Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, January 2, 1881, Page 4

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Eight and Twelve Page Paper. bixteen Page Paver. = TRIBUNE BRANCH OFFICES. TR CRICAGO TRINUSE has established branch off.ces for the recolpt of subscriptions und sdvertise- ments ax folaws: NEW YORK—Room 29 Tribune Building. F.T. Mo- Fapp! ager. Scotland—Allan’s American News ia ULASGOW,, Agency, at Renfield-et NDON, Enz.—American Exchange, + Strand. Bunny FL Agent. MW ASHIN C~I1319 ¥ street. veer SOCLELY MEETINGS. ST. BERNARD COMMANDERY. NG. 55 | ed ‘ednesday en! nat SR Gre on te Tem} cmmplur Order. Tain ‘Se er Bnigots ore inviteri {2 Deak, CARE, Commander. J... DICKERSON, Recurder. Sporto COMMANDERY. NO, 1, ENIGHTS TEM- ed Cuncinve ‘Tuesday evening, Sits orclock ‘Tuporcant snutiors. will be wrought before tt mandery. Visiting Sir anights are oF tHe Eusinene Cominaner elcome. By order Ee UFR ANY, ecorder. ECLIPSE LODGE, NU. 4.1. 0,9; FCWIN tnatal onic Mond; ces ‘3, 1831. ‘A full attend- ance of a) meters Te acsired, as business of Uspor- 5 a tahoe wit bo trnasitii LIAM PORTHOUS, Deputy, FAIRVIEW CHAPTER, NU. tol. R.A. M. [Comer Cottage Grove-ay, und ‘Thirry-sereath-xt. Reguiar cite, Geared every ‘ibunday creming st 1 “lock. Companion Join Sheville will deitver bis clare on™ Masonic Meseareies and Laburs in the [oly dana ~ uv the nest rerutar Convocutton Jan, 6, Mewwbers of the Chupier und vislung Compan- Iona cordiasiy invited to ve ures CEGHGE Cty, M. EP. ORIENTAL, LODGE, NO. AND A. M.-In~ ponanen: ‘vf officers takes 2 vidas evening, Jan. ost USL Menibers renee ees CATLIN, Secretary. 8 OF PERFEC- ‘Shere will be 3 ug next. By or VAN RENSSELAER GRAND 1 ton, A. A. Scottish ite Masu: Fevulgr Assembly on 3 baesday © poniuly on seit 150 GOODALE, Grund Secretary. CHICAGO COMMANDERY, NO. 19: KNIGHTS rT EMPLAR—Stated Conclave ‘Monday evening, Jan. At ASU a'ciock. Visiting Sir Knizbrs courteuusly te Euubunt Jummander, (1) GOODMAN, Mecorder. IS, iviteds By order of | GOLDEN ROLE 1006) Stated CUmmunication Geioek. Visiting Brut red aleve ui EWAN, W. VODMAN, Sccretary. JANUARY 2 Ji 25 A FE A y evenin 1st By SUNDAY, ISL. OUR ANNUAL REVIEW. Persons desiring tu send cinpier of tu-day's TRIB- our Annual Review of the Trade ay ceaf Chicago to fricads abroad, can obtain them im wrappers. ready For mailing, at the cvunting-room, Price 5 cents cact. St rehguse and store of Wells, Stone Tux & Cu., Wholesale grocers and provision deal- ers, of East Sagi: Mieh., were butned to the greund yesterday morning, The total imated at $06,003, and the insar- loss is ance is 351,000. st of failures in England during the past week was enlarged yesterday by the an- uouncement that Alfred New, proprietor of stensive iron-works near Nottingham, had failed for ry. large amount, ond ‘that James Br & Ca, cotton spinners, of Rochdale, had failed for $115,000, ene Tiz London Economist is disposed to think that the recent advance in American secutities is too rapid to bz healthy. Jt cautions English capitalists and brokers against partaking of th ulative fever, but adinits. that it is talking to deaf ears, and that only an appre- on in the value of money will check in- ation in prices. Isa fire which destroyed.a Norwegian ho- telat Madison, Wis., early yesterday morn- ing, Mrs. B. M. Miller and her infant child perished. Mrs. Miller had returned at 10 o'clock the previous night from Chicago. Being exhausted she retired early, and slept sv profoundly that she was not awakened by the.svund of the fire-bell or the shouting of thetiotel people. eee Peemer GLAbsTONE will not have an en- tiraly Satisfactory budget to present to Par- Hiament at the forthcoming session. The customs dues for the year 1889 show 3 falling off of 22,410,000, and the excise duties a fall- ing off of $2,535,002, The receipts from stamps were $4.850,000 more than for the previous year, but this increase is due to the changes in probate dues introduced by Sir Statford Northcote, Mr. Gladstone's’ prede- eessor as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Tur reception at the White House yester- day was unusually brilliant, notwithstand- ing the severe cold. The published program was striclly adhered to through the day. Mrs. Hayes was assisted by Miss Maria Heron of .Cincinnati, Miss Mills af, San Francisco, and other Iadies. ‘Secretary Evarts introduced the members of the Diplomatic Corps, of whom an unusually we Jarge uumber attended. The Marine Band oursed National and other airs at the entrance to the reception-hall, and, take it all in ail, Mrs. Hayes’ last New-Year’s re- ception was enjoyable, pleasant, hearty, and brilliant. Evy if the pres¢nt Government of Greece was disposed to accept the Franco-German arbitration plan, it would in all probability be of no avail to prevent war, as the Greeks would not tolerate such a Government for a ‘They are determined that Turkey shall actin accordance with the letter and spirit of the protocol adopted at the Berlin Confer- ence orfight. The feeling inthe country is said to be intensely warlike, and there is lit- tle doubt that they have the active sympathy of England and Italy, and that in the event of war Russia would not stand idly by while a nation of coreligionists was pushed to the «Wall, ———ee Tur limbs of the law, yelepted detectives, are reported to have made a big hau! at Milan yesterday. They arrested in that city 2 number of persons who have plied: the yoeation of bond forgers, receivers. and utterers of stolen bonds, ete.. These persons are said to belong to an’ organization. com- prising italians, Frenchmen, Englishmen, Poles, and Americans, and which has agents and “workers” in nearly all the principal cities of Europe and America, and who have on various occasions successtally hood- winked some of the bankers and merchants of these places. The arrested parties have peen taken to Turin for examination, and the detectives are confident that they bave broken up one of the most dangerous fraud- practicing organizations of recent times, and put the principals where they can do least harm. Atrorsry-GENERAL Devens