Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, September 7, 1875, Page 2

\ 2 BORROWING MONEY. Power of the City to Issue Cer- tificates of Indebtedness, Elaborate Disgussion of the Sub- ject by Comptroller Hayes, The Constitulional Provisions and tho Debates in the Convention. Anticipation of Revenue Not Pro- hibited---An Towa Caso. Concurrent Opinion of Corpor- ation Counsel Dickey. Agreement of Other Lawyors. Comptroller Haves has prepared, and will enb- 'wit to the Councit Mondag evening, tho follow- ing report relativo to tho power of tho cily to borruw money: —— THE COMPTROLLER. RIS ANGUMENT ON THE QUESTION, Crrr CoMrTROLLER'S OFFICK, CillcAGo, Sopt, 6, 185.—70 the Hunorabie the Mavor anid Aldcrien of tha Cityr_of Chicagu, tn the City Conril a-semy ol 2 Homn wonks aince s Tow firne i Milwankes give an opdnion fu reganil to the power of thot ciiy to make temporary losna in adyanee of o collvetioiiof tazes, Tho amiotint required by the ety was small, onily §200,- L0, A conwtititivnal provison similac t0 vur vwin 1 xisted, and the ity had a funded debt oxeceding the Timdtation, Tho etitlre optatn, cxclhusive of the steto- ment of facts, and quotations of the section of tho city eharter atthoriziug loans, and of the conatitue Henal brovision in quicstlog, i 8 follows ¢ 1f the conmtitutiunal provixion above cited napplica- ble to an fudebteaness of the charscter proputed to be incurred by ihe oity oficers, they would nct lave the stitharity to fncur i, or to Lud the city by o valld noto for the ropayuns of the money at & future day, Wouro uf tho opinion tuat the prosefon (s so appi catle, and that it ohorales os 3 jrebibition syaimat Torrdwieg the money, or giving the nolca s pro- pored : Tlero was 5o srgament snd no cliation of aue tuoritice, Although e opposite concluwion was arrived ot snd sustainnd in » carolul and wound Grgument by (Ue Tlon, Charkes K. Wells, oue of the most eudueut awyer 0f the 8atc, And althiotigh threo of tho largest Lanks of Milwsukea were atill willing and offered to mako Icans (o that uity, tho first opinivn haa been wncd a8 the foundutlon of a violent and widely-circus Jated sttack upon the tegality of the temporary loans of tho Gity of Chicago, smounting to several milllous of dollare, 1 have Lind from tine to Umo luguiries en the subjoct from parties holding cur certificaion, 1t 48 dua to them snd to tho pultic that they shoula ba laced 1 poerescdon of TAE REAKONA WIICH INDTCED ME to concludo that 1t wan my duty, to provide for the payment of 4 largo amotnt of loind of the snme char- scier wiiich wero outatanding aud about to mature wlien I outered upon thfs offive, aud, with tha contont of tho Maycr aud Fioance Comtaitiee, 10 1nake now Inane ta neet oxpenditures required befors thy ceilves tion of tho tazcw, Theee loans were made hy anthority act of the General Ascomuly of Feb, {u the following worda : To provide for monthly or any other payments which phall bave v authorlzed by tho Common Counctl, and required ta bo hiado at any timo befura the colléetion of tho taxca ofany year, the Cotyptrallir may, with ti:e sanctinn of the Mavor aud Finan o Conimiltter, orrow the pecorsary money for a tline not longer thun tho 13t day of Fobruary next theres aftr, 1y See, 7 of tho act of April 10, 1569, the timo was extended to thic firnt duy of i Bsldew a few thousand dollrs’ whicls wero sntbor szed by anotber rertion of the law, and were given in ratisfaction of Judgments agauet tha city, no ccrtif- cateninve boen fenued except in striet complian e with this section of the chiarter, Thoy Lsve ail been fovucct 1or loune 10 ko 1ayiacntn authorized by the Comtnon Councsl, In umoutt thy base Dot uzcooded those § ayments, nor Lavo they excecded the snuuunt of the vneitlected taxes, 11 in adinitted thet ‘the amennt of onr fanded de't contrartad yreviously to the aduption of the Constitn- tlou, and shii_ exsstiiig, axcecds 5 per centum on tho valils of the tasablo property 1 the chiy, and that the folloving section of $ue Cunstitution of Iibuota fa bn full furcs und etfec No county, clty, fownmlip, achool dietrict, or other municipal corpofation, rlail ho aliowed to Leeome e delted in ony mansier or for auy purpose to un amount, incluillug oshsting indeLtcdness, fu the ag- gregate exceeding 6 per centum on the Yalue of the gaxable property therem, to Lo ascert.iied by the last asseastnent for Stale uuil county tazes provious L tho incurring of such judoctedsias, Any county, oy, rchool diatrlet, or thier munkipal corporation di crring quy fudeltednees, s aforesatd, shall, befors arat tho time of doing ko, provide for tho coliection of w direct annusl tx suticlent to pay the iuterest on such debl a1t £3lla duc, oud al#o to pay and diachargo tho prunctpal therof wiihin Wrebty years from the 1o Of ceulractivg by Ramo. Tho question for vousideration {4 ns to TILE PRUIER CONSTRUCTION TO LE I'LACED ON THIS FROVISION of thie Conetitution, and whether It probibita the pay- ieuts and temgorary loms sreeified in the wectiou of fhe city charter 8bovo quoted, Tersous not famiifar with tho principles which Rovern bu tho coustruction of statutes aro Ayt {o sups Jme thiat tho litcral weantog of th words Is necer Barg thefr Jegal meaning, There could not Lo grester mitake, Tao old law wiaxioy ir, * Qui Laeret in litern Baeret ki cotice,” * 1l who tickn 1 thi fotzer, aticks in the burk,* Al well-road lawyers are fambise with ceses wlurs (Lo courty, appiyiug the rules of countric= tlou, bave disregunied the Lierul meening of thy word of the tstute or conatitutional provieion, A caty perfoctly Sluntrasiug this practice, war cltod Dy Mr, Authony, 1 & dobate in tha ato Cotistiutional Gonvention, under tho followng circumstances ; (e Convention Leing in Committeo of the Whole for thie purjoto of coustdering tho report of the Com. altfeo on btate, Uounty, and Munieipal Indebtednesy, thin Clesk zead Bec, L of the Tegort, us follows: Brcion I, Tho eredit of the State slll not fn any mantier v giveu or losued o or in 8id of auy fndie vidual, grmociation, or corporution: and tho Stato #hall HUver 4e3Imo OF Hecome ros ousible for the debits e abiities of uby tudlvidual, sesvetation, of corturi- o Mr, Anthony fald: Mr, Chalrman, I wish after tho word *corporatiun,’ 1n tho last line, Brat_eection, to add the word * puabiis or private,’ for (his roawons Ahial the word *corporalicts *us used in that scnso aftec thu word oysocluton, night couvey the fdca that it wa 8 privste corporation, o, s i Now, o order i 1aske 1t pettoctly clear, mo that ero will Lo 1o wnblguity, of suy question. azling st 1 ove that the words *puliic v privato? L Hie werted, and 1 whl stato, ws resaon for ihat, that whila Ll word * corjoration” might includeall corporutions, our Buprenie Court_Liave teeidvd 1u oty eace. alroudy thiat the ward * corroration ducs ot fn ull inetauces du municipal corporations, Wo buve obour statule-books to-day,in sn act which can be fuund on page 774 of the satutes of thiv Blate, complled by Neates, this languags © T wozds * person or Dereuns,” u weell ay ail wordy roferriug Lo or impurting persong, sball Lo decied to extend tu and Inchudo Lodics politic and. corjurate, ss weld ax (ndividuals, 4 0On puge (i3 of Heates' Blatutes: wo find another cano Whery referenco fs mnde o tho ward * perscum,’ Thich i beew paretd prior 9 the decirion. which 1 Lold 10 ziy band, which was also uuderstood 10 10 clude bodics corpurate aud politic, us woll s yoreons § and votwitbstanaig that, sir, the lauguage which 1 hiave read, tn 1801 was passcd fn review Ly the Hue yroino Court, aud 1t wis docided that that” lauguage A1 not juctuil putlic and municipal Corporation, ik caso was this: A guidgmsnt bad been ohe tatued agaust tho City of Ubicago, and sn ezecution wad fuaud, oud the ofileer Jevied Upou o steam firve engine and horves, Tt wan_contemed very positively upon ouo ido that thero was no distinction between *budies pulitle aud_ corporate and ¢ municipal core porativns’ aud *parsons’s and thzt all corpotatioun were, u tie taw, ¢ persoiss,’ sud fhst an execution could lssto auuinist ‘the properiy of tho city, 4 & corporation, cqually as well uu it could sgatust & rull- ,roai or agafnet an {udividual, - Now, sfr, that case was taken 0 e Bupreiny Coust {n 1801, aud’ our Supreme Court decided fust ths stabuta did hot apply os all to aumlelal carporations, aud that a ezecution could not fkmue sganst a mdniepal corporation umder amd by virtne of “the Cunstitution of thls Btato, or sy law of thin State, Tl Court in thia rase nsed this Ianguage : Thie first beclion Rferrid 10 provided, i yabatance for tho 1sulbg of i eatcuilu wgalud tle laude und tencuaents, goods and chattely, uud Feal satate, of uvery person aguinst Whom o