Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, March 6, 1875, Page 2

mas ronnited to Germany, but hor clties soem never Lo have taken vers kindly to foreign Impo- rial rule, and to havg organized for {hemeelves municipnl govornments. Jupeclally waa this tho caso with I'lorance. A viow of her Jniicial ustitution may not bo nnintoreating, (Inder the Frankish Hoyal rule, the Count, who mav bo looked upon In the Tght of aeort of judicial Mayor or Govornor, was Drdorod * {0 rako himacif acqualnted with the Inws by which tho peaplo'are to be judged ; that Lo lova Justice and be qnick in adminiatering its that ho hold ‘Malil’ tor public courta) every month, and bo careful to hava n partieular re- to the complaluts of widows, orphane, nd the poor; aud lastly, that the Court should 'sit before dinncr.” In bis decisions ho n ajded by the Magistrates and minor Judgos. ¢ All_causes wero ordored to bo conclidod in fonr days, aod in cxecs of appeal six, or even Laalve, if’ Shocause wora intricato. After that apposl was mada diroctly to the Emparor. They scom to have made short work of the master, Bnch men 08 Beach, Evarts, I'nllerton. and espectally Tracy, wottld have had no ocenpa- tions, for no counsel was allowed, a8 evory man was causidored competent to speak of what ho knew, and truth it was bolieved was moro kol to bo clicited from principals than advoeatod. s Fnlf tho finee went to tha raileror, with an ob- ligation to pardon his enemies in order Lo pro- moto poacs and good will, Uhe form of proceny wan cleur and conciro, A calls B into conrt, and shortly profers Lia chargo, 1 donies awd juxli- fies, Tho Judge says, *P’rove this orloss thy coues. After thodeath of tho last of tho Othos camo ANOTIEER BEAS0N OF TURDULENCE and civil war, followod by tha reign of Matilda, who claimed the right to rulo in Tuscany. Tleing & woman, this wes not logaliy hats, but T'opo and Emparor wera then at varianco, 8o tho tuno was opportiune, and, declaring horselt with the I'apal wide, she suceacded 11 halding lier oxn. Theneo origiuated the contontions of Guelphs nud Qhibbolines, who, with their fuctlons, toro thoir conntry asunder for geuorntions, While . Floronco took up theso crien, ber aftor history would soom to show that in inany cascs they woro merely_party crios, aud lad littlo to do witl Imaporial and Papal powers, oxcapt as either sido waa adopteil for patty purpozes, About this date Liovence began ta show hor individual vpower, and munifest hersolf 83 an indopendent commnne, Ths Florentines wishad to extend thelr boundarien, and madn wae against the foudal castiew situated near them, Theso feudal Lorda were naturally fm- perialists and Ghibbelines. ‘Lho Florentines wera quite as nofurally Guelphs, Aftcr dismantling and froquontly destroying thoso_utrongholds, they only demanded thab taeir Lords -uhould bocoms Florentine citizons, loaying thom their lands and wealth. Early in the olevents century the Tascan citics, whila at that time ackuowledging the su- promacy of the Connta of Tuscany, soem to have enjoyed a gort of Stato's right, showing their MUNICIPAL INDEFENDENCR by arming againet each other. 1f thoy unitod aa Tuscans againat o general cucwy, they nlso maintained & marked distinction among them- volves, Tho nativo city of oach filled al) bis hicart, bounded his ides of country and of home. Tancans o tho orld at Jarge, thoy were to onch other Siencae, Pisan, Iuchose, or Florentine, cqually etrangers und forcigaern. 11 1078 we tind tho circuit of the, city's walls wore enlarged, and that s committes of citizens was appointed to_superintond jt. Daute gives an exquisita deseription of lifo in Florence im- modintoly prior to that ovent, when tho noblost Rlorenting was eantent to woar a Jeathern jorkin fastoned with o boso button, and his wife did nou_find it ncceasary to paint hor faco. At tho beginning of tho tiwelfth contury wo find the Goverameut of the eity lodgod in the handa of Cousuls, assisted by 100 men choven from the most notod or worthy fawitics 1n Floreuce, who formed a Benate, nud ausisted in the manage- ment cf judicial affuiva, In 1115 and 1117, Ylorence suffered from do- vaatatiog fires; bul tho vriuciplo of growth was too atroug within her for those to do more than artially paralyzo hor for a brief time. In aplte, owever, of their progross, the Pissns in 1135 calleil tuo Florentinos * tho Arabsof tho Inte- rlor.” This did not much troublatho Florontines. Thoy continued adding tormitory and makiog citl- zons. Amoug these Jattar wers tho Lords of Moute Boui, who ownod_ s castlo on s height about ¢ milen south of Floronce, These Lords toak toll of passungera in tho old lordly way, but a8 Villani says: * The Floroutinos ‘could not onduro that another ehould do what thoy ab- stalned from doing.” Ko tho Buoni del Monta Castle and its Tonda wout the usual way of auoch posiersions and pon})‘o‘ The o3stlo was razed to the ground, aud its Lords becawe Fluronsive citizens. In the next geueration they divided, tho branch that remained ealling themsalves Buondolmonte, the other Buonaparte, This lat- ter brauch again divided, ouc-Lalf soon bocoming oxtinet, tho other sottling first at Taranza, s lit- tlotawh on tho const, and afterward findiug n ‘homo in Corsica, aud, as Trollopa rematks, ** lna siuco been heardof.” Occasionally tho Florontinea mot with check, but for tho most part were succensful, and thus drow many of tho old foudal nobles withiu their walls, Ileroin lay THE HEEDS OF CIVIL DISSENBION, which aftorward toro Floranco asuuder. 4 Theso nobles had hithoerto elactod the Consuls until the latler quartor of tha twelflh contury, ‘Tho Uberti bad espociatly boen thu at tho hoad of political pawer, but in 1177 tho city elocted .her own oficers, The Uborti rofused to accopt *them, and bero wo flud thio first record of thous internecine strifos that for 0 many years con- sticuto Florenting Liktory. Fira and “fload fol- lowed, and at lzst the tlood seowned to dic out for & timo, Aftor this, Florence continued in hor eamo old lino of policy until chetked for @ seasou by Trederick Barbaroesn, Sho soon, howaver, was again extondivg hor territory, and'tho yooug commuuo was rapidly iucrensing fn power. Clyil discord had been moro or less rifo, It was olso found that at the commeuncoment of her gocond century bior magiutrates were not to be veliod upon, Lut, through fear or favor, ,rendorea too_ froguently unjust dociaions. A foroign = Podesta was decided upon who should hold ofice only for ono year, and should be chodon from a placa ot least 50 miles distant from tho city. Tho first of theso was Guullradoto, of Milan, Boon aftor civil discord again arose, which was tho cotn- mencemont of a tong gories of ovils, Duondel- monta de Buondelonti was youug, handsome, ,noble, rlch, und o deslrablo partl, At a fenst he becamo {nvolved in s quarrel on account of s friend, which ended in n stabbing affalr, They were o paily of nobles, aud