Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, June 30, 1878, Page 4

i .~ Porten Investigation Comnmittee for the / / / . man with the triplicate initial. He appealed < . s o & THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE: SUNDAY. JUNE 30, 1878—SIXTEEN .PAGES. j i 1 f; th ' he i I 5 3 0] Polyts 1. In virtue of its | dustry, or better judgment is employed for rom those who axe | in the futare. Itis s remarkable fact g Syl gedal aop ot PRl ] _%flxlon 5 the equal banefit of slothful or incompetent | nearing the end to those who are in the | ndequate survey of these rivers has yg;l;;;: 5 © The Cribae, TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. LY MATL—IN ADVANCE—FPOSTAGE FPREPATD. Datly Edition, one year. %12.00 Fartof a year. bermoi 1.00 Ed Literary and Relij A KLY EDITION. o ol s Specimen copies sent rce. Give Pust-Utiice address 1o full, fncluding State snd County. lemittances may be made cither by draft. express, Poat-Ottice order, or n registered fettern-at gur risk. TERM3 TO CITY SULSCRIBERS. Tufly, dellvered, Sunday excepted. 25 cent R1fy, dellvered, Eunday fneluded. 30 cents n Adcress THE TRIBUNE COMPANTY, Comer Madtvon and Dearborn-sts.. Chicazo, Tl Ordersfor the delivery of Tax TRINTNE at Evanston, Frglewood, and Hyde T'ark left In the counting-roum 10, W lizeceive uromut atte TRIBUNE BN CH OFFICES. Tng CriCAGO TRIMUNE lits extablished branch oflces o the recelptof subscrivtions and sdvertisements as follows NEW YORK-Room 29 Tvibune Buflding. F. T. 3o~ Fapprx, Manszer. PARIS, France 3. Manien, Agent. ONDON. Eng.—American Exchiange, 449 Strand. Hesry F. GiLuis, Agent. BAN FRANCISCO. . 16 Tue de Ia Grange-Batelfere. . K. T.—Stated 1578 at Asyluni, Afull atiendunce cyery member Kulghts cour- NDERY, day evening, July 1, Carner of Halsted and Randolph-sts. cquested. as business of {mportance io Tequlres thelr presence. Visiting Sir Kuight: Teously fuvited to meet with us. e Cowd’ JAS. E MEGIN. T COVENANT LOUGE. ¥o.52%, A. F. & A.M.—The members are requesied to meet At thelr hall, i7 East Kiuzle-st.. Mouaay, July 1, ut 2:30 o'clock sNarp,to at- 1end the faneral of our Jaig Brother, Joseph Thompson. Niwiting brethren are cordially iny meet il ua: i gder X . WM. KERR, Secretars. SELEY, W. LINCOLN PARK CHAPTER, No. 177, R, A. M.— Membera are requested to mect e’ brethrey of enant Lodge at their Lall, 187 East Rinzie-at.. Son- July 1. at2:30 p. . to'attend the funeral of our o 3 . By order of 1ate Comipalon, Joscoh Thompagn. By order of o 1L S. STREAT, Secretary. CORINTHIAN CHAPTER, 69, R. A M.—Spe- clal Conyocation Sluuday evenlag, July 1 Work on the M. T aud M.E. Derees. Visitiog Companians v fnvited, Ly order ure cordially sovited! Byonle, |0 Cnn b, ATOLLO COMMANDE] 1, K. T Conclave next Tuewlay eventog xc 8 o'elock. 1 A full avtendance Is Tequested. Visitors slways welcorie. Ly order f the Comn ler. NLOP. Recorder, - SUNDAY, JUNE 30, 1878 . In New York on Saturday greenbacks were worth 99}@99% in gold and silver coin. The recent atfempt to essassinate the Em- peror WiLLtax bas borne fruit in a more rigid enforcement of the laws in relation to travelers. Hereafter all strapgers visiting Berlin must provide themselves with pass- ports. e Several of the office-gripping tentacles of that political octopus known as C. C. P. Holpex were ruihlessly severed yesterday Ly Judge Moore, before whom was heard the West Park quo-warrsnto case. A judg- ment of ouster was rendered ogainst the to the Suprema Court, aud gave a bond of £1,000. The Greonback party of Pennsylvania shows signs of disintegration. AnwsTroxG, who accepted its nomination as a candidate for Governor, has severed his connection with it, and returned to his first love,—the Republican party,—which he proinises to vigorously support. This gives the leading Republicans of the State strong hopos of cuccess ot the fall election. ‘The chivalry that is inspired by *‘hand- ade sour-mash ” revels in forcible, if not Yegant, English. Warremsoy, who pro- fosses a willingness fo muke an spology, if Le be in the wrong, as the readiest way of dodging the “‘code,” stigmatizes Ane Hew- irTas ‘“‘an impudent upstart charlatan.” These Democrats are queer people when they once start in to wash their dirty linen m(pub!ic. /" The dullness which has distixguished the provious two or three dars was dissipated yesterday by the reappearance of s, JENES. BUTLER, who probably knew what was coming, was conspicuously absent. Brrz Serixexx tried to prove that the judgment of the recent Republican Couvention at Bpringfield was ill-foanded, and was “sat down on " for his pains, The English press differ materially in their comments on the results thus far reached in the Berlin Congress, The Daily News does rot sec how BeACONSFIELD can add any Inustre to his diplomatic career, for the reason that the dullest Turk must now see that it would have been . better for his country to have accepted therecommenda. tions of the Consiautinople Conference. The Sattirday Reviec says the limits of Bul. gurin, us now defined, largely but inade- quately represent the service rendered by . BracoxstrzLp and Savisnuny to England and Europe. The Standard believes that the Bulgarisn purtition caunot be regarded in- any semso as a triomph for Eugland, snd the danger which threat. ened Europe remsins almost s great a5 ever. The Times is of opinion that the Congress hies disappointed the extreme views which ad eeu taken of its prospects, but ive drill and better discipline than before ; he has covered the same ground with fower men ; and the efficiency of the police during the riots of Inst summer, when he was Su- perintendent 2s now, ought to ba remem- bered with gratitude and confidence. The Council, before rejecting him, must also be convinced that another man may be called to the place who shall at once be able to use the police force with equal effect in case of another emergency like that of last year. The Grand Jury closed its Iabors yesterdey. Its most important findings were the return of indictments against ex-Postmaster Mc- AxTRUR, Of this city, and ex-Treasurer WL~ »proN, of Hyde Park. Both sre charged with the questions which tlreatencd the peace of Europe have been in substance solved. As a riéer to these various conclusions, the St. Petérsburg Journal congratulates Rissian diplomacy by asserting that Europe now recognizes the necessity of the Iate war by sanctioning ils results, B If a certain mewspaper, which has been pursuing Police-Superintendent Ificgex for Ryear or more, may be believed, therg