Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, June 28, 1879, Page 9

LITERATURE. a —_—_——— “Tho Lover's Talo,” Tennyson's "Barly Poem, Revised and Completed. 4 . “The History of tho War Depart- meat," by I, D, Inger- : soll. Tho Age of tho Antonines ”--- Leighton’s School History of Rome. - Detmold,” a Romance, by W. H. Buhop—The Second Coming of Christ, Juterary Notcs---New Books Ite- colved---Periodicals of the ‘Month. ] Gram 1 mado immortal, oF my tor “Whet Is. Light?” by G, P, Randall~- ‘Wasted Foroes in Natur'e—Soience “ Notes, LITERATURE. - THE LOVRN’S TALE. Nr. Tennyson's cariiest atylo is Brought into strong contrast with'hs maturer work by tho publication of ~The Lover's Tale. Threo parts of this poom wore written in the authory 0th year, Two parts wero printed, but aftel- words withdrawn from the press. One of the poot'a frlends—the samo whose ‘virtues are cel- erated in “in Momoriam —priyatoly circu- luted among thelr common associates somo of {he printed. copies, without the omissions ond smendments that the poet had In contemplation, and marred by many errors of the compositor, Of Inte years these two parts have been * mer diessly. pirated.’? Tho author has therefore deemed.t best to reprint, tliem, together with + the unpablished third part, written at the samo time, and the sequel,—a work of after life,— “The Golden Supper.” ‘The firet three parts of the poem oxbibit tho qualities of stylo- that aro characteristic of a youtuful and ardent temperament, and a com- paratively untrained jntellect. Fullness of ox- pression, oxcess of sentiment, doubtful taste in the choice of Images, may be observed on nearly every pare. Though tho movoment fs so im- petuous it advances more slowly toward a defi- nite end in the first three parts than In tho last, Jt wants precision, It dashes ageinst small ob- sirietions in the way, and eddys madly about thom. .The descriptive passages, though vory _ beantifal, are long and languid. Ws can give only this one: * . There came a glorious moraing, such a one oa sata mao ming q ould Five nee ‘Timaclt, ood o tieads and swom with bslanced wings v tall mountain: when T said toher, er for gods to stoop,” she anaworod, ‘*Ay, And men to soar'': foras that other gazed, . Bhading bls eyes till all tho.flery cloud, ‘The prophat ‘and the chartot and the atceds, Buck'd into oneneaa Iike a little atar Were drank into the Jomost dlue, wo stood, When first we came from out tho pince at noon, With hunds for enves, uvlooking and almost Waiting to see some blessed shape tn heaven, Bo bathed wo woro in brilliance. Nover yet Before or after have I known the epring Ponrsyith ey andden aelaze oF i sant Into the middle summer: fo! eS Lore, rising, shook his wings, and charged tho iode e with 9 rene May-sweets from bound to boand, ang. Fresh dre tato the sun, and from within Buret thro’ the hoawd bude, and sent his son) Into the songs of birds, and touch'd far-off Bia mountam-sitare, his high hilly, with fame Utlder and: purer, + ‘The specch ! extravagant, even for a lover crazed by gricf. Ono is constantly reminded of “Locksloy’a-Hall,” the smooth yeraltleation aud overburdened sentiment of which aro more than once anticipated fn the youthful poom: She was dark-haired, dark-ayeds Ob, such dark eyes! a single glance of them ‘Will govern a wholo lifo from ‘birth to death, Coroless of all things elec, led on with light -Intrances and in visions: look at them, You loso yourself in utter {gnorance; You cannot tind their dopth; for they so back, And farther back, ond atill withdraw thomscives Seth nringne feo nor founcaina in the besa, Tel NES: raw m Suil pouring tuto’, floods with redundant life Mor narrow; portals. . ‘Trust me, long ago Ishoutd have died, if it were possible ‘To die tn gazing on that perfectnors Which Ido oar within me: E had died, But from my. farthest apse, my Jateat ebb, ‘Thine image, like a charia of light and strength: ‘Upon tho watera, push'd me back azain ‘On thesadesorted annus of barron‘life. Tho" from the deep vault wien the heart of one Foil into dust, nnd crumbled in tne dark— Forgetting how to render beautt{al a Hor countenance with quick and healthful blood— Thos didet not sway me upward; could I perish While thou, meteor of tho aevilohre, Vides awotlis thyself all round Hopo's qulot ura Forever? . Much happlor, it acems to us, are occastonal felicitics of expression like the following: I llsten'd And hor words stole with mont prevatling sweetness Into my heart, as thronging fancies come 'To boys aa rl when summor days uro new, And soul and heart and body aro afl at vaso, And al! the maiden empire of her mind, Lay like a map boforo ine, and Laaw There, where | hoped myaolf to rolgn as King, ‘There, whure that day 1 orown'd niysolf aa King, There in my realm and cyen on iy throne, Another! , Tho second and third parts are more tumultu- ous. The perturbed spirit will not reat, It secs ‘Visions and dreams dreams, Still it tolls itsonn story, but with so much agitation that the hoar- ercan scarcely separate tho actual from tho fdeal.” What Julian bas scon and what he thinks ho bas sven are so confused in bts poor braln that they form for him only one existence. ‘Tho marriage fa for bim a funcral. . ‘ There cal "Tho hollow tolling of the bell, and a Bem Tho vislon of the bier. As heretofore Twalk'd bohind with ono wha yoil'd his brow. Methought by slow dogrecs the auilen bell Toll'd quickor, and the breakers on the hore Bloped into sonder aurf: thone that went with me, And those that held tho bler bofore my face, Moved with one spirit round about tha bay, ‘Trod swifter stops; and while I walk'd with these In marvel ot that gradual change, I thougos, Four bolts isstead of one began to ring, Four merry bella, four mercy marrtago bolls, . In Clanglnut cadence jangling peal on peal— Along loud claeh of ranld murriage bells. t,_«, The woods tpon the hill Waved with « auddon gust that 8 Pook tho edges of the pall, and ‘Until ithung, a ttle silver olond. er the wounding seas: | turn'd: may heart 5 Bhrank in mo, hko a snow-ilake In the band, W ating ta sco the settled countenance Of her] lov'd, adorn’d with fading flowers, ut she from ont her death-like chryaalia,- * Bhe from ber bier, aa into fresher life, My wister, and m: ing down rit far and niy love, Leapt light clad in brida| ee 1 Btulded with Gnatich Emer coe fight ‘Of amiling wolcome round her lips, Tho fourth part, “The Goiden Supper,” has ‘already been publisticd, It ig moro finished Work than the others. Thomoyement ts atately and dignifled, put steadicr thay before, ‘There fo now no Iiugering over details.” ‘The contrast is, indeed, so marked that the Deet lias been. ‘obliged to put the story In the mouth of another. ‘There ts no description of the funeral, or the Brict caused, “We plango at once with the ro- seted lover fato the tomb of hte I ay, of "It waa my wieh,"” hese To rest to ba with eri ehe tortday Ps Peal'd On as with that & Aud raleed ua hand wn send Ee ese tr here, Down in the dreadful duay that once was ma Dast, as he said, that once was joving hearts,” Hearts that had beat with sach a love Not auch a8 pune, no, nor for aact as he ‘lls softly me ia erm bout her neck 1 ore than once, till helpless death And silence made bin vold~ nay, rt T wrong ny erenced his dear lady 9 Low placing bis true hang apon t Rear! “a zea, warm heart," he moaned, ‘not even th . * stonce'’: then, starting, thought t eI Con chill you all iis de ms bad come again.’ **Do 1 wake or ai jeep +} tonts, and rounin THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE: SATURDAY, JUNE 28, 187)—-SIXTEEN PAGES. Lil Mortal once more?" It hent—tho heart—It boat: Faint—bnt ttbaat: at which his own began io pnise with auc a vohemonce that It drowned ‘The feebicr motion nndorneath fils hand. But whon at Inet hia doubte ward satisfied, Mo ralecd sor softly from the rapulchre, And, Wrapping har all over with the cloak Hic came in, and navy striding fast, and now Hitting awhile to rest, but evermore Holding bie golden burden in his arms, Bo boro her thro’ the aolitary Innd. Back to tho mother's house where eho waa born. How firm and tru was tho touch that In serilicd there Ines! ‘They are not tame, ‘They fro breathed-upon by a virite passion which dig- nifies Itself by self-restenint. ‘Thero wilt be but ong opinion as to the pro- priety of publishing “The Lover's Tale”! tn its compluto form, ° It {sa true poem, far superior to any that wo hove had of Jato years, Even tho minor defects of the first parts enhance ite value, for they aro accompanted by ko amooth a hy Bit go much fellcity of expression and in- tensity of feeling, that, by contrast, they help to exhibit the gentits of the triter In a stronger Mght. ('The Lover's Tale.” By Alfred Ten- yson. Simo. Noston: Houghton, Osgood & Co. Ciott. 