therefora thoy ar- 1auged to . CONDPONE THE OFFENSE DY A MARBIAGE betwoon Buondelmonte aud tha nicce of the man whatn he bad injured. It was to occur an the socond day after thu broil. Meantimo Mohua Cualdrada, the wife of Mossor Foroso da Donatl, bad been lookitg upon him as motlers witl suarrisgeablo daughtors will regard oligible youngmen, She was not ploased with tho tiun infTairs hiad 4aken, so, reoing the youns gentle. .uan riding by ier houss on_tho day precodin; the wedding, sho called to him. She taunted sud she Msttored Lim. Sha told bim bo wus «ptrafd of tho Amidel wud Lamborti, and did not daro marry as Lo ptzared. ‘Thon sho opened tho door of an imer room and ghowed him her daughter, who might still be his bride **If he had the coursgs to take hor” Miss Douati was young and beautiful; Miss Awmnldol wau lacking n those charmd, Buonarrotte wus voung, lm- ulsive, and influenced by his wonld-be mother. n-lan's toouts, Ile told Mouua Gualdrads that bo did darae Lo ploaso himsell, despito all the Amidel in Floronco, 1t fullowod thut tha next day, while the lattsr woro waitlug at their houso for the young traltor to falfit hia promlas, hu ,was publicly betrotling himaelf to the lavaly Dooatle .- " A NNANEY3I00N OF TRALY, Buch an insult followlng _injury must nceezsa- rily bo avenged. A fow weoks after, the wedding e celobrated at the Church of 8anta Felicita ; it was Easter Sunday, A. 1. 1216 ; riding homo with hin bride, this gay and bandsomo cavaller, whona oyes bad betrayed him, *clad fu Jacke ood mantel of white silk, witls & garland on his bead,” found the Awidei awaitivg him fu front of their houses, which Lo had to pasa, 1lo novor ned theni alive, Ilo was borne kome ona bier, made bride holding his head and weep- ing s eho realized hey chavgod condition, ‘I'hin mournful procession pasred through all tho streats of Flotence, Fiom it foll that spark which lighited the tinder ot Plorantine passious, Historiaus are disposed to cousller this the fitst Roueral brrugglo in Florenco botween Guclphs and Uhibbelives, Alter this the Florentines ncomed ta have va- red tholr lves with civil discord znd quarvols with thoir peighbiors. 1low, in the midst of all thiu strife, thay found time to grow from the lclmlr-ferl ined and cuinlnlg nok very cultivate ed people juto the rich butghers who promoted literature and the arts, {8 almost inconceivable tous, Tho quarrols, howeyer, wore priucipally amang the nubles, tuo peopla not 1 tha oarlior stages takiug much interost In $hese faction nighte. ‘They were growing, woantiulo, rick wnd powerful, In 1260, however, the peoplo ware ng an nctive part,is and CIANGING TIAX FORX OF GOVERNMEXT, The Podesta was du“ond sud a Capaiu of tho pooplo inveuted with both military and Judiclal functious, The city was divided iuto nix wards, ‘Wwith threo or four Caplsins over vach, so thut ithey humbered twonly. The whole ablo-bodied populatiou was divided into twonty companioa uuder thess Caplaias A large tocuin bell was placed ou the *Towes of tho Lion,” at tha sound of which Lho Captains were to assemblo their companies under arms, beneath their ward alandardr. Twolve men wera nlso chosan, two from oach wanl, and called * Eldors of the Peo- Pio," to asalat the Captain, This was tho resutt of a singlo epontancous rising of tho peopld, for the Quelph feadors wera in_ exils, and the Ghib- belines shut up in fear of their lives in their own castles. 1t must bo admittod that thoso Communisis ncfed with surprisivg modaration, They strovo to roconcile tho Guelph and Ghibe belte nobles, Lut with littlo muccoas, ‘Ihe old fauds wore ronowod with occaslonal pnuses for recuperation, As thoy each obtalned yower thor oppressed each other and obtamed foreign help, The Florentines seamed to- have » special preditection for inviting foreigners to protect them, but while paying them wall in gold. and Investing thom with a certain amount of military authorlty, rarely allowed thom to In- terfere in'tho Jesst “with ielr form of goveru- ment. TR ANTI 3AOALORT. In 1255 a now political organizntion was formod in which the peoplo wors divided into Artlor Quilds, The first that wero recognlaed woro tho lawgars, tho dealera in foralgn efothis, tho monoy-changors, the woolen manufacturers, tho phyalciana and apotlicearios, tho sl manu. facturers and mercers, and the furrlors, Other guilds wora altersards added, Lut alwaya ro- maincd tho Artl Maggiorl, and thar intluenco upon Floroutino politics waa in aftor years very great, Of there tho Calinals, or iradern in woolen etuffa of foraign mAnufacinrer seom t0 havo been tho most poworful, - Through thetr intinence other changos wero made m the Gov. ornment. Lorge fortunes wero accumnlated by this gnild, as l‘iun by tho bankers and woollen manufacturers, Tor noveral saceseding years Tloronce meoms . to havo been uxcncdlnglydvrmpflous. plo roso to importancs and power, In the samo year that tho Arti Maggiorl wero formed Danta” tas barn. ‘Twenty-four yoars aftor, wo learn of him as boiog a citizon-soldior in the Florsntino aring, when the Florantines wou tho buttle of Campaldino, 'I'ne nobles had, meantime, been o far reduced in power that, to obtain a yolco fu the eloctions, they were obliged to atxlieato Al appearance of superlority of caste, and acknowledgo themselvos a8 simplo eltizony, This many of them dil. VOWEN OF THF, BOURGLOIAIE, By this it wili bo reon that the Goverament was reaily in the hands of the rich bourgeoisie, or citizons, who aliored somowhat tho officinl appointmonts, As they graw in wenlth and pow- or, liowover, thoy became corrupt, aud the {hin " peoplo began to compiain of tho * Popo- Inni grasso,” or fat people. They had indeed grown fat and powerful, and wo eoou find tho thin people, or poorer citizens, making common ‘eauso with their old onomien, the nobles. against thero more prosperous civilisus, In 1289, o sub- idiary codo of laws called tha Ordinl_della Guistizla wan enscted, snd the oflice of Gonfalon. iers, or Standord-bonrer, created. Thiscodo dis- quaiified the noblos from holding oftico, and_or- dnilied certain punishmants for offensos on their part. Yot thosa nobles were, after all, tha owuers of tho groator part of tho real property of tho country. ‘I'ks Iniva woro hard npon them, and intlictod by & claes whom thiey had uniformly considerod baneath them, It would also soam that thoy were frequently carriod out boyond tho lottor of tho law. . TIY. GOLDEN AGE OF FLORENCE, It resultod, as wighs natnrally have been ex- octed, n civil contlicts, but stiil this closn af the thirtconth century eams to bo thotime when Florence was in a most thriving condition. Literature flouriahed, and art was recognized, ‘Tho Florontine morchants were llulvin;i and vied with oach other " in magnificence, bullding rplendid palacos and other structnres. Tho t'alnzzo ool Communs, the churches of Santa Maris, Novello 8anta Croce, and Sauto Spirito, wore commencad, and the new city walls com- pleted, At this Lime alno ** Amnolfo, tho master- architoct of our Communs,” vas oridered to draw that demgn for the Cathedral of Florence, still world-renowned. It was orddered to bs of * eucl noble and axtremoe maguificence that the indus- try and shill of man shall bo able to invent noth- ing grander or more boautiful.” O his success, Banta Maria del Liora still bears witness. Cimabue sud Giotta wern laying the founds- tlons for_that school of art which was to find aftorwards such noblo interpreters. Villani and Dino Compugnl wera mmng‘ Italian history, and Danto wan a6 work on Lis +* Vita Nnova.” Guido Cavaleanti wae secking postic imagen in srhich to cusbrine hLis thoughts—no that this period may woll bo considered Lhie yolden ageof Floron- tine literaturo, Phat at this time Florencs atood high in tha “I'io peo- eatimatfon of otlier nations scoma to bo striking-. 