is considersble doubt whether the Council will confirm him for another term, to which he lms_bcen renominated Ly the Mayor. The majority in the Coyncil should hesitate to take the responsibility of rejecting this officer. They should Le thoronghly satisied of two. thiugs, viz.: (1) That he Las been guilty of such comduct us renders him an uufit person tohold the position; and (&) that the Mayor will be uble to select at once 8 berson of equl experience and capnoity 0 0 in the peculinr duties of the office. To aryive ut this conclusion fairly thiey must ‘put dsigs ©s unworthy of any consideration the pers sonal aniinosities which every Superintend. eut of Police is suro 'ty eticounter; and. the assulls of Uy newspoper -that oy be suggosted by some - disagreeabls en. Perience on the part of ifg “employes st the hands of the Superiutendent of Polivs in the dischatge of Lus dutics. . Nothing has Leen brought out against ' Hickry i ke preseut effort to defeat * him : excep selne scandal several | years /old, whick | bere having embezzled public moneys: Jacon ViLveer was indicted for the murder of his wife, and Wirrtaa Casey for the killing of his brother-in-law, Max Heawery. The Grand Jury deplojes the absence of & law providing for compulsory education asa means of de- creasing the smount of juvenile crime, and asks for o more rigid enforcement of the statute regarding the cnrryin[.f' 9! con- cealed wespons. An inrcshganon‘ of the social evil was entered into, with the hope of discovering tho men who thrive on the wages of in. It was prose- cuted far enough to show that many reputa- ble property-ownens do not refuse to accept the high rents which the bagnio-kecpers can afford {o pay. All the facts elicited will be referred to the next Grand Jury. KEARNEYISM IN CHICAGO. The State of California was annexed fo the United States somo thirty years go, and the discovery of gold there soon after attracted ‘men from all parts of this country, from Eu- rope, and eventually from Asia. - The native or Spanish inhabitants now constitutes but 2 comparatively small proportion of the whole population of the State. The indus- try of the State having added °to its produc- tions other things than the precious. metals, large cities have grown up, and an extensive foreign trade, especially with China and Ja- pan, has been created. In addition t¢ the attractions of the mines, the general business of the country has drawn thither, and princi- .pally to San Francisco, a population em- bracing men of every nationality. ‘There aro in California 100,000 adult male Chinese, all capable of - labor, and seeking work. They are alieus in every sense. Thay do not scek citizenship, nor can they be legally natural- ized. They aro mere temporary residents, secking the accumulation of money, whick they send home, intending in time to follow it and ewmjoy it in their native land. Even when they die, their bones are packed and sent to China, to be buried there, They are aliens in language, race, education, roligion, and customs of life, and are really making a peaceful raid on the labor market of this country. One hundred thousand men of any otlfer people would be equivalent to o population of 400,000 persons. One Lun- dred thousand white men have therefore 6 support from their earnings at least 400,000 Persons. These white persons have civili- zation, ‘social habits and needs, and a political aud religious system, utterly differ- ent from that of the Chinese. The 100,000 Chinese, nnder their social system and their temporary residence, can necumulate money rapidly at wages on which white men and their families would perish. For twenty-fivo years these Chinese have been pouring into Celifornia, accumulating money, and going home, newecomers taking their places. They have invaded the minesas laborers : they have ‘monopolized the labor on railronds building; they havo displaced white sailors on vessels ; they have entered into most of the trades; they are tailors, and shoemakers, and adapts in anything at which they can’ obtain work ; they are gardeners and house-servants; they engage largely in the laundry business, nnd, not content with the expulsion of white men from ordinary fields of labor, they. have -in- voded that of white women, and as cooks, and - waiters, and domestics' generally, per. form the labor which, in Chicago, is the em- ployment of women. This condition of affairs, this total revolu- tion of the labor market, this competition with white lnborers—men and women—in all employment by an irruption of aliens having nq purpose to reside here, no social, moral, of' political nffnity with the country, is peculiar to California. There it has aroused a public sentiment of bitter personal ani- mosity tothe Chinese, and has evoked a de- mand for such & chang of laws os will pat an end to the employment of Chinese Iabor. in California. Under a condition of cir- cumstances such as we haye described, when the whole laboring population have n direct and grievous wrong fo endure, it is not sur- prising that a demagogue like DENNIS KEAR- Ney has been for a time successful in win- ning the confidence of the laboring popula- tion. Ho has had, in all his appeals to the California jvorkmen, the notbrious fact of the Chinese irruption, and of the exelusion of white Inbor by the Asiatic aliens. Upon this fact the population of any other city in the country whete the same’ con- dition of things prevailed could be roused to the bighest pitch of cx- citement. In o part of the civilized world would the laboring population submit, with- out an effort in self-defense, to bave them- selves and families denied the privilego to enrn their brend by an inveding horde of aliens, of an alien race; and having nothing in common with tho awilization of the per- manent population. It was ea<y, therefore, for KEsnNEY to find sympathetic andiences end sympatheticvotes in San Francisco when be preached a crusade against the Chinese, even if he did mingle with Lis discourse soine of the doctrines of the Communists,—{hat organization which is ss alien to American civilization 0s is that of the Chinese, Fresh from bis political agitation in Cali- fornin,—and especially 1n Sau Francisco,— KEuRNEY proposes to revolutiouize the poli- tics of the esstern haif of the Continent. But Kearsey will not find in Chicago the same condition of affairs that exists in San Francisco. He will find the laboring population in this city—including under that description all persons working for daily, weekly, or monthly wages —composed mainly of ‘persons. of foreign, birth : Irish, Germans, Scandinavians, Bo- ‘heminus,” Stotch, English, Poles, French,: and more or less of all other uationalities, and {le native-botn descendants of these” - This population largely monopolizes sll the )mmsh ;oi sl;fi]lcdnfi ‘unskitled labor, («i_'tli; - exclusiow perhaps 6f the' native Americans; but, as they havo all comre liere to stay, have cast their personalang: patitical lots with £ country, and have become, with their fami . lies, Americabs, no qhestion is ever raised 85 0 the nationality of giy man. '.