fdgiuent b rendered {0 uny court of record, either at law or ju equity s and it fe contended that {48 word * fereun,” by Bec, 2 0f Ohap, XU, uclutin bodics polits aud’ corporute, as well 46 idisle, o o o o iagiliture ‘never could Lave fotended the Incurgorated clty or town, statule shuuld cimbrace au or any anch munliyal aud ptical corporations, "The property of wuch Corurativng aud e Lazes collocted Ly them for publie yurprace sre o com situcut ozt atd & ecesaty ligredint of faeir publio power, and aku 50 1noro Lable t celcury and sale that the wilole power Havlf would v, I uot o, w party abtaining & Judigtusnt agaluet the ity woull be arle 1 do indirectly WAt uo JOWer Lort of Ul Legialature {31 o~—eatroy tho corparats puwers auil {Lunchisusy Ly tuking awsy the aliment which sustutus hetn, W decide shis gu privciple, aud in s doing reverse sdevinon of the dupsrior Cuurt, gy Waiker guve o dissatiog opiaion, and ia ik Ttixu, If, a8 tbo State has declared, the word person, wherewr tsed ki 1o cody, of Which'the Iattes of thisy proviens is found, shall’ embrace Lodica curporats L1 pulitee, 14 would seews 1o foilow xludt jlicorporate citien s Suly ubraced w3 0F pamed Ly oxpreia L ring. ** Aud yet the maiority of the Court said it never was the sulentlon of the Leglhilaturg (o {ncluds municipal uyn;mluu-. and did not, ** "W Featn 8¢ a wnIRE CAvo caa8 LD, ~—the casy of Merwin,—aud the Buj rewo Court, after golug oyer Lo ‘WUols subjocs, dueided i tio same way.' 2HE CITICAGO TRIBUNE: TUESDAY, f The amendment suggosted hy Mr. Anthony was adonted by the Conventen, Numerous Instances of the kama kind can ho readity 14 upan oxamination of the roports, The fart therefora thiat the ennatitutional penvirion 1 queation would seem o the rasnal Teader to clinde necesenrdly all_eontracts and Dabilites for the o TUBLOT mney, s of 1o coneequanee at all, when o to comiiee K purpone of S peoyieion and i voraniig ptticled (0 18, us declarod by ite frauters, the TICHYe consiquenc® which might result from Fiving 4t o ditferens metng, uml he defsions of cuiirig, which iave had kimilar provisous before them, THE COSSTITUTIONAL 3 BOVIRION I na connty, eity, ete., aaflbe llowed to becanio tted to an’ aniount, Welnding etiating indebtete o fu 0o agiregate cxeceding 5 yer cont en tho value of the taxatle property ther That any cannty, --ur, ole., incorring any indebteduaess as al eafid, liall ifora’or af the fime of duing ko provils for (tie enfle:(ion of n direct aunuat fax cfent to ay the interost on suctiilabt 58 1t 01 duo, awl at-o topay and dischorge tie principul thereof within tw A0 from e 6 o vont act g (e 41110, clansea nre to b conatend together, Thw last 0§t Fatcs thu meangng of Hio Aret, ‘The indebtedncas for the payment of fnterest and principal of which the tax $< 0 bo lovied, 14 the - debtodneer referred 1o fn the et clanse, amd that Danet T within the poreent hmltation, Indebtels nieas beyoud that Jumitation caunot be fncurred under AUy clreumstanes, It n elty be eateely fron from debt {t i till forbide deu to ereate indleaness withont providing hefores e, oF at (e time, for the collvetfon of an anunag tax 10 pay Uye foterest of st deht an 3t falls due, and tho principal whilin twenty vears, Now tho tax fa to run witl tho indebtedness, to ba atiee, 1t to b eollected apnually in mmennts suflicient to pay the Infeenst as §t aceries, aml tha yrincipal WHn twenty years, Can tho b ness 10 Lo provided for n this mannor Lo cous struud to bo ANYTHING RUT A FUNDED DENT? 11 1t et fntended to probibit the fenrring of Yo abiitlea I sdvanee of tho ordiuary tax l not the laugaage have been ditferent, or tuthe 1ot another provi-lon have been fnserted applizable to tho pacticnlar cose ; an that no Habllily sboald 1o fne carred for the ardinary city_ eapenditures until after the lovy of the taxes, i easo the 3 per cont Hmitatin hind not previowsly ‘beets vxcesded, A in easa that limitation bl been exceeded no such Labiities ehould be Inrred at all, Tt if these ordinary temparars Tshititien aro co ered by the ward fudebtednees, tiey must be estitate e du determining the qucktion swlether an 1wsuo of bond 8 within the smount suthorized by the Coustl- tution or not Lot un auppose that In one of uur clties the tazanls Properts amounta to 101,010,040, and the fanded debt 10 $5,000,00%, Tho clty makes its appropriations for a I -, Ineluding the amonnt of 0,060 for Farious pilidic’ wurkn, sctool-liuusce, Lridiies, cugines Noue: #, sewers, watetepipe, cte., for which sppropriae tious o'(ax I8 léviod poyable tho same year, A8 theso ary works of neversily, contracts nto wedo for them ayiblu frour the ) roceeds of the tax of (he yoar, At fifs thime it fa decmed fmyortant to Luild n cify- hall, or make koma other larga vutlay, and an additton of fay §2,0000X0 fs mada to the bonded debt, If the cotracts bneed on the appropriations for the venr b exchnled, thin indebtuducas would bo lawful; if thoso coutracts Lo luchided ns & part of the fndebteds newn of tho city, ft would be unlawful and the bunds worthices, bocause in_excess of tho an:oat permitted by ti Constitution, Would any wtelligont Court for Oue moment constier tha amonnt of ‘the contracts payable ot of the tax lovy for the year ana part of the nulebteduess of the city ¥ No Court wold give 8o abiurd a construction of tie Constitntion. Aga, évery olligation resting upon s city or person to pay mioney’ alrcady carned in » delt, A clty has a funded debt exceeding thy imitation when the Consti- tution takes offect, If this provision s 1o be under- #to0d au vuly limiting the bonded dobt, no surivus aif- fleulty onsuce, Serviees are rendered, coutracts tuade, temporary loans preciously anthorized by law aro ol fained a8 uanal to defray tire canstant exyenes of pro- tocting the lyea and prop vty of the inlubitants, sud maintatulug the varied and dmpartant functions a municipal exivtence, and ail theso vxpenditures ara pald fur aud the sccouuts closed upon the colloction of thie tixes of the year. 1But 1 the g rovision probilita tho fnenrring of auy Halllity fur tha poyment of money, IN WIAT A CONDITION I8 THAT CITY PLACED by thods Wiso alioull buve been aid suppused tney were the guardians of the rights and futerests of i inhabitanis, Nearly n sear must pass betare the rer. enuen can bo coilected, Money cannot be bormwe for onlinary expenase, neither ean a lewful contraet Ly with any one s tho eurporation, Luljvo- tuen, ficemen, wchool-deachers, catiunt bo pabl if they reuder ervien, Lecaure it was unlawtal to inenr an i delitedness o thow, sud the ofty umd §1e fulial itants aro surrendered {6 anarchy sud disorder, if uot to deatructinn, No sk meaning an this can be faund by tho roflect- g Juriet fiu thid” Wik aud usetul comstitutioual pro- rlom, Tt fullow that tho prastice of antieipating the col- etlon of the revenue of a particular year by con= tracting for the perlormance of publle services, or Lorrowing inones f ordor o pay for thess services in cath, Luwever flatlo I8 may bo to abuge, 18 NOT I'ROIUBIFED DY THE CONSTITUTION, Tho great {mportanco of the quemon, and the magnituds of (he foaus which have beeu mads fuz the trgorary contenienco of this city, Justify me in giv- §% tho history of this conatitutionnl provision, such crtract from the proveslings of the Convention a4 throw Light uron At with vu impurtant fudielat de cirion, directly in polnt. 1t havo alun procared, aud appended hereto, tio opsulon of the Corpuration Cownsel, Llvieci?’ o distizguished Juelst, Wil many Fears’ (e ence ot the Dench, [ tuny way that th hane vonclusions wera reactied Uy hts cinfuent prede- ceonors, the Hom, J, O, X o, whose loss we have recently been called on to deplore, nnd the 1ion. Aurray ¥, Tuley, as well as by Vitbert Jamirson, Len., ;:ny ttoruey, Who huy carefuliy exumined 106 sui- oct. FORTUNATELY THE FURPOSE OF TOE FROVISION and ita meaulne, ax undersiood by fts feanere, can bo readily ssecrianied, Al thy debates aud prodedings f the Countitutloard Convention show that the pur- Toge was fo provent the finprovilent fnercaro of per- zaaneut o fandid debt, and that by the wonds * debt unil ®dudebteduees * they did not mean 1o el de L Lilitius croated fn- cousequonce of approgtiations and dithin {lo Lusits of 1ho Teveuus uccruiug (0 meet them, On the T of Jannary, 1370, the Convention adopted the followiug resolution t Licwoleed, ‘That tha Auditor of this State to roquested 0 furaish 't tho Convention all the fnformation in his possesnion_upen the mibject of Stute, county, tow wiy, aud municipal indebiedness, sud slso alf corpoz- uto dnleltednees, i urvod noder ‘the laws i reiation 10 pubiic ¢rhools in this State, Tu comyplinnee with thi resolution, the Auditor svnt i astatement, No, 1, f the debt of’ ho State of Tlli- uois, a8 it ex1slcd b thy clows of thu Greal yoor euding Nov. 80, 1501, In tiis statoment s wpecited tue iunded debt, and the school, college, awd nemiuary fuuds, but none of tho largo liabalitiey covored by - | royrhatious trum ko fovetnion ax for priutlog and binding, and the erection of putlie Luldings, fuclud- ing the Hiate-Houne, Statement No, % showed tho dobt of cauntles, towns and towasbips, and eitis, classitled aulorranged with great cate, with a columu headed * Rallruad sabacrips tions not yet debin,” This statement also excludes all apjropriations and Usbilitios incurred u agticipution of thoanuual roventes. No objection wus ever made to this report for not tucludiig tho Appropriatfons aud temporary loans ada in auticipation of 1he revenucs, A Suon after the meeting of the Uonstitational” Cone sention, being a menbcr of that body, 1 introduced the fullowiny, with otlier propositions s : 8r, 4, Tazation by the Statesball bo mited to— per cent, by conntias to——per cent, by towus to T cen ud by citios and other municipalitics to——per_cent anuuclly of tho mmicksed valuo of property, Special nsscustents shall not bu wnreasou- able or excessive, 6xC.6, No county, ftown, city, or munleipal cor- oratfon, *hall bavs ‘puwer ta borrow money so us to nercaso s indeltedness to & aum beyoml — per centof the aygregnto asaceacd value of tho proporty wnbject Lo dta Jurisdiction, On sy motfon, this Nith section was referred to e Comalites on Btate, Couuty, and Munlcipal Indelte. news, oud was reportedback’ by them i the followlng farm, fn the cxat words of the Towa Coustiiution 3 8xc, 1. No county, «ity, municipal corporation, tawnalip ot schuol disirict, shall ba allowad 10 becoma Indebted, Ju sny mannur or for any prose, to un amount In the agreate ozceeding 5 por coutum o thie valuo of the tazablo property witinn such county, city, municipal corporation, township, or seliool di4: trict, much taxable property’ 1o Vo uacertafned by the Liit Stato aud county tax-lists previous to the tucurriug of nuch Indebtednoss, Auy county, city, Inunicipal corporation, lawaship, or schiool dlurict ibcurelug uny 1wdobtedness aa afures snfa ehafl, tefors or at the time of dolug 6o, provido for tho collectiun of . dirwct sunual tsx sutident to yuy tho fnteront on wuch dubt s 14 falls dao, und sl {0 1ay aud diceliarge the priveipal thereot within ten years fiom the thmo of coutractiug tho sam, It wan tinaily adopeed by the Convention, with the aididition of the words “including existing indebted- ness,” dnuerting “twenty years” instead of *ten years,” buy with no other niaterisl chango, “fho socond section uf tho report of 1he Committco on Biate, County, and Munielpal Tndebtodnens was ju theea words 3 Kec, o ‘e Btale may contract debla to snpyply easual deilciia or fallures In revenues, or 10 meet ex- Tetaes nol therwlss Lrovided fur, bt the egyreguto umouit of vuch debt, direct and Cuntiugent, whetker coutructed by virtue Of one oF more et of 'the Gen= eral Awscmbly, or at different poriods of time, shall HOVEE €Xcewi'the sum of §230,0u; and the Inoney arielng from the creation of such debta shall by bp- plled 10 tho parposs fur which it was obtaned, or to Fepay the duita wo coutracted, and to no uther pur- Pore whatever, Wailo thisvection way belug considered, Mr. An- thony watd, *Thu hiuguago here used fu 3 ¢ The Etato iy coutract debts, ., . an appropriation Ly the Leglstatury and w tax levid to mcet the samd, wottld 1ok be Includod in tula Language, ? Mr, tice usid : * Tho solo aud sl objeck af that provision ia that the General Assenibly shull not have the power 1o ilodge the credit of the Biate, or con- {ract debte {0 cxcess of dta Twources o ToveLucs aver aud shove §i50,000, . , ., “ 3y viow of that 14, ind 1 think 1t 1s o natural and ratioul wne, and 1da not see bow auy other can hu given of i that §t 18 Huitatiou, st upon thy ow s to appropriate, but 10 thu FOwcT to contract debie when we Lava not got the mioney tu pay them nor the nicans provided 10 rafiy 1 und” tiatia exactly what the languago mosw Alr. Coolbaugh—*" It 13 rfl‘l’«‘tly legitimate under that section for tho General Ameinbly 10 wake auy npe proplation, not exceeding in the aggregate the eatiuat- e amount’of the revenus to be Feceived duto the State Treadury during (ho term thot thods uppropriations are mmle ty cover,” Mr. Allen, of Urawford: low can the tienersl Asseibly vicate 8 debt growing out of deficlendics the revesue? 1t is by cxcecding the wnuunt of reve euus lovivd and collevted, ‘fhen ouly aifecs the Bucensity of contracting u debt by supply w o, « oo Wewsy to the Legivfture ! Y When you LiEUe appa Fialing uobey, 1o matter fur whit ) P, whitier for thu ordiiiary expenses of the Uny. eruintul, whalicr 10 dnterual inproveaients, or o the bullding up of ediiational fushitutions, you must yewanier that {f YU wppropriate 1o the vatent of 130,00 wora than” you have reveuue, of wil Lave Toveuus Ly thy Treasury 0 pay, you are Umited from 1 rtind, ge the gentlenan from borraw.ng money or fesuing bonds to supply that casunl -\.-Kcn neyt e THLE HECTION RELATING TO JUNICIPAD INDEBTED- 0 1 {ndobted,” fnel $olly ex) Tossione aro’ autatantlaliy tlie enme, A ihis soction conaliered AL, L it not decined neceneary 10 Iptatiat fully o entes 4 whell the A srctim w Tt the Fomarka of M N i Chilenian aking the report, gave & clear ang decisive construction o theeo words, which was not aftorwards questioned by any member of tho Conven- fon, M, Ualnes safds 4 Thin relatoa o the indehtedness of these mnndciral ecorporations, T du not unders witon (Mr, Ilwe) dovs, that if rrlates ta the orHuary expenses of thess eor= poratiors, 1 it bucomie nesesaaey to repair or rebutld 1 ride 1 hie own eounty, or 3 any other couuty, e soction doos not place any costrictlon upon ity o rehtoto §t i the Loast degrecy or 1o a eonrtehiomse, or any expense {hat a snnidpal eorporation cees il to tnear, or '”f' w tax for tho payment of darlug the samio year, It §n quite compe t under ihin acctton o dtear sich expensos, by thie rilo that hag been o3« tablixt:ed 1y tha courts'of the 8t A "y does not reach these ¢ it relates tothe fndet tedness of those corprratione, an whoin ik s a contract to bny a plece of propesty, aml pays his money, dischiarces the obligation amd thers 18 0o o cantainy the pli s crertoa dubt, B makes o contract, atdita the Lill, levien n tax, ond el Loctn it during the same year, paga for ftat he tio af the cimtract, and makes no delt at ol An idebfe ners faa eotitinulng obligation to pas at a futwrs da Thin provisfon 19 to reach a funded WAt Tt doca not teach the cann of thin eurrent expensea of these munies ipal corporations, In that view I think jtiaa very 1uablo provicion perliaps ¢ bt T aliould ke to sen ction go further, and prescrilo accordig to tho of our slatute, toalay; that mon.y for” enrrent reures’ miall mot be rabeed to excerd @ ecrloin per reutum during each year. 1 would hke to feo that principle engrafted upou thia Conatitution, And then 18 will be. comipyete (or mo. it thiy, fo nao's comman ensing, which lian been used #o 0ften that § may now e it mys=clf, {4 like Aglting o windmtll, Tndivlduals have tuotr fanncr of payment, which i on deliyers, M. al_corporations, i Shiitation of that, pay during thn Raral year, which fa pasment at the thmo of make fu the contract, and th.8 pravieion does ot relalo ta Lt yefuciplo of naponwes b all,” Alr, McCoy—ir, Chnlrman, §t was not the intention ommiites of which { hnve the honor to ba the Chufeman tu fntesfero with the awstments of any connty, city, munhipsl corporation, tuwnslip, or echool isirl 't £ e Stato for ordinacy expenses, but 14 (4 dealro 11 put & limitation and Fosirietion on o telncss, st that, If ereated, o 1 rosisfon should be made foF payment thereof, aud that the people do- mand, “The construction pinced unon this proviaion, by tho members of the Couvention, has Lecn fully AUSTAINED DY THE HIGHEST JUDICIAL AUTHORITY, The scction a8 reported from tho Gommitten o Manlelpal Tndottednees was copied verbatim from tlio Constitiston of the State of Tawa, The ouly material changs made by the Consention’ wan by adding the watda ¢ includiig exfeting indebtedncns, “Chic provi-lon nf tha Towa Constitutlon camo before tho ligheat trivnost of thot Blate, the Supreme Courl, and was adjudicatod apon by theim, ut the Juno teri, 1933, on appeal from the Seatt District Courl, fu tho v’ of Grant ve, The Uity of Davenport, zeportod in 6 Tawa Roparts, . 