1y fimatrated b{ tho fact that ot the Jubileo in 1800, instituted by Pope Boniface VIIL, when all the rulera of Europe nont nmbassadars to Ilame, twetva of them choso Florontined as representa- tives. Among theas were the Kings of England, France, Bobemis, Gormauy, Naples, snd Bleily, the Emporor of Jiussia, the Lords of Yorona and Camerluo, the City of Piss, tha Kbhan of Tartary, and tho Grand Maater of the Knightaof St, John. "Each ono of thoso represcutatives was a Flor- aatius citizon, and so struck wan Bouiface by the fact thathe thought that a fifth elomont aught to be addod to the four old onoa of thy world, viz.: the Florentinca. A NEW CIVIL FEUD. Not baving hed enough af civil diecord with tho Goalphs and Qhibbelinos, wo find tho Flor- ontines in this year importing from Pistoria tho civil fend which raged between the Bianchi and Nori. ‘Tlio city was soon divided botweon theso two naw factions, and again thoy.were plunged into atrect broils. In tho quarrels we find Dante’s name again introduced. Ile belougedto tho Signory who formed a Eflrlion of the judi- clary of lorence. ‘Ihers had boen s serions outbreak betweon thu Neri mnd Hisuohi, ususl, forelgn intervention was sought for, and, 54 usual, the Florentines suffarcd from it. Dante pleadaod thecauso of tho Dianchi, which was that of Florence, before the Pope, bus in vain. ‘Ihough the Bianchi party wore in power ot this time, and their loaders were tho Corcll, men af the people, tho old crg of Ghibelliniam was raleed against them, and tho Pope decided in tavor of the Neri. No mau amoug the Cerchi noemad to havo force enongh to take thie place of a Jeader, and tho rosult was a fareign Priuca came smoug them, Then followed & rising of the poople and a senson of anarchy. It 1d at this time the name or tho Medici firat ocours aa '“""5{ that of *'powerful popolani.” Again the ald strugglea wero renowed, aud Corsa Donati, tha chiet of the Nerl, succoodad in obtaining the banishmont af Dante, with tha confiacation of his property ond the decree that ha skould be burned to death if ko foll into the hands of tha Florontine Gouv~ ernment, 1t would ocenpy too much space to follow Florence throngh al} hor various troubles smong her ovin _peaple and her strife with ul?nlnhq; cities, Of them it lina booo said that tholr fight~ Ing onergy wan sich ¢ they would fighit one day shoulder to ahowlder sgalnst the foreign enomy, and the noxt day lly ut each others’ throatsin the ntreots of thoir own city.” ¥loronce bocamo ® mousy pawar {n tho world in apito of this, and her bankors in foreign cltics wrero statesmen and politicians at homo. Such, however, ware tho inflnences which moliled the Florentine Ttopublio aund produced thoss men whoso works sud names are im- mortal, Altbough sho was rarcly at peace, ot those firsb chaptera of hor his- tory meowm to have boon fudefinitely praduced, pthl, ma loug me the mnome of Flurenco in written in_tho aunala of history, so long will the names of hor poeta andartista who lived gnd 1aid the foundation of thatr world-wide fnmne durinfy_those troublous timos Lo tho brilliant gouna that shall make that nawme hutrous. et MICHEL ANGELO'S PREDECESSORS. A RETUOSI'ECTIVE VIEW, In looking back upon those aculptors who pro- coded Michel Augelo, and whosa works doubie leew inluenced lis atylo in & great degres, the fivet who roolly deserves to morly particular mentlou 18 . NICCOLO PiBANO. o wan born gt I'les about lhe year 1206, his ather being a notary In that city, At 15 yoars waLear of bim sa belnx appointed architect to Froderick 1L, who at that tinie passed through Pisa, Ho procesded with him to Romo, thence to Naples, whoro Le comploted Osuiel Capuano and Castel dol Oro, 1l remaiucd here avout tcn yoors, thon wont to Padua, whors ho de- eigned & Dasllies in Lonoer of Baint Authony. Boing su oclectic, he combined the Gothie, Ro- manesque, and Dyzauline wtylea, Whilo ualng Gothio forms, ho gave 1t the clustering Byzautine oupolad which he had grown famlilar with while utudyiug tho Church of Bt, Mark at Venice, aud thie iomanesquo facads, which had been ouo of Lin earliost wodols in the Duomo at Fias. Hiy firat koown cssay as » sculptor was analto rellevo of the Dopaaitlon, which may wiill be necu in tho Cathodral of 8an Martino at Lucea, 1% 1ilis » lunetto ovor uno of tho side docrs, Ilo haa closoly fallowod the old logond in thie mntter, ‘T'on figares ayo Lieve carved in the ptono. Inthe vontre, Joseph of Arimathes supports tho Sa. vior's body, while Nicodemuy draws forth tho vails from his fect. Iiiu mother stands bending over onejof the arms of hor son, which she holds, while the two Marys kneol bebind hor. Bt John stands on tho othex. alde, also Lolding an arm, a THE CHICAGO TRIBUN. Lnceling fignre holds the erown of thorns, and two others, standing, aro looking on with intenso intorost. 'Thecross is plantod on & rock, ina cavity of which a akull s placod. This was in- doed a work of euporior oxcollenco, although execntod prior to that course of study npon sehich lio afterward founded Lis moro charactor- iutio mtylo. Threa ntatueties in niches ontside of (o Misoricordia Vecohin at Florouco wero also by him, and belong to this perivd. Belng o Diean and a Ghibelline, in 1213, ho was commissionod by tho fastion to which hobo- longod to overthrow the Guardamorto Tower, and, witt its fall, destroy ho old Church of San Giovauni, which was n favorile rosort of tho Guoelpls, Fortuuatoly for tha world, tho artist- spirit was atrouger thau that of faction. and Pimano ro arranged his work of deatruction that, whieu tho tower foll, it Mled tho Piazza with its ruing, but cleaved tho chureh, In 1230, neeording to Villanl, bio rebuilt the Chinrch of Santa Trinita at FMoronco, and also Luilt or enlargod tho 8t. Domenico at Arezzo, the Diomo at Volterra, and the Pieve and Sauta Anrghorita at Cortonn. All of theso, however, finvo sinco boon romodoled, Duonts Cantl re. constructing that of Hanta Trinits {n 1593, Tho Church of San Michele, in Ilorgo, which ho com- monced, and Frs Guglielmo, his