| proposed also to establish a scientifi Here Kearner finds To man excluded from work by any alien population, as in San Francisco. The handful of Chinesc here are not numerous enongh, and never will be, to interfere with the wages or the employment of any class of persons. Keanyey will find here no such circum. stances as have contributed to his exaltation 8s an agitator in Californis. If he come to | this city to preach against the Chinese, while he will find sympathizers without number, that competition is unkmown” and un- felt in this city, or in this State. If he come here to preach the issue of irredeemable pa- per scrip as o panacea for labor wrongs or Inbor sufferings, then his mission will lack novelty. If, however, he come here fo preach Communism,—preach tlint property is robbery ; that the posession of money or property 1s evidence of crime; that there shall be a revolution in the social and polit~ ical laws, and & new dispensation, under which mankind is to be torn into factions, men arrayed against each other, and Force, the great weapon of anarchy, istabamade the arbiter of humau rights, human liberty, and the controller of human sction,—then Kearvey will rapidly learn that he is not in San Francisco, but an estray far awsy from a natural pasturage. The people of Chicago are a curious and inquiring people. They are curious to see and to hear. For four weeks they have gone by thousands each day to see and hear the midgets,~—the smallest specimens of the dwarf family; they had previously paid their money to see the famous male and female giants. In like manner they turned out day and night by tens of thousands for a month to hear Moopy, the evan. gelist, and again in crowds to hear Joserm Coox'’s sometimes incomprehensible discussion of sometimes incomprehensible subjects, while GrorGe' Fraxcis Trarx also had his profitable audiences, and the great circus s justloft town, taking with it $25,000 paid by curious Chicago to hear the jokes of the clowns in the ring. Mr. Keansey is the next sonsation. People will go to hear hini, they will even pay money to hear hini, and that will be all. He can make few Com- munists here, nor induce men to commit violence or disorder. ' Ho will be picnicked oud feted, exhibited and roared at, and, about the time he has agitated himself into dull- ness, Bapxua's circus, with the mammoth elephants and the trained donkeys, will be here to draw off the crowd, and Kesrney will have time to visit Indianapolis, St. Louis, Cincinnati, and other cities, and there take his chances m the procession of circuses, dwarfs, giauts, trained dogs, and other ob- Jjects of personal curiosity. NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL. The plan, for a National Polytechnic School recommended in the speech of the Hon. Hexey Bram, of New Hampshire, in the House of Representatives June 13, was drawn up by Dr. R. G. Dinesrunrs, for- merly of Chicago. It contemplates the estab- lishment of a national school for instruction inscience and the useful arts, to be supported Dy the surplus¥income of the Patent Office, This officc mow has to its credit in the "Trensury the sum of £1,200,000, and the annual addition to the surplus is- not less than £100,000. Mr. Brair and Dr. Dyges- runTH argue that this money “properly be- longs to the- inventors of the country; that it cannot be divided and returned to them pro rata; but that they will' derive a largo mensure of benefit from it if it is used for the establishment of a National Polytechnic School. The advantages of Dr. DyreyFurTH's plan are said to be that it contemplates no ex- pense to the National Treasury; that it will be divorced from the influence of party management by a stipulation of tenure of office for the Professors during good behav- ior; that practical business will be stimu. lated andits methods improved by the dis- tribution of Polytechnic graduates through- out the country; that manufacturing and mining enterprises will receive an impulse from the instruction in practical mechenics of such a school; that it will be convenient- Iy near to the Patent Office, where sl the Lest mechnanical inventions are nccessible for study; that, by providing for a strict limitation in the number of students, it will cause no iuterference with established institutions; and that it will malke the Capital of the nation a great. focus of scientific and wseful knowledge. The plan was submitted by Mr. Brarr i the Inst days of the session, without any expec- tation that it would be approved nt that time, but in_ the hope that it might elicit discussion and invite favorable action at the next session. Dr. DyrexrurTa's plan provides that the Tolytechnic. shall embrace the following schoals: A School of Mathemnties, a School of Civil Engincering, a School of Mining Engineering, 1 Sehool of Machinety, a School of Architecture, a School of Chemistry, & School of Forestry, and & School of Agri- culture. The Secretary of the Interior is to be Director ex-oficio of the Polytechnic School. The Vice-President of the United States is to be the chief active officer, The Bonrd of Regents is to be composed of these officials, the ' Commissioner of Patents} and six members each of the House and Seu- ate. There are to be eight Prificipals (one for “each, school), and subordidate oflicers in proportion, All are to hold ofiice for ten years, or during good bebavior. Students are to be appointed by Representatives, Sennfors, and the President, in the same number and manner os iu the ease of West Point; in short, the design seems t2 be to make the National Polytechnic School a civil West Point. The students are to be required to pay per -annum for tuition, board, and lodging, with a matriculation fee of &3, and such fees for practice in the lnborato- ries, atc., os may be desiguated by the Board of Regents. ¢ Dr. Dyrexrorti has nnnecessarily incum- bered his scheme by a provision for imstruction in beraldry, which scems to