Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, June 5, 1881, Page 4

2 Semnaetni ee — Aim anmergrin eneine econ yieat art areebinmpuaa:Ate rinnee secsur never t Ghe Criluue. TEEMS OF SUBSCRIFTION. + BY MAIL-IN ADVANCE—POSTAGE PREPAID. $12.00 ‘One copy. per year. Club of tive... ‘Twenty-one co; 20.00 Specimen copies Give Post-Office address in full, including County and state. Remittances may be made elther by draft, express, Post-Office order, or in registered letter, at our risk 10 CITY SUBSCRIBEKS. Dally, delivered, Sunday excepted. 25 cents per week. Daily, delivered, Sunday incinded, 30 cents per week, Address THE TRIBUNE COMPANY, Corner Madison and Dearborn-sts., Chicago, TL POSTAGE. Entered at the Post-Ofice at Chicago, Ill, as Second- : Class Matter. For the benefit of our patrons who desire to send Bingle copies of THE TRIBCNE through the mall, we Give herewith the transient rate of postace: ant Domestic. Pape Per Cony. cents, cents. Foreion Etght and Twelve Pare Sixteen Page Tape! TRIBUNE BRANCH OFFICES. ‘THE CMIcAGO TRMCNE has established branch offices for the receipt of subscriptions and advertise~ ménté as follows: NEW YORK—Hoom 2 Tribune Building, F.T. Mc- S, Manager. GLASGOW, Scotland—Allan’s American News Renfleid-st. DON, Enz.—American Exchanze, 499 Strand, S GiLuiG, Agent. WASHINGTON. D. ‘TINGS. WAUBANSIA LODGE, No. 1M, A.F.& A. M.Rer- ular Communication Friday evening, June 1, at BSo'clock. covery suemibey: Ey H a aura for the DO a “Iaws, Ry omdenof W. Mast ee ENN OS EW. DORTEM, Secretary. APOLIO COMMANDE 0. TEMPLAR—Stated Conclare Toesday 7, WSL at 8 o'clock. The Order of the mpi pie wil ichts are nlwuss welcome. onferred. Visiting Sir By order of the Eminent C« CORINTHIAN CHAPTER, NO. 04 1A. M—Special Charocation Siondas evening, June & at § ovlock. Mork on the Horal Arch iyeuronn Visiting eomnan= jons are co) Drited, De order, : S UAICEHUR WAI 3.0. DICKERSON, Secretary. come. | Ry onder 0} DAVID GOODMAN, Recorder. LAKESIDE LODGE, NO. Every member is re~ ular Communication lock. Visiting breth- nz, -, Worshipful Master. GILBERT MONTA‘ 2 EXCELSIOR ENCAMPMENT, NO. 105, 1. 0.0. F.— AM’ Patriarchs are requested toa: peat in fatigue \aress nt’ the tent corner Clark and Washington-sts. nest Friday evening. dung I ‘Important business and work onthe First Dezree. Visiting Patriarehs: in «GEO. B, PARKING, G. P ¥. D. RELNERS, Scribe. : -ASHLAR LODGE, NO. 38, A. F.& A.M. jmeeting, “‘fuesday evening, June 7. for work, The fraternity uvfted. ITail, 75 Mo + C.H. CRANE, Secretary. GOLDEN RULE LOD munication on Tuesday SUNDAY, JUNE 5, 1881, Some of the members of the Ways and ‘Means Committee of the last Congress and some of the New York sugar refiners are cOnsiderably excited over the statements of Col. Frederick Conkling that legislation on the sugar question was prevented last session ‘by the corrupt use of money. Members of that Committee will doubtless be seeking an investigation in afew days. Col. Conkling ‘will probably have an opportunity of telling all he knows -about sugar refiners and the corrupt use of money by some of them be- \_.»-fore an Investigating Committee next De cember. And one sugar refiner who enter- tained Congressmen at Washington last winter, and who lost heavily in the interest of some of his guests, will also have an opportunity to explai ‘Iris asserted that one of the witnesses to ‘be produced against the star-route thieves is one who has been himself a contractor, and therefore a participant in the thievery. This * person, it is said, holds that the contractors are thé least guilty of any concerned in the rascally business; that, in order to obtain con- tracis of any kind, they were obliged to pay lobby agents, friends of officials, sometimes as high as 80 per cent of the amount paid them by the United States Govern- ment. In addition, the contractors had to subscribe to corruption funds in order to prevent Congressional interference and investigation. Of course, these were all mere rumors. At fhe same time, there is no doubt that there was considerable thieving in connection with the star-route system, and it is to be earnestly hoped that the At- torney-General will be able to secure the conviction of the rascals, and that they will be placed where they will not have an op- portunity of bribing or accepting bribes for some years, THERE was no appreciable change in the Senatorial contest at Albany yesterday. It is understood now that Conkling, seeing ‘there is no hope for him on the Republican side, is trying to negotiate with the Demo- -verats. There are sixteen Republican mem= [bers of the Legistature who are said to rbe willing to vote for a Democrat ;4f the Democrats will vote for Conkling. Ten {Votes more are necessary even to the success +of the coalition scheme, and money will be } freely used to obtain them. Conkling is now : bending his efforts to procure an adjourn- ‘ment of the Legislature sine dic, but as this »can only be procured by the concurrent ac- :tion of both branches there is not much - prospect that it. will succeed. Failing this, a desperate effort will be made to effect the coalition with the Democrats, which is not any more likely of success, There are hardly twenty-six Republican members of the New York Legislature who will dare to _ Prove traitors to their party and betray their ‘constituents, « Newsof evictions and arrests, and of re- sistance to evictions and arrests, continue to De flashed across the ocean from Ireland. ‘To please 10,000 people 4.000,000 people are being crushed, coerced, their best men im- prisoned, and they themselves denied every right prized by freemen. The Scots Guards, and the Coldstream Guards, and every nota- ble regiment in the service of Englaud which does not contain 2 large proportion of Irish- ™men, aré now in Ireland aiding Sheriffs, ~ Bailiffs, and peelers in evicting people who refuse to pay exorbitant rents. Kennedy, +. the New Pallas tenant who was evict- ed by the aid of 1,000 picked sol- diers yesterday, offered to pay a fair rent, Griffith’s valuation, but, because , 2e@was unable to pay more, he was turned .Outof the house, whigh, poor as it was, his Gathers built and repnired, and out of the hiolding which he had reélaimed:from steril- ity by patient toil, and, as the newspaper vorrespondent puts it, “there was nothing between his wife and family of six little children last evening and the blue sky.” ‘They were left without a ray of hope to cheer. them.” ““The- magnificent soldiers filed down by the cabin” from which the ‘poor pHople had been evicted. “A band of peasants with a green flag met the soldiers,” but “there was not the slightest sien of hos- tility,” and yet the people who bora the green flag, ahd who zave no alens of J hostility towards the