Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, August 26, 1877, Page 4

4 THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE: SUNDAY., AUGUST. 26, 1877-SIXTEEN PAGES. have given Gov. WitLIANS Great Anxiety. My, @he Tuibune, TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. BY MAIL—IN ADVANCE—POSTAGE PREPAID. Dally Fditiom, one vear.... Perixof yean pef month. Masled to any address fou Runday Editlon: “Literary and Jellgtous uble 600 <50 Specimen coples 2ent To prevent delzy and mistakea be xure and give Post- Of:ce address tn full, including Staie and County. 2.50 | the are taxed to their utmost capacity ; money is beginning to circulate freely, and only a slight tonch is needed to set every wheel of trade in revolution. We do not propose to discuss at this time the one thing needful— or rather the two things needful—to re- $12.00 | store fully business prosperity. Those 1.00 : P 1:00 | things are, as we have long insisted, postponement of the dite for resumption and the remonetization of the silver dollar. If Congress, at the appronch- ing session, shall nccomplish these legislative enactments, it will have carned the gratitude of the country, and nced d6 nothing else, save to pass the Army Appropriation bill, Liemitiances may be made elther by dratt, express, | before returning home to enjoy a well- Post-Office order, or In registered letters, at our risk. TERMS TO CITY SUBSCRIBERS. Tatty, dclivered, Sunday excepted, 25 cents per week. merited holiday. The peoplo will prove before the regular session is fairly under Ty, delivered, Sunday included, 30 cents per week. | way that nothing is wanting but wise finan- Addresy THE TRIBUNE CQMPANTY, Comer Madison end Dearborn-ste.. Chicago, Il Orders for the delivery of Tix TRIBUNE st Evanston, Engiewood, and Ilyde Park left in tie counting-room ‘wiil recelve prompt attention. ———— e SOCIETY MEETINGS. ¢ APOLLO COMMANDERY. NO. 1. KNIGHTS TEMP- Lali—Members fntcading to partictpate in the pligrim- age to the Triconial Conclave will rendezvous at the rrow (Munday) momming at 7 o'clock. ocluck the Commandery il procec: Touxe, where the Gran ed from thence toe Commuandery witl izaa_Southery depol aad take the harn. 1o the Trem: il be receiv wminrch 1o the M precis ‘morning, and thus avold Tuislaid.” By order of the J. £ DUNLOP, Recorder. ST. BRRNARD COMMANDERY, XO. 35 K. T.— Fovery Sir iinight Infending o partictpate with St Ber. Durd Comuandery o the pligrimage to Cloveland, is eanccied tu appear at thie asysurm T 6:30 8. m. Mondar, Aum27. Tue Commandery wiil leave the agylum, fully armed and cquipped. wL 7:45 3. m. promu;dly, escorte: 1o the depot by Oriental Coasistory, S.T< 1. 8. & Rnights must bvar in mind that 1he train will leave the PL& . W, depot for Cleveland 3¢ 8:30 2. m. sharp, 2nd punctuality m therefare highly cescotisl on the part of each ludividual sir Knlgut.~ ¥ ordor of the b ENTAL CONSISTOR Oy uf this COmITMI are hereby, nutlficd to appear Avthelr Asvium, fully cquipp=d. on dfonday morning, 270, ALT. ock sharp, for the purpee of sctin S S‘v‘.dnemlrdp’mmmm ery, No. 35 K. T. 2 3 The Gonsistory will lcate the Asyium a precisely 7:30. GIL W. BAENARD, 33d acgree, Dreteeor G B ander-n-Chie. S NGREGATION.—A few Fews to reat In e car Feenty Dist-at. and ldiana-av. ar Dilcacions ¥ill be received by the Committce this . Murpiug, ta the Lecture Roym, 3t 108 m.. SUNDAY, AUGUST 26, 18i7. CHICAGO MARKET SUMMARY. Tho Chicogo produce markets were mostly Srmer Satarday, witha falr volume of trading. Commandery | ested in the subject to call on him. cial measures to banish the bard times from the country. 3 Mr. 0. C. Gises, who has had considerable experience in connection with the Chicago Relief and Aid Society, recently wrote an article for Tns TRIBUNE in regard to the re- moval of the surplus city population to farm lands. He closed by inviting persons inter- The rg- sults are reported in an article printed else- where, which is oven more interesting than the first. Up to the pres ent time more than 300 persons have called upon Mr. Gmos, and they have represented not less than 1,000 families who are willing and anxions to move into the country. The figures show that the argn- ments of Tax Trmuxe predicated on the supposition that such a desiro did exist were not erroneous. The existence of the desire WIROREARE! being proved, the means of transportation .~ R.~5.~32.—The | for thess needy people ought not to be wanting. Itis a subject that may well en- gage the attention of philanthropists. The fight for the possussion of Schipka: Pass has been the most stubborn and well- contested on both sides that the war has af- forded. - The Turks have hurled themselves with desperate valor upon the defenses that the Rustians have zonstructed, but all to no purpose. Itis difficult to sey how many assaults worthy of the name have been made, but there seems to be no ques- Afess pork clored 5S¢ per brl higher, at £12.156¢ tion as to the general result. The Turks 12,173 for Segiemberand$12. 224 @12. 25 for Octo- ber. Lard closed ashade casicr, at £8. 17}4@8.20 per 100 b for September and $8.2213@8.25 for Octo- Der. Meats were firmer, at43{c for loose shoulders and 6%c¢ for do short ribe, Lake freights were active and easy, at 3¢ for comn to Buffalo. High- wincs were steady, atS1.09 per gallon. Flour was quiet and firm. ~ Whent closed c bigher, at $1.073 for Augnst and 97ic for Septemoer. Coru clorea %c higher. at 42c for Angust and 423c for Septomber. Oats closed 3ic lower, at 22c cash and 254@23%c for September. Kye closed firm, at 57c. Dasley closed weak, at 1@ 7% for Scpiewber. Hogs were active and firmer. at §1.50@3.35. Cattle were steady, at $2.50@6.00. Shecp were quiet, at $2. 