be- a hobby of his own, But this, after all, is @ minor matter. Thero can ‘b no question that his plag, in its essential details, is a good one. The United States is the only important country in the world which has not a National Polytechnic School. We bave (Dr. Dygesronrra to the contrary) many local schiools which are a credit to the country.. The Lawrenco Scientific School at Cambridge, the Rensselaer PolytechnicSchool ‘at Troy, the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, and the Colunibia School of Mines are institutions to which auy ‘student may go with 'perfect confidence of receiving i thor- 'ongh ‘pducation of the kind he secks. ks, Itis -sohool in thiis eity under th¥ couditions of the Lewis Trust' Fund, which will, . when completed, be an equal-bf any of the others. But none of tliese schools can give instrue- | tion at the low rates desired. ~Besides, the National School is not intended to supplant but to supplement all of them. It will ba o strict hmitation of numbers, and its rigid provisions in regard to attendance and uui- forms, it will take put a small per cent of the young men in this country who desire a polytechnic education. * It will be likely to stimulate interest in these studies, and to increase the number ofi‘students in attend- ance on each school, instend of having the contrary effect. On this acconnt, as well as for the national benefits of other kinds which it will confer, wo sincerely hope that Dr. DyresFurta’s plan will be favorably con- sidered and acted on at the next sossion of Congress. B .3 WHAT IS C0-OPERATION?T Co-operation is a térm that has been very loosely employed in political economy. It Das come to be applied to s certain kind of co-operation, and in tho absence of this par- ticular system an entire absence of all co- operation is implied. Hence™ s wmass of the trades-unionists, who lold a monster picnic in Chicago to-day, a large proportion of clerks and salaried employes of all kinds, and even a part of the Communists, either domand the adoption of the particular sys- tem of co-operation which they con- ceive the word to deseribo, or, at all events, look forward to its adoption as the true solu- tion of all the difficulties that surround the relations of employer and workman, of cap- ital and labor. The mass of these peoplo believe in their iden of co-operation as the menns for their emaucipa- tion with the same enthusiasm that Mr. RusgIy puts into his new Utopia, which e calls St. Georgo’s Society, as a menns for the purification and beatification of En- gland. This widespread faith in the infalli- bility of co-operation is largely due to ig- noring the fact that the present relations be- tween capital and lsbor sctually constitute co-operation, and* that kind of co-operation which -experience and a mature judgment of humnn nattro teach to be the most prac- tical and endiring system. . A little thonght cannot fail to impress an intelligent person with tho faet that our present system 13 one of co-operation. ‘What we are accustomed to eall wages is really a guaranteed dividend of the profits of business. Every houso that is bailt, every factory that is established, every business now condheted, is on a co-operative plaz. A capitalist, wo will say, desires to startawool- en-mili. He has the money to erect the building, purchase the machinery, lay in a stock of raw material, and pay the living ex- penses; till the retirns begin to come jn. But he canuot run his mill single-handed. He must have men to buy, men to sell, men to Lkeep his books, men to run his engines, men or women to countrol the machinery which weaves the raw material into cloth., There are two ways in which he may proceed, but both requirs the co-operation of others. He may pick out a number of experts in the va- rious branches of the manufacture, and say to them: *I have invested & certain amount of capital here, on which I am cntitled to a certain amount of interest, since I could have loaned it out - upon safe securities at that rate. I propose to start a business which will probably bring retumns within a year that will determine whether the enterprise {3 p;ofiuble or otherwise. If you will go to work with me, and await the returns, wo will settle up at the close of the year, deduct the interest on my eapital, and dividb the profits pro rata smong us.” To this he would receive the almost auanimous reply: “ But wa can't afford to do auything of that, Jimd ; we have no money ahead on which to live during the year. Even if we should ba ablo to borrow the money for this purpose, wa shall run a risk of getting no dividends, for the business nimy not succeed. It is nec. essary that we hove s0 much a week, or so much a day, or 50 much guaranteed to us, aud paid promptly.” Then the capitalist makes another proposition: * Since I fur. nish all the capital, take all tho chances, and gusrsutes you & -certain profit, it is only proper that I should have the benefit of my speculation, if any shall acerue. You receive s0 much daily, weckly, or monthly, no mat.- ter whether I make orlose, I may not get anything for my labor; I may not get inter- est on Wy camtal; I may not even be able to keep my capital intact, but.in the end lose all T have, yet I pay you a certain divi- dend as long as anything remains. Hence T claim for my capital, risk, and labor any profits that may be made ont of the busi- ness after payiog you a certainty for your labor alone.” These are the two methods, and the latter is just as much co-operation as the other. There could be no guaranteed wage-fund but for the capital. In the case of loss, the employar may go on paying the employes till his capital is exhausted and his creditors put him in bankruptey ; but in the mean- time the terms of the co-operation have been carried out,-since the workmen have received their gnaranteed dividends in spite of losses, They co-operate with the employer to con- duct the business successfully in order that they may continue to enjoy their dividends of the earnings; but they have no‘eapital at stake, ran no risk of loss, and are sure of pay tor their labor nnd skill while the basi- ness Insts. Their guaranteed share of the profits in the business is regulated by the amonnt and character of their service, by the competition in the business in which they are employed, and by fhe estimated profits which experience teaches that the business shonld Field: This estimate, ko others, is made, on the Dbnsis of o general average. Sowme employers, it is true, curn largo sums, of