instruments their oppressors, belong to as brave and gallant a race as ever carried flag to victory,—they are of the race which carried the flag borne by the Coldstream Guards to victory at Busaco and Vimeira, and which hurled the Old Guard back at Waterloo. But what could they do now, un- armed, undisciplined, without leaders, with- out organization? Had they lenders and arms, and organization and discipline, they would as willingly attack the Coldstream and the Scots Guards as their-forefathers at- tacked the veterans of the First Enmpire and their countryman led the charge of the six hundred. Those who denounce these poor peasants because they only shout and throw stones, should pause and remember thatthey are only 5,000,000, and that a nation of nearly 30,000,000 are afraid to permit the fighting men uf the 5,000,000 to bear arm: Tue movement to erect a Public Library building as a memorial of the great fire, which has seemed to drag for some weeks, is again brought to the attention of the public this morning by the address from Mayor Har- rison, as President of the Memorial Associa- tion, and Ald. Shorey, as Chairman of the Executive Committee of that body, printed in another page. The address speaks for it- self. The public will be gratified at noting thatElmer Washburn has taken charge of the subscription part of the business. This appointment is a guarantee that the work will be pushed earnestly, vigorously, and to a successful conelusion. No better man than Mr. Washburn could lave been selected. He is pains- taking, industrious, and zealous, while his very name is, in this city and wherever he is known, the spnonym of honesty and good faith. There can hardly be any doubt that the work of collecting subscriptions under his management will be a success. The peo- ple of Chicago of ali classes have. been ex- ceptionally prosperous and successful in re- cent years, and, haying a pride in this great city, pride in its past, and hope in its future, they will hardly hesitate to contribute a little toward commemorating the greatest triumph which Chicago has achieved,—blotting out all traces of its calamity. The public spirit which effected that triumph will not fail to appropriately commemorate it. Jupce ILAwes exhibited some becoming indignation yesterday in the Criminal Court at the application of Johnny Lamb, backed by the two affidavits required, for a change of venue, excluding all the Judges of Cook County excep MvAllister and Barnum from presiding at the new trial which the Supreme Court has given the man who was once convicted of the murder of Officer Race. Juiss Hawes took. oceasion to say that he did not know Lamb, never saw him, had not read the newspapers concerning the case, and did not believe the other Judges excluded had any more preju- dice against the prisoner than himself. Ie denounced the affidavits as perjuries, and touk the case under advisement to determine whether it is in his power, under the law, to circumvent this common device for cheating justice. The new law, which limits a change of venue on account of alleged prejudice to two Judges in the county, seems to have been passed without the emergency clause, and hence will not go into effect until after the first of next month, This new law, how- ever, is a recognition of the Injustice of the old law which enables murderers and crimi- nals to select some one Judge to try them to the exclusion of all the others, It is to be hoped that Judge Hawes will discover some means for defeating the scheme of Lamb's attorney till the new Jaw shall take effect. At all events, he has had the satisfaction of freeing his mind as to the character of attorneys who practice upon the basis of change of venue. 2 THE WATER-SUPPLY, The Legislature wisely took no action on the scheme to authorize the people of this city to create a debt of ten to fourteen mill- ions of dollars tu erect Water-Works at Luke Forest and bring the water by a land tunnel to Chicago. We print a statement this morning of a plan now under exam- ination by the Mayor for an increase of the city’s supply of water, and the rid- dance of the evils of sewage and ice which so seriously threatened not only the purity of our present water-supply, but also threatened its seriousobstruction. ‘The pres- ent tunnel was projected fifteen years ago, when the population of the city was less than half its present number. Since then the tunnel has been duplicated, and still the sup- ply is hardly adequate to the wants of the city, and will certainly be insufficient five years hence. Experience has also shown radical defects in the present crib and its arrangement for receiving water. The inlets to the crib are only five feet below the surface of the water of the lake, and-of course, a direct guetion be- ing furnished, the crib. receives into its eylin- der the water from the surface of the lake, together with all that may be floating or car- ried along by that surface water. These in- lets being near the surface of the water are directly under the effects of the ice which banks uparound the crib, requiring last year the continued labor of a large force of men to keep the inlets open. The water at the crib is only thirty feet deep, and the wash, In the comparatively shallow water, has practically closed one of the inlets, and obstructed asec- ond one. A new crib is therefore a necessity tor the future, not only to increase the sup- ply, but also to escape the results of the de- fects in the present one. The plan described in Tur Trinusr this morning is to extend the present tunnels from the present crib to a point six miles from the shore, where the water is from fifty to sixty feet deep. At this point it is pro- posed to build a new crib, or “aqua-port” (water-gate), on an improved plan. The architect is the same gentleman who designed the present erib, and has practical experience not only of the defects of that structure, but knows how to avoid their evil effects. He points out that the water from the river, passing into the lake, retains its volume dis- tiict from the lake to an immense distance; but this body of river water, being warmer. and lighter than the lake water, floats near the surface, aud rarely if ever sinks more than fifteen feet from the surface. It will be seen, then, that when the river water is carried near the crib, it strikes the inlets to that structure and is carried by the suction down into the tunnels. This, the greatest of all evils, is guarded against by the proposed new tunnel, where the water will be fifty to sixty feet deep, and the inlets will be at the bottom and notat the surface of the lake. Even should the river water be carried by the wind to the new crib, the entrance to the eylinder will be from thirty to forty feet be- low any point to which that river water wil} sink. In like manner the same change of recelv- ing the water from the bottom of the lake in- stead of from the surface will relieve the in- Jets from all possible closing or obstruction by theice. The ice will not gu to the bottom at a depth of fifty to sixty feet; the anchor ice at that depth will be fluid, capable of be- ing pumped. In this way the evil of sew- age reaching the tunnel will be rendered im- Possible, as will also the danger of obstruc- tion from i¢e. The statement includes a general view of ,the manner of constructing the’ new érib 80 THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE: SUNDAY, JUNE 5. 