2 cents,) THE WAT DECARTMEN'T. A bistory of the War Dopartment, with bfo- Rraphical sketches of the Becretarics, has been Jeaued from tho press of Francis B, Mobun, Washington, D, C, Tho author Is L. Dy Inger- sol], who has been employed In the Department |: Library for somo years, He lias had ueccss to the records of the Department and the advico and nssistanco of many persons connected with St, But ho alone {s responsible for the words of the narrative and the form it has assumed. Tho War Department was naturally the first to recolyo the attention of the Continental Con- gress, and far many ycaora was tho most. fm- .portant., After the adoption of the Constitu- ion, it was‘oyersindowed by the Treos- ury,: under IIstnilton, and the De- partment of Foreign = Aifatrs, ‘under gefferson. The rough work of war was done. ‘The finaneior ana the aiplomatist were caltea on to mate {ta results more certain nnd, abun dant. Ono had torepatr the losses it had caused at home, andthe over to soothe the angry feellugs {t had ralaed_ nbroad. While this work was {n progress the War Departinent was neg- lected. | Its purpose was thought to kaye been {nlfilled. in view of the extiausted condition of the country now wars seemed impossible. Who could meditate further expenditures for war when the Treasury was straining every re- sourco to pay part of the Reyolutlonary debt? | ‘There was, indecd, a War De- Dartment organized. Without the form of such a Department the Government woutd bara been Incomplete. But its resources wero very Iinited, aml its duties too general to adinit of any greut cfliciency. The first Sccre- tary, Maj..Gen. Knox, had control of the aring and navy, bounty-Iands, and Indian affaire, his duties boluy, thua nearly equivalent to those of Uhree members of the Cabinet as at present, A Navy Department was created In 1708, but_the War Department was still averloaded, In a perch in Conercss as late as April, 1812,Georzo M. Troup, of Georgia, anid: “The Seerctucy has to perform, besides the datics belonging to tho head of the War Department, the duties of the Quartermaster-General, Commisgary-Gen- eral, nnd Master of Ordnance, the business of the Indian Department, military Janda, and {n- yalld pensions.” Dedlcient ns the + staff Was, the’ tank and file in the first yeara of this century was in ortill worse plight. Though. tho act of 1803, putting the ‘army on'a pence footing, provided for o Featectabls force,.no eculistments were made to fill up the complement." In 1805, the entire army conslated of 2,733 officers and men; in 1807, of less than 9,600; In 1809, of 2765; und on June 6, 1812, almost contemporaucously with the breaking out of the war, of 6,744, exclusive of the stall.” + : ‘The consequences of starving the army were seen in 1812, whon the country was obliged to pay many times over for the parsimony ot pre- vious years. The want of avvell-tralticd stat causcd the failure of our troops In nearly ail the: dirst engagements of the war, ‘The pernicious contract! systemn ‘and a bad commissariat kept our soldiers {ll-fed, dispirited, and mutinous, and distracted the attention of tho ofitsers from the work they had immediately at hand. The War of 1813 was lost for the want of agood 8ub- slstence Departmnnt.. ‘The lessons which {t taught, however, wore almost worth tho price pald for them. Our.armtes haye been ever since Avoll fod. . The Moxican War and the War of tho ‘Rebelifon could not bave. Leon carried to o suc- cessful ond if tho Subsistence Dopartment had uot alded the armics.in tho fleld so powerfally asdt did by prompt: and aufciont supplies. Some ot the fonts of this Department in the last War, a8 related by Mr. Jugersoll,. were wou- , ‘The War Department owes much to the. Sec- rotarles who have directed its affairs. It is o jong and, on. the whole, on illustrious linc. There area few. names’ that blur the record. Ma}; atou, one of Jackson's Secretaries, added ve lustre to the offlee. Secretary Davie was on excellent oflicor, and did much for the Depart- ment, but was afterward the hend of a consptra- ev to destroy it, Secretary Floyd was a traitor while tu oltice, The elder Camuron did not in- creaso the furne of the Dupartmont. BSccrotary Batkuap reelgned under a cloud. On the other and brighter eldo of the record there ara such names as Knox, Dearborn, Armstrong, Monro, Crawford, Caihoun, Cass, Poinsott, Marcy, Yolt, Stapton,.and Taft. Mr, Tngoraoll Ing written all the blograptitce In good spirit; only that of McCrary would bo botter if it were less ful- some. “‘Tho.narrative ls rather dry, showlng no marked ability as a writer on the part of the author, Ibis, howwoyer, ‘calculated to servo a useful purpase by offering a yiow of American history trom a naw point of observation. (** A. Ilstory of tha War Department of the United Btutes, with Biographical Skotches of the Secr tarics.”” By L. 1D. Ingersoll. Washington, D.C. Francie B. Mubun. yo. 613 pages. $4.59.) . ROMAN WISTOnY. . Two books reluttng to: Roman history como togother for review this week, Tho first is “Tho Roman History of the Sevond Century; or, ‘The Age of the Autonines," by W. W. Capes, BI, A, Oxon, and tho second [a a school Hls- tory of Romo,” by RF. Lelghion, Ph. D. (Lips.). Wo direct attontion to Mr, Capes? little volume, published In the sorles of © Epochs of Auctent History,” capeeially on account of the aketch of Marcus Aurclius which it contains, ‘The short retyn of Nerva ts alloted only seven pages; twonty years of ‘Trajan—momentous years thoy were, too—are dsposod of in forty- three pagers; tivonty-one yeara of [adrian in twenty-four pages; Antonplus Plus’ twenty-three years in elx pages; ancd then the story of; Marcus Aurelius fs told in fifty pages. Mr, Qapes deals with the blstory of this remarkable ian iu an appreciative. und conscientious spirit. Ie’ ty careful,’ on the ono hand, vot to dee tract in tho feast derrea from — his memory, beeauso ho has so otten been cited “as a character partes without the knowledge of Christ, while, on thy other hand, ho secks no divitic standard or parallal to try him by. Marcus Aurolius is sald to avo beon full of tender charity und anticipatlons of Garistian feoling; to havo refrained from ox- traysqunce or bitterness tall his sgnso of the unrteality of earthly good; to have clung dirty to the thoughts of Rullug Provideuco, whieh stitred his heart with tendorncss und Jova; to bare posseascd a delicate sympathy with nature, and yet to havo been Haunted witha certain mel- ancholy, as tf hiv felt his knowledge of the hure- after doubtful and of little worth, atantina Tears our author) the poor artisans and frecdinon of the Christian Churches wore pray- ing to their Father in Heaven with all the cont. donoa of trustful childuooa. ‘The rabble of the strects wore clamoring for thelr llves and qnicken- lug the loyal real of many .a Gallio on tho seat of Elid etd but they found comfort in the thought of Ono who called them friends and brothers, and wio had gone before them on the road which thoy muat travel, auppurted by the an seen help of ap Eternal Love, ‘They ald their dead within tha catacombs, tracing on the rough. hown walla the symbol of tho crosy or tha form of the Good Shopherd; but thoy felt no dark inls- tvings ant wo inexplicuble ycarntugs, and so wero appicr in thalr fife and ‘death than tha pulioe sophic Einporor of the proud {oman world, who speaks anco only of thd Christians, and thon notices them ag facing doath with the composure Of mere obstinate pride, . Mr, eipee gives guod reasons for doubting the truth of tho stories of Faustina’s allege suddelity; but the burden of testimony, it must be confessed, fs againet him on this point. Bov- cral Interesting chapters ate devoted to “The Attitude of the timpurial Government ‘Toward the Christians’; “Che Characteristics of the Bate Hellion ud of the Rites Imported from the Eaat"; “The Literary Curreute of the Age”; and-"The Administrative Forma offthe Tmperlal Government.” ‘The voluma ts fur- nished vith a suitable index, a full table of con- 1h insorted in the text. It ts well arranged for use as a text-book, or for Une easy reading of those not familiar with the history of the period in question, (New York: Charles Beribner’s Bons. Le +. Loighton's school " History of Rome” ends With the converslun of Constantine, but fs in reality very meagre for the perlod. Hotwoon te death of Augustus und the founding of Con- stuollvople, {ts merit—and It unquestionably hss merit of @ high order—conslats fn {ts troat- ment of tha history of the Homan Republic, ‘The author ts too good a scholar aud too fresh, perhaps, from the German Untveraitlea to at- tach woy welght or credence whatever to the yarious old woman's tales which most porsona bow living baye been taught to regerd os tha wo pre the net gar and Dippanit Metory of carly Rome, Mr.