75@4.5 Oric hundred deliars in gold would boy $103.87% 1in sreendacks at the close. ] Greenbacks in New York on Saturday were worih 961@964- 3 The world of amusements is reported ac jve. Two new pisys are underlined for pro- duction to-morrow night. have always been repulsed. It must be a ‘bitter reflection for them in the present emergency that ordinary foresight and pru- dence would have placed them in the posi- sition which the Russians now hold. If the Turks had put up the fortifications which the Russians at once began to build, the former might havo held the pass withont the cost of a single life, or the cffort of a single blow. It is probable that, if their defense- less condition on the Roumelian side had not been a matter of common notoriety, they would never have been attatked. The dispatches this morning report the destruction of two spans of the Union Pa- cific Railroad bridge at Omaba. There are different theories of the accidedt. The £ bridge tender, who went down with the wreck, is convinced that the bridge was struck by lightning, but practical electricians assert that this is impossible. The best ex- e s The latest freak of fashion is said to be | planation, although it is scarcely more than the inculgence in' a profusion of flowers, an hypothesis, attribates the destruction of worn in every conceivable manner, for every | the bridgeto s whirlwind, which swept down conceivable purpose, and at every conceiv- able time. © Tke camp-meeting at Desplaines is now fairly under way, and the first doy’s ex- perience, ‘when the rain descended and the floods came, isnow forgoiten or plessantly remewbered. The habitntions of the Drethrea, it sppears, were founded upona Feock. o It will be seen frem the real-estate report Zhis morning taat there isan increased de- mand * for moderate-priced property. The recent fzilures of savings banks in other cities have tarned the attention of the labor- ing classes to the security of investments in venl prroperty, which, on'a solid basis, is the oest savings bank in the world This morning we print a skelch of that goad and learned prelate, Archbishop Aax- stxa. which ought to be read as well by those who do not belong to his faith as by those who do. Hishas been, indeed, a busy Jife, but not so busy that he has not had time to devote to scholarly pursuits, while he has always upheld the dignity of the Catholic Church in England, which some of his predecessors failed to do. The watering-plnces, it will be scen from ‘pux correspondence this morning, are now at The height of the season. Saratoga started ochind in the race for public putronage, and Dot even the crusade started by Judge Hr- Tox supplied the needed sttraction. Reports 10w ure more encouraging. Newport also is thronged, and more fashionable than ever. Loug Dranch, on the other hand, is snffering from the removal of the summer-capital. Tue Tracuse prints a special cable dis- patch this morning reciting the circumstances of the Turkish assaults on Schipks Pass. The dispatch will be found one of the most valuable evér received by a Western journal, and it is donbtless the longest. It comes dircet from our London office without am- plification or alteration, and is not filched from an Eostern journal, sccording to the practice of one of our enterprising contem- poraries. - Senntor Mogroy, who seemed to be rap- idly recovering, has suffered o rclapse and has been given over by Dr. Burss, the Physicinn most familisr. with his constitu- tion. He may live a fow days, or may dio at any momenty but it is not possible that he shall ever again takq his place in the Senate Chamber, His ,poltitical career is already closed. This news will be received with sincere regrot, we feel certain, even by those who have differed with him politically in the past, while among his personal followers— and no politician had more or warmer friends—his death will be taken almost as a domestic affliction. The third article cn the business situation, printed this morning under the heading of ** Hard Pan,” will be found as interesting, we fcel confident, as either of its predeces- sors. The endeavor of the first two articles was to point out briefly the surtaeo indica- | hundred and eighty millioj tions of remewed business prosperity, and | In1875 we exported of coin... some of the more obvious proofs of it were | Andimported of coin...... sdduced. This morning we go deeper, and the river and Lifted the spans off the piers. The bridge was comploted March 25, 1872, at a total cost of about $2,000,000. The damage is estimated-at §500,000, but will probably be less, inasmuch as the piers are standing, and the superstructure chn be restored at far less than the original cost. 0f course the principal loss will arise from delays in transportation and the necessity of breaking bulk; but this loss will be meas- ured by the energy and zeal of the railroad officers, who ought to see that the repairs are made in the shortest possible time. A correspondent of the London" Zimes with the Montenegrin army before Niksich traces a very strong resemblauce between the Montenegrins and Hoxen's heroes who be- sieged Troy. He says the chiafs are mostly ‘men who have distinguished themselves by personal prowess. Their strategy is ‘abont the same, and the fighting corresponds as nearly as change in arms permits. * It con- sists,” says the correspondent, *‘of a series of single combats with' n running accom- paniment of general fighting. against the other half of the field, every man who kills an enemy stopping to strip him of his arms and valuables, and the whole affair enlivened by dinlogues of objurgation and mutaal iz- salt, especially when the enemy is the Her- zegovinian ‘Purk, who is reminded by Steran or Gruzo that he killed the Turk’s father or brother, and he too is invited to come nand share the same fate.” In. their feats of horso-stealing, their games, and songs they aiso strongly Temind him of the companions of Urnysses. The difference between the siege of Troy and that of Niksich scems to be principally the rattle of musketry and boom of cannon. The premium on gold yesterday was lower than at any time sinco June 11, 1872. On the 1st of March last it required only 1043 of greenbi¥ks to buy §1 of gold. Yesterdny 104 would purchase §1 of gold. In other words, a greenback dollar-noto wns worth 96 16 cents in gold. The low promium on greenbacks that has ruled for nearly a year has been caused by the excess of exports over jmports, andthe almost cessation of ship- ments of coin and bullion abroad.. The bal- ance of trade has been heavily in our favor. ‘We have sold as a people a great deal more than we have bought, and our mines have turned outa vast heap of gold and silver which has remnained in'the country. Thus we have exported raw materinls and mang- factures to the gross amount of $632,980,080, ond imported foreign goods to the value of only* 451,307,549, showing an excess of $181,672,431 of exports. These figures are exclusive of coin, which footed up as fol- lows: Coln exported. $13,135. 78 Coln imported. 