pupil, finished, aud the Campamle of the Clurch of San Nicolo, which Lo ballt, still exist as rocords of lis style. Itigh as Pleano stood a8 an srchitoct, It was not untll 1260 that e took equal position nsp ne=lptor. At this time g designod the pulpit for tho Daptistery ot DPisn. Instead of using tha old formn of & ssrcophagus supported on four pillars, be uged for his pulpit a_boxngaual form, with many enpporting columus, spanned by round arches, 1fe thus had much wmore room for ornament, Tho arches bo filled in with Gothic tracery, aud abovo tho Dyzantino and Corinthian capitals placod numorous statusites, a8 woll ns in the spandrila of (bo arches, Threo of tho columns nre supported on tho backs of liona, which Lave o mysiical imeaning. Tho five bag-rolicfs which ho seenred by using tho hex- agonal form_roprescnt tha Nativity, the Adorn- lfim of tire Magi, the Circumncision, the Cruci- fixion, and tho Last Judgment. Of thoso, tho Adoration is tho bost, tho figures ropresenting tho Madonna halding the Child, the thres Kings, Caspar of Lthiopia, DalthaZar of Haba, and Mofchior of | Aralas, prosenting tho symbolic wyrih, frankiucenso, and gold. Lehind Mary atandy Joseph, and alao an angel, whila bayond the Kiugs arotheir threo steods, Inthe Civoum- cision rollef he has, oddly enongh, introduced n Dbenrdod_Bacclhuu. from” & Greck vngo in tho Campo Saunto, which hera, in tho shapo of an amp] y-drasml figure, asaista at the holy rito. After this, lils twomost complete and olalorato works were tho Sarcophagus of St. Dominic aud the pulpit at Sicuna. Theso were vory claborate, realistic, and worlby of longthoned description did apaco permit, The influznce of this work was _felt throughout Italy, at Venice, and Padus, in Pisn, Floreaco, Lucea, sud Sienna, and at Naples. Iiis other moro prominent works weretha Abboy at La Scorgolannd the Fountaiunt Perugia. e gava the final blow to barbarismin scnipture, and fonuded & now and enduring echool. Huceoeding Itim came his pupils, among whom, as ths most famous, way first be mon- tioned bLis son, GIOYANNI TIBASQ, ). Ifo worked with his father ipon the pulplt st Sfenna, and the fountain at Perugin. Among his tore prominont works wore the Campo Banto nt Tisa, and somoof the atatues in it. * Au original but ugly fi:rmmu au allogorical statuoof I'isn an & Fodostal, at tho four cornors of shich stand Prudencs, Temiporsuco, Fortuqdp, ad Justice, Of there tho nudo ligure of Temper- auca reenlls tha . suthue school, whila tho othera are German in dosigi. Among his othor works, the pulpit which Lo dosigned for the Church of San Andrea in Pistoja, after thd model of that sybich his father had desigoed in Pisa. His panols he filled with tho Nativity, tho Adoration, the Mnesncre of the Innocents, the Crucitizion, and the Last Judgment, Of theso tho Aaasacye has. baen considerod Giovauni‘s masterpicse, being Gllsd with dramatio forco sud strength. The domo- niac soldiers, torturad_mothers, mardered chil- dren, and implaoable Tiorod aro all-hore won- dorfully real and lifo-lilo. Ho was esgaged {n numarous other works of uncqusl merity bis alj of which bora the stamp of govs. At Flor- once, which be vinjted and whore ho remained two yoary, he sasms only to have besn engaged on & Madonna and angels which arain a lunolite over ono of the sido-doors in the Duomo, Ale lhnugh, liko big fathor, nu ecloctic, lio intro- ducad mauy of Lis Gothic elemonty in hls architocturn! forms. Au a senlptor ho shosed both originality and dramstla power. ARNOLYO DEL CAMDIO, a pupll of the clder Pisauo's and friond of Gio- vanni's, 80 completely balongs to I'lorouce that, although his only well sutlonticatoll senlptural work {8 3 monnuient to tha Cardinal do Brayo in the Clurch of 8an Domonica at Orvieto, it is sufficiont to establish_Lix fama In that line, At Florence ho built the Lum‘iu of Or Ban Michele, decorated tho extorior of tho Baptistery, and do- signed and commonced the Sauts Croge, tho Duomo, and tho Pallazzo Vecchio, The Duomo, or Cathedral, of Santa Maria del Flore iw shapod liko » Latin cross, with n grost nave, two sialler uido-aigles, two Lranaopty, sud two tribuncs out of which open 1lve ciupels. It is surmountod b( a cupola which was finished by Iirunoclloschi, ‘Thin buildlog is an _excellont representation of Amolfo's etyle. DBelongiog to. tha eoloctic school, it still showod a predomiuanco of Gothis forms, ‘Tho pontod nreb, the buttrassos, and the tall windows divided into compartwents, wore used by him, bnt so mingled with foreign elamonty 8% (o form an original style callod Me- dimval Florentino, Arnolfo did not iive to seo any of his groat works completed, nor did his original ideas form the busis of & now gchool. 1le died at Floronco In 1310, Huccacding Lim eamo Arst ANDBEA PLIANO, & papil of Glovanni's, who avas renownod as tho mont ekiliful bronze-gastor in Italy, . In 1830 ho cumgxlalad the modeling of tha bronze gates for the Daptistory in F'lorenice, which aftermard cost him nive yoars' labor to fluish, ‘They contain twenty Jarge panel filled with reliofs, among tho most porfoct and wtriking of whioh was the Burial of 8t, Johu. There is much sentimont aud boauty in tho design, with groat finlsh. e mod- cled several statues for Giotto as woll as varions uthargrourlu. while his principal architootural work was tho fortifying of the Palazzo Vocehio, NINO PLIANO, Lis son, aesiatad lily father iu tho bronze gatos, sud alag designed soma statues which show a graceful sud tender sentiment, Iis other son, T'ommaso, is not us well known, Dattor kuown is anothor of Andrea Pisauu's pupily, GIOVANNI BALDUCCIO DI PISA, Tlis proatest work was a monument to ft, Potor, martyr. in the Church of Han Eustorgio, at Milan, 'Phis contained eight allegorical lig- uros of groat excallonce. The wnost noted, how over, of Pisano’s Fupilu. in Audrea Oreagno. lis built and adorned at Lloronco tho Chureh aud fabornacte of Or Bt. Micholo, which ho on- riched with a great variety of mculptured do. sigus. Chiof among theso may be moutioned the marrisge of the Virgin, and tho auuounceuient of Lier dentt. Another suporb work by lim was the Logyis da Lauzi, whish bo adorned with six hialt tigures of tho theological virtues In rellef, aud a group of ths Virgiu and Child. With his doath vomo writors livo considerod the Pisan sehool to have eudod, In Sious, thoonly artist who rose to much fama as a sculptor way GIACOMU DELLA QUEKCIA. o wan born In 1371, and was ona of tho comnot+ itors for the Baptintery gato at Florunco, Rus. kin, speaking of a monumant which he seulp- tured at_ Lucca for Ilaris, the wecond wils of Paclo Giuuige, Lord of thnt city, saya of tho ofligy: **'The Lnir i bound up in o brald over tha fair brow, the aweot and archied eycs aro closod, the tondorness of the loving lipa iy set and guiet ¢ Liers is_about them that which for- bidw byeath ; something which is not death uor pleop, but tha puroe imnge of both, ‘Lo hands aro