‘ Yeightan sweeps all theas myths away, Hodoes noteven con- descond to state the evidenvo against them, or rsther the want of evidenca in thelr favor, Mo Assumes thatall well-Instructed peopte kno that the fabulous narrative of Livy was long since abandoned for historical purposes, At the sana {ime ha recognizes the important fact that there fables wera intertvoven with the tomestic life of the Romane. Whether they were descended from gods of not, it $s Importapt to know tint they thought they were so Weseended. Mr, Leightun treats yorr fully, as we have safd, of the history of the Roman Republic. Ile has alan described the growth of the social and re- Nalous institutions of the Romane, and the gradual modification of thems; their private Hfay thelr custains, dreas, tools, ctr. }to docs not give a full {dea of the corruption which waa rife in Rome in the inst days of the Republic, but in all othor respecla iis aketch ts completo and admirable. The history asa whole is probably the best for schoo) purposes that has ever been offered to the public In this country, ('! A Hine tory of Rome. By R. F. Lolghton, Ph, D, New York: Clark & Mayuard.! DETMOLD. Weare unable to suars in the admiration which Isquita common, In the newepapors at least, for Mr. Bishop's romance, ‘ Detmold.’’ ‘Though it fs written with much care, ond seoms ta show moro than ordinary powers of Invention, {tls thoroughly commonplaco so far as the ehoractera are concerned. ‘'Detmold” ts o young man whose life {s blasted by a crime that his father committed tn early life and explated {n the Penitentiary, This father, at the date of the atory, f#, torepeat Maric Twalo’s phrase, “Keeplng store’? in the village in whith he yielded to temptation, ‘ond {s respected by all,” though not recetyed In the first soctoty at church soctables or wolcomed at the strawberry- festivals with all the cordiality he might do- sire, The father, who isa man ofatronz sense, beara thesa slights with proper patience; but Detmold's proud spelt is stung, by them. Ho ieayes home and practices his profession, that of an architect, inn distant city. Ho falla in loye, follows the young woman of his choice to Europe, fs firet ‘rojected, by her, and aft erwards taken into favor and sbaut te be ac cupted, when a rival, in the burst of passion, tells of 0 Jong-concealed crime of Detimold’s Sather, ‘This revelation, breaks off the inatch til some Jurther kuowledge {s obtalned of the oung woman’s father, who proves also to haye een a erimival, when the two loving hearts aro happlly united. ‘Lhe characters, a3 we have said, oro commonplace. It is impossible to take any deep interest in the fortunes of the two lovers, or to think of the high-comedy man as a clytizing agent, or to do more than rejoice feebly when the genteel Italian villain breaks Mis neck. ‘The author fails to show much arlgl- nality In the description of Itallan scenery and inauucrs, and the erline which he {nyents for Detinold’s father—the stealing of two un- clalmed cars of dry-goods froin a side-track— hardly rises aboye the grotesque. The pest that can be sald for Detmold with all duc candor fa that {t has been printed in the Atlantic. (!*Det- mold.” A Romance, By W. H. Bishop. Los- ton: Horehton, Osgood'& Co, $1.) “THE SECOND COMING OF THE LOUD.?- ‘This subject fs attracting wolversal attention at the present time, Among the various viows that oro advanced in regard to this question the theory of Swedenborg {is perhaps the most peculiar, It is the object of the Rey. Clinuncey Giles, In a volume lately Issued, to develop and vindicate this theory. Hocontends that Christ Js not to come hereafter in any literal sonse. He {scontinually coming to His people by tho il- Juminating {pflucace of His Spirit, and at death he comes to every Christian by eliminating the spiritual body from the natural hody. Thus, by the translation of belfevers into the spiritual world, they are enabled to seo the Lord In, Ils glory and to rejoice in the , consclousness-of His Immediate presence. Those readers who aro not faralliar with the yiows of Swedenborg on thia subject wil be Interested in the perusal of these lectures of Mr. Gites. ‘They are highly sumgeative, Where they do not carry conviction ug to the main doctrines which they’ are design- ed to fineuleate. Probably the majority of read- era will not accent the teachings of the author, but few will regard with disrespect his graceful handling ot the grand theme which' le has chosen. (‘the Becond Coming of the Lord: Its Causes, Signs, aud Effecta.” By the Rey, Chaun- coy Utige. Philadolpnia: -J. B. Lipolneoty & Co, 1879, $1.25.) "ROW. PB. ry one sip ie ‘HUME'’S ‘ENGLAND. . Messrs. Harpor & Bros. have becun a relsaue of the principal historical works fn thelr Iist. Macaulay's Englund in’ five volumes waa the first venture, This was followed by Motley’s “Dutely Republic? in -thre? volumes, and we have now recelved “Hume! England "jn alx volumes, ‘Ihe size and’ stylo of binding in atl the works. mentioned are uniform, The paper 8 — thin, but of good quality, and the print clear, Gilt-cages at the top, and strong Hoon covers, In colors, make the set ornamental a well os useful; and the prive fs so moderate—§82 per volume—ss to bring it within the reach of nearly everybody who has, or Lopes to have, a library, Tlumo's history lost by comparison with Macaulay's whon the latter was the fasnionabla book of the dny; but there has uf Jato yeara been a disposition to restore the balance, partly at lenst, in favor of the former. Mumo twas not so brillant a writeraa Macaulay, but more con- sclontious, His rank Torvism and his infidelity ailonated many who might otherwise have been numbered among bly readere; but thoy did not affect his history ptally, They wore’ blomienes in ft, not in them- solves characteristic. Tho fact that they «id not destroy the value of the history 18 shown by its survival, spite of the oboloquy wulch lins bean visited on tne author for a hun- dred years, It is doubtful whether Mxcaulay's Englind, when it has ocen as long bofore the public as Humo's, will be cousidercd as impor- tant a work, s We are glad on all accounts that tho Messrs. Harpers havo fncluded Hutne in their new sericea of standard histories. Whatover his faults may have beon, ho had great abilities, and jis opin- fons aye so well worth preserving that without them we should think the world poorer than it js. (Jlumo's History of Enghunl, Six Volumes, Byo, $12, New York: Harper & Bros.) TOUR NAPIER LETTERS, Extracts from the MacVey Napter corre- spondence, just published by Mactnilian & Co,, are flogting about the newspancrs. Some of them aro as followa;. Lord Franels Jeffroy, of Edinburg Jevtew fame, in reply to w letter from the editor, Napler, asking him: for a ro- view of tho lato W. 0, Bryant, which be had Promised, thus writes: “Ihayo done nothing With Bryuut, He is a Felicla Homans in Ureeches."