95 neha rte ‘ of | as to avoid the necessity of the constant at- tendance now required at the oldone. The experiénce of the one furnishes a guide for the economies needed in the construction of the other. r The matter of cost is put down atone million of dollars for the crib and eighteen Inindred thousand dollars for the extension of the present two tunnels to the new crib, making a total of $2,800,000. The new. estab- lishment, however. will be arranged with provision for two additional tunnels, to be constructed when the city may need them. The whole will havea capacity for furnishing water enough to supply a population of two millions of people. We commend the paper to the careful reading of the public. Lt certninly offers a solution of te present difficulties. It se- cures to the city an abundance of pure and atall times cold water, free of ice, and free of all contamination from the sewage of the city. Itscostis not so excessive as to be deemed extravagant, considering the grow- ing necessity and the present difficulties which threaten the water-supply. SANITARY INSPECIION. Among the laws passed by the late Legista- ture of lucal importance to Chicago was one entitled “An act for the regulation and in- spection of tenement and Joilging-houses, and other places of habitation,” in cities which have a population of more than 50,000 people. This law makes it the duty of architects and builders, not merely of tenements and lodg- ing-houses, but of all places of habitation, to subinit complete plans and specifications to the City Health Commisstoner in order that the latter may approve or reject the same on account of the appliances provided for prop- er ventilation of rooms, light and air shafts, ventilation of water-closets, drainage, and plumbing. Itisalso made the duty of the pluunber, or the contractor for the plumbing- work, to receive a written certificate of in- struction from the Health Commissioner be- fore beginning work on a new building, and to proceed according to the plans, specifica- tions, and instruetions as approved by the Nealth Commissioner. It is the further duty of the plumber, before covering up his work, to notify the Health Commis- sioner that it is ready for inspection, and he is forbidden to. conceal the plumbing work A until the same shall have been approved. fine of not Jess than $100 nor more than is attached asa penalty for a violation of this law by builder, contractor, or plumber, and a forfeiture of Heense for one year upon a second conviction. This law is broad and specific enough to enable the city authorities to establish a thorough system of inspection of plumbing appliances; but, like many other State laws of a municipal bearing, it will be a dead- letter unless the Council shall provide the necessary machinery for its enforcement. Tus Trunk, in an inspection of its own undertaking, has exposed the frightful con- dition of many of the tenements in this city, but the Iealth Department has claimed that it did not possess the necessary authority to compel a rectification of palpable de- fects. The new law will at least provide the authority, and, indeed, make it the duty of the Health Cum- missioner to compel the adoption of proper appliances in all new buildings, and it may be supplemented bya city ordinance which shall extend the inspection system to tene- ment and lodging-house, where there reason to suspect a lack of adequate sewer- age and proper ventilation, Itis no longer a matter of conjecture that acertain class of diseases are promoted by defective sewerage, and much of the lassi- tude and bad feeling’ peculiar to life in crowded cominunities which does not take the well4iefined shape of disease is similarly due to lack of ventilation. It is equally true that science and experiment during the past few years have developed greatly the appli- ances for ridding households of sewer-gas and providing the needed supply of pure air. It is the indifference, neg- ligence, and parsimony of landlords and househoiders, along with the ignoranee and dishonesty of plumbers, that require watehing. Considerations of public health demand. that the city authorities provide thorough inspection and intelligent direc- tion to avert the disasters of defective plumb- ing. Chicago, though already a great city, is still a young and growing community, and if a protective system of inspection be estab- lished now, and maintained with vigilance and honesty, the extent of disease and rate of deaths will be lower in this city than any other of large dimensions. The Mayor should give this subject his spe and obtain from the Council all the: neces- sary assistance for carrying out a general sanitary reform. STATESMANSHIP AND DRAW-POKER. Great importance has always been at- tached in this country to the game of cards known as draw-poker. There is a certain National sentiment about it. It is the subject either of intolerant condemnation or extrava- ganteulogy. Toacertain proportion of the people it is a great sin and to others a greab amusement, But all alike have been in- clined of Iate years to concede its influence in American aff Just how big a thing draw-poker really is, however, it remained for the Conkling imbroglio to demonstrate. It was draw-poker, itseems, that precipitated. upon the country the sensation of Conkling's resignation. ‘The story goes that Mr. Conk- ling intrusted his resignations into the hands ofa messenger to be delivered to Gov. Cor- nell early enough for the latter to ascertain at Albany the prospects for re@lection. “If it was found that Mr. Conkling could command the necessary strength in the Legislature to return him and his colleague to the Senate, then no further communication was to be ex- pected, and the resignation were to be sent to the United States Senate and the Albany Legislature simultaneously. If re- election was found upon inquiry to be rather doubtful, then Gov. Cornell was to inform the New York statesmen at Washington, and the resignations were to be withheld. Mr. Conkling received no communication from Albany, and, assuming that his election