10,774, 13 Compare these figures with tw viously, and we have this result : Imports of goods in 1875. Exports of products in 1875 Excess of exports, 0nlY.......... $26,237,202 Whereas this year it has been over one. years pro- Excees of coln exported. $62,9: trace the rise of thie business prosperity and |- Thus, two years ago we exported sixty- the causes of it. No argament is required to,|{ three millions more coin than we imported, show that Chicago and the country tributary | and this fiscal year, ending July 1, only two 10 it are now in a peculiarly favored position. { and a half millions more. The countrphas They are gaining sall, or mearly all, | paid off more than one hundred and eighty- the increase in populstion; and *the | four millions of its foreign indebteduess, trade area” is extending slmost as fast | and stopped the outflow of gold. If our ex- 25 the facilities of Chicago for supplying it. | ports continue foranother year toexceed our The signs of the times, as shadowed forth | imports at the present rate of three to by this series of articles, are highly encour- | four millions a week, it will cause thepre- agmg. Our in one season; farmers are growing rich almost | mium on greenbacks to continue falling, and our _rallroads and shipping | we should mot be greatly surprised to see gold quoted at 101@102 and perhaps below 101, year. 'The prospects are that thers large importation of gold from Europe dur- ing the ensuing year, porhaps thirty, forty, or fifty millions. This, added to the home production of the precious motals, must necessarily cut down fhe premium on gold over greenbacks to a very small figure. b this accamulation of coin should continue long enough, it will on gold over paper, s0 long as the inflow of the precious motals continues. The City Comptroller, Mr. FARWELL, TC- wipe out all the premium | persons have had their daily aud make the latter par | comes reduced,—and this has been general, before Now Year's, | tho same dato wero in grest demand at rents off and on, beforo & | from $20 to $50 per month. Theso aro the, will be & | houses which are largely occupied by per-. sons living upon daily or. weekly wages, or upon moderate salaries. These buildings are, of course, numerons, nnd the rent of them has fallen moro then one-half. If thero has been a reduction of Woges; if laborers, mecherics, teamsters, clerks, salesmon, bookkecpers, and other employed or monthly in- —there is some mitigation in the facts dis- closed by these tables, that in the mntter of atleast three great items of expenditure— rent, wood and coal, and clothing—the re- ported to the Senate Committee 8 fow days | gy tion hng been evon greater thon that in ago that there wers in the City Treasury wages. Those, therefore, who_ have ‘been now standing to the credit of the Building | ;1 4 rotain their employment, and keep Fund the sum of $74,000, which was ovail- | 5/ the regular receipt of oven reduced wages, able for a commencement of the City-Hall. | possibly as ablo to purchase ns much of There is also $16,000 cash in the Troasury | y,.‘osentinla of life and comfort now as of the unappropristed Building Fand, mak- | yov vorg under tho higher woges and the ing together $90.000 of available menns on | p. eher ronis and cost of commodities in hand which may b oxpended as soon as the | , & gust, 1673 Council orders the work to begin. There 13 no dispate inregard to this sum. The mem- bers of the Senate Committee think that a larger amount of the money in the City Treasury should be credited to the Building Fund; but the Comptréllerdisputes their view of the cnse and only admits the $30.000afore- said. It is proposed to put in the foun this fall. By omittingpiling, whichis believed to be entirely unnecowsary, no time need be lost in commencing to set stone in the foun- dation. The money on hand is as much as can be expended before winter. The next municipal year begios Jan. 1. Between that date and March the Council will make their appropristions for 1878. and it ir proposed to appropriate about $250,000 for next year's work,—operations to commence in the spring, when the weather becomes fit for work. Next August money will begin to come in under the operations of the Buck- Tax bill passed last winter to compel the tax- fighters to pay up their city taxes since 1872. Tho amount of such delinquent taxes is thus stated by the Comptroller to the Senate Committee : Delinquent real estate, 1872 Delinquent real estate, 1873 Delinquent real estate, 1874 S 110,486 1,178,503 $L.742,802 The City-Hall portion o is uncollected tax amounts to nearly $400,000. All thatis necessary for the Council to do to stars the work is to pass o resolution directing the Public-Building Committee to go ahead. The following members constitute that Commit- tee: Linsesnanry, and Lawser. Without stop- ping to criticise the last name, it is a strong, capable committee, mnde up of practical men, and some of them experts in the Total.. To those, however, who were employed in 1873 and are out of employment now, who are not in the receipt of any wages, the com- parative reduction in the cost of living is only of relative consoquonce. The ability to purchase is as wanting in their case as if-| dntion | Prices were as high as in 1873, It is, howover, of some relief that those upon whom they are dependent for aid aro, in consequence of the reduced cost of living, better -able to extend them assistance. d It must not be forgotten that the reduction of rents falls with crippling severity mpon another class. Tho reduction of the Tents on 80,000 or 35,000 buildings of =all kinds has cut off & very large income which existed prior to 1873. The loss of this income, es- pecially in cases where property was built partly on borrowed money, has resulted largely in the loss of the property itself. The loss of this income has reduced the means of expenditurs for labor, and for all other purposes, and in some cases has re- duced the former proprietors to absolute poverty and want. When the cry against the Rich is raised, it should be remembered 444,823 | that upon the real-estate owners of the city the reduction of rents has fallen with crush- ing severity, sweeping away incomes in even s much grenter ratio than that of the reduc- tion of wages. INSTINCT AND INTELLIGERCE. The current number of the Popular Science Monthly contains a lecture from a Ald. Van Osper, Barzamp, Cook, .