not lifted fn prayer, noithor folded ; but the arms aro laid at longth unon the body, and tho “handy croes a8 thoy fall. ‘Ihe feot aré hidden by the drapery, and tho forma of tho litnba are con- cealed, but not thelr tenderness,” Fonte Gaya, whicht hio constructed at Biona, bs atiil, evon in It mutilated condition, one of tha inodel fountaing of the world, At ologna, fiftaon bas-roliafs of tho great doarway cf Lbo Bavilica of Bi, Petro- nlus wre work., 'Tha subjocia are (aken from the Daok of ~ Uenesis, aud ropresant yariouy eyeuts from the creation of Adam to the Dofugo, Those which treas of the creation of Evu aud the expulsion from Paradizs slrongly resequble tho froscoes on tho sane sub- Ject with which Alickel Angelo orunmented the ceiling of tha Bisting Chapel, and with which Raphnel adornod the l‘,flih ol tho Vatlean, Az Micliel Angelo went twice to Lologua, the last tiwe not iwany moutiss bofors he begau the frea- coou In the Bisting Chapel, they woro probably tho result of Lho utrong impression made upon lum by Querciw's work, 'Lliero ssema to have beou a atrong afinity botween the two, aud Quer- cis bian been called tho precursor of Angelo, Thero was also & atrong siwmilarity iy thoir lives a4 woll as their worls, Quercia had: no suholars who equaled him, thongh ono Piotra del Huvella was cousidored a {ine ornamental seulptor. 1lgexuouted tho Boven Ageu of Mau in the beauliful pavoumeus of tho SATURDAY, MARCIL G, 1875.---TWELVI: PAGES, Ducmo at Sions, Anollor pupit, known as Il Yocabiota, was origiual in his etvie, but with a Diard, dey manneriam abous i, that, whilo very lile-like, was stitl unattrastivo. LORENZO GUNERTL In ‘Florenco the first nrtiat worthy of mnolo seoms to be Loranza (hiberti, who waw horn in 1181, 1o first beeamo known through sumo froacoen which hio paiuted in tho Palace of Carlo Malalesta, at Rimint.' Afthough promisod ad- vancement by Malatosta, ho returued to Flor- anco to compets for the bronza door of tho Bap- tistory, sud was selocted with five others to cast a Dna-rolief rqprosenting tho nacriico of Isaac, These wore to bo presented in a yonr to tho jndgos for spproval, ‘Among the competitors was anothor Floroutino, HBrunelleachi, sud tho e‘udsee woro undechled as to which of theso two josorved tho work, Brunolleschl, Lowover, withdrew In favor of Ghiborti. Modarn critics noom to have wondored that thers shonld have Leeu the loaat hoaitation in the mattor, so much suporior does Ghiverti’s modol raom. Aftor fin- igling tho fivat, Ghibortl was comtnisslonsd to mako tho sacond gato, and theso occupied the grenter portion of hin lifo, hnvlnfi been com- monced when b was 25, aud not finlahed until i wna 74, A doscription of them would vcouny too much spaco, but they aro_wonderful in de- uign and exocntion, and eatublish Ghibertt's titlo to being . paintar in bronze. Yet thore was ‘withal an extravAganco about his atylo which tho Curists have always condomned. As s soulptor 1 tho round lio was not eo snocassful a lu thoso an-rehiefs, which he handied as if they wero patotivgs and s clinel was a brusl, Of his other warks thoro is not roow to spoak. Ghiberit died in 1452, * DRUNZLLTACHL who waa a contemporary of Gliborti, and & com= petitor for tho Buptiatery gates, must he looked upon in the light of an architect rather thann scalptor, and a8 such was among tho groatest ar- tists of his age. 1o was alwou paintor and o worker in bronzo, 1o wont to ltome, and from his study of the Pacthoon arched ihe domo of the Cathedral in Fiorence after the sama molol which Michol Angolo aftersarda nsed for St. o= ter's. This was really hls groat work. DONATELED, in uenomllfl admitted to have boan tho soulptor who procodod Michol Angolo. 1o wns vorn at Florencoe in 1385, and from tho first was under tho wenlhy patronago of Nnberto Martol- i, Among his beat works are to bo mentloned his 8t. Goorgo at Sta. Croco. The warrior saint sooma to Lhavs haid more attraction for tho artist than thosoof Biblical fame. At least hinsuccess in bis imporsountion ts far bettor, o was thoroughly realistic in composition, but seomad to have an adwmirablo tasta in ]ndz(nfi of offogt and distanco I the molding sad chiseling of hig stotucw, whothor siugly or in groups. Il stndled thoantiquo and olosely imitated it inmany of lus proanotions, eapecislly among Lis siallor pleces, nud iy reliats show it by quaint, fancy, and dainty oxedution, In evidence of thisis's Tronze patora from tho Martalli colloction in the Kensington Mascum, Upon it aro halt-weought figures of Silenns and » Bacchante, It s an olaborately-wrought picca of workmanahip, and pronouncad * uniquo of its kind,” so admirably aro the , riylon, the thyrsus, viva-branches, and trophics oxecuted, and the whole farthor on- ricliod with damasconed work aud foliated ornn- montd, - Much of his work is to ba found at Blor- ence, and it bad a marked Influonco apon tho art of his time. Durlog the latter yeurs of Lis lifo hio was occupied at Ban Lorenzo upon tho stnceoay, pulpits, busts, aud braoze doora of the Hacristy, Among his other works may bo mon- tionod ~ o 8t, Johu and Hi, Cocelia, and an ox- uisito relint of tha Trinmph of Vacchusin the flizi Palace. Ho died at Floroneo in 1460, Awmong Donatollp’s pupilsand follow-artists whosa work is worthy of mention, must be namod Hichelozsn, who added some originality to his ntylo; Deaiderio do Bottiguauo, whoso manuor is roprosented to havo boon *delicato, aweot, and caplivating ;" Antonlo Filarcto, who scoms to havo \vorkm‘ with Donatollo ; Simono Fioron- tono ; aad Andres Verrcchis, Each of theso men loft monuments worthy to be placed among tho immortal worikn of art, evon if thoy failed to reach ity highest intorprotation. In 1100 *”"LUCCA DELIA ROPDIA was born, gnd, whilo not so ;irout an artist ns Slubartl_or’. Donatollo, ho did some excellont worlt. : His name, howaver, is moro thoroughly rdontificd with' the introduction of enamel Into axt, and’ tho production of Roobia ware, Sov- oral of his works in this spocies of enamel aro atill in existonce, among which is an_altar-pleco in the Church of Osservanzs, near Biopa. The tnombers of lis family, who survived him, ex- tonded its use, and introduced polychromatio architecturo, 5 g MINOR ABTISTS, ! .Ono of the most fnmoun of .thess workera in térra-cotta and colored marbles was Ayostino do QGucet. Tho Roasolhnos, one of whom was born in 1400 and the ojher in 1427, producod somo ad- wirablo eculptaral and architoctural work, Anothor famous sculptor was Mino di Glovan- ni, born in 1427. Amoug hia_works istho bust of nlahni) Balutate,m the Duorno at L'iesolo. Tho bust is wondorful, but still mora beantiful is an altar-ploco with n Madonna and Child aud infunt 5t. gohn. Matthow Civetalll, bora in 1185, alao added his quots to tho exeollent works of that day. This sculptor produced works in fonr different atylow! of which, perbiaps, his marblo tabernacle lo the Chapel of tho Iloly