was sure, he allowed the resignations to go It seems, however, that his messenger had been enticed into what is vulgarly called a “little game,” and, as a consequence, ar- rived at Albany too late to admit of the de- sired investigation, and thus brought upon Conkling and his colleague a struggle which had not been contemplated. If this story shall be verified, draw-poker will assume even alarger space in American history than it has heretofore occupied. Its influence has been chiefly social in the past; henceforth it will have a direct politteal bearing. There are some people in the coun- try who will be disposed to condemn the game more than ever. The incident may indeed be the means of reforming the “habits of some of the Conkling men, who, with their leader, shall trace their political bankruptcy to the fascinations of the allur- ing game: It may be that, hereafter, polit- ical leaders who intrust important missions to messengers will take the pains to ascer- tain whether such messengers play draw- poker, and, ifso, how well. A ‘‘freeze-out” may possibly become a favorit method for testing the capacity of a political retainer. The direful result of this one game may also teach politiciaus the useful lesson, if not to play poker at all, at least notto play by proxy, aid only to risk their stakes on com- is j tention. binations which they are satisfied will win. At the same time: this particular game of draw-poker by which Mr. Conkling lost his place in the United'States Senate may induce alarge part of theAmerican poputation to regard the amuseinent with greater leniency ‘than ever before,-for they will remember that, if it had not Been tor drawW-poker, Mr. Conkling might still be Senator. Whether or-not Mr. Conkling is devoted to draw-poker ag an aumsement, as well as his followers, we have no means of knowing. A good nxiny distinguished public men have yielded to the fascinations of the game. But, whether Mr. Conkling is addicted to it or not, itis pretty certain that Mr. Conkling in this instance was “blufling.’ His resigna- tion was intended as a ‘bluff. It was not to be made until he had satisfied himself that he would not be compelled to show his hand. But, like a good many people who gamble, he overplayed himself. We believe the wicked peopie who play draw-poker would say that he had been “called” and lost his stake. A“biufl” is regarded as a rather glorious achievement when the person who under- takes it succeeds in getting through with- out being caught; but exposure al- ways carries with it disgrace and huniliation. Mr. Conkling has been exposed. {ad he not miscalculated his strength in the New York Legislature and before the people, he might have played the card of resighation with great flourish and gained a new reptitation for independence and heroism; as itis, he is like a bankrupt gamester who is begging small loans on all sides and making a desperate play to regain what he has lost. As in draw-poker, so aman would be briliiant and: magnificent in his “bhulls.? It is said that Henry Clay was a great poker-player; and his wife, bemg asked on one oceusion if she did not regret that her husband played ecards so much, replied placidly: “Oh, no,—he never loses.” Mr. Conkling ought to have striven to attain the saine dveree of skill before attempting to “bluff” the President and the people. THE NEW DEPARTURE IN EDUCATION. When the panic of 1873 struck this country it was found necessary for thousands of men to leave the cities and towns and seck a livelihood by cultivating the soil. There were in the towns perhaps five real-estate agents, life-insurance agents, bookkeepers, doctors, and lawyers where only one could ! make a living. The four who went npon the soil helped to cheapenagricultural proilucts, and thereby lessened the gain: the only business which was then profitable. ‘The crisis which stunned us struck France lightly, chiefly by reason of the great diversi- ty of the employments of the French people. A total failure of the crops is impossibie in this country, beeause ot the diversity of our soiland climate. France occupies the same yantage-ground with regard to her indus- tries; they are so diversified that failure is next to hupossible. Industrially France ear- ries her eggs in a thousand baskets, while we carry ours ina dozen. The necessity for our people to go from the town to tho country 1 arose from the limited number of occupations open to them, ‘The great majority of middie- men and professional men follow their oceu- pations, even in good times, only because no j others are open to them. Three-fourths of the lawyers and physicians in the United States would gladly engage in any paying industrial occupation. At the time of the panic even mechani¢s had to turn farmers. When they ceased to find work as machinists or carpenters, there was nothing but farming | left for them to do, We are all prosperous now; production and consumption are onee more iv equilibri- um, and trade has revived. In due time we shall have completed another card-board house. ‘Then the Jay Cookes and the Henry Clewses of the day will advocate the election of the Grant of the day to the Presidency, to avert a financial panic, and he will be elected. Then some afternoon at 3 o’clock the most extended extender wiil say, “No ment. Then will follow the panic and its effeets, and the middleman, and the pro- fessional man, and the mechanic, and the laborer will seek the green fields for a bare Communist will again be heard in the land. Can anything be done about it? We ean- crisis, but. we may mitigate its severity. The more. occupations there are ina community the more smoothly does the social machine move. Diversity of employment — means wealth, The South is poor because it has but one occupation—farming; the North is rich because it has a thousand. France is the most prosperous country of all, because ithas thousands of oceupations. The need of the world always has been, is now, and always will be, to find new occupations for people. To find remunerative employment for all, at ali times, is the problem of civiliza- tion, How can occupations be multiplied? Only education, and its resultant, skill, ean multi- ply them; these do muitiply and diversify them. If the question had been asked in 17$L to what new occupations men would devote themselves during the next hundred years, no true answer could have been re- turned; but the new oceupations have come. our population, are now engaged In oeeupa- tions which had not been thought of in 1781. ‘The railway and the telegraph alone prob- ably employ fifteen hundred thousand men, ant it is safe to estimate the number of our people supported by these employments at five or six millions. We have multiplied our occupations during the