is said. to have pointed out to President Hayes a way by which he can escape from.what- appears tobeto him an unpleasant duty: the. ap- pointment of asuecessor to Secretary. Thomp- son. Gen. Devens’. plan is that the Président shall appoint each member of his Cabinet in succession to perform the. dutles of the office for ten days, In case the President acts on this plan, the Attorney-General himself would become Acting Secretary of the Navy in succession to- Secretary Ramsey. ‘The President’s: reluctance to make a new ap- bointment is said to arise from the difficulty he bas met with in trying to induce capable men to take the place for the brief time which wiil elapse before his term expires. An ap- plication of the principal of ‘Civil-Service re- form might come’ in rather pleasantly to the Assistant Secretary of the Navy. ‘Tne cold wave which remained with us some days last week sped its way eastward, and is now in undisputed possession of the ‘New England and Middle States. In Vir- ginia the thermometer ranges from 4 to 8 degrees below zero, Trains find great diffl- culty in aaking any progress whatsoever through the snow which preceded it. One which started trom Fredericksburg Wednes- day put back last night. It proceeded only seventeen miles west, and was utterly unable to force its ways further. Seven of the train- hands had their fingers frost-bitten on Thurs- day night, when the thermometer stood 22 degrees below zero. Cattle and game have perished by the hundred, and deer comefrom, their retreats to the very doors of the farmers in search of food. In New Hampshire and Vermont the thermometer ranged yesterday from 25 to 30, and at Antrim, in Maine, the mercury fell to 38 below. Throughout New York the temperature varied from 15 and 1S below in the river valleys to 2% to 30 below in the elevated region. The iceinen along the Iludson are taking advantage of the ex- treme cold, and it is sald that over 3,000 men and boys are at work on the river between Poughkeepsie and Albany. At Washington the thermometer marked 14. below, and the oldest inhabitant had no recollection of such weather. Tue growth of the trade, manufactures, and commerce of Chicago during the past thirty years is exhibited in the tollowing ta- ble of figures, which are made up from the United States statistics and. the annual re- views of Tre: Tripuxs. The -estimates are computed in gold. The figures in the ninth line. are for the twelve months from Oct. 11, S71, to Oct. 11, 1872, the series having been sere by the great fire: . ary 0004 oo Sawa 0,00 see 565,000, Sano 2 sre Hinson ooo eae Chicago contained 109,000 people ‘in 1860, and it bas now, including the immediate suburbs like the Stock-Yards, which are part of the city for business . purposes, about 550,- 60). The population has therefore increased 5u0 per cent ‘in twenty years and the com- merce over 90 per cent in the same length | of-time. The business of the city was very prosperous in 1870, but it has inereased 280 per cent since then. THE POPULATION.OF THE UNITED STATES. ‘The statement of the population of the country, according to the new census, printed by Tuer Trmunn yesterday, is ap- proximately correct. It is subject to slight alterations, but these will not materially affeel the general result. The total popula- tion (exclusive of Indians and the in- habitants of Alaska) is 50,152,550, The United States is thus shown to be the second most numerous nation in the civilized world. Not counting the negroes, who are estimated to number. 6,000,000 souls, the population of ihis country considerably exceeds that of the German Empire. Russia only'remains in the lead with 65,500,000 inhabitants in the Empire proper. But these returns are half fuess-work, and might be largely diminished ‘or increased by an oficial count. It is-safe to say that, unless the growth of the country is checked by some unforeseen cause, the pop- ulation of the United States in ten years will equal or exceed that at present accorded to Russia.: The percentage of growth is far “higher in the former than in the latter. In industrial, social, and political power the United States is almost infinitly superior to Russia. Indeed, the American Republic has no serious rivalry to fear from ahy quarter, England is her only equal in financial re- sources, and Germany in fighting force; and the situation of the country is such that she can have nv apprehension of interference with her domestic affairs by any Power or combination of Powers. The following tables show the distribution of population by sections, and the relative increase in each division of the country in the last ten years. The States formerly known as the Middle States and New En- gland are bunched together. ‘They make a group of nine Eastern States. It will be ob- served that the rate of growth in Vermont— one-half of 1 per cent—has been the lowest of any State of the Union, and that of Maine the third lowest, Nevada coming between. ‘The table of Eastern and Middle States is as follows: Pes States, | Pop. 1870,| Pop. 1890,| tmercase| ent. Maine. N. Ham) Vermont. Massachus’ Rhode Island. Connecticut New New i jerse Pennsylvania ‘Totals..... Rak BH 14,508,118 | 2201.58 S18. Ohio and all the States and Territories west to the Rocky Mountains and north of Mason and Dixon’s line are included in the second gtoup. The rate of growth in the States and most of the Territories west of the. Missis- “Sippi has been very rapid. ‘The older com- munities in what was fonherly known as the Northwest have had a slower, but still Joss of population, as does also Arizona, whick ‘is included with the Pacific States. ‘The soil of these Territories is for the most part worthless, and their mines have not ful- filled the promises that have been made for them. The group of thirteen Northern and Western States and Territories is as follows: States and i 2] Per Territories, | Pop. 1870. Pop. 1890, nerease-eont Obio.... 2,605,260} 3,197,794) : 6224.06) LAST 234 1.68.65; pent 1,624 463 pores “Total “Decrease. Missouri is put with the ‘South, though geographically she belongs with the North. Her social and industrial development has 20,000,000 }- healthy, growth. Montana shows a positive’ THE CHICAGG TRIBUNE: SUNDAY, JANUARY 2, 1881—SIXTEEN PAGES. been the same as that of the other ex-slave States, and for that reason she is classed with them. The Territory of New Mexico, being the only distinctively Southern ‘Terri- tory, is put in ‘the same group. The table embraces sixtedn States and one Territory? Per States a: Seton | Pop. 1870.