? Onc of the Macauloy letters in the collection of tha Naplor correspondence contains » pas- sno that would have gratified intensoly thoso Atnericans of one or two eencrations ago who woro so oulraged by Charlos Uickons' “American Notes.” Naptor, og editor of the Adiwodury diculew bod Anylied Macaulay to review the bouk fo question, and: in declining the task Macuulay said: “It ts imposaitle for mo to review it; nor do J think: that you would wish mo to do- so, I .cawnot praise ft, though it. contains a few ively dialogues auil descriptions; for it sccme tomo to boos a whole o failure, -It is written Iku the worst parte of ‘Humphrey's Clock.’ What 1s meant to be casy aud sprightly ts vut- as in the frat wo pages. What {s meant to bo fino is a great deal too foo for me, as the description of the Falls of Niag- ara. A reader who wants su: amusing account of the United States had bettor go to Mrs. ‘Trollopo, coarse and tmulignant as she is, A reader who wants fuformation about Amerivan politics, manners, and Iteraturo had better zo ayen to so poor o creature a8 Buckingham, In short, I pronounce the book, in spite of sonic uleams of genius, at once frivolous aud dull, Therefore, Iwill not praise it; nelther will I attack tt—firat, because 1 have caten galt with Dickens; second, because ho fe a good man and a inan of real talent; third, because hohates slavery as heartily as 1 do; and, fourth, because J wish to eco tim eurolled in our blue und yel- Jaw corps, where be may do excellent work os a akirmishor and sharpshooter.” Nothing could bo more just than this criticism of the most ill- natured book Dickens aver wrote, Lord Brougham, fo a letter to Mr. Nupler, says ha fs atnaxed at the praise which Macaulay hoaped upon Lord Clive, Clive was a great, buta very bad man, * All men,’! saya Brough: om, “know ho wasa'robher, publicly, and a cruel, bicodthiraty man, ana all Iudiaus know that lio wctually robbed Orme, the historian, a Reryous inan, whow bo throttled on the walk near the Ganges, and oxtorted 210,000." Mace vaulay'’s defense Brougham calle ‘most protl- 1a political morality," -and adds that “all the scutenves a man can turn, eveu it he made th in poor taste, and not ju ‘Lom's suip-evap ti of the lower empire—all won't avail against u rotten morallty.’* Macauloy’s paper on Warren Hastings Brougham found “adintrable, natin; nome yulgurity and his usual want o all powor of reason Of. the articlo on -Bir Wiilam Temole, Brougham writea: Macaulay's {9 an oxeeliont paper, only he does tako a terrible space to turn i Good God! what-an awful nan he would hayo been In Nish Prius! He can say nothing under ten pages. Ie takes ns long to delincate threo characters of little importance nas I have to sketch ton, the gredtest in the whole world. I renlly wish you could give him a hints and, as {tis the only. or almost the only thing be wants (ene bread toall Als rack is another and n° sad want), he may well beara hint)? Macaulay had ‘no good oninion of his own articla on Moore's “Life of Byron.) “TI sand off iny article,” he writes, *tand ff you shontld send it back to mo £ shail not be offended, foritiswretvhedly bad, 1 Meyer wrote anything ao mich agalnst the grain Iniwvilfe, 1°do not wish the ‘faalts of the printer's devil to be added to mine, which ore alone quity enough for our eview,” ’ = LITERARY CONGRESS. Correspandenes Nevo York Tribune, Loxnow, June 13.—It may be within your memory that un International Literary Con- ‘gress was held Jost year in Paris, under tho Presidency of Victor Hugo. It sat for a week, talked a good deal, and, {n the end, passed a number of resolutions about Ilterary property, vopsright, and kindred matters. .{t completed also aome kind of an organization, and voted to meetin London thia yuar, it has met accord ingly, and {fs getting through a certain amount of work, of-which the prectical good remains to vo demonstrated, Such attention as was Riven to the Congress last, year was duc mainly to Victor Huyo, He delivered an address at the Chatelet Theatre, uud presided in person over some of the business mectings of the Congress, The London public were.encouraged to hone that thereat Frenchman would cross the Chan- nel in order to resume bis duties hore, But ho haa not come. I doubt -whother he ever meant tocomo, or gaye anybody, any ‘right to stir up expectations of hiscomibg. There was more chance of getting M. Jules Simon, an Inferior but still rather, abining Juminary. Ho too ts detained by pressing political duties. ‘Then it was sald that Mr, Teooy- son would tnke the chair, # report which was from the beginning ineredibia to those who knew anything of Mr. ‘Tennyson's hablts and his horror of public assembles. Ho, did, howw- ever, allow the use of ‘his name, on what ts styled the English Reception Comiutttec. So did Mr. Froude and Mr. Anthony ‘Lrollupe, and Mr. Leslie Stephen, alter some urging. Now a reception committee {s a wood think, but ft ralses the qnestion who Js to be received. - If {t had been Victor Hugo'or Jules Simon, well and good, But {t turns out that only onc foreigner of real distinction has thought it worth white to come to London to attend this Congress, M. Edmond Avout, and. M. Edmond About ia by no tneuns in the first. rank of French authors,” Next in notoriety to About stands M. Adolphe Belot, a- prolific writer of nasty novels, and then a crowd of mora or leas respectable noncutities, I really cannot sce & name on tlie ist of mnen actually present, which I think {tat all Nkely you would recog- nize if } mentioned (t. ‘There ara some worthy persons amoor them, but they are not the kind ot people Itkely to effect great literary reforms, nor tas ft needful that the most cininent writers of Groat Britain should baye been called on to welcome them. LITERARY NOTES, The Ife of Admiral, Coligny, by Walter Besant, has been added to Harper's Half-Hour Berios. s Max Adcler's nowspaper eketches havo been printed by J, M. Stoddard & Co., of Philadel- phia, in asmall yolume, paper covers, price 25 conts. ° ‘The Franklin, Square Library bos been in- creased by the addition to tt of George Elfot's “Impressions of Theophrastus Such," Price, 10 cents. Houghton, Osgood & Co. ‘have printed Ten- nyson’s “Lover's Tale” in.a small yolume, with cloth covers, for the amazingly low prico ot 25 cents. To be had of the publishers on applica- ton by mail, , ¢ t Two works pertaining to tho history of En- Bland which we hops toj notice more fully at some future time aro “Greene's History of tho English People,” Vol. IIE, (New York; Harper’ & Bros., $3.80), and |“ Lectures on the History of Engiand,” by M. J. Guest (New York; Mac- mililian & Co, $1.75. ys . Vol. I. of Harpor's Hand Book for Travelers in Europe and the East for1879 treats of Great Britain, Ireland, Franco, Belgium, aud Holland. ‘The wholé work Is Issued, 1 vill boremembe in three volumes; pricu $3 por volume. This fs tho vighteenth year of the publication of the Wand Book, and it hos constautly beeu growin In favor with’ travelors and in fullness nud accuracy of details. The young Count doe Fersen writes to bis father In Huron directly altor the canture of Lord Cornwallis in Yorktown: “In Virgiala there ore at least twenty negroes tocvery white; this is why thts Provinte suppurte but few sol- diers in tho army, All those who ongage in trada are Jooked itpon as inferior to thy others; they sny that these aro not gentlemen, and will not asaoelate with them. ‘They all” ave aristo- cratic fdens, und to sce them it {a hard to uom- prehend how they could have entorcil tntoa general confederation and accepted a Govern- ment founded ona perfect equallty of condi- tions but tho saine epirit which bas led them to throw off tho English voke may srell lend shen to other stone, and 1 shall not be surprised to sce Virginia separate from the other States on the peaco. J should not be surprised, evan, to seo’ the American Government become a com- plete artstocracy."