last hundred years almost to the limit of calculation, Not sothe ‘Turks, nor the Spaniards, nor the Lapps, nor the Fins. Wherein lies the difference? In the education and training of the different peoples. We started with some skill and in- telligence, and have increased them. The Turks, Spaniards, Lapps, and.Fins started with ignorance and stupidity, and they hold their own remarkably well. In our day an unskilled laborer earns $1.51 perday. He benefits mankind only by his crude labor, and thereby barely returns to the community what it costs to support him. in youth. He originates nothing, and his ig? norance makes him, at times, a dangerous citizen. Train this common laborer to bea mechanic and he will repay the cost of his “raising,” and much more. He will earn from two to three dollars a day; he may in- vent soine useful thing; he will be an intelli- gent citizen, and hence rarely dangerous, Add to his mechanical training a good scien- tific education and he will earn from four to five dollars a day, be a more intelligent citi- zen, and never dangerous. Thus knowledge and skill pay both the individual and society. ‘They pay as soon as acquired, and continue to pay through life. The man who starts with some knowledge and skill. at 20, is likely to acquire more. Knowledge and skill constitute a bank-account from which, un- like the ordinary bank-account, the more there is drawn the more there is left. If knowledge and skill are so profitable for the individual and the community, why not increase them indefinitly 2? So far as we have gone, training has paid a high rate: of interest. Why not go further? If a little training is good, why nota great deal? If by training wete meant only such knowl- edge as is now acquired in-colleges, it might well be doubted whether education at pub- lic expense should be pushed furthér than it must be suceessful in statesmanship if he ; funds,” when his note is presented for pay- ; living, and the voice of the tramp and the | Millions of men and women, perhaps half | is now in our common schools. But fort- unately a new departtite is at present being tide in education. “Seliools of technology are being establisijed in all the civilized countries of the world, and scnools of ap- plied mechanics for instruction in the usé of tools~common séhools for training in the racti¢al atls—ate following hi thdir wake. ‘There is a growing conviction in. the public mind. that “our ‘physical education must be as broad and liberal as our intel- lectual.”) “he Manual Training-School at St. Louis, so frequently alluded to in these eolitmns of late, is a step in the right direc- tion. There should be a similar school in this city, and it ought to be established this year. ‘rhe school at St. Louis teaches boys what, ns men, they need to know to énable them to make a good living. It gives them an equipment of training for civilized life equal, as nearly as may be, to the equipment for savage life with which. the Indian boy starts, All the Indian is ever called upon to do is to hunt, fish, and fight, and he is taught in youth to do these things. The St. Louis Manual Tratning-Seltool aims, in’ like manner, to train the white boy of our day to meet all the emergencies of civilized life. It aigns to give. him me- chanical, business, and scientific training, fitting him for whatever it may become nec- essaty for him to doin the world. It aims to start him in life a skilled worker with the principal tools of all mechanical employ- ments, ‘an athlete with the maximum of health possible to him, and thoroughly at home in science and English literature.” Who will earn the lasting gratitude of the people of this ciry by inaugurating a move- ment for the establishnientof 2 manual train- ing-scliool in Chicago ? THE WASTE OF LITIGATION. Last week Tre Triscne compiled from the records of the Justices of the Peace of this city a statement of the number of civil sults instituted before them during several months, with an estimate of the judicial costs, an estimate of the sums in controver- sy, an estimate of the attorneys’ fees, and an estunate of the general financial outcome of the legislation, ‘The statistics cover the five months from Jan. 1 to May 31, 1881. The total number of eases was 8,990, which for convenience sake we will call in round num- bers 9,000. These cases are divided into sev- eral classes, and in the following proportion: 30 percent forcible entry and detainer, 10 per cent replevin, 29 per cent attachments, and 40 per cent in assumpsit. A careful esti- mate of the average costs in these cases, not ineluding witness fees, is: Attachments, $5; replevins, $4; forcible detainers, $4; assump- sit, = ‘Taking 9,000 cases as the number for five months, the total number of cases fora year would be somewhere about 21,600, and these at the average costs stated in each class would give the following resalls a Reptevin at $4... Atlachment at St. f vatxes, seeee 2,160 220 Forvitle detainer at $4.0.02.0°2.2 6480 Assumpsic at $2.50 81610 Total... Witness fees at $2 per case. Total costs and fees... dees The jurisdiction of Justices does not ex- ceed sums of $200, and only a small propor- tion of the cases equal one-half that sum, but the legal profession furnishes practitioners whose abilities are at the service of clients even in cases of the smallest proportions. A few days ago a member of the Bar visited the jail and took a fee of 80 cents froma erazy man (all he had) to defend him froma charge of lunacy. So there are counsel to be had in all these Justice Courts willing to accept any sum that the clients may offer; in fact, much of the litigation is due to the im- portunities of these creatures, In many of the cases there is no counsel employed, but where one is employed on one side the op- posing party rarely faiis to purchase the same luxury. It 1s perhaps safe to assume that an average of $6 for each case, or $3 on each side, is expended for so-called lawyers’ fees, making an aggregate of no less than $129,600 paid to the lawyers j in the Justices’ Courts. ‘We have not attempted to include any of the fees, costs, or expenditures in cases be- yond the trial. We have not included the i jury fees, nor the costs attending execution, not. wholly avert the coming commercial | levy, seizure, and sale of property. We have only aimed at giving an idea of the money wasted—practically thrown away—in the j pursuit of justice In petty controversies in the tribunals known, but sadly miscalled, “The Poor Man’s Courts.” This estimate does not include any loss from the waste of time by the parties and by their friends. In 21,600 cases there inay be safely estimated 43,000 persons who are plaintiffs or defend- ants, and it may be also added that there is an average of four