money and becomo rich; others simply get the interest on their capital invested, with- out auy further return for their time, Iabor, and risk; and still others, probably the great majority of all engaged in business, sooner or later succumb to rivalry, misforturie, or bad management, and find their substance entirely eaton up, after having guaranteed nnd paid out to those engaged with them a proportjonate share of what it was thought the earniugs would be. Iu these froquent cases, that part of the co-operation known uuder the goueral term of labor has a de- cided advantage ; -in all cases it reccives the full share of the earnings guaranteed to it. The system of co-operation now in vogue has evidently been preferred over the other for mutunl benefit, as gathored from experi- ence. Co-operation, . based upon an equal sliare of profits and losses, implies an equal ‘woice in management. Every man, whose enrnings are dependent ‘on the return of the . business in hand asserts a claim to be beard in the control and direction of the business. He cannot stand quietly by while e i couvinced that bo will receive no profit becauso the business is not menaged as he would manage it. -He will not work for nothing, or the prospect of nothing, in order to surrender to some one else the complate mastery. over himself and. over affairs in which ho has nn equal part. An equal voice in fhebusiness implies also. personal inde- pendouce. ' Each man works more or less, 8s he sces fit, and certain-partners soon dis- cover that their supérior.skill, greater in- men, The natural resort, under this condi- tion of things, isto a rule by the majority. This necessitates parties, parties breed fac- tions, factions breed intrigue, dissensions, jealousies, and all resolve themseives at last into chaos. No business can be successful that is not subjected to the dospotic control of & single direction, whatever the terms of business 'mssociation may be, just as there can be no successful mili- tary campaign except under an absolute Gen- eral with undisputed and final authority. Human nature is so constituted that men are not alt équal in energy, truthfulness, ability, and unless they were the system of co-op- eration that rests upon equal profit and equalloss, upon individual indepondence and o common share in management, could not possibly succeed. Tho rare and exceptional instances where such co-operation has suc- ceeded for a time do not establish a rule; the generalization can ouly bo renched by the experience of differont times and peoples, and this bas shown that the town- meeting rystem is fatal to success in busi- ness, ‘fhe true system of co-operation is that which now prevails, in whica the capi- talist takes the risk that he alone can afford to take, and the employe receives a guarau- - teed dividend, no matter what the results of the enterprise may prove to b, THE COMMENCEMENT AND THE END. ‘Woe aro in the midst of those days during which the young masculine okator, whose beard is just beginning to grow, discourses sage truisms in morals aud ethics to his gray-bearded superiors, and the * sweet girl- graduate " flutters s little minute in pink and dimity as she plantively sings 6f the dignity of Artor the mystery of Nature. It is an immense army that™has in these June days stepped off the rostrum of the schools to play their varied roles.of comedy or tragedy, as the case may be, upon the larger stage of life. The theological seminaries have Inunched. representatives of all sects and forms of belief, who will in the future minister to tho spiritual wants of men and Womon, unito tho living and soothe the dying, lead schism nnd convict sinners. - The medical schools have set adrift a shoal of young practitioners, licensed to dose, drug, saw, hmck, snd ~ quack. The law schools have sent ont a long procession of advocates to plead, complain, prosectte, defend, and demur, West Point has sent out its squad for the army, and Annapolis for the navy. The schools, semiuaries, colleges, nnd universities have closed their doors for the Iast time upon thousands who are té buy and sell, spoculate, dig, fight, plot, snd plan to make a living,—yonng men who are to fill our offices, stores, aud counting.rooms, nnd young women, the vast majority of whom are destined to keep house for a corresponding number of young men in consideration of thewr board snd findings, sud to rear chil- dren, who, as the wheel turns round, will go through the same programme in due time as their elders. The lives of these young peo- ple thus far have been irresponsible. They have seen the plensant side of Iife, which is freed fromn responsibilities, is not worn with care, and does mnot involve the question ‘of bread aud butter. Their studies have led them into the shady and pleasant groves of the past, far from crowds and the din of the daily strife. Nowthey enter upon the dusty high-road of life and com- mence to fight for the means of living. They must make the acquaintance of the tax- gatherer, butcher, grocer, and talor. At every turn they must find a competitor try- ing to get their bread and butter awny from them. Instend of looking out for one, they must look out for two, with smaller habili- ties cropping out at regular intervals. They must run the gruntlet of scandals, gossips, backbiting, and heartburns. They ill have smple opportunities to put to the strain their theories of the dignily of labor, the nobility of friendship, the statesmanship of this or that hero, aud the daty of patriot- ism, abont which they talked so eloquently on Commencement-Day, and, worst .of all, they must find there is a dark side to all the bright pictures they have drawn. Thoy must maka the painful discovery of the child, that the doll's legs are stuffed with eaw- dust, and lose their confidence in dolls gen- erally, and perhaps become iconoclasts and destroy other people’s dolls. It is not possible that all these thousands are going to succeed. A few will hve in clover, the most will toil along patiently, ‘many will fail. Some will rise to promi- nence and some will get into the Poniten~ tiary. There will be quacks among the doc- tors, frauds smong the ministers, shysters among the lnwyers, grocers who will pnt sand in their sugar, officials who will steal, accountants who will forge, ANDERSONs among tbe politicians: and even Mrs. Jenks will have her counterpart. Swrra, who had the valedictory and discoursed 5o glibly and en- thusiastically upon the responsibilities of educnted men, may turn hLis talents to the