Sacrament, and » statne of Faith in tho Uflizi, are tho most remnrablo.y % Pheso georz to be all the permincot Tuscan sculptors who precoded Michol Angelo, and who must hava had moro or less iuflucnce fn Lis ar- tistio educatlon. Auch Lhad beon done for art among his countrymen bofore his bisth, but tho bost days seomad to have gona by until he eama to surpaas them all, with wider comprehounion and grandor execation. ¢ THE ITALIAN PATNTEDS. But littlo space can bo givon to the painters from wlom Michel Angelo maet have drawn in- spiration, for thongh hLis greatest triumphs have been in Lis frescoos, still, seulptore was tho art ko loved. Of those Clmabuo takes the lead, having been born during that period which gavo birth to Dapte. Iis picturea are all aftor the stiff Iy- zauline manner, Glottn, who suozooded him, wioldod a froer brush, and his fregoood ayo world- ronownod, yet many of thews have been dostroy- 4, and, even in thp iast eontury, chapel walls paintod by Giotto have boeu whitownshod, Alasusccio’s works, Lhowevor, secin to bo those whicl mont. atrnnsly influonced Bichel Angolo, and whiel: ho studied most attontively, Viewin with Yasari some of i frescoos in the Olurel of 8. Maria Magglore, A:f:clo snld, in rogard to thom: *“In the time of Mansacoio, thene figurcs must havo absolutely soemed alive.,” With his master, Manglino, ha soems t0 have asenpiod n mladle positiop between Cimabuo and Glotto, and the great patuters who followod him, ontept PSSk, HIS ARTIST CONTEMPORARIES, » BOULFTONS. Denodotto do Majano was born fn 1412 and dlad in 1497, 80 that much of bis work waa done aftor Michol Angelo's birth, the best of it hav- ing ficm accomplisbed in hia later yoars, Tha puldit at Banta Corres, in which Lo . reprosentod flvo soence In the life of t. Francls, i4 In bis Lest style, and this he was ab work on fn 1404, Michel Avgolo being at that timoe 19 yeara old, Bomo of thess paucls aro very beautiful. Iis style wag natural aud unafectod, and his com- positions gracelul, Tuscan art, hostaver, was already rapidly da- caying whon Michol Angelo wan born to Jift it up to greater holghts than it had evor Litherto attalned. Thoro ecem tu bo but two Florentine attiats whaat thls time contributed any work worth montloning to the world of art. Theso wote Denedotto Rovozzsno and DPiotro ‘Tor- rogiano. Dovezzano's greatest work waa the monument of Ban Glovannl Gualberto, This was partlally destroyed, Lat fivo of its bas-roliofs attosting hie talont are presorved in the Ufizi, 0f 'orrogiauo we loatn that Lo wont to England after baving, In a Ot of passlon, broken the noso ot Michol Angelo, whom he hated. Whilo he lofs some works bebind hiwm, they fado ino insignificanco bewide those of tho great soulptor, 0f Michal Angelo's pupils, the two who lay claltn to notico ato Railaclio da 3ontotupo, and ¥ra Glovanni Moutosorll, ‘Thoy both worked under Michel Angolo in the Sacristy of Ban Loreuzo, and it is in thia manuer tho first of thern is bost known, baving apparently cxocuted fow works of sufficiany originality to render him worthy soy extonded notico, 3ontosorli seoms to bave bad mours individuaiity, and, althougli aly his atatuos show tho effeot of his study undor tho great mnaster, Lo atill sccompllskes soms pralseworthy work, e was employed by F'opo Clement to gestore the lofsarmof tha Apollo ol viders, and the right arm of the Laocoou, Iils fouutau lu the pinzza ot Messiua was on elabor- ats ‘conmucmu, ‘which gave much satisfzction, or BENYENUTO CELLIND thoro Ia littlo to baeaid fu this rolation, for, Iutoreating as.all appertainiug to his life is, and though he was a friond and admirer of Michol Abgelo, e was {u 1o sonse of tha word a soulp- tor, In goldsmitk's work, minute detall, aud beauty of design, ho wasunsurpassed, but, whon b attompled to eniarge his Ogures, ho failed: .Hia ststuo of Parsona was mich.admirod ab tho timo, but It Is Iacking 1n anatomical truth, ‘Tho idea, howevar, was adinirable, while tho bnsro- Jtaf ‘in brotize 1n In Cellini'n lmpl»leul manunor, Thia ropresonts Andromeda ohainod Lo tho rovk ¢ Yersous hovering abovo her as ho fa about (o dispatolt the dragon : lier rolatives at one sido and her dimappainted lover, Phneus. Ot Bandinolli, born in 1187, and who was alwayn fealously atelving to "eompute” with Michel ”hflk’v it only sesms a wondor tlat lio ehonld have ever Lean employed as any- thing more thau a stone-cuttor, for ho docs not scom to have succcoded In giving ono really ool work to tho world. Ammanath, born in 1511, did littlo better. 1Ilis designs wora] eithor weak or loavy, but not vulgar liko Bundmelli's, 1lis prineipal claim to Do remembored by posterity is that Lo robuilt tho Poute Santa Irinila in an admlrable manner, combluing olegancs, strength, aud purencss of outtine in tha work, An o wculplor, Michel Angelo wndonbtodly stood alono, withous a rival and without o suc- tewsor among his countrymon. : In connection with this sabject onn i natur- ally lad to_tpoak of Raphnol and Leonardo dn Yinet and Drawanta, TAPHAEL. Taphinel Sant1 was born at Urbino In 1453, and al 13 years of sga wan oot to stuldy paiuting under Plotro Vanucel, ealled Poruging, 1o af- torward studied v Lloreuco undor Vanucolio, Thore I8 not spaco cwough in this rrticlo to dwell upon his palitings lefore thexa which ho oxecutad for Popa Jullua IT, 1o waa sout for to decorato tho Yatican. Tho collings and walls of throo aparttients and » grand salon nre thus decorated, Iiach wall fs decorated with ong large picturo, aud that on tho coiliug hns rofor- ence to thoss bolow. ‘Cho first mubject wan theolugy, and tho plctnro s tho ““Disptte of tho Sacrament,” Noxt he palpted Parunsnus, with Apollo and the Musca in the contre, 1lls #8chool of Athiens” comes next, with Plato and Aristotla in the ceulro, surroundod by vatiotis groups. The lust wall-painting in this room way * Jurisprudence.” 'Tho ceillng bears tho Higuros of Thoology, P'ectry, Ihilosophy, aud Jurinpru- dence, each in o compartmont, whila betweon thom aro four ovald that nre Uiled with doslgns earryiug ont the allegorical meaning. ‘The othor rootng wero decoraled in like mauuer, while at tho samo time L pajuted so many of thone Madonnas by swhich lio is best known to tho untraveled piblie. 