| Pop. 1859.| Increase. cent. a 155,015] 146.654} 21,699) 17 Howland Toten] sant at 3th 304 Virginia: .2:.| 1,25103| (1,532,203) ° 28T.G10/, See West Virginia} —"s2014) 618.193}. . 175.178 N-Carolina...| 1.071.351] 1,400,000)” 398,039 §. Carolina. 705,000} _‘085,706} 200,100) 4 Georgia. 1186108 as Tt Flortia. 188,24 Kentucky. Tennessee. ‘Alabama, Mississip) Louisian: Arkansn: Missouri. ss ‘Texas. New Mexic 1 Tai] 8 ‘Total. .... | 13,989,738} 18,620,006] 4,038,805] 33 The States and Territories west of the Rocky Mountains, seven in number, are classed togetho: St and Per Fantories. | Pon, 1870. Inerease}cent. 2031 282,055) 48% fore T2S8t Te 53,711 ‘Dast| creaed 37,688] 10054 20.583 32.028} 58 9,581 45,025) 4446 41,710! 1,260/ 3 Total ....} 941,931) 1,893,707] 451,868] 48 “Decrease. The District of Columbia does not belong toany section. It has a large floating popu- lation, which is composed partlsyof Govern ment officials. It is accordingly pit by it- self, and appears in the summary which is appended: Per ‘ | Pop. 1870.| Pop. 1880.) Increase. | ct. Fast'rn States} 12,003,634 14,503,115] 2,204,581)28 an Hursitories..| 11,419,082) 16,446,400| -4,026,771|98 Be ne her a tates | ant Torritortes.| 19,989,738) 18,026,600] 4.638,S65]33 varie shige 1 yatea pions vee] 944,981] 1,803,797] 451,806)48 q istrict lumbia. 3s1,700] 177,638] 45,935135 85 Laeameeld 11,368,024 AMNSlcA cco soon] TO0BB). cs eoee ne Andian Terri- WEF eeseeeens| 637 138,025,598 It will be seen that Alaska and the Indian ‘Territory are not inciuded in the statement for 1880. . There were in 1870 about: 360,000 Indlans sustaining tribal relations. None of these are included in the count for purposes of representation. When the Indians and the inhabitants of Alaska are added, it is probable that-the total population will be found to exceed fifty and one-half millions. The following table shows the relative growth of population in each group. from 1860 to 1870, and from 1370 to 130: Percent Percent + dnercase. {nerease. 1866—1870, 1870—1830, Eastern States........ 16 18 Northwestern states tories. a Southern B Pacitle St States ‘and i territories. 9135, 48 District of Columbia... 88 Rey Grand av. erage:. 285 ‘There has been aconsiderable additfon, not only to the aggregate population, but to-the rate of growth, though the lower average in the previous decade was unquestionably due partly to the War and partly to the defective enumeration, in the Southern States. The lniter cause also gives the South a better showing In the comparative exhibit than that section under other circumstances wotild hav a, nee THE OLD WORLD AND THE OLD YEAR. The old year in our own country was not an eventful onein any marked events. It has witnessed a remarkable growth of our population, peace with all other countries; abundant haryests, the triumph of the Re- publican party after a seyere contest, the continuance of: prosperity, and an tmmense development of all our material resources. Abroad, however, there have been many stirring events, some of which have acceler- ated the forward progress of the world. while others remain in the form of unsettled problems. While there are po great wars in progress, important political agitations have taken place, . bringing up questions of promi- nent importance, ; ‘During the year m England, the Tory Goy- ernment, under the leadership of Lord Beaconsheld, was overthrown and the Lib- erals came into power, with Mr. Gladstone at their head. The new party found itself at once confronted with serious problems at home and abroad, which came down as lega- cies from the Tory Administration. The most serious of these is the land trouble in Ireland, which has gradually developed into @ peaceful revolution of the tenant class against their oppressors, the landlords, and the formation of a Land League, headed by men of prudence and ability, who, through the agency of that system of industrial unionism known as _ “ Boycotting,”. have succeeded in ostracising the landlords and th@ir agents and compelled them to import Jaborersand gather the crops under the protec- tion of the bayonet, until Ireland has become one great camp of British soldiers. Thus far ‘the Irish people have kept themselves within. the limits of the Jaw, and haye availed them- selves of moral measures alone in thelr effort to secure such reforms in the Land Jaws as shall give them the benefit of their labor, a reduction of exorbitant rents, the suppres- sion of brutal evictions, and the right to live. At present the leaders of the League are on trinl for no otheroffense than urging the ten- antry not to work for the landlords for noth- ing. Troops are pouring into Ireland without other cause than that the Government fears acts of violence, and with the possible con- tingency that forcible measures may have to be resorted to in order to compel the sub- mission of the tenants to the greed and ra- pacity of the landlords. Meanwhile no step has been taken in the direction of reform, and. cannot~ be until the meeting of Parliament, which takes place next week, when & strong effort’ will be made by the friends of Ireland to secure something like equitable relations between the land-grabbers and the land-workers, ‘The principal events of interest in the Brit- ish possessions have transpired in Afghanis- tan dnd South Africa. ‘The year commenced while the Afghan cainpaign - was. still pend- ing. There were severe contests around Cabul,’ and, still later, before Candahar, which entailed some heavy ‘reverse3’,upon the English, but they at last trumphed, routed the usurper from Herat, placea a new Awmeer upon the throne at Cabul, and estab- lished a British agent at the same place. All