persons to each case, either as friend or witness, and that all these persons attend on ana inaking an aggregate wastage of time by pat- ties, friends, and witnesses equal to 258,800 days. This isone of the most éostly of all the incidents of petty litigation. ‘The sums in- controversy are generally sinall, ranging from £3 to $200, but the mass of eases are for sums less than $100, and in- deed for less than 350. These suits are dis- posed of in three modes: by dismissal, by judgment. for one-third or one-half the amount claimed, and’ by judgment for the fullsum. Ina great many cases little or no defense is made before the Justice, but an appeal is taken and the cases tried before one of the Courts. We suppose that the amount claimed in the 21,600 eases will not average more than $50 in each case, or a total of $1,080,000; for which judgments are obtained for abou per cent, or £540,000. JJow much is ever collected from these judgments is another thing. The costs of collecting these petty judgments by execu- tion upon the personal property of the de- fendants is another branch of the subject, including, not necessarily, but in fact, some of the most infamous and scandalous abuses practiced under the forms of law. This, however, is something beyond the purposeof this article, which is to show the immense waste of money and of time (which to the litigants generally represents money) in this litigation before Justiees of the Peace. The actual percentage of cash collected under these judgments from the defendants is con- siderably less than their face, and the propor- tion of money collected by the Constables and received by the plaintiffs will show a still further reduction. If any person will compute the moneyex- pended by litigants for fees and costs, wit- ness fees, jurors’ fees, attorneys’ fees, and compute the value of the time of plaintiffs and defendants and friends and sympathizers lost and wasted in sttendance at these trials, he will have no difficulty in reaching the conclusion that the cost of reaching and ob- taining judgments in the “Poor Man’s Courts” equals, if it does not exceed, the sun of money ever obtained under the litiga- tion thus begun and carried on. ‘Chere are of coufse exceptions, but we refer to the whole mass of such litigation, and have no doubt that, taking the civil dockets of the Justices for one year, it will be found that for every dollar recovered: there has been from one dollar to two dollars actual money or its value in time wasted, sduandered, and lost forever, ig Where does this money.go? In the first place, the Justices receive alarge sum; these officers are fair and honest men, but they re- celve 2 large share of the expsises of litiga- verage two days each, | tion. The Constadies, however, are the re- éipients of a very large amount of the costs of litigation up-to the time of judament, and, unless they re shockingly mistepre- sented, what fofldws judgment and execu- tion is mainly in their interest and in the in- terest of the disreputable gangs who seem to be inseparable from thé Constabulary. ° tis questionable whether the facility af- forded by the law to petty litigation is not a cost and burden to those who take part in it, It is claimed that the fegal remedy of redress for debts is essential to the credit of persons of limited means, because if there were no power to sue for petty debts no man would be able to obtain credit forany sum. That was a leading argument in years gone by against the abolition of imprisonment for debt. It was questioned then whether any man would ever beable to get credit, if the power to imprison him in case of non-payment was taken away. Nevertheless, credit has sur- vived the abolition of that barbaric remedy. Does credit now depend on thé iegal power to sue a debtor before a Justice of the Peace? Would any man give another credit if he knew he would have to sue for the debt? ‘There ought tobe some cheap and sum- mary proceeding for hearing all petty civil controversies of a legal character. The pro- ceeding should be inexpensive, should be prompt, and the person instituting a suit without just and reasonable cause should be punished summarily. As it is, the pursuit of justice in the *t Poor Man’s Courts” isa fraud and a delusion, calling for reform of a.tnost sweeping character. The fault is not with the officers, but with the system,—undet which plaintiffs, defendants, and witnesses are all victims; where means, time, and sub- stance are consumed to pay the so-called ex- penses of administering justice. NER, of the Philadelphia Dr. G. Ke Demokrat, has, xfter 2 thorough research, definitly settied the question when and where ; was the first German Bible and the first German newspaper printed in America? In « series of lectures delivered before the man Pioneer Soelety of Philadelphia, Dr. Kellner bas given tho result of bis Investigations to the public. The first German newspaper in the United States was printed in Germantown by Christoph Saur, Sr. Mr. Saurwas born in 1693, in Laasphe, Westphalia. He came to Germantown in 1724, and belonged to the so-called sect of Dunkers, or Baptists. Being n manof very good education andrent experience, gathered during an event- ful life, he established atGermantown a German printing-oilice. in the latter part of 1733. He cast his own letters and mide his own printer's ink and paper. He issued the first German | newspaper ever printed in America, on the 20th of August, 1730, under the title of * Der. Hoch- Deutch Pennaylvaniache Geschichta-Schretber, oder Sammiung wiehtiver Nachrichten aus dem Natur und Kirchen-Reich. Erstex Stueck" (The Penn- grlvania Ingh-German Historiun, or a Collection Gf Important News and Infornation from the Realms of Nuture and Church. First issue). The title of the paper indicates that the editor not alone printed the news of the times. but also other good and useful information. The paper had four pages, containing two wide col- umns each, and it measured thirtech by nino inches, the palce of subserip- don being three shillings, or 40 cents, perannum; all subscribers could advertise free . of charge. The demand for the paper increased © tosuch an extent that it soon had to be en- larged. Its long-winded title was also changed to “Berichte oder Sammlung wichtiyer Nach- richten” (News Reporter and Collector The first numbers of the paper are in possession of the German Society of Philadelphia. Mr. Saur also printed a Feurly almanac, which be con- tinued for forty years. [ie niso published the first book of larger dimensions printed in Penn- sylvunia, the hymn-book “ Weibrauchs-Hiizet oder Myrrhen-Berg.” In 1343 he published his erent work, the Bibie. This was the rst Bible printed in any European language on Americansoil. A Bible had