195 “Ihie was at action brought by James Grant and others, cftizens and tax-pusern of the City of Daven- [Tty ngaint the nafd clty nud orhers, to restrain tho city’ from earryiug futo effect n cortaln ordinance Farked by (o cits, Dec, 4, 133, on tbo ground that the sald ordinanes 18 tucoustitutional, becausc §¢ createn Lirgor det ¢ than the Conatitution allows, ete, “Chie valuation of raid eity for Stato and connty pre- posen wan leas than $4,000,000, The debt was £1.0,00, e, 1 of the ordinaiico grants to certatn partfes the exclumive privilego for twenty-fivo years, snd an eqinl Fristiogo theredior with all Oilicrs, of wupplying the clttzuun of pald eity with water, Ste, 11 providea for payment to matd compatiy, by thio city, of an annual Tental of €89 for cach fire' by- dreant for tho Arat five yesrs, £:0 for thy recond ivo yours, £30 for the thind five Years, and $10' theronfter, Juytatuts to bo mode wemi-annusily 3 tho rent of satd Uydrants 10 comnenco us SUul 08 sald WU Lydrauts are ready (o5 50, Thio. \lefendanis demurred o tho petition of e pitutins i error. Tho Court below sustatned the demuerer, to which Tuling tho plaintiffa excepted aud appealed, C, Whittaker, for the appeliunts, cited Beott ve, City of Davenpwrt, 1o ahow that *a debt 1s created Wiy o emion Libds Limself to p cy to auothor, party Lecomies indebten whet be uanters into an obllg tion'to pay. A deltor dn one who owes u iiebt, he Wia istrained to pay what Bo owen," d alo tint tho ordinanco created n dobt, Sntatution does not way that & municipal cor. poration vhsil nut become fndcbted by bund or note, DUt it says, 118 Biy WARLLE OF fOF ALY PUrpOsE,” The opinion of tho Court was given by Judge Cole, who sald ¢ Our Constitntion declares thot “no munieipal cor- poration ehall b alivwed to become Indnbted in any fuALner, OF OF ANy PUFLOSO, to 0 dntount, in tho ud- greiato, excecding b por contum on the valuo af iho tazablo Property within such_corporatiou, to bo ascere 1afued by the lavt Btate and _counity tax lintd, provions to the ncurring of such hudebtodutan.” (Conutitutio Art, 11, Bec. 8.) Tho pluntirs aver in thelr petition the amotnt f thy taxablo proports, sod atas tho amonut of tho clty indehtedness npon donds execnted | i compromise of u provionw bonded delt, snd snow Ly cxpress averment 1at to present ndetteducss of the cliy 13 In excust of the coustitutl mal Lmit, direct queston f3 therfore procented, whetlie ordiusues sud ita acceptance, which togetuer cousti- tute a contract, create un indobtedness by the city, in te Setita of (hat word 38 Used in the Constitntion, Mo hisve heretofory recognized and adfdicated the right und duty of & clty 10 retain sud appiy it currout reventies to tho payment of fta proper utid ordinary curtent expenses, " Tho right o tlus apply the cur- rant revenues to thy defraying of ordiuary expensce is grounded upon iho fact that such o courso b+ abso- Intely neesseazy to the Ifo of thy nunielpality snd ta tho wicecasful secotpliehnient of thy purgoas of ita creation, Aug appropriatiou of these revsuues, thero. fore, whethee by ordinance or by contract, to the pay— mentof the ordinary expeuss, would 'bo, beyoid «question, 1t seems to us, both reasouable aud proper, And if tho the apyroprisiion was nuudy i wiviag of the recelpts 01 the revenues, tha action would bo Just as Irghtimte; buesuse that tid rovennies wiil e recelved 180 legal certainty, And agatn, 3 tho sppropriation Wau 1.4 In 0dvance £0 puy Tur fervices to b rendored or artirles 1o bo furulshed, within the scopo of Jroper and ordimsry expenses, 1o pagment $o bu mads upon 1Lo renditiois of thy services of thy dehivery of tuear- i, o iestiou could ariso a8 1o ths propricty or lity uf such o course, regardless of the fas shether the eity wus dndebtod 10 its max-mun linit or uot; and tuis Lozaust the rigbt of the cliy o thun apply fte revenues, notwithstanding $ts indebtednens, in i part of the well-settlod and exprossly-ud)udicated Jaw uf the § G o 11 it enu duduce individuata or o corparation to con- struct and matutain such wirks for the use and bew it of thy municipality sud $is inhabitants, aud can & Just und £abr rent, a6 agreed, out of i’ curreut 1o eDuics, 0d e alao, oul Of such Feventes, jy i other ondiusry cjenses, we cal vy 10 suiliciout reason for Lolding (b3t an agreemeit to pay much rent, eflher weekly, monthly, quarterly, or_ubnually, cristes u Irdebiodness apadnnt tho city, 18t did’Create an & debteduoss, thel su ordinisica providing for th pa ment of the salariva to 1ho ofticcrs uf tho cfty Wit alwo creato an indobtodutes, aud would be inyalld, whero the maximun of indsbledness bus olio Loed Teachied, And such a construction would adao render invaud evory coutract for the dslivery of lumber to £pade o ridge or a ridewslk, or for the employment of & Liborer 10 work thereon, From theso jllustrations, as well 8y from the plain atd practival meaning f ke langunge of thu coustitu- tiunsl tubifbiting, the true rulo sud just iutorprutatinn fu oyulvead, to-wit s that when the coutract mude by thy mnnlagal curporation pertan to i ordinary ex. Penses within: tho Jimit of {td current revonues, aud witch wpecisl taxes aa §t may logally ond fu good falth {utentt 10 levy therefur, auch coutract oo wot cunsti- tuty *the licurring of an Jadebtedueas ¥ within tue sncaning of the coumtitutional proviaions, Dively ve, the Town of Cedar Falls, o7 lowa, =27, , , Upon a full examination of ths case, wa god, a8 di2 (ho loarned District Judye, taat 1o right of sction ex- irts, and thereforo order thut thio judgment of the Dis- trut Court be allrwed, Wichout protracting the argument further, I think it 15 clrar beyond queation that our temporaty luans are fully authorized by the Coustitution uud iawe of the Htate, vonstitute & Just and valid vl sgainet the ¢ity, und should bo repald with scrupulous ddelity sy thsy mature, Judgo Dickey Las submitted this report and his opiuivu to the ifon, C. 1, Liwreuco, e3-Chlef-Jtrtice af thy Bugrets Couc, tha Hon, W, C. Goudy, B, ¥, Ayor, Esn,, Gbarles i1, Morse, Esq., Fraucia 5, Pea IWGL Esij., the Hou, Cbarles Hitclicock, resident of tho lite Constftutional Conventlou, snd e lon, C, Heckwith, ex-Judge of the Bupremns Coust, gentiemen of tho highest sanding o the legal profcseton, und (liefr responses upjroving our voustruction of, the Costitution are presentod Lerewlih, lesgectfully subimitted, B, 8, Haves, Compiruller, e B LEGAL OPINIONS, THE CURPONATION CUUNSEL, OITY Law DUvaABTMENT, Citicauo, Aug, 31, 1675,— The Hon, 8, 8, Hayes, Comptraller : In suswer to your fetter of Aug. 47, lust,, reforriug (o the supposed legal effect of Bee, 13, Art. 1X,, of our Constitution, 1pun the practice of Lorrowing monvy from Hime to thmo (for o timo not louger than 10 the et of June next thereafler), for waking monttly or atber pay- suente, required to by 1made befure the collection of taxes of any glven year, as provided for in Bee, 23 of the act on that subject of Fel, 15, 1885, amcuded Ly Bee, 7 of 1ho sut of April 19, 1803, T beg leava to say 3 Thatus Tunderstand thle practice, (¢ b werely o mode of applying the tazes of auy given year to the current expenses of (hst year, 10 b, Ly wa doiug | Ak the ity does not therehy * become fndebted in ANy manner oF for Ay prrpos Ia the sense of theso wurils a9 use:l {n that weotion of the Uonwtitution, A provision fs found i the Constitution of the Ntate of Jows whiclt, in au faT o8 cotverns thla question, Ju the preciso words used {u our Cousttution, "The suclion dn our Conslitutivn L3 1 these words; % No [county, city, (Owisbip, school district e other] myutedpal enfporation shall bs allowed ts becomie Jue debted, dn ouy swbuce or for Ay purfose, Lo an amounig (lnduding extetiug jodebteduses) fa (ho aggreipats exceading 8 per cent ot ths valuo of the 8ble pruperty (thurem], 40 Le ascertajued by the last {asrtestucnt Tor Stuto and county taxes] previous 1o the sneurriug of such indeleducns,” Ahe funguage of tho Lows U titutfon is by the same words, ez duding the words T hive placed i Lrackets, st subklitutisg the Wwords ** withiy wuch corporation,” ustead of the word *thereln,” aud also subtitubing the words * Bea AL county -ty imatean (f 1o wordy * avs Bicut foF Staty sud connty tazes,” uscd in our Coust tuidon, There §a uo ditference whatever ju the moan- {ug audl forve of tho two Coustitutony, aud the pub- tlatico bf tha lavguisgo 16 the: xaino. Thu queation of tho true lexal foterpretation aud counirution of thi provixien Ls becy disposed of by the §yremu Court of lows, I 8iu not wwaro of suy dociaiun of vir Bupreiu Court on the quastion, but THE BEABUNING OF THE BUPBEME COUNT OF 1OWA 800 coar aud cogeat buat thers ¢au bu Lits duuby ae to what one Conet whil 0y 4 ever called upon to pars | uph tho same, . “The Hupronn Court of Tows, In the raee of Qrant va, the Clity of Davenport, ¥ith Tows I8, 401, Liys ¢ duen aemonnd nw that everr elty, witliot seseard 1o the awmaunt of Ha i lebtedinns, 4a the Lovan et o sp- Ply A enerent