is now quiet there and the troops have been withdrawn. South Africa, however, is in a turmoifagain. The defeat of the Zulus and the capture of Cetywayo have been followed by an uprising of another powerful tribe, - the Basutos, who are. disaffected because of the determination of the Government to disarm them. Their revolt has been seized upon by the Boers in the Transvaal region as an opportunity for revolt against English authority... They have declared their independence, and- are now: seeking to re- establish the Republic which Pretorius founded, and with it ‘the same system of slavery which originally led to its overthrow. Both these struggles are now pending, but there can be no question that before the pres- ent year closes British supremacy will have | been restored over Basutos and Boers alike, In Germany the leading events of the year have been ‘of ‘a political nature, and one of the most important of these was the closer eementing of ‘Germany and Austria by'a strong offensive and defensivealliance, which was speedily followed by a considerable in- erease of the German army, that has led to serious discontent at home and has given an additional impetus to emigration to thiscoun- try. Some progress has been made towards more peaceful relations with the Papal power by mutual concessions that priests may be appointed by the Vatican, provided offi- cial notification is made to the Government and’ they have its- sanction. As this, how- ever, was a purely political move on the part of Prince Bismarck to control a majority in Parliament, no,idea of permanency can be at- tached to it, nor is there any surety that the Falck laws may not be revived at any tine when the Ultramontanes are ot no further use to the Chancellor. Sociatism has been put down with such a strong hand that that very undesirable class of German fanatics are coming to this conntry in large numbers, The latest event of general importance is a revival of Jewish persecution, which seems to have had no other origin than the jealousy of their rapidly-increasmg wealth and influ- ence. ‘The persecution is of a political and Social character, ‘rather than religious, with this difference from former persecu- tions: that a very strong array of their defenders’ has appeared among. the Germans themselves, and this, coupled with the almost universally-expressed sympathy of other nations, Indicates that serious results will not happen. In France there has been a serious strug- gle over the Educational bill, which has ‘at Jast resulted in the expulsion of the Jesuits and other non-authorized religious 'socleties, and has placed’ the authorized. ones under greater restraint.. In the elections the Re- publicans have been overwhelmingly vic- torious, and haye even deemed themselves sufliciently strong to allow the expatriated Communists to return, ‘The drift of the year r shows a decided strengthening of the re- public and universal peace and prosperity, tho,-like Germany and Austria, the Gov- ernment has largely increased its army with the view of being ready to meet the dangers ahead, growing out ot the complicated political situation," * With the exception of its struggle with the Turcomans and’ the threstened war with, Chitia, which has now been averted. by a fresh treaty, Russia has been engaged with intestine troubles of a very serious kind. The people have. suffered intensely. Crops have failed. Fearful epidemics have ravaged. the country. There has been distress in every direction. :. Meanwhile the Nihilists have been very busy with their conspiracies against the Government and have more than once sought the life of the Czar, They have been executed and imprisoned by scores, but their activity has not lessened on that ac- count. There is a ray of- hope, however, in |. 37 the futnre. The Empress has died during the year; and tHe’ Czar has married the Princess Dolgorduki, and has of late mani- fested a disposition to retire from the cares. of rule and vest lis power in his son, who Is Jibera] in his tendencies, and is reported. to to be in favor of a,constituuional government, —the result. for which the Nihilists profess to be striving. © 4 ;, ‘The Eastern question has made some prog- -ress in the face of, the ingenious and aggra- vating barriers raised by Turkey against the settlement of theiprovisions of the Berlin Treaty. The first’qhestion that came up was the concession of the territory promised to Montenegro. It “128 not, however, until atted' the cdiicerted Action of the Powers and a united naval dembvnstration that Dulcigno was taken from thé Albanians and given to the Montenegrins, ’and now the Albanians are enrolling themselv es for war to recover. The Grecian question comes next. During the year the Porte” “has pursued the same policy of delay and shbterfuge as in the case of Montenegro, and'the territory in Thessaly and Epirus, which had been promised her, is not yet delivered. ; At present the Powers have taken the matter into their own hands and decided to settle;it by arbitration. This effected, there still remain the settlement ‘of reforms in Bulgaria:and Armenia before all the provisions of the Berlin Treaty can be said to bein force, ~ There have not been many striking . events in other parts of the world. Famines have swept over Brazil, Croatia, Silesia, and Per- sia. The abolition of slavery has been com> menced, on the gradiial plan, in the Spanish West ‘Indies. Comniunism has been voted down in Switzerland, Italy has been quict, the only event of recent importance bejng the enrollment ot large number of Italians. to aid the Greeks. War was threatened be- tween Burmah. and Great Britain owing to the excesses and massacres of the Burmese King. A fierce and bloody war continues to be waged between Chili and Peru, character- ized by the most atrocious excesses, and is still -in progress. tho the United States has offered its services as a mediator, which have been rejected by the hot-headed, brutal fools, who are determined to fight it out until one or the other side succumbs, : ee THE. FUTURE OF LA SALLE STREET. People who make mistakes are very aptto