—Zhe Magazine of American History. ' Messrs. Estos & Latrlat, of Boston, will pub- sh iu the rail an authorized trans)ation of M. Maximo Lalaune's capital “Treatise on Etch- ing’? Accordlug to Ar, Hamerton's dictuin, M. Lalanne is the beat French eteher of tha present day, and hia treatise on his favorite art is cer- tafnly the brighteat and clearest exposition ever written of the processes involved fait, ‘The book is Mlustrated by ton plates etched by M. Lalanug, which will be coveted for thelr own sake by all lovers of the art. ‘The plates for the American edition have been printed {n Paris, 80 that they will be cqual in every respeet to those in the french edition, ‘The translation will be tade by Mr, & i. Kooteler, tha editor of the forthcoming “ American Art Rovlaw,” who will also odd an introductory chapter on the alniplest, elements of etching for the. benefit of amateurs, who may profer to overcome the first technical diMiculties before plunging i medias ree with M. Lalanne. Charics Dickens’ beloved home,—tha dream of his youth, the delight of bis prime,—Gads Hil Vince, is now for sale, Ito baught tt for $3,950, bus improved it so much that it will now bring five thnes that sum. When bo diced a reecrva prico of €50,000 was put on the property, at at which price it was. gecurcad by his eldést gon Charles, who nov offers {t to the highest bidder. In addition ta tho asaocia- tons conuected with {t, Dickens, practically rebuilt, the house, and added considerably to the lund orlgioally pertaluing toit. Among many other things which Digkenadid for the houso was to make a well, the progress of which Was somawwhata serious mutter for hin, Ho used to say, “It fs quite w railway terminus; it is so iron and go biz.” Dickens made uuder- neath the road thy famous tunnel which com nected his lawn with tha shrubbery, in which was placed the still morg famous chalet presont- cd tohin by Mr. Fechtor. Up to tha’ last Dickens was improving ble beloved resldenco, ‘She Isat thing he did was to build a conserya- tors. audit was only on the Sunday before his death that he had tho preat sotisfaction of seo- tug thiscompleted, He suid to his daughter, vel, Katie, now you ses Roaltire! y the last improvement ¢6 Gads tiill."—Vew York Tribune. “The Annual Record of Science snd Industry for 1878," edited by Spencer ¥. Baird and pub. Ushed by tho Mvssrs. Harper & uros,, has come to hand, The series ts now: recognized a standard work by aclentitic men everywhore, The principal articles in the present humbur h en prepared as follows: ' trouomy,? by Eaward 3. Holden; Physica ofthe Glove,?? by Cleveland Abbe, wlth the aaststanco of Prot, , G. Rovkwood, of Princeton, N. di; Physica,” by George ¥. Barker, fessor of Vnyaice in the versity of Ponoaylyauin; “ Chemistry," by the sam®; *' Mineralogy," by trof, Edward 8, Dana, of Yalos “Geology,” hy Prof. 'f, Stovy Hunt, of the Mussachnsetis Institute of Technotoxy; es Hydrography " and “Geography,” by Fran- cio A. Green, Licutunant-Coinmander U.8. No; “ Microscopy," by Prof. Hamilton J. Sinith, of Hobart Colleze; mi uthropuluwy." by Prot, Otla T. Mason, Columbia Untyersity, Washing- ton, D. Cy " Zoology," by Dr. A. 8. Pack dr., Browd University; Vertebrate Zaotogy) by’ Prof. ‘Theodora “Gil, Wasbingtou, D. “'Motany," by. Prof, Farlow, Harvard Coli “Agriculture” oud “Rural Economy," by Prof. W. O, Atwater, Wesloyan Univeratty; “ Eugineerlug,” _'* Vechnology.? and | 'In- dustrial Statistics,’ by Willlam H. Wabt, Yb, =D. Philadelphia, ‘The names o! writors elyon above aro those ot experts {n the soveral departments; and the yolumu {ts there- fore truly represcntatiye of all that American -| eclentitic men knuw of the progress that bas been made durlug the pest year iu the domain’ of acleuce. BOOKS RECEIVED. Rwonmations it Astnoxoxy, wit Dingctions wow Paaorioay BXrkuiasyte ayo TELEACOTLO Wonk. Ty Henry White Warren, New York Harper & Bron. 1870, 284 pages, 83 {Iustrations and maps of stars, 12mo,, cloth, $1.75. Livz or Pnor. Aunrnt Mopxtxa, By Albert C, Sewall. Now York: A.D.F. Randolph & Co, 1870, 3340 pages, 12tn0., cloth, $1.50, ‘Tre Writtsos of ALaent Gartatin, Henry Adama, ‘Three volumes, larga 8vo, Cloth. Philadelphia: J, 1. Lippincott & Co, $15, Tan Zune Asinie Britis Fnonvinna Ealted by By T, J. Leas, Now York: Marpor & Bros, 1870, 43 geaqnarto, (Franklin Square Library, No.02.) Paper, 10 centa, . Morn, Wirr, on Winow? By Mrs. Alexander (paeud,) [Sire Annie F. Hector.) New York! Henry Holt & Co. 1870, 207 pages 16mo. (Lels- ure-tlour Series, No, 105.) ‘cloth, L Cincinp ny Finns A True Story, Nolr Weight, New York Natloual mprrance Soctety and Pablishing-Honse, 1879, O1 pages, ono illustration, 10mo,, cloth, 40 cents. Heroine » middie-azed Scotch woman with an in- horited love of liquor; the story of her miserable carcor, Tar¥s rnow Runirinra. By Vincent King Coop- er. Now York: Harper & Bros, 1870, 1:3 pagot, #2mo, (The Harper's Halt-Lour Series. No. 111, MiHetentvinntmaple and attractive 1 tal ni simple and attractive language, fol- lowing Hnelides very earofully, the atories of Ipnte enia, Andromache, Alceatia, Hecuba, talon, fodea; writin for yonng pupils about to read the plays in the original Greek. PERIODICALS RECEIVED. ‘The American Naturalist for July has articles on the followinaubjects: “ Horm of Sceds asa Factor Iu Natural Selection in Plants,” by Robert Re dalla Me: , E.C. Berns; * A Speculation on Protoptasm,” by Persifor Frazer, Jr.; ‘Tne Fertilization of Sev- eral Bpecies of Lopelta,” by William Trealeaso; ‘A Contribution to the Zoology uf Montana,” by E. D. Cope. The Magazine of American Mistory for July has the foltowing tuble of contents: ©The French In Rhode Ieland,—mith a view of the Vernon House, Rochambeau’s Headquarters, Newport, 1 J.; Map of Newport in 1777; a fac- almite of a Letter of Rochambeau, und insets of a Chart of Narragansett Bay, 1777, und.a view of the Tomb of Admiral de ‘Ternay 4; © Letters of du Fersen, Ald-de-Camp to Rochambentt, Gare? Bananite a, Seer, BU nud Replies”; Literary Notices, Heri ‘The contents of Appieons’ Journal for Jaly ure as follows: *'Kicarda, a storr, by Mar: Wacer-Fisher; Reforms {u Asiatic’ Turkey,” by one who has lived theres "Italian Skotches:”” . ‘The Homes uf the Piaster-Imagu Men; 11. italian Moving, by Linds Vitari; The Seamy Bide," a novel, ‘by Walter Besant ant James Rice, Chapters Vil. to £X.3 “The Midway dnn,’* *Conspiractes in Ruanta,!? by foralists on Blue China"; “Mr. ramatte Idyis??; “fhe Queen's partments nt Windsor”; “The Ruse of Love,” a poom by Marle Le Baron, ‘Then follow the editorial departments. The Popular Sclence Monthly for July bas the following table of contents: . Wasted Forces,” by William A. Wahl, Ph. “The Geological Survey of the Fortlsth Parallel,” by Prof. J. 8, Newberry; * A Stady in Locomotion," by Prof. E. J, Marey (ilustrated); “John Stuart MII" (iL), by Prof, Alexander Halo, LI Ph. Be Yon of Eatin,” by Wilitam asrowalny “the Condinon of Women from a Zoological Point of View (11), by Prof. W. K. Brooks; "2 Visit to the New Zealayd Gerserss” by Clemeut Bunbury; “Pteased with a Feather,? by Prof, Grant Allen; “Food aud Feeding” (1), by Sir Henry Thompson; “Sketch of Jullus Robert Mayer" (with portrait); cte. cs a SPARKS OF SCIENCE. ULILIZING WASLE PRODUCTS, ‘From a Lecture by Wotain I, Wahl, Ph. D. Those inventions are deecrying o pecial honor, and geuerally receive the most substan. tal recognition, which develop new {industries or utilize waste products. ‘ ‘he glycerine industry, which bas attained colossal proportions, is a notable {ilustra- tion of a great manufacture based entire- ly upon the saving of what until lately waa’ a ‘waste product of tha sonp-botler. As even more important, I may mention the in- dustries connected with the manufacture of aniline dyes and artificla! madder from the refuse coal-tar that was formerly the curso aid nufeance of the gas-works. Old boots and shoes’ and leather waste are turned to good account by tho chemical manitacturer in producing the eyanides, ferro, and férrid cyanides, so" ‘Indlapen- sable fu color-printing and photography, Of the carcasses of slaughtered animals, not o acTap or morsel ts aliowed to go to waste, as you are wall aware; and eyen the waste'Slood of the abattoir fs used by the sugarr§vor;and the mauutace turer of albumen, sawdust mixed with IMood, or somo - other ageluttoattve substance and compressed by powerful pres- sure in heated dics, fs formed into door- knobs, hardware and furniture trimmings, bat- tons, aud a thousand useful and decorative articles; or, as {a the case with the spent baric of the tannerios, it is utilleed