feventted 10 tho payment of i proper add ondinary current cxpenses, ol that such appro. priation of (o Fevonties may fawtally fo mado in ad- vanee of the collection of the revenue: That caew velated ton coutrut with the Dagenpart Wator Company ta firnish (i city with waler for twmty-five yeurs, for annusl ine nliments, o b pasd Ly the ciry, beglommg with 104 8 year, providing o Ualilly o pay {0 the ag- @regate A amonnt whid, would go beyond the cousti- tutfonst mis, ‘The Gourd hiolda that & supply of wab £ §8 neceasnry anil tle cost theroof corwes prapeely undor the head of Hardinary expensos ;" tiat i Lo inataliments 1o bo paid under 2ict o contract ean (with the vther beceasary cutrent cxpenses of tie city) bo patd ont of it carront TOFehuGe, iho cotitrned ta . Kaels (ntallments does not constitute au ludebteduess widin tho meantng of the Canstitation, Tho Court uay that (e truo rulo evolved trom the ntitution f4 that wiore n coutract pertatns o tho ordinary exp nses of the city, and the payments to bo auade unler it ara (together With other [(ko ourrent ex- penteen of tho clfv) within the limit of the curront res- cnuvs of the city, and such Apectal fates we it may Ieyally Tovy, amifu goed faith {ntondn to lavy thores for, siich coutract dova nob constituts * the fncurring of idebtoduons ™ within {ho nicautug of the Conatitu ton., "Tho Court ay, in_mibatanes, that any othee view of tuis conuitutichal provielan wonld reuder void in all caxcn an ordinance providing for tho payment of tho 1aries of thio elty oificrn wharo tho clty 1a nltcady fn. lited o fta maximum Liunit, anud tiat upon the ground at the agrecment to pay salncien constitutes an in- dobteduens 3 thut any oilier view of the Coustitulton wonld i nil cares, wherea elty in indobled to lts cons atitutional maxfinmy, render invalil every contract for_munterial of labor to mako tho luasd repadr of n bridge, sidowalk, or mirvet, Bowever neceraary, aud thin afthouih tha current reventies of the clty were ainplo to pay all ts enrrent and ordinary experires ; and that undor any oflier consteetion, a ¢ty (already’ indebited 1o the copstituti mal limit) conld not o ntrict for o uire of (o most toveaniey public by R prior fevy nml cof'ection of ade Ly flia city 1 i without ho revenues and the de- Posit of the funds §n the trensurs, Fue Court kay that tae Constitlon does not moan thl, WHERE A CITY, ALREADY LAWFULLY INDEDTED, gives o bond providing for e futuro pagmient of ich debt, this dous not vreate witeh deht ; nor would it cro- nte o new debt within the meaning of the Constitution, if the city alrcady owing & lawful dobt shonld borrow meney s pay tho old dobt therowith, 1y w0 dolug the ity wonld not *hecomo fndebted ™ i tho senrs of the Conatitution, The form of the fndebtedness mercly fn clianged, but a dobt {8 not crosted, Tha appileation of rever process of collcctlon, to thy yayment of the cutrent ordiunry cxpenans of n eity, fu advance of fha colice- tion, in meraly disposing of & clicse fu action which the city alrady sy and a city by 20 dolng does ot “ hiecoma dudebted * m tho Kenise of tha Const:tution, 11, therefore, theelty bas Lecomo lawfully labis to any ot for auy part of itd ordinary and nocessary cire rent expenees, and tho uniollected revenuo anticipated s sutlicient to cover this sl other necessary current oxpenscn, the cily moy Jawfully give to such person a wrltton promiso 1o pay such liabiilty at suy tinw not beyond tue Iat day of tho nest June; or thocity may lanfully make 3 L mporary loan of some other porson awd with the money borrowed pay such ifability, at RI¥0 to tho lender & writton promlss to pay the woney 10 Lim on or befors tho then next June, aiid by £ du- ing the city dova niok % become indobted ™ in the seuse forbidden tn the Conatitution, "Tho conditiuns emential o tho logality of o trans action are, (it the money s to be applied t somo jortion of the ordibary o ficcesmary urrent expenses of tho clty, and_ that this Mability” (togethur witt, the otlier ordifiary and necessars current vxpeuscs of the city for that year) doon not cxceed tho current revonues of the cfty anticipated for that year, Tho city olficers anthorized Dy law to transact such business aro necessarily the persons authorized Ly law to Judgo aud detormiuo whothor tho essentlsl condi- tlons exlst, aud the Jender need not lovk furthor, 1t in suficient for tho validity of such lowts certiGcates, fn tho hads of hons tide huiders, that they havo been’fs- nued by thie proper oillcers, ‘Fhis latter principle an Teen {horoughly cetablisied by repeated: decisions of the Bupremo Conrt of thy Unfted Statos, Roapectful- by, % Lyrs Dicwey, Counsel to tho Corpuration, OTUER OPINIONS, In my opinfon the construction of tho Copstitution presenicd In (he foreguing communications of tho Comptroller and the Cauusel L0 the Corporation i3 the Lruo legal interpretation thereof, ¢, 13, Tawnexce, IV. U, duuny, I 1 suis 1, PrApoDY, Cianwes livucocs, CrmcAdo, Sopt. 8, 1878,—1he Ion, T, Lyle Dickey— DranBin: 3 retirn your opinion with the jndores. ment T do not «ee that there can bo a reasonable doubt about tho queation, Youra truly, CiuAntes IHTCHO0CK. Citt0Aao, Bopt. 4, 1873,—he Hen, T, Lyle Dickey— Dean S s T bave carefalfy perused the “opintna of yoniraclf and tho Hon, S, 8. Layes, Comptrolicr, In ro- Hard to city tudobtediions, ¢te, 1 hiave given a curefal Fetlevtion (o theeulieat 0 which they relate, L fully CONCuE With you i your views, Itxspaetfnll Cutantis 1L Sousr, Cintcago, Bept. 4, 1975,—The HHon, T Lyl Dickey, Corruratiun Cainsel City of Chicago—DEan Sun: 1 hiave exaniined the communication of the Hon. H, H, Hayew, Compiraler of the City of Chicago, relativo to tho power of tho rity to Lortow tuoney, and_your opininn iu reforenco ta tho Fame subject, ahd can say, wubstantially fa the language of the Supreroe Court of {ho Stato of lowa, Wat L Line nu doalt that tho city Jina the lawful right to apply ite current Tevenuca (o thie payment of itk proper and ordinary current ox- peusod, uud tuat such appropriation of the revenucs Iuay lawfatly be made tn ndvauce of ther collcetion, The appropriation of kuch revenues by a tempurary foan based thercon i not, i my Judgment, an tudebie edness within the meaniug of the coustitutiona) pro- viKtou prohititing the incurring of Habilithes beyoud o cortn nwount, - L am very truly, your oledient rer- vaut, Likgrwisn, EQUALIZATION. TTow the State Board Purposes to Tuck It on to Cook County—% Lersonnl Quarrol, Npe-iat Dispateh to The Chi-ago Tribune, searsarter, 11, Sopt. 8.—In the Board of Equalization this afternoon, tho Commtteo on Perdonnl I'roperty made a report of additions apd dedoctions, Tho Committee sad 86 por cont to porsonal property in Cook County. ‘Theso rororts biavo yot to pass throngh tho Com= miiteo on Goneral Lqualization, and the figures will bo materially chavged. In foct, the reporty aro only a basid from which a porfect report {s to bo made. Thus far, individual Committeca ou Lauds add 70 per cout to tho lands iu Coals, 653 por ceut to town lots, aud 60 as above, But, 1 each of these reports, o surplus or doflclency has boen created, which, in the langungo of adopts iu oqualization, must be #pread back over tho countios in oach clags, 8o that no relinble report can bo given until ic posscs through tho hands of the Goueral Com- mistes on Equalization. The Railrosd Commic~ teo eannot report natil to-morrow, and then the report will be imperfect, like the others. The Committeo on Capital Btock muat await tlio completion of all ather roports boforo it can oirly get to work, It ia thought tho Ioard wiil Temaiu two weeks fonger at foast. Duiing the scasion this moroing, Mr.Whitnoy, of Du Page, arone to a quostion of rriviloge, at read frout tho Times of Saturday what purport- o 10 bo a statemont mada by 3r. Dorickson, in which Lo said the Btato loard had formod a ring to swindlo Cook County, and that tho other mowbors from Cook wore in the ring, Alr, Whitney thien asked Ar, Dorickson i Lo mado the statomont, Mr. Derickson said ho never made any such statemont Lo & reportar, Mr. Whitnoy usked him If ho made such & statentent to tho County Board. Mr. Dericksog said bo did not, sud that Mr. Whittioy wus no gontleman or Lo would lLave como to him outaido the Soard aud asked bim to explain the matter, Mr, Whituoy said the chargo was & public ous, and he wanted s public answor, Alter tho Doard adjourned Mr., Derickson walked around to Mr. Whitney's dosk aud ox- citedly shook his Ost in bis face and said; * You aro s{h\r. bir, and daro not rescnt it Mr, Whitnoy responded s ¢ You nre a jackass, and syerybody kuowa it.” Tho yaarrel went ou, but terminated without & personal coliision, Alr, Darickson this aftornoon expresses regret for the lauguago ha used, wud uays he was lud to It under oxeitement, 1wduced by the bolief that AMr. Whitner wos attompting to galn some ad- \'uull:u;n for Dubage Couoty st the oxpenso of Cook, 3ir, Whitney thinks himself Justifiod in at- temptiog to make AMr. Dericksun admit the charge against him or dony it, and thus relieve ;hu‘lwud lrum aspersions which bo thioks un- ust. NEW YORK CELEBRATIONS, New Yous, Sopt, 2 (Lo birthday of Lafay- ¢etto iu boing celobratod by Frouch aud Amorie caw citizons af the Buburban Park. ‘Tho five duys’ festival of the Platto Deutschiers wad begun tlns morning by a xrand streot pa. rade and roview by the Mayor aud Aldermen and Gorman Consal, ™ Defegations are bero from Clicago, Milwuukeo, aud other citwa, 5 miete, e S s THE TEXAS EDITORS, Special Dispatch to The Chteado Tribune, Fony Wayxe, Ind., Sept, 6.