| course on *Biological Theories,” delivered ot the Johns Hopkins University, last Jan- nary, by W. K. Brooxs, in which thé quali- ties of instinct and intelligence are treated from the standpoint of natural selection. building business. We trust there will be { The lecture is too long to be printed entire, no further delay, but that the Council will { but some of the facts which it contains aro give the order to proceed. il PRICES IN 1873 AND IN 1877. We have compiled from Tz TRIBUNE of' Aug. 20, 1873, o table showing the prices ruling in the wholesale markets of Chicago for the week previous to that date, to which we add s list of wholesale prices of the same articles for the corresponding week of 1677. 'fhe comparison will be of interest in its benrings upon the question of wages and | otons appear and be ivheritod”; incomes: ‘WHOLESALE PRICES IN CHICAGO. August, 1673, “August, 1677, Dutter, ®s.. $ IR W22 gheva: 40 i Soal (10135~ Lackawanne. 2.30 6.25 m‘«fimln jir 800 150 i i e s 60 3 @ 4m ae 3 ez 6.25 4.00 12.50 £.50 @ 10.00 @ 8.75 oW @ 6.25 .30 2 @ .30 ] Yo 2% Sugans (B)— Crasned and granated R <09y o5 00K 55 -58 I '.‘i\.ml)v 60 «65 a¥ (fon v 850 @ 9.5 Timothy s gam Prints Gimeiing a .00 @ Lo 5 75 @ 1 3 e e B'ras & etrips, m 13.50 @16.00 2.00 @ 1200 Jolsts & scantl's X 750 In addition to this list of articles entering into thé general nse of all persons must be added the important item of clothing, in- ciuding in that term hosiory, underclothing, hats, and boots add shoes. In theso the too curious and important to be confined strictly to msgazine resders; therefore n short summary of them may not prove unin- teresting Sunday reading. The lecturer seeks to show that, if *‘ani- mals of a given species are born with a con- stitutional tendency or imstinct to perform a certain action under certain circumstances, this tendency may be improved and ,perfect- ed by natural seloction, pravided favorable and, also. that “if instinct varies in the different individuals of & species, the struggle for ex- 382 13 | istence will result in the destruction of those in -which it 7is imperfectly or ebnormally de- veloped, and the presérvation of those which exhibit any advantageous varistion.” Out of the wildness of birds with regard to man, a very ingenious argnwment is woven to show, | frst, that this wildness is a particular ' instinet directed ngainst man, and not tho re- b sult of caution produced by other sources of dnnger; and, second, that it is not acquired by individual birds in a short time, but be- comes hereditary in the conrse of successive generations. ‘The old dactrine that instinct differs from intelligence, inasmuch as it is an infallible guide and perfect in its results, is not only exploded by the fact that it is capa- ble of improvement, but also by tho more curious fact that it often fails as a guide. As illustrations of this, migratory birds often arrive too early ard die for want of food. Insects which usually Iny eggs upon or near food, 50 thet their young may have . subsistence, often make s mistake. Flies, instead of laying their eggs upon putrid meat, bave been known to lay them upon vegetation which has a similar odor, and their young have perished as soon as hatch- ed. The trap-door spider, which usuzlly builds its curions nest where there is vegeta- tion which is & necessity to it, "have made the snd,mistake of building in the sand, and met the fate of the foolish man who did not found his house upon the rock. In view of these and numerous other instances which ara cited, Mr. Dnoors concludes that ¢ in- stinct is not a fixed, immutable, perfect law and guide, but an imparfect, improvable, gradually-acquired method of adjusting ac- tions to the surrounding conditions, and, therefore, subject to slow perfection through general fall in prices since August, 1873, has thesurvival of the fittest variations.” beon from 35 to 50 per cont. That is to say, aman ¢an now purchase of either cotton or woolen clothing, and of hats, boots, and shoes, for $1 as much as he could purchare four yenrs ago for $S1.35 to $1.50. It will From the investigation of ‘variations in in- stinct, Mr. Brooxs passes to the considera- tion of the question whether animals pos- sess other mental powers than the instinct- ivo, or Whether they oxhibit any fncnlty be moticed that in the list of articles given | which may properly be called intclligence. aro those. of prime necessity, such as conl and wood. Hard coal is now sell- ing for one-third less than in 1873, Indisna coal at 45 per cent less, and the bi- tuminons coal of this State, at 40 per cent less. XIad it not been for the disturbances in the mining districts, it would have been in greater quontity and at lower prices. Thero are thonsands of workmen in this city who keep horses and hire themseclves and horses. These persons find in the reduced cost of hay—equal to on average, on all kinds, of 33 per cent—nan amelioration of the fall in wages. Thongh there has been no decided fall in the prices of sugar and coffee, there has been a large reduction in the prices of all kinds of teas. In building materinls and tools, in fish, sirups, cheese, and general provisions, there has been an average decline of 25 per cent. IX dry goods, lowever, the prices have receded from 40 to 6O per cent, especially in those descriptions of cotton goods which eater so largely into the consumption for domestic purposes, and form so large a percentage of family expenditures. There is nothing more conspicuous in the list of comparative prices than that of rents. Wo give the ruling rates for residence prop- erty in 1873, and give the average rates of rent at which the same classes of dwellings can now be had. We have not ventured to “give any figures for buildings used as stores and warehouses, but the decline in rents in that class of property has also been as large as the decline in the rent of dwellings. The average decline in the rent of dwellings hias not been less than 45 per cent. It bas been’ heaviest in the class of buildings which in the spring of 1873 readily commanded $1,800 ormore reat a year, and in those which at Upon this point, he asserts that animals in a state of nature are capoble of decided im- provement. Old birds connot bo caught with cheff. The inferior beaver houses are invariably built by young and inexperienced beavers. Young cats always make a failure in bringing up their first litters in an exem- plary manner, and the best and most com. plicated nests are made by those birds whose young remnin longest in the nest. Dogs dream, and under peculiar hardships or mis- fortunes go cmnzy. * Dr. Kaxk tells us that ono of the Newfoundland