for fuel under steam-boilers, Oyater-sliclla, of which our bar- barous progenitors of ages sgo made the shell- mounds thut delight the soul of the anthropolo- gist of to-day, are burncd to limo; the waste of tho Inseed-ofl manufacturers ts eagerly sought aftor as food for cattle; the waste ashes of wood- fires ore leached for potash; river-mad Js min- gled with chalk, and burned and ground to make the {nmous Portland cement; and the ruthless hand of Utilitarianism has not even re- spected the brickbat, that had served frum timo {mmemorlal only to crack the heads of unpos- ing factions, but grin ft up to make coment with Ime. The finest glue size fs mado from the waste of parchment skins, The waate gusos of the blast-furnace are now utilized to heatthe blast, to gonerate the steam that drives the en- Rive that makes the blast, to holst ores, drive machinery, ete; and even the Slag, thot haa served for years only to decorate the bilisides, 1s now cast into paving nnd building blocks, or Sranulated to inske building sand, or pround Jor cement, or mixed with suitable chemicals and turned into thy commoner grades of glass, or blown by a jet of steam into the fincat filae ments to forin the curious substance called mluoral wool, now largely used as 9 non-con- ductor of hoat upon steam-pipes, bollers, roofs, cte., ete, 4 So, too, the enormous hills of anthracite-coal Alrt, that {n the coal regions of our Btate have for years borne silent but ¢loquent testimony to the cradity anst wastefulnoss of our methods of mining coal, now bat fair soon to disappear beneath boilers supplied with ingentous ust. burning devices, or in the form of lumps of artiiiclal fucl. Even the anthracite-coal do- posits, now so cuormously yalunble, wera a few Joars ago but so many layers of black stous, un- Appreciated and valuctess, The waste heat of the hime-kiin is made to penerate steain, and warn immenso public butldhnge in England and ‘on the Continent; and the “oxbaust’? of the stenm-euying is made todo service in heating the wator fed intu tha potter, Suppose we tako steam, the almost unlversal motive power of to-day, as an example, and put tho inquirics, What ought wo to get out of tt und what do we get aut of it? And, when I ain through, I think that many of ty hearers, who havo heretofore entertalned the bolicf that atcam-onginecring was a fleld that had been 60 thoroughty worked up that but little rematned. to be avcompliuhed in the direction of increas- ing the duty of our stcain-motors, will be will- {ng to acknowledge themaclyes mistaken, ‘To got at the practical duty of a atcam- engine, wo mast begin with the source of the power, the eteam-geocrator—popularly and moat {nappropriately calicd the steam-boller; and, as the source aid origin of the power gen- erated in the boiler and directly traceaule to the combustion of the fuel, it feevideut that we Must begin with that, Let us fuquire, there- fore, what power wa ought to get from a perfect, ateain-engine burning pure con!, and then com- pare 1E with what we do get inthe best steam- engine practice of to-day, J . Toundurstand the deductions [ ahall sbortly Brown Private Ay i=P ‘make {n getting at this comparisun between theory und practice, | profer to invite.you to follow mo through a few theoretical cousiderg: Uons, rather than ask you to accept the con- clusions almply on my bare aesertion, “> it has loug been known that a detinite relation exista botween the quantity of heat devuloped inaglyen operation und the quantity of muv- chanical force (manifested ag work) that could, be obtuined from that heat, ‘The absvlute ne- ture of this equivalency in tacitly recognized, though perhaps finpertoctly comprehended, tn the practice of overy branch of fadustry employ- ing beat a8 a source of power; for it Is this fact which establishes the dimensions of the steum- bollor, and the aeveral proportions of the engine todo the worl required of {t. ‘Tho steam-cn- ine, in siaiple Jauguage, le etnies a0 apparatus for turning heat into work; and it is, therclore, quite posalblo to express {he value of a giyeu quantity of the form of energy we call teat in torms of mechanical cheney that wo call “work; and scleutitic inveatieation has estab- shed an adinirabte unit for this comparison in the 'foot-pouud,"—that fs, the force required *An address delivered at the opening of the apring courss of lectures of tho Wagner Free Insti. tute of Science, Putladclpbls, dlarca 2, 1670, to ratse a pound weizht tothe hight of one foot, Now, to estimate the yalue of heatin terina of work, it was found necessary todetermine the amount of mechanical fore teccataty to raise the sensible heat of one pound of svater one degree in temperature. This amount has been carefully determined by reyerat eminent sa- vante, and haa heen a@iven the name of the * mechanical equivalent of beat.” ‘The valua of this cunstant bas becn found to be 772 funt- pounda,—that fs to say, the mechanical enerny possessed by a body welrhing one, pound, after falling from hleht! of 772) feet; would, “It it could ail be converted into the form of onercy We call heat, ba exactly sufficient to raise tho temporature of one pound of water ope Gegroe Fabre. (where the ceuttgrade ther-, mometer fs — omployed, _ this’ constant’ will have a value of 772 X 1,8 = 1,800 foot- pounds. Now, tis much having bern atned In xing the principle of our calctilations, let us io back to our steam-bojfer, and to the coal we feed tt with. It has been experimantalty deter- mined that, if the entire quantity of heat given ot ducing the burning of one ‘pound of pure coal could be applied without loss to heating water, {t would suflice to raisc the temperature of onc pound of water 7,000 dog, C.: or what Is the same thing, differently stated, It would be sufficient to raise the temperature of 7,900 ponnds of water one degree. The possible mechanical duty of the theoretically perfect ” steam-engine Is found simply by muttlplyin: tho quantity which expresses the thermal equivalent of coal ‘by the quantity which ex- Dresses the mechanical equivalent of heat, and the result would bo the true value uf one pound of coal burned in the boller in foot potinds.” Performing this simple arithmetical operation, we obtaln (7,000 X 1,00—) 10,990,000 foot-pounds; or, lo put it more simply, suppose We convert these feot-pouuds Into horse-power, which we can do by another simple arithmetical ration of dividing them by 43,000, and we sball have asaresult thatone poundof pure: coal, burned in the perfect boiler in one minute, would, if wo could apply it with absolute economy to the performance of work, exert a force of (10,980000333,000.-) 332 harse-powerdur- {ng one ininute; or, {€ burned during an hour, then one-sixtieth of 322, or 6.5 horse-power, With a porfect botler, therefore, we, ought to get 5.5 horsc-pawer per hor out of every pound of coal burned on the grite-bars, Nthy, let us inquire, What do wo. get tnt practice? Surcly, you will say, our scientific mechanics aud engl neers have aucceeded in getting a goodly per- centage ont of this possivle Agure; and the splendid engines, of massive construction, that work su benutltully as to excite our wonder and admiration at thelr smoothness and case of their movements wuat be very noar perfection, Alas for the vanity of ftuman expectations! In- stead of metting 6.5 borse-power out of every pound of coal we burn inthe boller. the very best boller and engine that have yer becn con- structed require two-and-a-half pounds of coal to give out one horse-power: which mesus that, in spite of the vaunted progreas of mechanic arta in our times, the best engineering taleft applicd to the improvement of the steam-engine, from’ the Une of James Watt down to Corliss, bas only succeeded in making it sleld a duty of 15 per contol what itourht todo, leaving on enur- mous margin of & per cent tor future linproye- ments. In the foregoing remarks E have, I fear, innd- vericntly-been unjust to our engine-butiders, for by ‘or Kreator portlon of this 83 per vent of wasted power is chargeable directly to tne steam-boiler, and but n comparatively small proportion thereof to the engine. {0 consider- ing the question of the duty of steam-motors, however, we