—Extensivo propa. ations aro being made liers for the reception and cuterialbmeat of the Texaw ed:torial ex- curelon, which will atrive at 2 o'uiock to-morrow afternoon from Chicago. The visitors will be takon to tho luading pointy of interost abiout the city, and i the eveuiny a grand ball sud ban. quet will tako place. EPTINBIR - 7, 1875, TCURRENT GOSSIP, WRART, Hanrd fn Ty basorn heating Fiorca nvn ower ab bag, er thy rale ref o1 ing, ulre, il teny retresting, #hall thy Lufug sway Ovee my will, and under, Fituhily ki aid slave, Humetinies 1 heat ioe thiinder, Homatlu v Laitor an | Ll Cluea to tho waiting gr Oft In the teantiful acaon, Tnst oo 1hont art, al wild 3 L Wilh ICYeE ® roasoty uFnent nind doest mo treason, Treating the man a8 a child, Cold when passion ta burning, Qutek when T uigh for rest § Rindivr uf periehed yearning, Curb ad governtent spuriiig, Thou art tord of tho breast, cmieaon. 3.1 8, MARRYINQ OF COUSINS, A poputar beliof Lina long provailed that the marrioge Of firat cousins 18 attended wilh lamentablo reeults in tho insanity of their isane, This belief 1 not warranted Ly the facts, Tho 1ast numbor of the Forinightly Heview dontaine nn article Ly Mr. Ueorgo Darwin on ** Matriages Between First Cousins,” giving tho results of somo researehes ho has recently made among tho tirsl-cousin marriagea of the upper classos of Lngland, There aro incidontally brought out somo slatiutics worth repeating, such as that, in ovory 79 marrlages fn Engiaud ouo js & Smith ; 076, nJoues; In 115, 8 Williama s in 143, a Taylor; in 103, a Davia: In 174, n Brown; in 529, & Grifiths. In fact, it is upon theso pro- portioun of fifty of the commonest names ho bares all bia succoeding caleulationa. Having found 10 por cent of mar.iages botween prople of tho mamo uamos, Lo determines wlmlrrur cent of theso aro muwringes between firat cousing, and agafn wha!. propottion theso Lear to thoso betweon firs! cousius of differont namos. His investigationa ho confines to Durke'a # Peerago " nod tho landed ruutry of Logland and Ireland, rod diedovers 57 per “cont of samo namo firat-cousia marringes, which is lus tirst fuctor, Ilis accond bo ecures through ciroulars mailed to tho kame clasaes, provided with blanka to bo filold, taking caro to avoid receiving the same soformation ihrough difforent channols ; and though the atatistica ho receives manifestly must bave beon incomplete, ho toels warranted in taking 23{ per cent as tho proportion of diffor- ont-namo livst-cousiu marrisges, From theso ho determicos that the proportion of first- conuin marriages taall other marringosis 44 per cont., a parcentage slightly incrensed amonys the uppor clossos and lowercd amoug tho coms mon pooplo. 1o then proceods to the asyluma to discover whether such marriages aro iujurions, In this inquiry lio Aoemsa to bave beon Yery ably socoud- ed by the physicians, but his tabla of obsorva- tions appended ure not very irfsclory. ‘lho testimony of the phyeiciany vatics, but propon- derates ngniust tho popular belief, Dr. Howden goox §0 far as to pay: ** Noither in insanity por in any abnormal propensity do two plus two mako four; thore s always another faclor at work neutralizing intonsifioation sud bringing things back to tho normal.” On the other hand Dir. Crichton Brown says that two plus two make moro thau-four, and that even peisona of sim- ilar temporamonta should not marry. ‘Tho ine vestigation, Mr, Darwin thinks, showad that, in Innatic and idiotic asylums, probably betweon 3 and 4 per cont of the patients are the children of first cousius, and in tho caso of donf-muten thero i8 no avilence that tho percentage is any grestor than that of the gouoral population. Coucerning tho doath-rato of tho children of firat-coustn marnagos Mr. Darwin turned again to the **Peerage,” nnd in a careful oxamination of thirty-soven families. too small o total upon which to baso satisfactory statistics, there ro- majued but the shaduw of evidenco that tho children of firat-consin marriagoa possoas a slightly lowered vitality, which under favorable couditious would show no ill offects. ‘I'his, he sayn, 18 in accordance with Lis father's experi- monts with iu-bred plants, which suffer no dtorioration when allowod plenty of good soli and room, but perish or becoms_ stunted in compotition with other plants, Finally, bis opinion is that while cortain maladios do take hold more easily of the offspring of first-cousin marringes, tho ovil has Leon vastly overratoed, Whilo Mr, Darwin has writton an sritclo, Mr. Huth, undoterred by tho diflicutties which bave beset marrisgo with uven tho docensed wite's si- tar, haa written a book, * Marriage of Near Kin Consrderca with Itespect to tho Laws of No- tions : the Rasults of Experience the Teschings of Biologv.” with a vicw dircotly to leginlation, In this gentleman's opinion existing probibitians arebut rolica of asceticism. Tho tirat part of the worl is historical, ¢ quotes Jeromy ‘I'ay- lor, who say» tho earlier the times tho more lb- orty there was of marriago with kin, and passcs iv review Bgypt, whero a man might marry his vister; Persia, where it was honoiable to marry his mother, aod tho Islo of Wight, wheros mAn i8 permitted to marry his niece. Of the genorat theory that tho marriagoes of blood relatives aro fujurious, it is bhis opinfon that ovils have boen ustily accounted for in that way becauso they could not be satisfactorily oxplained otbermwa, “Mr, Huth follows Mr, Darwin's cx- poriments among plancs and tho lower animale, Lut arsivos at different cosciusions, The benefit of ciousos he regards rather as romoviog in- herited diseases—it is nogstive, not positive, In his view thoro are nv grounds for believing con- sapguineons marringes injurious, whilo tho ten- doncy of restriotion on general grounds iu hure~ ful, and ho ineints that 1t is uot advisable to ox- tend tho prohibition agaiust marriage beyond the third collatoral degreo, nud to permit sl i riages of alinity excopt in tho direct necond- ing and desconding liney READY WIT. Appletons’ Journal bas some curlous instavcen of good things eaid at tho right timo. Horo aro BOWIO pCCimens ¢ A certaiu loarned man being congratulated on his talout for small talk, said : ** 1t has cost me moro effort and study to schiove small talk than to conquer tho higher mathemasica, but I felt the desperate want of it, and weni atitas a study.” ‘Theodoro Hook was sn inatance of the power of readiness, Ho had the talent of an impro- visalore, aud could mako verses to order. He was asked what waa tho chief objection to din- fug alono, * Why, tho bottlo comes round too often,” safd ho, Ou being told that he muet write something for the Knghshman ou the death of tho Kinj sud Queen of the Bandwich Islands, ho immedi- ately wrole : ** Walter | two Bandwiches," sald Death, Aud their wild Majestion resigned their breath, John Van Burén was a mantor of repartee. In making a speect, he drow a picture of the avil effects of o cortain monsure, which would bo suro to defost tho enndidate, Bome sntagonistic politician said : **Who did that in 18487 Van &mun remomborod inetantancously that his il- luatrious father had done that very thing, but Lia quick wit waved him. Idon't rememhor thio gentleman's v nmu"‘ sald Lo, “bat L eulukit loet him bis election " A gootloman who hated cold weather maid: “It1s ouo of tho many inducements toleada bad ife that the dreadful place is 80 comforta- hli heated." appy was that London gentlemsan into whose houso Theodore Hook itruded with Mr. Terry on a wager, and, after diniug and making tho compauy acho with lsughter, 4at down and eang anunprovised ¥ong, suding with tho words: Wo are very much plessed with our fare, Yonr celfar i as good aa your cook ; iy frlend iu e, Lerey, tlo piayer, And 1 am Mr, Theodoro ook, Accident somatimes brings about a very good pun. A lady sitting in a drawing room playiog