dogs which spent two Arctic winters with him was so oppressed by tho darkmess and solitude of the long night, and 5o reduced in strength by hard- ship and cold, that it atlast became insane, and manifested all the symptoms which were observed in some of the human beings of the party who were affected in the same way by the sams causes.” Nearly all kinds of fowls have special cries for specinl occosions, and the farmers’ dogs learn to distinguish them, Even the insects mani- fest this "intelligence, which is higher than instinot. *“When two armics of ants of diff«rent species leave their homes at the same time, arrange themselves in ranks, andmarch to a point of meeting and en- gage in battle, they exhibit, not simply proofn of concerted action, bat evidences that.they can arrange and plan to meet ex- traordinary and nnusual emergencies.” The lectarer applies his theory even moro closely than this, and illustrates the actions of the lowest organisms among animals, and even plm_:ts, o0 show that some of them are to be placed above and some of them below in- stinct, the reflex or sutomatic actions in ani- mals, and habitusl actions which sre per- formed unconscionsly by men and animals, e says: * Every one remembers the story of the old pensioner who received the com- mand ‘Attention’ from a bystander while he was returning from market with his din- ner in his hand. At the word of command he instantly and mechanically dropped his dinner in the mud, and took the proper po- gition.” It is a pity that Mr. Brooxs did not havo the ‘instance of the old canaler and Democratic ' orator of this city, who un- consciously ducked his head in the midst of one of the finest oratorical flights at the cry of * Low Bridge” from an opponent in the sudience. ‘We have not the space to devote to the in- toresting arguments which Ar. Broors makes upon these premises. - We can only briefly stato his general deductions. e finds that all living things present us with a series of more or less related actions. * First, we have the mechanical and reflex actions of plents and animals; then the instinctive action, then the hereditary habit, then the acquired habit; next the action governed by a general rule, established by experience; and finally the rational action.” Notwith- standing the vast distance between the two ex- tremes, there is a regular gradation in the series, and they all have something in com- mon.. They are all directdd to the accom- plishment of a purpose, and the cause of tho action is a change, external to the organism and distinet from the purpose. - In closing, Mr. BRoOKS 58y5: In tho adjnstment of this change to a relation ‘between external changes, in its ndaptation to a purpose, we havo something which has no parallel except in living things, and perhaps some of man's contrivances, such as the automatic governor of the stesm-engine. Living things are distingnished from those which hase not life by their adjnstment, and life conslsts in this adjustment. Finally, T wish to call attention to the fact that natural selec- tion is constantly acting throngh the law of the sarvival of the fittest, insncha way as to bring each organism into more and more perfect harmony with its environment; that is, it is constantly oringing about 8 more and more exact, definite, and perfect adjustment between external and in- ternal relations. If this adjustment comstitutcs vitality, and it nataral selection furnishes an ex- planation of the manner in which the adjustment ‘has been brought about, have we not, in the law of nataral selection, an exolanation of the origin of life? Whatever our readers may think of the law of natural selection, there are but few who arenot interested in the matter of in- stinct and intelligence, and who will not re- gret that one who could trace so closely the harmony of instinct and intelligence with the theory of evolution of organisms through natural couses did not go even deeper into a subject he has studied so cariously, and give us his views upon the vexed problem of the reasoning powers of animals and their possession of mind. “LESSONS OF A CENTURY.” In Tue Tamsoxe of Sunday st some no- tice was extended to a little pamphlet with the above title, the author of which had ventured to predict the downfall of the Re- public. He now writes again on the subject, and takes the singular ground that the dig- nity of his work has been lowered by the treatment it received. It would be a scrious task to lower the dignity of the pamphlet in question, and Tre Trmuxe will not enter upon so laborions and doubtful an undertak- ing. bate, howaver, and to close the discussion in o fitting manner, it scems worth the while to notice the new points raised by the author. He is captivated with the Government of Switzerland, ‘whose successes,” he says, “have been singularly ignored by our En- glish press.” On the contrary, we believe, the indifference of the English press to the experience of Switzerland is not * singular.” The conditions which are present in the, political problem there are mot the same as those which the statesmen of England and the TUnited States are required to meet. Switzerland has an area of 15,000 square miles and a pbpm Intion of 2,600,000. She makes pretéy watches and exhibits magnificent scenery ; and these aro her principal industries. The government of so small a territory, occu- pied by such a poople and for such purposes, is comparatively a simple affair. It does not follow that the system which is adapted toa State of 15,000 square miles will be efficacions in a State which embraces 3,600,000 square miles, or that 44,000,000 souls can be putin the same lending-strings a8 two millions and & half. The author of *‘Lessons of a Century” clings with a blind and. unrensoning affec- tion to his plan for the abolition of the Presidency. He traces the spoils systom to its sourco in the appointing power, and makes the office of the Presidency respon- sible for the evils of our corrupted Civil Service. Here also the attemptis made to draw o parsliel between the Government of Switzerland and that of the United States. We have already shown that the cir- cumstances Wil not admit of reason- ing from analogy, inasmuch as the apalogy in this case does mot exist. Besides, Switzetland is not with- out an executive head. Its Bundesrath an- swers 08. nearly as can be to our American Cabinet, and the President of the Bundes- rath is, for the poriod of ‘one year, the