must taku the whole tnocline (engine and boiler) os a singla appa- ratus. If our boller-makers could do us Well as our’ cougine-bullders—the two indus- tries arc quits separate, us you may know,—the sbowing would be much more favorable. At will be instructive, 1 think, to trace out the causes of the groat waste of power that £ havo just pointe out, und to sec if there aro no means of remectying them. And if yon will fol- low me, they will be yery appareut. ‘The tleat and greatest source of loss restdes in the difficulty—1 may, 1 think, safely say the dn onsniblitey cot burning solid fuel economic ally in any form of furnace that bas yet be devised; ‘sud this orime diMfeulty ts on unan- awerablo argument in favor of the substitution of Squid or cascous {uel for steam-naking ag for other purposes. Let us analyze tho mutter: ‘The buyer of coal purcituees at the outset at least 10 t0 15 por cent of non-combustible and useless material with avery pound of coal, in the form of seh; while at least 5 per cont more of the coal is lost by falling through the grate-hars in the form of the dust or, partisily burned fragincnts that find their way into the ash-pit unutilized. If oven now, with so much waste as Ihave juat indj- tated, We. coffid really turn to usuiul account the whole of the thermal effect af the 8 per cent of the combustible that we have left, wo might well be content; but such is far from being the case. ‘The furonee gases cannot, by any posstlle mode of constructing boilers, ve retatocd long evough in contact with the steam- generator to yicld up allihelr heat, nud they aro thrown out from the chimney frequently ot atemperature of 60 ders. Vatir.; and, what is still worse, their combustion is frequently so imperfect that they carry off with them out of the chimney great volumes of muburned carbon tn the form of smoke; the cold air with which the fucl fs fed, and which must become highly heated before [¢ will bogin to combine with the fucl, and which sbstracts this heat from the glowing coals through which it passes, fs an- .other serious item of Jose, whith {s 1n- tensitied by the necessity of frequently open- ing the furnace-ioors when Surge yolutnes of cold afr rush into the fire-spnce; and, lastly, the conduction and radiation of teatefrom the generator to surrounding objecra complete the category of losses, Sumining up all the frems of Joss in the stenm-generator, it 13 probable that with the best forms of boflers which St bos been: possible to constract, nob moro than 25 per cent af the theoretical thermal effect of the {uel is utilized Iu the generation of steam; and of this 25 per cent fram 6 to 10 per. cent is lost, somewhere on the passage of the steam from the boiler to and through the engine by conden- sation in steam-plpos, aul friction of the ma- chinery, leaving us but 15 or 20 ver cent actual Jy reallzed in practice. . 1 beg that you will not think thut l have purposely made the case of the ateam-engine worse than ft is; for, so far from doing a0, I hava actually made out the most tavorabic possible showing for it by select- ing for my oxampic the beat practice of the boat makors. Much gf this Joss, possibly the half of it, I have no*healtation in ascribing to the use of solid fuel,—conl or wood, And I take this op- portunity of putting myself on record before you, as] bave done for yoars veralstcntly in the aciontific journals, as. an earnest advocate of fucl in the gaseous form, not only for tndusteial and manufacturing purposes, but alsv in the household, Let me give you a few thoughts on this subject, ‘The great and obvious advantage of gascous {usl—to leave the question of ita conventence, ub present, out of sight—rostdes in the fact that the character, of tho fucl perinits of its in- stancous und perfect tuteriuixture with the air, by which a yastly more perfect combustion 1s inaured,—an advantaye that finds admirable ex- pression {in the regenerative furnace of Sicraens. But, tn addition to the advyautace J have just alluded to, namely: the great gain due to the more perfect combustion of gascous fuel, thera are other advantages on the scare of convenience and cconouy that are nu less importunt, L re- fer here tu the saving in the carriage of con) Sram the yard to ihe place of delivery, aud the revarriage of asbes,—charges which aro eape- clally onerous in the pumeroug cases where boil- ¢rs, stoves, etc.,nre located in the upper stories of ‘buitdings, or situated Incenvenlently as re- ‘ards ordinary dellvcry by wagons, ‘Lio saving jn Wages Of stokers to clear the ilreplaces un Keop the heat of the furnace alivaya at the proper Iptonsity,—dilticultiea which the udop- tion of gaseous fuel would entirely obviate, ince ét furnishes no astics to remove,—und the proverregulation of the gas supply, would fusure a perfectly aniform hoathig effect for hours togother, without supervision or attention of avy kind. ‘Ihe ineldental suving of fuel or steam whoneyer by fimproper regulation or the inattention of stokers the furnaces are allowed to become too hut; and, on the other hand, the saving in thine and material that would other- wiso be wasted by low flres and the frequent necessity of stoppages until the required steam prossure ie restored; and last, but not least, tho greut saving of fuel now uatvorsally wasced in keeping up boiler, and reuge, and beater, and stove iirea overnight aud at alt seasons,—all these, antl afher {tems that 1 have probably overiooked in this haaty outline of the subject, form together an array of objectionable features euflclent to bring any system into dlayso where a romedy wo onsy to apply as the adSption of Sus! in the gagcous state 1s ot hand, THE MAKING OF BELLS, H, Re Haate 1 Good Words, Only two metals are now used in large bolle— tin aud copper, The Belgians use 23 to 80 per ceuy of tin; tho Enelish Icau to wore tlh—v5 to Sivercent, Tin makes the bell sound bright, but it also makes it brittle, and the reason why the Engitsh cauwafford to put in moro of this brittle element {s because they make their bells thicker, ss arule; and the season why thoy are inade thicker is, that instead of boing merely chimed, they are swung, round on a wheel, which briugs the hammer with great force upon the bell. If wo treated the delicate Belgian bells in thls rough fashion we should probably crack them, though if it were knowy that they would be swuog, the Beluian anakers could doubtless thicken them to older; they nro not meant {n Bolgiam to be whackadl like ble drama, but to be struck :with nammers. from “pp” to “ff, ko o pianoforte. They. resonate mora easly thiaa ngiish bells, re-? guiring a montier stroke to elicit thelr full tone. * Tn a word, the Belgian bell is a musical note, hot 4 wong nor adrum. Secondly, the thickness, and general proportions of the oell arc of the utmost importance. Bells vary from ono-ft- teenth to one-tyelfth of the diameter at tha: thickest part of the sorind-bow, and the hight is commonly about twelyo times the thickness. English bells are, roughly, as broad as they aro, long, {f yon measure diamoter [rom ‘ontatde tim’ to” rim, and length from rim to: top of canon, But, fa’ truth, tha thick. ness of the bell at “different - levels is | all-tmportent. “The. thickness near the top ans important as that of the sounds, bow, anid the diameter of the crown ns crittcal adimension'ss that of the rim. ‘Tho deco, rich, tone (in proportion to size) of the smaller Bol ginu bells fs probably largely doo to te wide top diamctor, combinea with the thinness {n certain portions of the aides half-way down. The way in which altering the thickness affects the tone, and even the pitch, of a boll fs shown by the fact that a sharp bell can be flattened by Shave of the metal Inside above: the sound-bow; and Mra Lewis tells mo that he has destroyed beats by scooping the bell elsewhere anit they disap- peared at acertain polnt, but that on continu-" ing te scoop they reappeared. All this shows how purely tentative and experimental fs ab present the art of bell-founding In Engtand, In Belgium it fs not ~acteutlfic, ° but emplrical, the accumulated experience of ages. A certain tact or rule of thumb takes the vince of sclence: rules there must ‘be, founded