with a kitton : a gentloman entored with & print of Correggio's poturs of the * Magdslen with the Bkull,” ‘T'bo lady ssils “8ce, sho has the wamo attjtudo ay wy kiton.” ** Yes," enid le, *and, like her, shy is thiuking over hur fore paws (fauzx pas).” Here {8 o utory of Madame de Biaal's laige fovt. Bhe went {o a faucy ball as Afinerva. * How shull you hnow your goddess " sad ove of Lier aamirors to suothier, ** P'ar le pied-do- Btucl,"” way the respouse. Ilad she goue other- wido thau as s goddess she would not Liave need- ed & pedestal, Aftor Gon., Beott's famous **plate of soup,” somo wit dubbod him ** Marshal Turcen,” BETH WRIGHT'S BHEEP, In the year 1741, thore was a farmer of the pame of Beth Wright in Masyachusetts, who Lad & tlook of sheop consisting of & ram and domo twolvo or thirteou ewes. Of thie Oock of awes, ano ut the vrecdiug-time bore s lamb which wea vory ingularly formed: It bad a very long body with very short legs, and thoua legs wera powed, It this peculiar build had preseutod no practical utilivy, it would probably bave dissppested in time—gomo of tha oifspring of the lamb inquos- tiois would have ionarited thair parent's struct- ure, but successivo udinixturoas with the mormal ‘must havo audvod grestly distrossed. T typa wonld bhavo gradnnlty effaced the oxcoption, It a0 happoned, howovor, that in that part of Massachunctta whoro Seth Wright was hvine, the ficlds wero soparated by fomcee, aud, a9 the sheep wero activo and tobust, they often overlesped theeo fonces to Atray into thn noighboring farms, eausing theroby mueh bick- ermg and quariel. It oconrrad, therefore, tu Betl Wright, who sas, like lis siccssora, moro or leen cute, thal if ho coulil pot a stock of sheep itle thoma with the bandy legs, they would not Le able to jump nyor the fencen no rondily, and e neted upon this idea, 1o killod his old ram, and aa soon 88 the young ono arrived st matur- ity Lo bred altogellior from it. Tho offspning, #0 uro tol. were alwaya eitlier pure Ancons (tho how-leggod tyjio) or puro ordiunry shoop. Seth Wright kapt the two tspins carofully apart, nud Mlowed the Ancona only to breed with ono another. In conrequonico of this, the farmer was ablo in the course of a very fow years to pat a conulderablo flock of thia varloty, aul if tho Merino plicop introdaced a ehort tita later find not proved more ndvaulageous in all resnects, the Aucon breed woudd probably atill cover Mas- eachusotis,— Westminster Review. THE GREATBICYCLE JOURNEY, Apnrt from the artificinl oxcitoment of » wagor thero in somo amonnt of romantis (ntercst at- taching to the announcement that Me. Nmirns sct out on Thureday morulng upon his bieyelo on hia long Journey from Vienna to Panis, Tho dis- tance is 670 miles, and the route,s following that of the Hungariau Lioutenant who performed thio same foat Inst yoar upon a eluglo horse in fiftoan days, will lio through Ems, Mauich, Stuttgert, Btrasbourg, aud Naucy. Mr. Nairna hopes to accomplish his undortaking In at Inaat one-third loga time ; aud looking to what had already been achieved by akillful bioycliats, wa ace littlo reanon to think him over sanguwe. It is an establishad mazim that evon hinman pawer would beat that of & Lorso in the long run, Dr, Kitehmer, 10 hiy “Travoller's Oracle,” & work of authorily in pro-ruflway days, lays down tho rulo of 20 milos aday forn horso tor the firat two days; and thou, if ho fa a good ono, 30 or 4v, witha rest on tho fonrth |hf-, to givo him timo to recover his spirits, Twico much an mmount of work in tho samo period wonld certalnly not tiro & kitiful velocipede-rider vory mueh, ‘I'ao Ilun« garian oflicer rodo 40 miles & day ; but his lm‘r{m Mr. Nairna proposes to ride continuonsly about (0 milea s day, 1Ile starts, moroover, in tho heats of August, no amsll consideration in Bonthern Europo, whoroas the [luugarian traveted in No- voinber. Of courae Mr. Nairns will ride onlv in carly morning and in tho cool of tho avemng ; Lo wifl bo troubled uoither to flud atabling uor fodder for his steed ; aud, with a faw haudy tools, will bo ready for most accidents. Alto- gother, tho bicyelo may now cfaim to hiave risen from tho position of a toy to that of n useful supploment to man's misorably dofectivo moans of locomotion, 1t f8 truo thot a weat on o bi- oyele is, in soma peoplo's oyen, o little undigni- fied 5 but mfradiy., as Hood says, dopends very muceh upon whero a man * plants his dig." Sinco an ox-Chancoffor of tho Exchequer has shuwn that ho can presorve & Lalanco ot a vehicle of this kind, thoro i npo reason why the bicyele aliould not bogin to gather vven dicnitiod avsaci- ations, though our huraos uulrmuunwl{ atill ro- gard thoso machiues with distrust, and n wholo population of ieyele-ndors wonld Do rather an slarming spectaclo.—London News, A _HISTOAICAL LEG, All the Year Round says : Tho Marquis of An- glesea’s leg was for somo yoara almoat as fanious a8 the chivalrous Marquis himself, so far supe- rior was it to anything that had previously boen producod for a seimilar purpose. This galiont officer hiad o log shatiered by a canunon ball at the battle of. Waterlao ; hoe underwent two am- piintions, ono on the battle-ficld by an army surgoon, the other by Mr. (afterward S8ir Evorard) Ifome, after hia return to Englaud, Thon Mr, Gray sct to work. e took a cast in wax of the stump of tho poor unfortunato log, transforrod -tho impression to tough and light degiceated willow, and ingeuionsly introdnced strings of catgut fo roprosont that (so-called) tondon of Achillos, which gives elasticity and propelling power. It is s great thing to say that tho log rotainod ita proud position for near- ly forty = vears, until tho Murquis, a8 o venerablo Iiold-Marsual, closed bis carcor at the ago of 85—not tho same leg, of courso; for an artificial log, like n boot, will woar ont fu courso of tims, As exparienco grew and further observations wore made, the uriginal Anglesea leg graduaily made way for a better. ‘The Marquis looked 8o well on harssback that the adwmiring pablie conld eoarcely bolieve ono of his logs to bo arsificial, Tao string of catunt at tho Lack of tho heel oxtended tho foot wheu straightenod ; s spring inserted 1n the luntep litted thio tors from tho gradnd when the leg bont in walking. Novertholess, Naturo lind not sufllciently dwitated in tho first Angleson lag; thero was no lateral motion in the ankle-Jolut ; tho wonrer conld not walk on nnoven ground without oxporienctng an uupleasant amount of Jar and strain, Moreover, thera was too much cresk and rattle with the metal-worl, and tho wearer bad Lo keop near at hand a pmall oil-can, wherowith to lubricato his jointd, Theso incon- voulonces were got rid of ‘ano by une—a groat improvemert being the introduction of a balt- and-socket unkle-jolnt, and another boing the substitution of india-rabbor for metal in Bome of tho pats, HAPPY PATT, ‘The Boston Journal's correapondent in Paris Roesips nbout a world-famous diva. An in- dircreot French correspondent eayes ho haw vigi- ted Dioppo rocently sud gathered the following dotails sbout Adolina Patts, who 18 roposiug thers from tho fatigaes of the recent London senson. Sho necds repose, for whilo in London " tho sang {u eight concorts, twenty-ouo operas, nccepted forty invitations to dinner, and aseisted at Lwonty-fivaballs, ‘Che correspondont Informs us that Patti'a facility for ewudy hios 8o greatly iucroasad that slie fads 1t posslble to leatn in & fow weeks a zole which others blunder over for monthy, Bbo alroady knowa thirty-four operas from boginniog “to end, When sha is studying, her babit i3 not to ming aloud tho rolo which sho wishes to learn. Bhe either reads or hums it, Even her accompanist ofton caunot hear hor volco on thess ocousions, It is tho unme at roliearsals, Ouly ut the (st geand genotal rehenrsnl doos sho condencend to wing with bor full volco, 8he goea to bed late and is up early ; at tablo follows no special diot, but onts boartily threc times dwly, and drinks Bordoaux and champagne Iruoly without any offect upon her volco being peorceptible, not- withatauding Eonulnr improsaian tuat singers sbould not use them, MHer supper {s usually sorved abont midoight. Tho dave when sho sings in opera she dines several Lours before she appears on the acago, and gonorally looks aver her rola for half an Liour baloro golog upon the stage, DEAD TO THE WORLD, A young and beautiful French ghl has junt taken tho veil, and retired to a convont, under singularly romsutio circumstances. Milo, de la ‘Tour is & daugliter of cno of the most illustrious Yrench families of tho provincos, Bhe wasat lior fathor's chateau at the time of tho Prussisn Invasion, and, huving been griovously iusulted by a German officer quartored in the