already been printed in tne Indian languaze during the year 1663, by Elliott, in Cambridge. The first English Bible published in America was printed by Robert Aiken, in Philadelphia, in the year 1782, con- sequently the first publication of the Bibie in the German language on Aimerican soil was thirty- nine years before the first edition of the Biblo printed in America in English. Of the German Bible Mr. Saur printed seven editions. His paper had 4,000 subscriber: $$ sy is suffering at present under many calumities. In fact, the Germans look upon everything a3 a calamity which does not Strictly agree with their own arrangements. The American hog is rerarded as a calamity because it Is stuffed with trichime and {ts mests are cheaper than German pork. American canned meats are a calamity pecause they contain no bones and ruin the German betebers. American Hour and breadstuffs are calamities because German agriculturists cannot compete with the prices demanded tor them. American oil and wax cloth isa calamity because it is poisonous and kills the German babies. Emigration to America ia u calamity because labor and capital leave the fatherluna, increasing the prosperity of the United States. Bismarck is a calamity because he wants to. tax every individual who {s too old to do his country any good in the military service, and besides he insists upon raising the tax on beer. But the greatest calamity has just been discovered. Atthe annual examination of the young re- cruits for the military service in Laupheim and Blaubeuren, Wiirtemberg, it has been ascer- tained that of the 25t young men Hable to military duty in the former place, only. 63 were fit to be mustered in, and of the 150 in the latter place only 23.. The rest had to be rejected, becuuse their frames were ton weak and did vot come up to the standard required by military rute. Their chests were cither too narrow or their lungs were tov weak; in body they were either too low in Inght or too thin and long. And with consternation the Blaubeuren Zeitung exclaims: There sat present much said and written in reference to the great damnge done. to the fatherland by the immense emigration to America. This is a calamity no doubt. But what is this calamity in comparison with the degencration of our people, which receives such 8 fearful expression by the above figures? With consternation we must ask the question “What sort of a progeny will these narrow-chested, hectic men produce?" Merv is a by far greater calamity than even a double emigration, be- cause it undentably demonstrates the decline of the vitality of the German people. And this decline can only be the effect of insulliclent Dourishment and food. Emigration is the best remedy for this latest of calamities, so let one calamity cure the othor. Corn sown broadcast will grow rank. and tall, but weak In the stalk. Wnen planted at proper distances it will grow vigorously, because the stalk obtains sufficient nourishment. Tho popu- lation of Germany is too great to the square mile: it needs thinning out. ————__ “ BreAp and circuses ” was the ery of the Roman populace (rather finely rendered by the college youth). Bread came first, but after that the circus was the main thing. The same want exists perhups in modern socicty. At least it {s believed In anc catered to by the managers. There bas been a continual round of circuses in this city since the senson opened. Two have passed, and two are yet to come. All wili be highly successful, and take out of the city per- bupsas much as $100,000. What they will con- tribute cither to the rational enjoyment or the improvement of the people is ‘a more serious question. It may be a delight to see the India~ rubber man tle himself into a double bow-knot, Ger but. it fs only half a pleasure to wit- ness exploits that are ‘attended with real danger, "8 mauy of those in the modern circus are, Whut solid comfort. for instance, can be derived from seeing a woman throw herself from the top of a tent to the net- ting below, or a man projected 100 feet into the airin order that he may turn ten somersets? As one manager shrewdly observes, the circus is getting to be largely a matter of machinery. Even the enthusiasm of the spectators is ann- factured, —————— Wuen in 1875 the Swiss Council passed a law regulating marriage, it was thought that it would open the door to inconsiderate and friv- olous unions. But, inexplicable as it may seem, the opposit hag been itseffect. Ever since its Passage the number of marriages has gradually decreased. The only explanation which Swiss Papers give for this singular phenomenon is that the easier it is fora man or woman to get into difficulty the more they will take care to keep out of it. 1n 1875—the year ot the passage of the law—24,620 marriages were performed. This number steadily decreased, until in 183, only 19,450 mittt:ages were contracted, which is a decline from 9 to 9 marringes for every thousand inhabitants. A further remarka- ble fact is tho decrease .in the birth of Hlegitimate children, of ‘which 4,771 were born in 1878, and only 4,147 in. 1399, ‘This tater decline is the more remarkable as it occurred during the same period of the decline in wiarringes and lexal births. The number of divorces hus also diminished, but in proportion. to the number of ‘marriages it fs still larger than in other States; in 188) they amounted to 422 divorces for every 100 marriages. Divorces are easily obtained in Switzerland. In 1880- seven- eigbths of all the applications for divorce were grapted. Of the divoreed males J! married again within twelve months after their separa- tion, and of the divorced females 3{7. For the Jast ten years the year 1890 shows the smaliest amount in mortality—viz.: 22.7 for every 1.000 inhabitants. While the numberof violent deaths has remained about the samne a3 compared with former years,—2.5% during 188¥,—the number of suicides has tuntly inereased—viz.: 540 in 1877, 600 in 1878, 642 in 1879, and.791 in 1890, a Swiss paper attempts to explain this increase in suicides by the short sentence: * Where there fs much light there is much shadow,” or, ig other words, “Increase in material and spirit- |. uuldevelopment is xenerally accompanied by an increase in material and spiritual distress." er Tue papers of Germany are just now very busy indorsing and encouraging the colontza- ton societies which are established for the pur=- pose of directing emicration to certain parts of South America, us, for instance, tho La. Plate’ States und certain portions of Southern Brazil, ‘They chain that in those countries the German immigrant will retuin bis nutionality, and that for the future he will remain in close connée- tion with the old Fatherland. In discussing this subject the Koelntsche