inflation of the currency by unlawfal means; and Browy, who -affected his rela- tives to tears with ~his disquisition upon the dignity of labor, may be found in the future tremping behind a red flag and swearing vengeance against every man who has more movey than he. An al- lowange will have to be made for au avernge crop of these undesifables. DBat, even making these allowances, thers is no caleu- Inting the immense'fqree and impulse given to life, and the enthusiasm gained by every social movement, in this infusion of fresh blood into"the body'politic each year. Those who come after us will know more than we. Those who have graduated this month are far advanced beyond. the standards their parents reached when they graduated. The ‘areas of science, and philosophy, aud re- ligion are spreading now with such wonder-" ful rapidity that the text-books a few yoars hence will be almost an unkuown tongue to the graduates of a quarter of a century ago. The graduates of the future will go into life better equipped for the struggle, und in this tuere is hope that they will wake life botter, and higher, aud purer, and more complete in achievements aud results, and that as the world moves on they will help to improve humnnity and re- move its curses. . It is well that the gradn- ates of to-day take such hopeful views and give froo rein to the imagination. 1t better preperes them to resist the obstacles of tho futare. There is no man, howover old he may be in years ordisappointments, who does mot look back with pleasure to his | Commencement-Day, and does not sl re- gard - his widely-seattered classmates with somewhat of the old feelings. And thers is no one, however . old he may be or however. vealy he may consider himself to have been as a Commencement orator, -who does not wish that he could stand on' the rostrum again and fight this battle of lifo once more, “ We who are about to die salute yon,” was tho cry of the Roman gladiators to the andi- ence ; and this salutation comes to-day with commencement. A PATERNAL GOVERNMENT TO FIRD EVERY MAN WORK AND WAGER, . To the Editor of The Tribune. CuicaGo, June 26.—I have been & reader of Trx TRIUNE for the lnst Gfteen years, and usually like its tone and style, but at present 1 do not like §ts way of trealing the money question. [am ame- chanic, and consider wyself o man of fair intell- gence; ovaut, like thousands of others, do not un- derctand finance. Tonly know that, for the last four or five years, the times have been growing harder and Barder, work more scarce, and u de- cent supoort for my family more ditticnit to get. 1don't know why it is €03 bat I know the rich are growing richer, and the' poor poorer. Money fs concentrating in the hands of the few, and men are being constantiy thrown out of* work, and swelling the ranks of the idle. [We should suppose Mr. RocRWELL knew that the business stagnation and duliness of times extended all over the clvilized world. A financial panic * broke loose ™ in Austria in the spring of 1873, and spread rmin all over tne Empire, and business has not yet recovered. Germany was next visited, the samo year, by the monetary revulsion, and times bave been even worse in that countrysince then than in the United States. Inthe full of 1873 the panic- wave etruck this country, and the panic reached England shortly after. From one country it spread to suother, until none escaped where the people were in the habit of going in debt, and where cregits were inflated. Franee has cscaped the panic-wave better than any other nation, for the simple reason that the French people {ndulge very sparingly In the luxury of debt. They buy and sell but little on trust. What men vossess, as a rale, is paid for. Pay as you go, is the custom of that country. The currency has not fluctuated; gold and silver are the standards, and paper woney is kept up to the cofu-level in value. Besiaes, the French arg a very thrifty, economical, and industrious people. For these reasons France has almost entirely escaped the ercat financial revulsion wiich has swept over the other nations, pros- trating trade aud industry, aod causiog 50 much distress and loss. Mr. R. thinks the rich are growing richer, and the poor poorer, since the panic of five years ago. This is a very singular error. Where there {s one rich mun fn 1878, there were four five years azo. Three-quarters of the wealthy men of 1873 have been cut down to small pos-’| sessfons, or wiped out. Scarcely any-have grown richer; where one bas, s hundred have lost grouud. Thousands of capitallsts who in 1873 were gving employment to multitudes of work- men, are now secking employment themselves; and this accounts for most of the orévailing en- forced idleness. When business-men are bank- rupted by a financial panic, laborers are inevi- tably thrown out of occupation.—Ep. | I cansee no prospect of change for the better. Tut something must be dune. Thinking men. willing to work, bat unable to get it, will not lon see their families wanting the necessaries of lite, without masing an_effort to chango the pres- ent state of alfairs, Tk TWIBUNE scems 10 be appased to the use of paper moncy [, because legislation cannot zive o picce of papor any real vaiue. Migat as well say the sane about a nose of hand, If the Sroi's or person's ereditis good, the note is worth its face, and can be readlly usea as far as the maker's credit is known. Why not the same with the Government? [We can’t imagine where M. R. got the fdea that “Tue TIBUNE iS opposed to the use of paper movey.” .On the contrary, it isin favor of all the paper money that can be made to cir- culate interchangeably with coin,—all the paper that csu be kept at par with {t, so that the country cac have the use. of both cofn and paperin circalation. When resumption takes place, $200,000,000 of coin wiil be added to the volume of money, and without any contraction of the existing paper currenry. As tothe illustration of the firm's note of hand, the credit of the firm would soon go to pieces if it did not pay its “notes of hand™ when due, bat let them go to protest. The *‘credit” of no firm cau be good that refuses to pay itsnotes. No matter how rich it muy pretend to be,ithe note is mot * worth its face,” snd won't bring it, where the firm meglects to redeem its paper when it matures. Ana the same principle holds good as regards the Government. Resumption only means tiat it shall redeem its duebills and past-due notes on presentation; after that, its ‘+credit will be zood,” and its * notes will be worth their iace.”