. of commerce 1s making and others will speak a : Ail samgy.4 elight in pulling their guns, laborers and are threatening to join, Raced hue eMigs se ie eh, F he D fe f th D, W. rk : you want to fight— | «(BY A Worker Correspondent) | wanted to arvest the entire picket} the strike. Already about. 800 men Considered by the city, and sinee other or i elense Of te Val orker strike your blows where MINNEAPOLIS, May 24.—Few of (line instead of the superintendent are out and if the strike continues bah cited trent ie ribo ila 3 * ; the: readers of. the Minneapolis “Tri-| who attacked the picketers with a) until next Wednesday, the Worcester “Cor ye Oucree various ind they will he most be bune” “know of the miserable wages | shovel, | Building Trades Council will take the | ea paced gi bees ag on or i FRIDAY, MAY 27th, at 8 P. M. fective , jand mee working: conditions that ‘el Angered .by. this continued attack matter up at its regular meeting at loi thule ctapalinatiow ta bene na | aac ————____--____—- 7 1 tes ot workers. in their open shop are sub- /upon them, the strikers, in an attempt /the Labor Temple. r . i m rank]i Kick in With a Sub. Jected ‘to. y : 'to push off the bullies, knocked the| It is expected the Building Trades |!@eted. baci Pebaises NEW TRAYMORE HALL, Franklin and { STA ES 0 ok NS if The paper has just spent $35,000 for two officers and the superintendent | Council will elect a committee that | Beg ag NS rt Columbia Ave Admission 25 cents. i Every subscription is a its building: improvements, and imme- on to a pile of sand, but were quickly | will attempt to settle the strike. If}, The major ttention of ie con . . ] iking answeb to the diately an intensive slave-driving cam-| pounced upon by a score of cops who | settlement cannot be reached by its | vention, it is declared, will he cons 4 mies of Labo: _ | paign was launched in an effort to -had responded to a riot call sent in| committee and the contractors, it is| {ined to the consideration of the “var- - —E ; out “ @anor—every * _get the money ‘by more active sweat- by J. J. Power, the contractor, As a believed that a general. strike affect. | lous financial enterprises of the sfpeterfeeteateefupeeteeteeeoteatententestetonfeetesinteefeteedeebesloteeteetertentoeds ‘ : sub) is more strength to ing of their workers. _ ‘result ten strikers were arrested and jing all crafts will be recommended, | »*otherhood. ICAGO First Picnic of the Season CHICAGO ] the lows that are dealt (The women who do the cleaning hooked on various charges such a8 | At least this is the recommendation | ‘ ic eee AepeRe eg | every day by The DAILY - Tha we pa cl ie ulin of the assault, battery and use of indecent that local 620 will bring, Men were! Reformists Eager to Chicago Workers are cordially invited to attend the Wo 4 \.“Tribune” receive the miserable wage | language. |imported from other cities, but went ‘ i Don't yee ae of ae aha Bes eae 2 | The men Legato tn yelled back again as soon as they learned Assist Republicans in ven nnua icnic \ | 1} A eS OD e “Tribune” hives thrift experts | oyt and on the following morning the | that they were brought to scab. | j . j Kick int ¥ se ee and teach yh kane how | court imposed ane of $10.00 and $20/ Among the outstanding projects, Rule of German Work | ‘ held by. the “ “f | to practice economy in home manage- | on each charge. e cases were ap-) tied up are the Dormitory at Wor a. 1 ie 1 SUBSCRIPTION RATES: Nnent. “How to adequately feed, clothe | pealed. ceater Tech, Million Dollar Library at| ‘olpgaale igi May rental CA NAL LEAGUE Py Quinide of In New York ——j and educate the childven with such a)" Meanwhile preparations had been| Holy Cross College, The track work be tty ties to swork eanener | : TRADE UNION EDU TIO pie'krs gooo Ver Yr $8.00 | gmall wage it, has so far failed to made for a joint meeting with the! of the Worcester Consolidated Street | “ith the repul apt groups in oe Ger- | ab she Mo. “ppg gH Mo. $02 point out, “sister locals 210 and 450 Hodearriers| Railway Company, Boston & Albany he ees Ce Sterne sesny t ; \ | a a tt caer ara and Musontenders which was held the round house, St. Mary's Parochial So rusi'convention. | ¢ Kolze’s Electric Park, 6353 Irving Park Blvd. ; ‘night following the avrests, at’ Vic-| School, Our Lady 0} ngela : ¢ RR Mike 4 : nee Paper Box Makers i ‘tory Hall. ‘The hall was jammed to Girls, Lee St., School, Adama St,,|_ Former chancellor ‘Hermann Muel- | Take any car North to Irving Pk. Blv.. transfer West to end of line. » The DAILY WORKER | Hold Union Meeting: the doors and the meeting was the| School, City Hall Garage, Hortieul- bias rae naalidmnentary slate |S ji SUNDAY, MAY 29 83 First Street —— i most enthusiastic one held. @ ar-| tural Society Building, rts’ Ply- nate @ keynote speech, declared \+ , i i % New York The first meeting of paper box, rests during the day hed angered| mouth Theatre. ia that they stand prepared to join the | $ Grove open to the public at 10 A. M, Dancing to 8 P. My he ; ; bs ders xo ngs poke was sheld | every on Ry ink di ich The syne ales mer ee — ee . . 2 MUSIC BY [. LECHINGER’S UNION ORCHESTRA. Bpclosed $.....+ LOK «ye ureday night, in Manhattan Ly-' to the ranks that rema solid. , two more strikers al ic up 0! evolutionary sentiments were ab- vi ‘ nips, sub! to: ‘ceum, The attendanee was encour-- Frank Lapriore, President of local| a school job in Shrewsbury, a nearby | sent at the convention in spite of the Food served and prepared by Union MS re ase ape gale cream, NAMO cssseecceveven pene aging, over two hundred being pre- 210 was unanimously elected Chait-| town. If the strikers continue the| fact that Kiel was the birthplace of Ks ete,—Various amusements.—Baseball and other sports. af Neder sent, ' /man of the joint meeting. After the} magnificent activity as they are doing| the German armistice revolution. ADMISSION 50 CENTS. Le er ean creel a hota urna essatnny ifs HG Fapeniig amares Ui HN Feseiiin’ <2) sia me, Gaus Fuay WU then, vieeaey 1€ ro CHTS can be nocured at the following places: 166 W, Waxhington a \\- AY ee League for Industrial Democracy, and, local 210 who ended by’ demanding’ is certain. HARRISBURG, Pa, (FP) May 24.) 6 Tre ite Wwe Washinwton, Hiv: Greek Workers Glob, 708 WW, Vudl State . .|d. P. Burke, general. president and{ solid ranks and unity of action of all] Sixty-five cents per hour for la-|--Clothing, textiles, transportation Buren; 19 8. Lincoln: “Preihelt.” 6209 W. Roosevelt Rd.; 2003 N, California, f secretary of Interoutional Brother-; three locals, Louis rsa and| borers and recognition of the union | and silk continue to report low em-|# Ave: “Vilnis,” $116 South Halsted and from members of the TU. Bol. ‘hood of Pulp, Sulphite, and Paper: Fede DeBene, International repre- Mill Workers of the United tutes and Canada, were the speakars, { sentatives spoke. The srowniae achievement of the meeting wax the outstanding demands and fol- lowed by many progressive labor de~ mands,-—-Sidney Bloomfield. ployment to the State Labor panes t, Kmployment is far below nor- mal. 4%