desire that others shall share with them the misfortunes. or embarrassments they have brought upon themselves. It is only this _theory which can accéunt for the unreason- able and impotent opposition which a certain Chicago newspaper has made to the removal of the Board of Trade from its present con- tracted quarters on the corner ot Washing- ton and La Salle streets to the new Chamber which will be erected on Jackson at the head of La Salle street, ‘Thé newspaper in question, under the impression that the fire of 1871 would cause a decided change in the business centre. of Chicago, located in a quarter which has since proved to be out of the way for its own business. Hence the effort to prevent the removal of the Board of Trade to a point that will make the mistake of the said newspaper more palpable than ever. This opposition to the Board of Trade removal was certainly selfish, but in pro- longing it after the removal has been determined upon almost unani- mously by the members, and suggesting new obstacles to the accomplishment of the change, the newspaper reveals malice as well as selfishness. It is now proposed that the property-owners on. La Salle should seek to take advantage of the intended removal to demand damages for the vacation of the one block on La Salle street: which is necessary to carry out the arrangement. The theory is, that, since the property abutting on La Salle paid for the opening of that street, it should receive some indemnification for the closing of any part thereof, So it will, without de- manding any money damages from the city. ‘The street was opened ‘in, the first place for the benefit of the adjoining property, and the vacation of the block between Jackson and Van Buren will be evén more beneficial to the property along La Salle. street than was the original opening thereof. LaSalle street now ends at the depot. facing it on Van Buren, and: there is a great vacant block. which “has: remained. unimproved and has discouraged ‘building in; that neighborhood. This block will be filled with an elegant business structure, occupied in part by the Board of Trade, and the change will lead to the rapid improvement of all the neighboring property. The value of La Salle street as business property will be en- hanced immediately and notably. New build- ings will spring up, and rents will mse in those already erected. La Salle street will be the Wall street ox money: centre of Chi- cago, and that character will only be divided with Dearborn street,“ This prospect is so definitively assured by the proposed change that it would be the sheerest folly for any owner of La Salle street property to oppose it or te seek damages for-a palpable benefit. If .anybody owning property on La Salle street shall act’ wpon.‘the suggestion which has been made by a disgruntled newspaper, or shall refuse full and free agsent to the va- eating of a single block of the street which is not now used and will not be except in the ‘way proposed by Mr. Scott and the Board of Trade, it will be a stupid blunder. The owners of La Salle street property, however, are probably too shrewd to place the present Board of Trade movement in jeopardy and thus prepare the way for the removal of that institution to Dearborn street about the same distance southward. NEW YORK CRRA ST HOLE, STATE- ‘The Clearing. itouee i New York has be- come one of the wonders of the world, be- cause of the vast magnitude of its business. ‘There are some who may not have a clear notion of what 4 “ Clearing-House” is, or what its business, and a few words only are needed to explaid. ' The Clearing-House is an agency established by all the banks of a city who are members of the Association, to which each bank sends every morning all the checks on othet banks received by it during ‘the preceding day; these checks are-all bal- anced, and the sum due by each bank, after payment of its own checks, is called a bal- ance, which is paid in cash. The aggregate of thése balances are only a fraction of the whole amount of the checks, The checks sent to the Clearing-House represent the pay- ‘ments made by check during the previous twenty-four hours, counting only those de- posited in banks other than those on which they aredrawn. The economy and facility of this system of daily settlement between the banks at one agency instead of a special settlement by each bank at the counter of each other bank in the city must be obvious. Tur Tripcne has published the weekly report of- the bank clearances of the prin- cipal cities of the country, and now repro- duces the list that the character of the trans- actions may be peer unders ed. 879. $ otis aia eset ole aie 59,002,909 40,049,909 i 2 31,617,079 900 Per cent. +370 New York... B Sun Francisco. St. Louis,....,. New Orleans. Haltimore Milwauke Louisville, Pi 282,057 . 20S 28 eo 720,627 +-81.9 . 715,258 F155 Ouiside of New York chy "the clearances generally represent actual, substantial com- mereial transactions, payments for goods purchased, or in other bona fide transfers or exchanges of property. There may have been some specuiatiyve or stock gambling In- elud= in the clearances of these cities out- side sf New York, but the proportion is small. In New York, however, the rule is reversed. There the clearances were mainly of checks delivered in stock transactions. In-New York the betting“is enormous. A man with whundred thousand dollars can bef on the rise or fall of a million or two million of dollars of railroad stocks, He has only to deposit his check for a margin of 5,7, or 10 per cent, as the case may ‘be. To continue the business money is borrowed right and left, and checks are duplicated and tripli- cated in the’countless fluctuations and varia- tions of the day’s gambling operations. The operators are not confined to New York, tho all the business is done there. | With- in a circle of 200 miles from Chicago there are thousands of persons more or less regu- larly engaged in stock gambling. These send such sums to a Chicago broker as they can scratch up, who remits to a New York broker, who immediately invests the money inmargins, This