on principics, but the masters cannot’ explain thelr secrets. They produce the work of ort; others are left to discover the laws they have obeyed. When we haveanalyzed their methods, we inay be able to make their belly. Sothoucht the Germans when they measured und analyzed Raphact and Tintoret, and produced the correct : but Hfoless banavites of Ary Scheffer; so thonght |“ Vuillaume when he tmitnted the yory worm-, holes in the Amatis, but for all that the French fddtes ore not Ainatts, It may turn out that ia the making of rich uusteat bells tthe thoso of Van Aerschodt there fs somuthing which cannot ‘ re tacght—ta Anatinct, the incommuulcabic ouch, WHAT 18 LiGirt ; To the 2dttor of The Tribune, : Cmicaco, June 4,—This san age Id’ which there probably lias been a greater devclopment of kuowledce of things nertalning to the natural sclences than fn any that has preceded It. Since that eventful morning in the history of the world when tho creative flat went forth, : “Let there be Hght,"? down the stream of Time to the lest half of the seventeenth century, * very little has been Known of Nebt, what tt is, how {t travels through space, ete. Even the great Nowton, with bis wealth of in- tellecs, made ona of the greatest mistakes of his Iife in supposing, as he ovidently did, that light is produced by the passage through space of infinitesimally aniall particles of matter with great velocity, and thet these particles entering, the ea and pasalng throngh the several humors, aud Tenses of thatorgan, upinged on the retina, nnd produced in us the sensation wo call Hgbts "+ To those who arc not familiar with the coustruc- tion and functions of the oye, let me say that the retina isa web or network of exceadingly fine fllament or nerve tissue that surrounds or cavers tho interior IInlny of that part of -the oyo back of the ersstalline tens. It may<excite in us a feeling of wonder Unt a man possessing the gigantic intellect of Newton should havo entertained for a moment 9 conclusion bo far heyond the pale of probability os this would neem tobe when viewed in the light of- the nineteenth century, for how could such adel cate membrane os the retina of the eye bo con . tinually bombardcd with such 9 battery of par ticles, amall thoug4 they might be, without ultt ©. mately destroying it? ‘There were, however, even in the seventeccth century, men who discarded Newton's theory a8 inconsistent with natural Jaws, and also be- ‘vause {s did not account for all the phenomena of light. OF those who opposed Newton's the- ory tors Huyens, the astronomer, und-Eules, the mathematician, but even these men, Toarned as they were In scientific lorey could not,' for want of ine necessary instruments! appliances, ulther prove Newton's theories wrong or dem- onstrate the correctness of thelr own, Later, Sir Thomas Youn, ono of the ereatest minds thot have existed since thatof Newton, and after bin the celobrated Frenchman, Au- gustine Fresnel, and others, tiave investigated and experimented uptil at Jength the theory of Night-and its true cfbcos isno longeran enigma. , or matter of conjecture Jn the minds of an: well-uformed student of scionee elther in this country or in Europe, bg SARS earn Light, o8 we sliali sec, is tha product of three elements acting mechanically—naimely, combus- ., ton, ethereal . motion, aud ‘the retina of tho” eye; in other words, light 1s the prodact " of motion Tt ts generated the fine trill, quaver, or tremulous ‘motion that is . impartod to the other fn the process of combus- tion, the molten nucleus of the sun's orb, or the gnscous cnvelops that surrounds {t, in the gas Mehts in our hotses, the coal und wood cousum- ing on our Hires, or tho explosive discharge of some electrical current,—whateyer it may raat there tsa motion imparted to the other, a thla—in the form of a wayo itke the wayes on | the surface of water—fics off through space with a yelocity that far outstrips the Jichtning. Entering: the eyes and impli Bing on the retion or nerva filament, already described, through the medium. - of eo optle uerve, the motion is extended to the brain, and we realize the scosation of light, Until theac ethor-wares Impingo on the retina of the oye there fs no such thing as light. ° This ‘theory of light {s best illustrated by that of sound |, Which, beluga grosser material, isina much greater degrca cognizable to our ‘Benses, It ts generally known that sound fs the prod- uct of three elements, namely, soucrous or vibrating subatance,—walch may be o bell, on uuyil, ar any other hard substance,—then tho - airasainedium through which the vibrations fn Ute form of waves are to pass, and, lastly, the drum or nerve filainont of the car corre- sponding to the retina of the oye on which thess aerial waves impinge, producing the sensation « ; of sound. Take away clther of these clements ‘as in the caso of light, oud thero can bene sound. Haug o bell io a ginss receiver . usd pump the alr out of it, und the boll may ring tll doomsday aud no sound wilt bo heard, Or, if the cardrum be defective, the bell may. bo rung in opco -alr, or the blacksmith may smite his anvil with the might of a Hercules, but still there will bo nosound. But does the reader ask if 1 moan literally that there will be no sound}, Luanswer, Xes. Whero thera is ne car to bear, there can be no gound; and where thero fs no eye to gee, there cau be no light... * ‘The stroke of the bell-clapper inst Ite rice, produces no sound, but straply YIbaLory mo- + Udon; but, if there {s a aurroundiug of alr, this vibratory motion will be communicated - to the alr, and through ft to, the eary and if thera is a drum in the car to receive Ubat wotlon, and conyey it to tho brain, then, and not til then, will there be sound. ‘Lhe principle ts tha same with the eye, Im combustion the trills of the buraing matter are. commanicated tu the other, and through It og mediuin it fs transmjtted through spaco fa the forn of a wave, und when it impinges ou the ret fua of the oye it produces in us the sensationof - ‘ght. Novy, ifthe gasliht of the chandeliorsin our parlors, or the sun-burner or other light. produciug apparatus iu our’ churches or public halla, shall be burning nuyerso bright) i there is no oye present, there can be no out in these rvomns, for] repeat that thera must oe the rotina of an'cyoon which tha other-wayes may impinge or there cau bs no light. .This {6 acloar und logical deduction from the premises, nnd cannot be gatnsakt, : ‘These waves, linplnging on the reting of our oyes, producu light. Impinglng clyewtiera on * ourboutes they prodiice heat. ‘They are the con- version of motion into heat aud light, and ure the reciprocal of cach other. é Nature has provided in us certata nerves that when properly ted will produce the sonsa- ton of sound, othees that will produce thgseny sation of Jicht, and atill others the sonss of tuate ing, atelling, and feelluy, ‘These, as woll as - light, are the product of motion; lu fact, wa; niny safoly ony that everything that existe in uae ture fa the product of clther beat or motion, As we gure {nto othbriat soace on a sunny da) We sce nothing but brightness and effy ‘gent ight on every — sido; but things aro not always what they seem, tobe. This boundloss, celcettal space fe as dark a the densest darkuess that the wind can con." coive, and, as iu the Ogure we gaye of the light of aroom in which there wae uo oye to suey in this case there fs no Jight whero there {s no oye, ~ If we gazo at the stars in the solitudo of the night, tue othereal waves traveling Leave from cach twinklluy star leaye uo token of thelr pres- ence in the countless billions of apace they. have loft behlud them, Though thess waves -cross and recross og. they go, they uo doubt blot. each other outat tlinea, but are qaoickly replaced by other waves, 50 that every star, oy tte light, - proclaiing {te undamaged Indiviluality, as if 45 wloue had disturbed thy unlvorsa! rupose. - . : GP. Ranpaty : *: BIR HENRY BESSEMER'S WORK, (| Yn an appreciative article on Bir Hoory Besse mer, apropos of ble kuighthood, ‘the Lo 3 Times gives somo striking statlstica yo show thy Yast adrances made tn tho production. of: steed ” by ( 4 " Whether this combustion be generated in”