Presi- dent of the Repgblic. It is true that in Switzerland the Executive is ‘elected by the Legislature, but it is none the less an ex- ecutive power. Itis hedged about with re- strictions, because Switzerland ‘is a small colony, and might essily be swallowed by a big man. The United States do not need similar restrictions, because they are too ex- tended and too diversified in climate, people, interests, and traditions ever to agree upon one man for a permanent ruler. So long as a country has people, and laws, and an es- tablished government, it must have an Ex- ecutive. Let the Executive be called Presi- dent, King, Czar, Emperor, or Chioftair, his functions must be essentially the samo. . No Legislaturo can constitute itself into an ex- ecutive nnd successfully discharge the duties of the office for any length of time; for ex- perienco hos shown that men instinctively choose leaders, and submit to their rule. When they do not, a state of affairs exists which we call anarchy; when they do, and the affair is one of administration, they vir- tually appoint an Exccative. An excellent illustration of the evils fol- lowing a confusion of the executive and the legislative functions is offered at our own doors. The Board of Commissioners for Cook County is almost a perfect realization of the drenm which the author of *Lessons of a Century ” has enjoyed. This Board is elected by the people, and is supposed to. represent ‘the will of the peoplo of the county. Its permanence is insured by a provision that one-third of the members shall go out at a time. There are conse- quently always in the Board a number of scasoned members, a number half-baked, and a number green. TIrony is a weapon that our author is not familiar with, or we should say that this is “a simple and benutifal ” schemo of government. The peoplo have not, however, given it the widest approba- tion. It has encournged the practice of addition, division, and dilence to an alarm. Merely to preserve the amenities of de-’ ing oxtent. No contract can get through the Doard without bribery. No honest jury can be drawn except by mistake. No reward can bs given to honesty or punishment to fraud through its connivance. It has be- come, wherever it 15 known, the synonym for ignorance, corruption, and effrontery. The people have found protection sgainst it only in‘ the exercise of constant vigi- lance. They havo fought it in the eourts by injunctions and in the Grand Jury by indictnents; and it still remains an unre- pressed and irrepressible eVil, & reproach to the good name of our State, and a terror to taxpayers and good citizens. This Board is a result of popular suffrage exercised in tho manner and for tho purposes desired by tho author of the *‘Lessons of a Century.” How much better is it than the Oity Govern- ment, which is in miniature the Government framed by our fathers in 17677 The city has an Executive, the Mayor, and a Cabinet surrounding him. It has a Legislature, which is a co-ordinate branch of government. The Government thus constituted is known tkroughout the country for its efficiency and zeal. It reduced taxes mors than a million of dollars per aunum, and placed the credit of the City of Chicago at the highest point in the money-markets of the world. Its success is not due solely, of course, to its form, any more than the failure of the County Board is duo to that cause alone; but there is a lesson to be derived from the standing before houest men of these two representative bodies; and the “Lesson of & Century,” a8 interpreted by our author, is not the one which the circumstances seem to teach. GEeorce WiLriax CunTis, in Harper's Monthly Magazine, strongly censures the PRINCE oF ‘WaLes® precedence etiquette which heapplicd to his distinguished guest, Gen. GRANT, for whom he gave a grand dinner, and then made him march in at the tail end of the procession to the banquet, behind the very guests who were in- vited to meet and do honor to him! Heex- presses the opinion which is common among Americans that Gen. GRANT should have quiet- 1y left the house after he had becn thus in- salted. Says Mr. Corris: If fine manners arc nataraily assoclated with rank, the supposition would be that the higher the rank, the finer the manners. Itwould then follow that the guest of honor, who was also the stranger, would take precedence of all others. 1t is there- fore bewildering to learn that when the PRiNcE oF WaLES recently gave o dinver to Gen. GRAST, the distingulshed guest brought up tae rear of the pro- cession to the dining-room. ~ We are but boors in ctiquette; yet If the Pmixce or Warzs had been the guest of honor of the President of the -United States, he wonld not have been permitted to close the march to dinner; and he would have preceded not 1s Prince, but as zuest; for it would be equally trae of untitled Mr, BRIGHT or Mr. GLADSTONE a8 of a Prince. Courtesy is a poor thing if it can not dispense, npon due occasion, with thie rizidity of ceremouial forms. 1t is rumored that the Amer- ican Minister in England was long absorbed in the task of arranving Gen. GRANT'S invitations, so tiat he should not be apparently insalted by ‘beingtreated at cntertainments zivenin his honor with - less consideration than any other guest. This 1s bardly crediole to an an- Eophisticated _American, because he cannot comprehend either that an English gentlemzn shonld oer or an American gentleman accept such. a sitantion. The rnles of really good society, whether titled or untitled. are everywhere the seme In regard to certain essential points, and it is a pity if they are violated in the honse of a Prince. To invitc an untitled man into a titled company, upon anoccasion of pure cecemony where titles de- termine precedence, is to invite him to go behind, 1f a Prince gives a dinner in_honor of an uatitled gnest, ne is bound to hanor him chiefly, and he in- Fites the_company merely to help him render the honor. . If, thercfore, it be true that tue Prince or \WALES gave o dinner especiafly to Gen. GRaNT, and permiited the greater part of the company to precede bim to the table, Gen. GRANT should Quietly have left the Aouse, snd ull the moreil, as is constantly eaid, etiquette end forms are real things o Kuropean society. For if that be 50, the signiti- cance of the situation yas that an American with- outa title, however illustrious, however honored at home, and the eapecial guest of the occasion, is not to be recoumized as Lhe equal of titled