—Ep.] 1n times of depression like the present, why can- not the General Government carry on-a larze cheme of nubhic improvements? _Let every harbor taroug:out the- whole countey be imoroved; set the thousands of idle men ut work, —in the mines. the quarries, and the forests; set tne manafactories or all kinds at work, and_give o market for the farmers' produtts; and fu this way stimulste the industey of the ‘whole country. Throuzh this means capitallsts will find & use for taelr money. the 1die pecome cmployed and contented, and yoa would hear no more of Communists, etc. [All this sort of talk is based on the mon- strous ided,—monstrous in a free Republic,— that,ghe chief functions of the Government are to provide work or subsistence for the masses, ~—a mixture of workhouseand soup-house; that it should levy taxes on the general industries to furmish jobs for contractors, and wages for la- borers. It does ot seem to oceur to this class of people that. for every man thus set at work on the Government paternal principle, the taxes drawn from the people to pay him will deprive two other men of bread and employment. The country will bet- ter continue **to hear of Communists” than to embark upon the national soup-house system. It issaid there is a milhon of men.unemploy- ed: It would double the nationat debt in two vears to support those men and the contractors, pottering and *‘sogermg™ on rivers and bar- burs, mines and quarncs, aud bankrupt the taxpayers to pay them. We suppose the scheme is to issue svrip to pay tuem, which, it is alléged; would cost the Government nothing. Yes, it would; its creditwould beutterly destroy- ed in a shori time. A hundred dollars of such irredeemable serip Would not purchase a barrel of flour before the cud of the first year. The lavorers would quickly reject it because of its worthlessness. This whole national eleemosy- nary scheme would result in speedy ruin of both Government and people.—Ep.] * Government. belmg long-lived, can afford to use its credit, trusting fo the increase of values of ull kinas to get an fucrease of raxable property, and tuus redeem its paver. 1do nof beieve in a pa- ternul Government: only set 4 man ut work. und pay hum what he earns, —remembering that - ln all lagor there ix pro The cry comes up from ail over the country, **G Why not do it It looke tomearif alllesistation was in favor of the rich, and asif Tug TisreNe favored the saue idea. S. E. RockweLL. [The very idea of paternal Government is “toset a man at work, and pay him what he earns,” instead of letting bim search ou: his own employment, und depend upon his own energies and efforts, as a manly man does. Our Government would be miglty shért-lived if it used its credit in the way provosed by Mr. R. What he calls *the increase of values™ means simply the ropid debasement in the value of the currency that would set In- from the mowent such & scrip-watering system. was adopted. After the issues of “absolute serip commenced, the curreney would guickiy sink to 50 per cent, which would took like doubling the value of property: then to 25 per ceut, which would quadruple the property; then to 10 per cent, which would multipty the * value?” of the property ten-fold ; finally, when enough water was poured in, to one per dent, which would so iucrease property values that a man now worth $1,000 would then call his stuff worth $100,000. Lastly, the serip would be worth 0 per. cent; the bubble would be exploded, snd property would then swing back to its coin value, where it 16 now. This futoxication of in- flation would be nothing but a ¢rand drunk, or national delirium-tremens; and the country would sce snakcs in iis boozs, and feel them fu its vitals, before it recovered from the disas- trous effects thercol.—Ep.] it o SR The United States corvette Enterprise, withi a full comulement of officers and men, Is new enzaged in the survey of the River Amazon'as’ far'as Manaaes, and ot thie Madeira aé far a5’ San Antonio. the point of departure of ‘the line of railway nround the fulls of the Madelra, Sk fs, aceording to 3 correspondent of. the New York Ifera'd, 10 make a track-chart ‘of both these rivers, to, determine latitudes and longi- tudes afong their banks, to find shoats, rapids, aud bars, and geverally to map and plat these comparatively-unkuosu streaws in such 2 mau- mer that they will be safe for merehunt vessels made. Iu conncetion with the pr railway notr under construction by e oo Brothers, they form almost the commuuieation between Bolivia and the gy side world. The failure to explore them i, doubt, largely_due to the foolish commerr. restrictions imposed on the Commerce op these rivers by Brazil, 0 accorum, withwhich they were shut to all foreign Vessels, This restriction has recently been Temoved, grg since there Is now a motive, fropa comme'i\-'g point of view, to undertake the survey, 1py work will doubtless be pushed to a specg completion. The Unired States Gorernmey, having the largest interest at stake, 1 nulunl‘.' 17 the first n the field. Its survey wil be fig:* ished by Nov. 1, and will doubtless leaye littje t6 be accomlished by other wations. Wy gy not anticipate {rom this survey as woudersy comumercial advantages as have been Promised by some enthusiastic correspoudents. Ty Amazou i3 greater than the Mississippi in sige, but {n 10 other respect. It doeanot trascrse gy rich a country, because 0ot 3 country fn wygy labor can be profitably used. It bus a gregger varlety of scenery, but nothing like the sam varety of cllmate, productions, and soll. B, sides, the Ainazon and the country tributary to it teem with lusect and reptile life to sucy £ degree that life there Is almost insupportate for white men. It is well cnough that the gy, vey should be made, if only us a contributisn tg selence. but it will not be wise to 100k for yery important commercial results from it in the present generation at least. ——————— Mr. G. W, SMALLETY devotes his last letter to the New York Tribune entirely to a notice of the death of Mr. JomN A. MacGauay, of the London Daily News, but born in Ohio, whoss war corresnondence has probably exceeded any- thing of the kind ever known fu the history o! modern journalism. An extract from s lecter in the News of recent date Wilk give the reader anideaof the indefatizable methods and fn~ domitable perseverance necessary sometimes fo u nmewspaper representative. Tha writer says: 5 Let me reconnt the physical hindrang which MacGauax distingisned himut 1o tilias’ Iy in the recent campaign. At