same thing is going on in all parts of the country,—all the wool clipped. from the lambs going direct to New York, rarely to return; men and women once beset with @ taste for stock speculations, with a desire to get rich suddenly, and. without labor, care, or economy, never profit by their failure. experience. Even those “lambs” that are shorn down to the very skin wait no longer than their new fleece is grown long enough to clip to offer itagain to the shearers, The enormous figures exceeding 80! mill- ions represent the clearances iu New York City in a single week. .A portion of this only represents commercial, bona fide transac- tions in which property is exchanged and payments made therefor. The great bulk of these clearances represent checks put up as stakes on bets made as to the rise and fail of stocks of all kinds in Wall street. Certain men bet.that certain stocks will not sell for less than certain sums within a specified time; other men bet that such stocks will sell for less; these betters stake all they have on so many shares, all they can bor- row, ‘and’ all.they can seduce the flats and dupes and credulous men and women thronghout the country to intrust to them to be staked. Desperate men bet- desperately, recklesly; every hope and ex- pectation is hazarded;. money is borrowed at ruinous rates for a week, for a day, for an hour, and even for a half hour, and the great mass of these daily transactions go to swell the supposed record of the legitimate trade of New York, and the total figures up over $804,000,000 in'a single week. . The enormity of these figures, the de- formity of this unnatural agererate, is best shown byithe footings of the clearances in New York City for the year 1880. The total of the clearances for 1890 aggregate the sum of nearly $88,644,240,578, which reads thirty- eight thousand six hundred and forty-four millions two hundred and forty thousand five hundred and seventy-eight dollars; or, stating it-in other terms, nearly 39 billions of dollars, or twenty times the American Na- tional debt. The human mind can hardly comprehend the meaning or magnitude’ of these figures, ,. It is more than donble the ex- penditures of the United States Government from 1739 to the present day. It largely ex- ceeds the greatest aggregate of clearances in London in any one year. The entire wealth, consisting of real and personal property, in the whole. United States, including the Territories, in 1870 was only 80 billions, and is not.40. billions now. According to these figures of the New Yoric Clearing-House, the value of the entire prop- erty of the whole Nation as it stood in 1870, with 30 per cent additional, has passed through the New York Clearing-House dur- ing the year 1680! g It only needs this illustration to show how inflated and fallacious is this exhibit-of the New York Clearing-House as an index of, the real, substantial commercial business of. that city. ‘These stock-gambling and ‘sweat- eloth operations of the bulls and bears in watered stocks on Wall street represent but comparatively little bona-fide dealings. They form buta smnall part of the actual trade of the city; only a fraction of property is ww bought or sold in fact, or changes hands. It is ‘nearly. so -many. wagers put-in pawn, dependerté on the happening. of » some event in the future, and different. in no material particular fram wagers on the Tesult of an élection, or of a horse-race, ora sculling-mateh, a game of baseball, or of billiards or poker, Substantially the clear- ances in the other. cities named in the list represent commercial business exchanges; but those in New-York represent something different. It is’ possible that the fictitions traflic in stocks and bouds, the bogus sale of options, puts, and calls; the operations like our bucket-shops, except on a more gigantic scale; the immense temporary. deposits of loans made by cheeks exclusively, goto make up perhaps three-fourths of the exchanges made in the New York Clearing-House dur- ing the course of a year. The remamder represents the real business transactions of the city. AMERICAN CLUBS. The Boston Radical Club,—more often in Jate years called the Chestnut Street Club,— of which Mrs. Sargent has recently pub- fished her interesting “Sketches and Remin- iscences,” has for the last thirteen or four- teen years been, perhaps, the most famous ins literary way of any in. this country, and until.the organization of the St. Botolph’s in the last year it was the one to. which strangers distinguished in philosophy or let- ters were most likely to.be invited when they visited Boston. ‘The institution itself, however, is modern both in its entityand in the reason for its existence, for we cannot trace its remote ancestry further back than to the occasional and almost accidental assemblages of forty years ago, to which Margaret Fuller and Dr. Channing lent the charm of their conversation. Many names which were familiar in what was called the ‘Transcendental movement among the writers for the Dial, and in the Brook Farm experi- ment, have been more or less identified with the Radical Club, such as those of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Miss E. P. Péabody, A. Bronson Alcott, W. H, Channing, James Freeman Clarke, F. H.. Hedge, ©. P. Cranch, and Charles Brooks; and among others of a younger literary generation we come upon the names of John Weiss, Julia Ward Howe, T..W. Higginson, Dr.. Holmes, Mrs. E. D. Cheney, O. B, Frothing- ham, Robert Collyer, F. B. Sanborn, Phillips Brooks, John Fiske, David A. Wells, and Mrs. Leonowens.. John G. Whittier has also been a frequent visitor, with sundry contributions for those evenings which were set apart for “Poetical Picnics”; Wendell Phillips isalways on hand to defend Chris- tianity and New England orthodoxy; Dr. Bartol is ready for the discussion of any sub- ject, from the prayer-gauge to Sara Bern- hardt; Robert Dale Owen was heard there in his time; Henry James, Sr., read at least two essays; the late Proi. Benjamin Peirce discoursed on “The Nebular Theory” and “The Impressible in Mathematics”; and the Puritanieal