people.. Probably, ii-the story be true, Gen. GRANT was not troubled; but if English gentlemen are requir- ed by cu&mttc to acquiesce in so flagrant a dis— conrtesy, they are greatly to be pitied. eca———— A cable dispatch a day or two agzo announced the death of JusTiN MCCARTHY, a fine novelist and an able political writer. . McCArTHY was an Irishman by birth and feeling; he was ‘born in Cork in 1830, and consequently had only reached his47th year. An exchange thus no- tices his career: In1853 he secureda position asa writerona Liver- pool paper, and from that time remained deyoted to Journulisni. In 1860 he was eppointed Parliament- ‘acy reporter on_the London Morning Star, a paper of extremnc Radical” views, andin the following gutumn was given the position of foreign editor on that paper, and became chief editor in 1864, ° That position ho retained until 1508, waen he resigned und spent the next three years in extensive travel in this conntry, visiting thirty-five States, studying carcfally the institutions, und making mauy friends.” On bis return he published a_work “*Prohibitory Legislation in the United States,” miving an account - of the sork- ing of the liguor laws in the several States. He olso contributed a series of articies about Britizh public nen to Fonxev's Philadelvhia Press, ‘which attracted much attention, and were widely copied and read in this country. ' Of late yeuts he had beon engaged as_political writer on 4 leading London daly, his writings being warked by vigor of thougiis and cicarncss of expression, From first 1o Tast hic bas been a Liberal of Radical type. Ar. McCap7uy has Leen most widely known in this country asa novelist and contributor to periodi- cals, ilc has farnished many papers to the Lon- don, Westunnster, and Fortmghtly Review, and to other periodicals, Englishand American. Some of these papers have been collected in a volome, As & novelict e has been steadil wing into favor. ‘His first novel, *‘The Waterdale Neighbors," was published in 1867. Others followed, and most of them were republished on this side the Atlantic. is latest novel, **Miss Misanthrope,” ana his Dest, is now in course of publication 1n the Galazy on this side of the occan and ina London maga- zine, In the general clection of Feoruary, 1874, Mr. McCARTHY was invited tu stand in the Radical interest for either of two lrish boroughs, unt de- clined, having no taste for Parliomentary honors. ——————— Nothing 15 50 pleasing to the average Ameri- canasto observe the decp interest takenin American affairs, and the accurate information concerning themn possessed by European diplo-+ matists. Frinstance, M. TrIcoopt, the Greck Minister of Forcign Affairs, has just submitted —s0 we learn from the Paris Memorial Diplo- matique, the Icading authority of Europe upon such sabjects,—a plan for the reorganization of the Greck Consular service. There are to be sta- tioned in the United States, it is provided, & Consul-General, four Consuls, and a Vice-Con- sul. One’of the four Consulates is to be situ-~ ated at Guayaquil. . i —— Tt is rumored that when Mr. BLAINE recelved the President’s note lamenting that that visit couldn’t take place, the Senator from Maine with a sigh told an Italian brigand, who with a fiendish scow! snd 3 big blunderbuss had been haunting a wooded gorge through which any visitor to Mr. BLAINE'S mansion must pass, that his services would not be required, and sadly emptied the bright * particular? salt-ceilar he always scts before honored guests into the ash-barrel.with the remark, *Ten cents’ worth of strychnine wasted.” ———— ‘The British blondeis coming West, leaving longz trails of sawdust from. her symmetrical calves on every stage enrouie. Tne TRIBUNE cembraces this opportunity to advise parents ‘whbse callow brood of sous betray symptoms of being mashed upon Britisa blondes to procure the publication of authentic reports showing how the particujar charmer made her debut in 1837, or has devoted herself to the stage to ob- tain funds to gducate ner son, a promising and plous young man of 20, for the missionary field. Warranted to cure. ———— 5 1t s a little rough upon an Ohlo fricnd of the laboring map, after be has Inid perjury upon his soul in the matter of a platform, and given his record an emetic 5o a8 to turn it inside out; to find that the honest workingman fs going to run a ticket of his own. Then, indeed, the Ohio friend of the L. 3L feels as if for BaNQuo’s issue he had *filed his soul. 3 Mr. HENDRICES has a great ond ‘or(;:(nnl mind, and a No. 9% hat at least must be | r needed to give his brain due space to bulze out. The raflroad strike, he says, alter having given the subject due consideration. was a Startling Movement, and be was Greatly Concerned about it for Several Days. Hec is Surc it must f Hexpricks is just talking. When a Governor learns that Rebellion has rearcd its hydra h that the strects are running with blood and hig son-in-law’s stcers are stopped.on a side-track, it is enouszh to make acy man feel Grey Anxiety. —— 5 Have the peovle of Indiana cver meditated what would be’the consequences suppose some night a sneak-thief should insinuate himselt into Blue Jeans Wxs.’ bedroom, and, ap. proaching the other clotheshorse on which the historic blue jeans breeches are hung, steal and carry off the Exccutive of Indiana? ———— The President’s attempts at Civil-Service re- form remind the Demoeratic press of a man carrying a ladder through a crowd. Itisn't casy or graceful work, and he is always bump- ing up agninst somehody. Pre-cise-ly; and the man that is bumped azainst nearly always gets - hurt. e—e———— The impartial observer, gazing upon the toss- inz sca of currency controversy, now singeth gently to himsel, to a familiar arithmetical air: Remonetization is Inflation, Contraction is as bad; The Kesumption bill amonats to nil, And everyhody's mad. g In a few days the public schools of St. Lonis will reopen, and the monotonous voice of the scholar will be heard droning over the tables, ¢ Thirty-six inches make one yard; three yards ‘make one foot,” and so on. L —o———— Platforms were given to parties to conceal their convictions. Here are the Pennsylvania Demoérats pitching into Protection which they favor, and indorsing a Hard-Money resolution that they don’t believe in. 0ld King Coal is by no means so me:Ty a sonl as he used to be in the Penusylvania mining re- gions. —————— PERSONAL. Prof. Seeley’s “Life of Stein” will shortly be published. v = Gov. Hendricks hiked Paris, and has now gone to Germany. Nobody pays any atiention to There will be another colored boy at West Point next year to take the place left vacant by Cadet Flipper. The Springfield Republican thinks ths habit of calling the President **Your Excellency™ is very melancholy to observe. 