house, sl took a knife and killed him. Bha was, of couruo, surrendered to the Uorman military authoritics, was triod by court martla), condamued to death, and would bavo been shot bad wot tho Crown Princo of Prusi Froderiols Charles, secured ber pardon, Uroken {n health and spint, she wade all hasto to take. the vell which shuts hor out from the world forever. The IFreach talk of ouralilug Ler in the kcllm?' ot itlustrious French women, and may possibly erect & monu. taout 13 hier honor. JERSEY MOSQUITOES. A Now Jeruey Grauger heard s groat nolsa among bis oliickens the othor evening, says tho Norristown lerald, and thinging thieves woro dospoillng hia roost, Lo pushed out with von- goauce in his eyo and a shot-gun In Wa band, but discovered 0o one about. Then he countod his fowis, but instexd of soma being missing, he found six mora tusn belongod to kim. 1hs oge- pight befug a littio dofective, hio didu't discover until the noxt morning that hie had counted six vigorous mosquitoes of tho New Jersoy brand, which bad been acoidentally fantencd 1n tho coop with his heng, ** I thought thev were rathor too big for chickens whon I ocounted ‘om," ho after~ wasds remacked. CANNOT BECOME VULGAR, A Parls correspondgut writes: Al the ladles wear & medal or & cross, sttached to s ribbon, round thelr uecke, On elose inspection I saw that these modals and crosses wore tho samo as ivon to distiuguished wen for sorvices roudered 0 LLidir couutry on the batule-fleld. Ou inquiry, also, 1 ascortained that thoy wero in reality the medald and crosses of tho Lusbauds of the ladies who wore thow, and that it was now to ba the fashion of alt iadies to ehow in thls way that thoir husbaods are decorated. ‘5o, thuy sy, Ywe are sure that this (ashion st least will uub be copled by the valgar.” - _.. RADWAY'S REMEDIES, R. R, = Radway's Ready Relig CURES THE WORST PAINS: In from Ong to Twenty Minntog, NOT ONE HOUR After veading this Advertfsoment need &Ny ¢n sufler with pain, * Radway's Ready Reliaf IS A CURE FOR EVERY PALY, 1t wa3 tho first and fs the Only Pain Remedy That instsntly stopn the most evernaiat inflammations, anl cios cnvxmmflnal!': 1o g allary Lungs, Stouinch, Bawols, o offior glaada o organs, o uno applicativn, * Infrom Oncto Twenty Minutes, No mattar how violent ar_overcl Thoumuntic, Thed-FitLlm, e Gl raigle, or prosteated with dl- the paln, thy Ceipaled. Norvous’s o nay auiler, O O Radway's Ready Relief WILL AFFORD INSTANT EASE, Inflammation of the Kidnoys, of the Hiadder, lnumnmnt’lon {,';'{Qf'"g“"“ els, Mumps, Congention of . iha .bunsu, oro Thront, Difioult ramhmg. Paipitation of _tho Ileart, Ig'nerlm, Oroup, Diphthoria, Ca- Tualigty T e, e iralgin, oumatis Cold 'Chills, Ardo Chilie, Tho application of the Teady Rellof to th partspliero the paia or difhiouty exlata will & .f;?"...." ‘Twonty draps in half & tumblor of 3 dachin, 'Diarche . } ¥ Bugh flowel, and .’[lhm«mn ,mm":“; ”"' ;n“ e o Trasalors sticuld always carry bt A READY IRELTE with T A o drons 13 waton o] pecvont elcknean oe'vaine Troin cliangs ol et o etter than French randy or Bitters a8 o atimolane. FEVER AND AGUE. cvar and Apuo curad far Gfty conts. medinl agent 2 tho world th d all otlior mialatiaus, bilien Thers i 1 Sare fover and agen rcarlel, typhoid, ye) e b and ‘atfier. fevars (At by Tad if} Hadway's londs Reliof. Fifty conte pee bottla T LK 8 Hold by Drugglsts, HEALTH! BEAUTY! d puro elch blond : nereaso of fimh ny ol e wad Losutial complonion soeurod o is ™™ DR. RADWAY'S SARSAPARILIAN RESOLVENT Uas madn the most astonfohing entes. o llvmu“ldfl’r l‘lhfl‘fl:"l!lifl‘ ‘f'fil'.l.md'] HIN'OI’;:;'.:IL : St thg 1attcacy of this 4 dorhul modiclos, that o Every Day an Increase in Flesh and Weight Seen and Felt, THE GREAT BLOOD PURIFIER. Every drop of tha Sarsspariliian_ Rosolvent oommat catas surough tha blood, wieat, uring, and | othor flals 2ud juices ut_tho syesons, tho vigor of ' Lifo, for it ropaint tho wastes of the budy withi now aud sound mat sl Borofula, syplillis, ¢susutption, glandular disesso, ule in tao thruat, mouth, tun obus o the wlends a3l other parts of tho oro eyos, strumorous dus ‘st fotms of akia dir. scald hoad, Fingwoc, st 'kchio, bimck spot, ks T tho dor re, cancten i tho” womb, and all. wAakoniog s palviul dischargos, night cat, loss of sperm sud all 1 tha Jita brinolpin, A10 wiflin the ouratiye a8 wander of Rodoea chomistey, and, & fox AT 4 Will Brovo ta ‘wny norson using It for pithor discess s prtent power to ouro tham. T¢"thy’ pattant, dally becoming reducad by tha wattes and decompunition that fs continually progrossing, sus Ceodatn arrostiog thos wastas, aud repalra 100, tame i matorial marto from Roalthy blocd,— and this th saparillien will and dons rocurc,—8 uro (s certalay fur wiion anco this reredy cumminnces It work of puris eatian, wud wicouoda tn Ulminishing, tho Towwof wisen its ropairs will ba rapid, and crary day the patient wi foof Wimuelf geowing Lotter and sirunger. 1o (ood die r».u...,'mur, appotito Improving, and trah and weirat nrrasing. ‘Not anyy doos. thn arsaparillian Resolvent exeel all Knowa renedinl aganta 10 tho curs o Chmaladerfaloat Constitulfonal, aud Skin dlsoases, but it is tha valy pak 140 cure for " Kidnoy and Bladder Complaints, Utloary and Womb Discasos, Geavol, Disbotas, Drapst, ato) uf water, ineantinouca of uriio, 13rlght’s tie ease, aibuminurla, aod in all 1es whers tiers et bricke dustduposite, or tho wator 13 thick, cloudy, mized witk substances liks the whits of an ey, or throads liko llbl(; . o thote Js a morbid, dArk, Uiilous appikcenos, s white bono-dust depasits, and whan thors Ilhrlthlm burding seatation when Satsing water, aud pala the of thio biack and slovg tha lufas: Tumor ef Tiwelve Yeats® (irowth Cured by Nadway’s Resolvont. evensy, Ma. ute 18, 1 Dn, RADWAT: [ have had uvarian tumet in the orars and Bowels. Al tha doctors said ** thora was to elp fot 185§ triod ovorytiviug Uit Was reconsmondo, butuatls ing helped m i ous Hesalront, nnd " thoaght [ would try tt; bt had o telth 1o {t, booauss 1 had suts farod for twelvo tonk slz botties of tns Resolteat nd uno box of Hadway's Pills acd I"r bottlos of your $ieads Hallefs and thoro s 0ot & sign of timar o be ws orfolt, and 1'fool bottor, swarter, aud happlor tha BDava oy twoivo yoars, ‘Ko wurat tumor was'io tho lefl sidnaf the howels, over the gruin. [ write this ta you for fhaYuaoit of obics, Yo can bl I chiiy NNAH P, KNAPI Prioe, 81 per botule, ke AN IMPGRTANT LETTER. 0 and residont of Ciooiansth s Lurty yoara woll kuown to the aowspaper roughiout tha United Statas, Ll New Ypar, Oot. A Din. RADWAY--DEAD 8181 Tant fuducud by 4 seuss of flnll to tho sulfering Lo a brisf statowment of the warking nl&flu! modicine on ayeel!. For savoral lfln bai boaa affeotey HLIVIKMI’ID trouble |:L‘flm Lladider ao, urinary orguas whioh sume twoive months ago oulminals In % must torribly atfeoling diNaaso, which tho pLIsjciats all aaid was. I'Dlfll Mo siriviure jy the lreths, aleine fiammation of the kidneys and bladdur, and gavo it 1 tisir upiolon Wiat ' mce-id yearsowiild pruruet s From a prominent gontl O, for the pub hors oyAr goitl radically curec % tried & number! hyufeinait and Hid takon & Targe qoastlts of Jmodiei l:ulh allopitbio aid homeopatite) but nad yot n7 rolie! bnd, ing cures iaving besn imada by yous 1ad of ptunls) rh’!nfl ' llllr.ln‘m our monthis axo road & nutica ia the .’&“lfi:’"m”‘ &uurdauhsrflulflnr lhlé.nl 'c:"n"n;(.fl‘llhi'la e bn & person who had [ong bess sale Doets, 1 weat 7ighs ol And K08, sarme of $atheynar karse pariria, Kesoivont, iteady olisf, and Rogulsting i frul soinmenond tking tiem. 15 theeo daza § was graat Iy sefioved, sud naw fool ax wall 0. W. JANES, cinctanatt, 0, DR. RADWAY'S Regulating Pills o falslers Slemtnls, sostad th. e, el 1ug the sure Mfll rdors uf Lue Htomicl, Hokols, Kidnos, Bladdor, Nervuue Disosion Lo, Aloustipsting, Cul!ll\!ll , Ludwuston, (v ain, Billorisnoss, Lillious Eavor, iufamriation fl'lmm.‘vim.-‘fi 1 Bortousrmenia bt o fyerasl Ve outhy Warryatod (0 leot a i lable, Cuatatalog Ro Wiaroury. minerels, or deisrises ogL trom Obsares tho followlng symptoms rosulting Dlortore'el tho Dlasativa Utgunss Constipatian, n--ml’un\{v\mn 2 of oo lod 19100 diiy'at tho Stoumpohy, Nai e A Al et o Wolebt fa (6o Bromact, 57 ruptions, Blnilag or Plutteriuge {n the Bisof 1l SE0T ach, Swibiming o U oad, urelod and IR Breath ng.lflndanur i\ l‘lnn‘()bnhnldrflu 0 1 " \ (ng Vos Dimnase of Vie 108 SRR Lot L, Folar g Duil P42 in the Head, leucr*ot Vaspiratiae. Vejlre 2 5 12 the Blde, Cliest, Liabe: & e pamanl e o Fatity la s . s ol AY'S Pl u)ka.llll a0 tho aystom fro g i abono DWANE L i e et e box "Mold by dru Reaq **Falso and Trae 2 ettarateinn 0 RADWAY & €O, Mo vt o ¥orC “Lulation worts il 1 will be seat’yon.