Prof. Stowe discussed the rela; tion of Jesus to the present age. Prof. Tyndall sat at. Mrs. Sargent’s supper-table, and Dom Pedro went there to meet Mr. Whittier, and it was there that he confessed his surprise that the Boston Frog-Pond con- tained no frogs. . Perhaps the oldest existing club in ‘the United States is the. Wednesday Evening Club of Boston, which John Quincy Adams said in his diary was the ultimate authority in’ all matters pertaining to early. New England history... It was founded in 1777 by three. lawyers, three doe- tors, and three ministers. To this original distribution: of the nine memberships, three merchants were. added about seventy years ago, and again about forty-five years ago three literary men were let in. Then one member wasadded to each of the five classes, making twenty members in all, and so it re- mained until in 1872 the boundaries werestill further enlarged so as to admit ten more members without regard to their profession or occupation. This club meets weekly atthe houses of its members, among whom it now numbers R. C. Winthrop, George T. Bigelow, Francis Bartlett, William Spooner, Walter Channmg, O. W. Holmes, the Rey. Francis Parkman, John ,G,. Palfrey, and...Charles Francis Adams. It is said to have been in the privacy of this club that Dr. Parkman, in answer to a question, expressed his opinion of a certain gentleman in these words: “+Con- sidering his mental: and moral mature, I should say he was a fool; and speaking after the manner of ‘the carnal heart, when refer- ring to the destiny of his. soul, I should say he was a damned fool”. “ Besides the Temple Club, the Suffolk, tne Somerset, St. Botolph’s, which has been al- ready mentioned, and numerous others, where’ gastronomy, sociality, and esthetics are cultivated with as high success as any- where on the Continent, there is one emi- nently Bostonian organization, named the New England Women’s Club, of which Mrs. Julia Ward Howe is, or lately was, the Pres- ident. Itnumbers about 400 members, in- cluding most of the prominent thinkers and writers inthe female department of New England. Mrs. A. M. Diaz, Mrs. Livermore, Miss E. P. Peabody, Mrs. Josiah Quincy, Miss L. P.. Hale, and Mrs, Abby W. May have been connected with the Club. from its foun- dation, and the organization is producing very satisfactory results in the fields of ‘so-~ ciology, literature, and lunches. A dozen years ago the “‘Sorosis”? was or- ganized in New York, with twelve members, at the residence of Mrs. “Jennie June” Croly, and for a time’ it attracted more attention than all the rest of the clubs in the city put together. Themembership has increased to 150, and, mindful of Dr. Johnson’s advice to give good dinners if one wishes to bring the best society together, the sisters hold their” fortnightly meetings at Delmonico’s, where education, art; science, music, philanthropy, the drama, and oysters are discussed, together with many other subjects and dishes. The Lotos Club, a reception by which Charles G. Leland said was reckoned in En- gland one of the two highest.bonors that Americatis could bestow upon visitors, was foundéd only ten years ago “as asortof common meeting-ground forthe younger men* in art, literature, music, the drama, jour- | nalism, and other professions.” The “ younger men” have grown somewhat older, but still they meet under the Presidency of Whitelaw Reid. Besides its monthly art receptions the Lotos has a ‘‘Jadies’ day” each month, on which occasion the exercises are diversified by music and recitations. The Union Club, of. which the Hon. W. M. Evartsis President, is social in its purpose, and has the honor to be the oldest existing club in New York. The old Century Club grew out of the Sketching Club, which was formed about the year 1820, and of which nearly all the artists of the day were members, as were also literary men like Irving, Halleck, and Bryant. It haga valuable picture gallery and an extensive library as reininders of its artistic-and liter- -ary origin, and. its receptions to distinguished men have long, been marked events in the best social-life of the city. The Union League Clab, founded in New York in 1863, is a representative there as els¢where of Re- publican party principles, while the Manhat- tan Club, founded in 1865 and renovated: in 1877, speaks for the Democratic side. The Axmy and Navy Club, of which Mr. Lloyd Aspinwall is President, is neutral in polities, as its name would indicate, and its rooms are open to the Executive and Cabinet officers of the United States, the Governors of States, and that as soon as the troops were and some others. The Down-Town and Mer. chants’ are. intended chiefly as private restaurants ‘during ‘business - hours; - the Harmonie -is a“'German social club founded in 1852; the Knickerbocker is supposed ‘to be very exelusive in 9 social way,“and contains a .good. many Young men who indulze in polo and ceach- ing on motiey that their grandfathers left to them; the New York, oneof the oldest and Most fashionable, has been of late years mostly in a state of suspended. animation; the Palette, the New York Press, and the Raquette are’ for ‘purposes indicated by their names; the St. Nicholas, founded in 1875 and distinet from the St. Nicholas So- ciety, is limited in membership to those’ Whose ancestors became residents of the city. or State prior to 1785, and-is devoted to-social intercourse and the collection and preserva. tion of factsin local history. The University Club, founded only a tittle over a year ago, is made up of college-bred men. “The development of American club life since the close of the War bas been some thing marvelous’ in all our large cities, Philadelphia, Chicago, Cincismati, St. Louis, Washington, New Orleans, and many others are quite‘as well supplied with clubs as New York or Boston in proportion to their size; but, afterall, it must be said that social and literary organizations depend upon time for their growth as well as upon enterprise, and- there is not yet one American city which can compare its clubs, even when relative ropn- lations are taken into account, with those of the old City of London. ny A REPLY TO “A REPLY” TO “THE FOOL'S ERRAND.” . 