3 Seats have alrendy been sold for Joseph Cook's lectures in Tremont Temole, Boston, whic Qo fot take place for weeks yet. The fide@ty of the Cincinnati Commercial to the silver question is sald by an enviona rivalio surpass even the Jove of woman. . 3Ir. Gladstone has a mania for postal. cards. Hescnt his regrets to the Fishmongers' banguet on 3 card of this description. g Mr. Joseph Cowen is anderstood to be en. gaged upon the preparation of, materials fors work on Radicalism during the past thirty yearn. The Nation * understands ” that steps ara tobe taken to get at the facts of jts alleged hibel 2gainst Judge Dillon by investigations before soms competent tribunal. The Virginia College of Willism and Moy is reduced to such financial straits that it lsa question whether the venerable institution will- not have to close its doors forever. Lord Blantyre, who recently dispatched several medical gentlemen in 2id of the Turkish wounded, s brothez-in-law to the Duke of Sath- erland and fathes-in-law to 2ir. Gladstone, The Boston Herald remarks,—and we hops the remark will be heard In infuential quarters: “*Rarely do we hear of ansthing quite so shubby ° as the treatment of Chicago artists by the Art Com- mittee of the Exposition.™ In Mr. Julisn Hawthorne’s “Garth,” the ' London Times eecs ‘‘the peculiar genius of the - father distinctly reflected in the son, " and'is **re- minded of the uninished ‘Septimus’and of the inimitablo * Transformation.’* Florence, the comedian, made 820,000 by his last engagement at San Francisco, and invested the procecds in mining stogks, at the suzgestion of ©'Brien, the millionaire. Ta-day the market value of these atocks is estimated to be $80, 000. Lord Derby is reported as having said to Mr. Bright the other day: **You and I are under- stood to hold opposite vicws on the guestinn of the war; but you will find that as far as action is con- cerned we are not 2o far distant s we appear." % Uncle Dick " Bishop, the Democratic candidate for Governor of Ohio, is represented to be a Christian gentleman,—a fact with which the Democrats were not familiar whea they nominated him. **Uncle Dick " hassince attempted to smooth. over matters by offering the highly original remark that he * may be a Christian, bat i3 not & d—d fool.” An’exchange remarks that Mr. Tilden has gone down to the County of Kent *‘to visit the homes of his ancestors" ‘and to establish friendly relatious with **the English representatives of the house of Tilden.” It is supposed he will return stagpering unaer the welght of o gencalogical tree, and that he will be conzratulated by the Americaa representative of the honse of De Plerrepont. In spite of the jokes and stories that-are circulating with reference to Sam Dowles and Charles Francis Aaams, 1t is sald that they scarcely know each other. Charles Francis Adams ncver crossed the threshold of Sam Bowles' house, and Sam Bowles never visited Charles Francis Adams but once, the cccasion then being a formal dimner to Senator Booth, of California. Though hor in Springfield, Mass., Sam Bowles never met Chacles Francis Adams pereonally except once or twice, and then only by accident and most casually. Fifteen years-ago, Mr. Whalley, in the course of a Parliamentary specch, drewa book of hymns from his pocket for the purpose of making a quotation. A member was straci with a happy thought, and cried out, ‘‘Sing it, sing it." Thereafter Whalley was greeted with the cry of *'Sing, sing” every time ho rose to speak, hntil at last the practice was stopped by the tuen Speaker, who ruled it to be oat of order. Buta few weeks since, after the lapsc of 20 many years, the famihar cry was taken up again, and 2 fall cnorus joined in. Mr. Alexander Stephens’ article on * Jun- us,” in the current number of the Iafernational Revierc, s ol of vivacity. The writer docs mot advocate the claims of any one person. but holds that none of the anthors thus far mentioncd is the true onc. . Sir Philip Francls, Mr. Steohcns says, cannot be the author, for Jgnius conld mot have been & mean or base man, and only a mean or base man would have shown sach Ingratitude to his patrons s that charged apon Sir Philin Francis. In this connection a bon mot repeated by Macau- lay is worth mention. A friend said that he be- IHeved Sir Philtp Francis must have been the writer of the letters of Junius, forhe was a very proud man, and he had potaing else to be proad of. The September and October number of the North American Review offersa remarkuble table of contents. Mr. Thomas A. Scots discusses ¢*The Receat Strikes,” and **A Striker” writes abont **Fair Wages*'; Mr. Dion Boncicault sur~ vess **The Decline of the Drama™; Dr. Adler considers **Reformed Judaism™; Mr. E. L. Bor- lingame has a paper on **New American Novels"; snd Ralph Waldo Emeraon an essey on ** Perpetaal Forces.” Then we have Mr. Stoughton's reply t0 Judge Black on *The Electoral Conspiracy,” and tho second parts of Gen. McClellan's review of ++The War in thé East,” and Mr. David A. Well®' discassion of our national prosperity, or the lack of it. 3 The Cincinnati Commercial thinks the fol- lowingplan of printing personals, which has been adopted by the New York Sun, is **a cheesfal new departure in journalism™: **Anns Louiss Cary is recovering from congestion of the Jungs. Yankee Locke, the comedian, is very sick.in Clevelsnd. Editor Harding. of the Indianapolis Herald, has typhold pneumonia. Orphens C- Eerr is slightly better since he retarned from - Earope. Titiens has underzone a sccond opera- tion for a tumor, and 1s very low from exhaustlon. * Senator Morton has paralysis of one arm. and.is serionsly prostrated. Ben DeBar is no better, and his death is daily anticipated. Wiliiam Cameron, 2 brother of Simon, i dangerously ill i Lewis- barg, Pa. Bishop Haven brought back malaria ia his system from Liberia, and. it s feared that the result will be fatal. The ex-Empress Carlotta is - unimproved in bealth, and is liviog near Brassels.. George F. Hoar hns a bad abacess in one of hisears- and his hearing may be permanently impaired by it. Ida Lewis is feeble.” i b O I e ' e i A PR AL P s 5 S