1o was st work upon tha sinost plctura of ull when lio was taken ill and died, hoing then 37 yoars old. Whils his talont wae undonbted, {t iz atillal. most unlversally admitted that he would never linyo oxorted Wimaclf to reaching tho holght ho did but for the influence oxerted over hiim by tho wandorful works of Mickel Angolo. Bomo jenl- ousfos aroe sail to Lnye oxlsted betwoen thew, and thero could have beon liltle in common be- tween tho gay young paintor, full of life, and rondy to join ‘in any frolio of ths day, and tho already eldurl{‘mclmu,\wmud by pnd dikgysted g : ¥ with, tho worl LEOXARNO DA ¥I¥OL Leonardo da Vinc: was_n Elorentloo by birth, and was born In 1463, Ilo first studled undor Audron Veyochio, and soon showod superior tal- ont. Invited to Alilan by Ludovico Bforza, ho thoro entabtishiod a school of }m{nlmg. Whon ho was G0 yoars of age, and Michel Angolo was (n tlio prime of youth, they wora chosan to decorato opposito sldes of the great Councll Chambor in tha Palazzo Vecchio with historical paintings, Kach sclectad an incidont from tho wars botwean Pina and Florouce, Loonarda chose u scouo rep- rosonting an encountor of oavalry in tha battle of Angbiari. Al but o fragment of thia has been lost, This was copied by Rubous, and ohows great forco and epirit. Michel Angolo choso auother scone, in which o company of in- fantry sro bathing in the Arno, when they scom 1o hiavo been warnod of the approach of tha onomy, ‘This was afterward dostroyod by Iian- dinelll, some say,—but without proper justifica- tion,—nt the inatigation of Da Vinci. That soma fooling tnay havo existed belwoen Da Vinei nnd Angolo cau readily bo fmagined, for the Iatter wau alrondy grown old when the former was just roaohiug tho zenith of his fama. ERAMASTE, Of Bramanto ¥o find Michol Angelo himsel? complaining. Lo was celobratod as an architect, hine would Acem to havo done much toward ren- doring a portion of Michal Augolo’s lifo very unconforigble and unhappy. — MICHEL ANCELO AS A POET, 118 MADUIGALS AND BONNETH, Not only a8 a soulptor and a painter has Michel Augolo boen famous, but ho has aleo lett behind Nim ovidencos of grace and boauty as » poot. ithiout attompting to placo him on a lovel with the great Italisn poots, thero is stilla charm sbout Lis madrigals and sopnota which provoe that in his caso moro than ono musa brought lim gifts at Lis birth. It had been sald of him that ho cared for nothing but his srt, and that until e friondahip for Vittorin Colonna ho had novor. eonght woman's eociety, Somo of Lis poems, however, would soem to modify that ns- scrtion, a8 witness tho following madrigals trauslated by larford: SMADRIGAL VIIT. 3Ty eyes which loye to gaze ou beautoons things, Act on my soul whicl pauts for hesvenly lgut, Unul I alinost scom inducd with wings, Nenth Izauty's mntle, for a gupernnl mflu: From lofticst stars sloots down a radiance sll thelr owl, ' Drawing the soul nbovo, . ‘Aud siich wa pay 19 Lovos Tor uaught can socontro), s Uliarin, penctrato tho gouly Or counstl {t n monftory gulse Axa wwest face, ach off by star-iko oysa, * MADRIOAL XXIT. Ev'n when ho stays me, my loved Falr Delighta to act a daublo part: Ir oyes speak prowiiee, whilstherate micn strike daggers {hrough my heart 3 “Tlins Deats and Lifa 1n dubons etife, Am Joy and Tniu = Witliin mo rolyn ¢ Boofi will the conilict clors, and Doath's cold away Quench §n the shades of night Joy's fattering ray, 1t ia woll known, howovor, that Michel Angole proferrad to live apart from the wotld and dia- likod to bo intruded upon, limsclf, and hos ovenlombodied it in verse, as would seem’ by the follawing madrigal which Houthey has thus translated UADRIOAL LIX, 11 hath o chosen bis part who seoka ta pless Tlig wortliloss world.—ill bath ha choscu hia par, or often muat lio wenr the lnok of easa Wiien grlof {n {n his heart ; And ofton {u hia liours of Lappler fecling Wity sorrow muat bin countauance bu hung, Aud ever bis own better thoughis concealing, Blust 10 in stuphil grandeur’s pratse Lo Joud, And to tho errora of the fgnoraut crawd Assent with lying touguo, ‘Tnus much would I conceal, that none ehould know What secret causa I bave for silent wou 3 And taught by uny & melsuctioly proot Thiat thoss whom fartuna favors it pollatcs, 1, frumn tho blind aud faithless world aloof, Nor fear ils cuvy, nor desira ils praiso, tut choose my path through solitary ways, iy sonnuels have evoked much pralss and many efforla at translation, Wordsworth found i, nccordlug to hls own ackuowlodgment, pur= ticularly dillienlt to Lransiate Dante or Miohal Augalo, whilo ha vasily mastered Arlosto. Ifo, liowover, thus trauatatos this following & BONNET 1L, - No morfal object 1 thusaeyes beliold When firet thioy met tho plachd ligut of thine, And oy Foul felt hor destiny divine, Aud Lo of endleus pesco fia me grow boli, Heaven-Lorn, the Boul o heavewward course mush hold § Tiiyond the vistla world shs soars to sosk {For what delights the ssnso is falso and weak) Lieal Fora, the universul mauid, “I'io wlsa man, T aflirm, can find bo rest 1u that which ‘purishies § nor will lio load 1118 heart 10 aught which doth ou Hnie depend, *T'is sotwe, unbridiod will, and not trug lovo, That kilis the soul ; lovo betters whiat ia beat, Evon Leve bulow, Lik 1wors [ boavon abiove, Trom this and otliers of hiy sounota various writors have formed differontopinions, according to thelr predilections, some asserting that these sl ghowtha [ntluencoof that Platonts philosophy which governod tho socloty Lorenzo dei Medicl gathored nround him, and in which Michel Au. golo miugled, and othors that they aro proof of hinptrong belief in Ohrletianity, Undoubtedly as ho advauced in yoars, aud was fofluenced by Vittoria Colonna aud Bavonarola, he looked upon Immortality from sn orthodox polut of view, but it suams quito probablo that In Lis earller yours Lo was fulluguced by thoso who woro his frisnds and companions ot that time. Ile paid tribute (o Danto which Boutlhey lsa truusiated, and ho rmu both sonnets wud inadrigals to Vittoris Co- louna. With the followiug, addrassod to Vasari whon the artist-post waa 10 hia 8ith year, wo must oloso our sclections. 1fo sooms to realize that his lito's Journey is nearly at an end, and that ha munt bid adiou to Lis loved arts. Iisrford thuy translutes it ¢ 181, Yo Vasart, ‘T{me my frail bark o'r a rouph ocean gutdes, B v gunt Port whero all st tonvh that live, thsolr nvtiony, gowd ot evil, rive A atrlel pecouny, whiers Truth supseme prealdes. As tu foud Faney, in which Ard confldes Anl even bur 1ol und bor Mouareh u Full well I know how lul!xx-lv 1t prrla Of crror; bt fratt man in Lrror pri My thunghts, onco prompt, round hurtful thinge to bwine, What aro tucy now, whett tivo droad Deatbs sro neary o siatos this fact | Tha ono Imponis, the ather shakos his Apear. Paintlng and Beuipture's aid in valn T eravas Aiy onn sole refugte 1a that Tove divine Whicl from thie cross stretchiod fortls ita armn to save, ‘Thoso aro the poot's worda in alluzion to tho second death : 0l flan or a' duo morll avvirinn ? T'unn ' certn, e Paltra mi minacela,” Tho nllusiou seoma to bo to Raevelation xx., 41 **Biesned and holy ia ho that hath part fn tha flrat rennrroctions on anch tho second deally hath no power, bt thoy shall Lo priosta of tiod Al of Christ, and ahall reign with him a thousaud years," "I'ho pooms of Mlehol Angalo wera firat collect- ed by his nophew and hair, Lionarda Buo 3 ond woro first lm’blmhm‘ nt Florenco in 1643, by nia groat-nophes, Michol Angelo, called the younger, himsoll ranking amony tha five poets irhieli Floranca has producad, Thoy woro after- ward