7 Mr. William L, Royall,a member of the New York Bar7at present, and formerly a soldier in the Confederate army, and lawyer and journalist in Richmond, Va., after the ‘War, has written a reply te the recent. work of Judge Tourgee, entitled “A Foot’s Er rand.” A telegraphic abstract of Mr. Royal's reply has already appeared in our columns. There is a striking contrast between Judge Tourgee’s book and Mr. Royall's reply to it at the very outset. Judge Tourgee wrote.” calmly and in good temper, cum grano salis, and did not indulge’ in sweeping accusations ; or wholesale charges in ‘bis pictures of lite’ and manners in the Southern Stites from the political point of view. Mir. Royall starts off ina violent temper at the very beginning, and hardly writes the first paragraph of his preface before he calls Judge Tourgee a “contemptiblefellow.” Starting with this epi- thet, it is not at all remarkable that before he reaches the close of his book he calls him “an impostor,” a “designing scoundrel,” a ing coward,” a ‘“‘carpet-bagger, a ‘swine. dler,” a “ sniveling liar,” a “ braying foal,” a “thief and plunderer,” and a “iunatic,” and accuses him of being “false. as hell,” of “groveling in malice,” and of “rolling in. slander and misrepresentation,” while, In the’ true Southern vein,we find thatall Southern- © ers were “ noble, true, heroic, and seff-sacri-_ ficing * during the War, and that since thé War they have been “loyal to the core.” It. is not a very happy method of replying to an adversary to commence in a teinper, and the * ‘unhappy result is shown in this book, which isinno sense a: replyto Judge Tourgee’s work, but a rehash of the old arguments of the Southern press upon the'virtues of the dogma of State-sovereignty, a defense of the” action of the South in its efforts to carry out the ordinances of secession, and a declaration ~ of its toyalty. Mr. Royall devotes the second chapter ot: his book to 2 reply to Judge Tourgee’s nar rative of the infamous and brutal operations; of the bulldozers and Ku-Ktux‘Kilan, and his reply may be summed up in the single sen- tence that all the Southern people were not engaged in this bloody work. It was not. : affirmed by Judge Tourgee, nor has it ever been charged by any Northern writer, news: - paper, or Speaker that the entire people of, the South were riding about in disguise,. terrifying, raiding, torturing, shooting, or hanging helpless negroes. That a partiorof them were, he himself admits. “That In- what’ is known as the period of reconstruction, in” several of the Southern States: there were * violence, disorder, and possibly outrage, no. candid Southerner willdeny.” But this isnos: | to. the point. It would have been a better answer to Judge Tourgee to have shown that. those who were not engaged in these - cowardly assaults disapproved of them; that_ they came to the rescue of these helpless victims; thatthe newspapers of that section + denounced these midnight scoundrels; that the officers of the law arrested them; and that. the Courts punished them as they would - haye been punished in the North, Ifa gaug , of roughs and bullies should attempt to at tack the negroes in Chicago. drive some of -. them out of the city, shoot and hang others,” and burn down their houses, and the rest of. our citizens stood idly by and saw them d it without lifting 2 hand to help them, would they not justly be charged of being in sym- pathy, if not in actual collusion, with them? The remainder of Mr. Royall’s reply may be summed up in these statements that hard-“ ly need reply, as they have been answered over and over again, especially during the. late political carapaign: 1. That the South went into the struggle to establish the Con-. federacy, and had the right to do so, but’ having’ failed, now loyally abides by the. issue. 2, That the negro is not fitted tobe put in domination over the white race, that this was the object of the Adminis! tion after the closé of the War. & That the. whites of the South are aiding and encour” aging the negroes in every way. 4. That the liberties, and fortunes, and lives of the South: ern people were placed under military rule.- 5. That the Fourteenth Amendment would: be gladly accepted’ by the South, provided the fifth section, giving: Congress the powet to enforce its provisions, were stricken from” it. These five dectarations hardly need more than a passing reference. First, the ac! of the South since the War in pressing. it§, claims, in impeding the operations of thés~ Government, in depriving a large proportioa. of its citizens of their constitutional rights, and in solidifying itself by the most unblush- ing corruption of the ballot-box and by 4 83. tem ofgarmed terrorism, does not. give a! indication’ that It is decided to abide by the. issue and obey the Constitution and the laws. Second, there is nothing in the action of the. Republican party, nothing In its legislation, nothing in the constitutional amendments: that even hints at subjecting the white. race. to ‘negro dominion or subjagation. In the. chaste language of Afr. Royall, such-2 charg? is “false as’ bell.” Third, if the whites are” aiding and encouraging the negroes in every way, how does it happen that they have been’ bulldozed, that they have been driven from, their homes, that they are not allowed yote unless they vote to suit the whites, that: they have been stripped of the rights guar anteed them in the Fourteenth Amendmenh that thousands of them bave-Jeft the South for Northen States, and ‘that thousands mote of them are preparing ‘to leave next .spring ? Fourth, Mr. Royall charges that the Southern States were placed under military rule during Gen. Grant’s ‘Administration. he had’ been « fair man, he. would have ed that one of the first acts of Mr. was to’ remove the troops upon the promise of the South that. all .classes of cltizens: should®,. be - ‘protected: in thelr” rights, withe. drawn this promise was deliberately prokeit Fifth, in view of such an emergency 25 the“ above, and in view of what has happened 2 “skulk- ©