Zeitung gives vent to the following wail of distress: The German is, more than any other humag being on this mundane sphere, the real colonist in all sectionsof the world—i. ¢., the tiller of tha | soit, the drawer of water, und the hewer of wood; but he is fess of a dealer In the products of otuer countries. - In all countries and parts of the world we tind the German farmer, who fn a certain sense, to use a Scriptural expression, con- stitutes the salt of the soil. Why shall’ the mother-country, as soon as her sons have crossed, her borders, lose them forever? Why shalt they not remain with us in close and condtant conncetion by exchanging the products of thelr toil anu soil in our murkets for the products of our industries? We wish those colonization societies all success in‘their attempts to promote Gerii:n interests in foreizn countries. Lt Tn this connection the attention of the Kud- nische Zeitung might as well bé difected to @ more important object, which Gerniany should tirst attain before she attempts to establisn colo- nies in foreign lands, and that is, to make her commerce and exports independent. from tte middleman, especially from England. Priice Bismarck and the Federal Council should take thls matter under immediate consiaération. Or isita credit tothe German Empire that, when. it wants to dispose of iron or steel! ralls to Anier- ica, it cannot sell them direct, but niusb scll them first to the middleman,—to England, the greut commission merchant,—who takes the lion's share of the profits of German labor? If Germany would first establish the tudependence of her foreign commerce there would then be an appropriate time for her press to talk about establishing colonies in South America. a France seems to bein earnest in her de- terminittion to expe! the Nibillats from hér bor- ders. According toa dispatch from Maréeilies, dated June 1, the chief participants in the dem- onstration in favor of a reprieve of the con- demtied Russian Nihilist, Hessy Helfmann, have been arrested, tried, and sen- tenced to imprisonment and fine. Eleven more political fugitives of different na- tionalities, who lived in the Department: of the Rhone, have been arrested and without further ceremous sent over the Swiss frontiers, ‘The rumor prevails that a great niany more will soon share the same fate. ‘These summary pro- ecedines on the part of France evoke the fol- | lowing protest from the Geneva Journal: i Summary expulsion is a very comfortable way to dispose ot persons whose presence is annoy- | Ing. Butto resort to such a modus operandi at {2 time when foreizn diplomacy exercises its pressure, znd to transport and push all the revolutionary elements of the world into our itory does not correspond with the principles of international law, and it injures our interests. We do ‘not doubt, for a moment that the Swiss Federal Council witl take steps to prevent our neighbors from freeing themselves of ull obnoxious revo- Iudionary elements in sucha radical manner i.e. expelling and dtiviug them into our terrl- tory to our loss and annoyance. ————————— Pror. WitrneEy, who has received the Or- der Pour le Mérite in the plave of Sr. Carlyle, 4s believed to be the first American so honored. ‘The Professor was chosen on account of bis em- inence us a Sanscrit scholar. The Order was es- tablished by Frederic 1. in 1710. May 31, 182, Frederic William 1V. added to the Military Ore der a civil class for eminent artists and écholara, The civiiclass is Mmited to thitty Germans and small number of foreigners, and none of the latter can receive the Order save upon thé rec ommiendation of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, <<< Tue Princess Alice died onlyafew months after the wreck of the steamer that bore her name, and Queen Victoria was deeply affected by the supposed omen when the Canadian steamer Victoria was lost in the Thames near London, Ont., tie other day. Now, if the Queen should die within a-year veople would say, “Whata providentint warning!” Ang if she should not die they would speedily forget all about the “omen.” = ‘Duro State ‘ner-cent bonds sell ata pre- mium which reduces the actual interest onthem to3X percent. No other State has done so weil, and the United States as yet has not been able to do better. Somehow the news reminds one of the ludicrous story that Mr. Conkling’s friends watched the markets to see stocks go down when the great man resigned. —eeEEEE————— A person who is engaged in a long fast in this city is obliged daily to answer the questions of the reporters as to whether his father died of insanity or “softening of the brain”; and whether any other member of his family was crazy or not. With such cheerful discussions as these the “faster” manuges to while away the hours and keep up his spirits. ———— Tue bon mots of the great men concerning each other must not be permitted to go down into oblivion, Conkling suys of Blaine: “He is the only President we have ever had who bas never been inaugurated.” Blaine says of Conk- ling: “My relations with him are the pleasant- estimaginable. I have not spoken with him for ten years.’”” —— ‘VeNnon’s prophecies, when carefully looked at, will be found to consist principally of “abouts,” “perbapses,” and “ possiblys.” ‘The location of his weather is also exceedingly vague, “In the Northwestern States and Can- ada" may be anywhere from Cairo to Hudson's Bay, and from Omaka to Quebec. ————<——_ A Locicar young man in Ohio sympa. thized deeply with his mother, who was afflicted by the aberrations of another and adissipated son. Thereupon the logical young man, who was not dissipated, cut his throat merely to soothe his mother’s declining years. It was ® brave act, and a thoughtful one. ALDRICH writes of Fame, in the Youth's Companton; Out of the thousand verses you have writ, If ‘Time spare none you will not care atall; Tf Time spare one, you will not know of {t Nor shame nor fame can scale a chure! wall, =a _- Tur death-like stillness of the Democratic press concerning the charges retiecting on the honor of George M. Adams, the Clerk of the House of Representatives, has attracted atten- tion. They were not so discreet about the Morey forgery. eee Give Fred Grant his due, now that he has ceused to be a bulwark between this great Nae tion and rapine, He is a good sort of fellow, uot half bad at heart, and much Hked by those who kuow him. nc Tur Paris Sarbonne will consider, in its. next reguler discussion, “ How Children May Bo Kept from Smoking.” Smothering is the sures’ remedy. —————— Wuar kind of a Tall Wart is he who: pre- dicta, begs, and prays fora Democratic victory in New York and Onio this falt? % a Tne two parties at Albany—The Half: Breeds and the Half-Bred; or the Homoousiats | and the Homooisians, *