Kischenef. in {he early pact of Apc 1, he brok= one of the bones of his ankle when riding a yoang Cossack horse bes longing to Prince TYERTECERF, When 1 met him frst on the platform of the railway station at Jnssy, he was limoiaz along wlth this ankle in. closed in a mask of plaster of paris. e was stil} lume when ho swrred into Bulraria wity Govno's column, AL the entzance to the Hankio] Pass hiz horse slipped np and feil on bim, and the nder. attempting to rise. found that one of the small bones of the same leg was broken. Most men would have tried to make thefr way back ty- Tirnova, knd sccepted the invalid condition nntil mended.” MacGauax got himself hoisted on tko top of an ammunition cart. Later in the same dyy the ammunition cart rofled over on him and brafsed y. 4, on indomitably tl the Covryyy only Iing of re properly set: and a3 s fact he nover gave it time properly to syt atall. Rather than -*be ont of it," he celiberstely accepted tne probhesled fate of beinz lame for life: and I avo n0 doubt that he died lame. -ile went tarongh tho . campaign 8o great u cripple that he conid not walic amile, und when T saw him last, ot Christmay time, the lameness had becune cheonic. — The discovery of ‘a wholesale blackmafler in Cinctnnat{, who used to lure men 'to her room, and then, at the sweet compulxion of the pistol’s ‘mouth, compel them to rempve thelr neesaary garments aud throw these out of the window, to be secured by s confederate without and held to ransom, reminds us of the fact that, where the intended victim bas courage or presence of mind, the blackmailess tricks are in vain. Some years azo there wasa weaithy old residentof New York; who was eifted by Nature with a re- markably siinple and blang coustenance, and was in the habit of weariog a Lomely outt whish made hia look like an uusophisticated farmer from the wilds of Jersey. As the old gentleman 'was leisurely strolling along a shady semi-sub- urban street o the dusk, b¢ was accosted by a woman who, after stopping him with some frrel- evant Juestion, suddenly made him the start- ling proposition, * Give me €30, or I'lf scream for the police.” * My dear," said the old gen- tleman, blandly, I havn't got $30 about me, but Il tell you what I'll do—you .scream for the volice and T'il give you a dollar.” The woman recognized that it was a hopeless case, aud fled, and the old gentleman, with a milé chuckle, continued his walk. ——a— The London Spectator thus speaks of the, sharply-contested clectiot in Belgium betwesn the Liberals and Ctericals, and states a fact not . heretofore known, that the election was held by secret ballot, which protected men from Clerical persecution {n voting their sentiments: & The Clerical Miuistry In Belgiam has fallen. Tnder the Belgian Constitution. haif the Chsmoer 1s re-elected every two years, and half the Seunte every four years, and on Tuesduy an eloction came off for both Houses, The Clericals sudered from , the adoption of a mew ballot, whien insares per-i fect secrecy, and from the defecticn of wome great citics, like Antwerp and Ghent, aud when the re-- turns were made up, itvas found that the Liber- als had gained ten vores fu the Senato and twenty- 1wo in the Chamber, thus giving them 8 majerity of six in the Upper and twelve in the Lower Xouse. The King, therefore, has sent for M. Frere-Orban to form a Lioeral Ministry. Asthe Clericals flly expectea o majority, their irritation « is vers great. and it is stated that the Pope, who relied on Belgium as evidence to his Cardinals that 2 popusar State might be Ultramontane. bos re- called us Nuncio. It i3, however, more protable that he has sunerseded him. Nuncios ure not re- cailed becuuse of purty chunge: —————— The aceount of the meet'ng which expelled Mrs. TILTON from memiers up is Plymouth Chureh says the vote of ex:ommunication Was carried unaoimously, aud that * nearly every white-jeweled band on tho sisters’ s .e was ux raised in the affirmative.” If we take the ex- ample of JEsUs for a rule, and apoly His test to the case, it must be assumed that these sisters were without sin themsclves, and there- fore bail & right to chuck a stone at the ratreat- ¢ ing formn of the once white-souled Evizaserit as she left the temple. But then JEsus was not there to look into the fuces of ELtzaseri's accusers, mnor to write ugou the ground—al- though SHEARMAN’S tears niwht have been coptous enouzh, one would think, to Lave washied all her slas away— The mercy T to others show, Thsat mercy show o me. ——a—— To the Editor of The Tribune. Cuicaao, June U8, —~Please decide u controversy by answering the following queation: Are the **indications ' given in the “weather report iu fud mornitiz TRIBUNE intewled to cover that duy, 0F only to 12 o'clock of that day? Axxious INQUInER, Tt is understood that storms predicted may be expected to arrive within about eight hours of the tioie whea the stenal Is displaved, but may hold off longer. In cases where prediction s made of named conditions * follawed by * some other kiud of weather, the prediction may be rézarded as covering @ longer period of tiwe thuu eight lou: —— While MATT CARPENTER'S persoual orgas, the Milwaukee Daiiy Murphey, declares that the candidaey of Mr. Boss Kzvs for the Uited States Senate Is a cvarse joke, Mr. Keyesis making hay while the suu shines, snd is now ol ona junketing tour to Lake Superior with the Wisconsin Editorial -Association. He makes svecches on all occasions, i$ pulite to the edit- ors’ wives, and buys candy for the childro Aud- thus is he getting bimself puffed (reo of charge In a1l the local paper: —e— . Mrs. JENKS scems to have a way of expressiig her sarcasm that is nlmost Platonic.” When she replied to one of Bully BuTLER'S interrogstories by sayiog that “I did not know iu the mornivg what my - polities would be in the eveming,” | she cvidently intended to make 2 persoud thrust at old BEX, who was electgd s a Repub- lican but wlio turns out to have beeu specialiy retained gu the part of Saxust J. TILDE 2 ——— When we cousider the trouble that TiLDEX has wade because he was not ¢lected Presudent, tite country may well be appalled fn contew- . piating the deviltry that would inevitably tol- low lis inanguration. i —————— ‘That was rather an {mpressive sermou azalnst ', drinking and gambling that was preacued in Milwaukee on Wednesday morning, ‘Toe sceno was the bar-room of the Newball House, and the prineipal actars were two noted tamblers,— B one of zari tail old 10s lea T exe sio ad {o: wt ter th g to g fit t tl o \