reprinted {n 1726 by Manni, and Lave sinco rano theougli neveral Tiatian aud Irench aditions, ‘Fho originnl antograph mantreript, clearly writs ten, 13 catorully tronsured In tho Vatlcan, —— MICHEL ANGELO'S LETTERS. THE PRIVATE MAX, T'rom Michal Angelo's leltots wa loarn moro of the man and got a clearer inaight Into his character than {n any other maunor. MMany of thiem havo been publishod and commonted on, especially that which he addressed to his old aorvant Urbino's widow., Tho following, how- over, in rogsril to tho Liin arts in Lotk of whial N0 is n mastor, may have moro goneral interest. Ilo thus writes to Varchi, tho historian, wha wroto asking his opinion upop tho then much discusned question s to WIICIT WAS TIE BUTERIOR ART, paloting or scuipture. While ho undoubt- ouly profuorred mcuipture, o sooms lnclined fn this lotter to 3o Jangunge to disgaiso thought : 4o M, Denedrtlo Varche : 1 liava rocelved your little ook, nnd will now eudasyor to reply to your ques sjons, though T fear.that .1t will La ineilclontly, T shonld sy that painting i consiered to he more per fect in proporlion aw 16 appronches fo the relief of sculptire, nnd that such relief becomes ican efiectiva in yroportion aa it approachies to patutlug, T thores foro Linve Leen tnad to regard seiiptuce as tha light of painting, aud that, between tha oue and Lhe oflier, Ahere miglt be tho sord of difference of relatlon that there 3 bebween the mun and tho moon, But since I lave read du your work tho parsage In which you eay fhat, speakin philosophifually, thoss thinga whicli havo the same enfl are fu fact (he same, I have altered wy opinion, and waunll say tuat, if greater Judgnient,” dilloulty, im- Tediment, wnd Inbor do a0t imply greator diguity, tuen paidiing aud mculpture ars one and the wano iling; und that, i such o the care, o painter shiould estecm aculptura inferjor to patuting, nor o soulplor 10 a elmflar way uudorrate painting, 1 nndorstaud by aculpturo that whicli produices fta effect by removiug from the saterial used, ba it whiat it ny, the super- finouas and by painting, the laylug on whiat {s neces- sary to produce tho desired effect, Kince, then, Lo samo specloy of intelligencs medu over boths aeniplure aud paluting, why not make peace otween thew, and closo thess endlces disputes, ibe tine conswmned in which would Le ruch Eoner em- pinyed in producing works of st 7 If o who maiu- talns that palutiog s m noble Lhan senlpiuro uniles upon otlior siibjocts as L doos npon this, my old woman would lnva written much better, Endiess things might be stated wuch to the m manner upon siinilar eelencea ; but they would eansumo, sa [ o already saitl, & groat dealof timaj and I have but littlo to apare, for Inin not only agud, Lut alrsady, na 1t wero, numbered with suro you will excusorus, and accept wy Lest (hanka for tlis too great houor you have doneme, which I Little morit, M.A "Lhio following lotter upon ATCMITEQTURAL PRINCIPLES must carry weight with It even at the prosent day, coming a9 it did from so great an orchijoct o Michol Anpolo certsinly was, In Lis dayn arcbitocture and seulpiuro weat hand in hand, Uon whao dovoted thomeelvos to tho formor wore not moro buildors, but they appliod thoir gontus to tholr work, and gave to the world somo of its noblest odifices. 'Tho gonius of architocturo presided over tho grand building, wero it church, palaco, tomb, or bridge, aud made it o fitting monument for tho gentus of sculptitro to ombal- lish. Inreapoctto architooturo, diclicl Angelo ‘writos to Casmo: ‘When a plan (or elevation) hay different parts those which rescmbls each othar in quality and qita tity ought to be decorated in the samn siylo, ~ Bub ylsu o plant changex its form nltoyetiser, it Is ot ouly permitted, bit nucessary, 10 rlter Ha ornaments, and thota also of ita cocresponding parts, The means of dolng 8o ars mubject to tho ducretion of tho archi. tect, Ay, for oxample, the noso, planted fu tho middle af tha fato, depends not on ono'or the other eyo, but tho ouo hand must neceszarily resemible the other, sud the one cya sionid snswer to the other, and aiso roly- tively to the correspouding parts of the face in which thay ara placed ; thins the members of architecture iy Lo said to depend fnn certain scnss on thosa of o human body, 1lo who {8 not a gaod maater of the human_figure, and especially of auatomny, cannub coinprebiend the principlo I fusist upon, LA, L. Tha fallowing undated letter to Messor Luigi dol Rlccio contains much to Intorcst from tlho maunor in which it brings boforo us the troublcs of the artist in his labors, and tho tnauner in whicly o was hindered and harassed by CARCLESS YOES AND MALICIOUS BNEMIES, Premising that ho did not wish to paint the Lost Judgmont, and that Lo always preferred sculpturo, the Iettor hias a doublo interest, 1lts aliusion to the fact that Lie might better have spout his 1ifo in tnakiug malches is a very human one, and porhaps drawa him noarsr to his'kin than avy other. It slows that grand old artist as ho way, 1o too folt *‘tha sliugs and’ arrowa of outragoous fortuno.” 1o thus writes: To Mewser Lurgi del Ricofo:—~Messer Tuini:—My Dran Futesn: 1am much urged Ly Mossor Pler Glo- vanul (o comminence painting upon * ‘Iho Last Judg- et und, 28 you sy imagine, I cannot do 2o for three or four diys, becawse tho Tough casting of tho wall §a uot yot dry, But there {3 somathing which ane noys me more than tho rongh casting which not only prevents me from pajuting, but even from lving, suil which Las thrown ms juto a state of despulr, namely, tho pou-arrival of the ratificution of the coutract, 1 Lave wmysclf apent about 1,400 scudl, which wounld hasve enabled mé t0 wark 10r £6von years, ditriug which 1ecould haye mnade two monuments instead of ono} and this" 1 bave done order to bé at pears and servo the puusll with m{ whola heart, That which T lave dooe about iho wsaid mouey was dono with the consent of the Duke, and un. der an agreemuut of liberalions and, now thist T havo dlabursed it, tho ratification d0:3 uot comr, the mean. iug of which you can rery well zea without mpwriting it, Enough!’ for iy falth, whick hos Jasted thirtye tliree youry, and for biaving voluntarily given wmysclf up, T fiavo neriyed nothing else, Yauiting, sculpiure, fatiguo, nnd fuill have rained me, and mattors go on from bad to warse, 1t would have heon better for mo Diad 1 givon myself 4 mry youth to the making of aul- piur matches (Cha lo mi forse oesso @ furo zolfas wielll), fu which case Taliould not now be fn such suf- forlnig, 1 wrlto thia to you, a8 you hiava always been 1y friend, as you bave becn the manager (o thls mat- ter, and as yoil know tha (ruth, fn order that you may mako §t knoswa to the Pope, 2o that he may understand ALt I cannot live, nor eve rlnt; eud that when I melscd to begin T promised fu the hope of recelviug o ratification whick oughl to bave been in my hands a nouth ago, Ida ot wisk to liva any longor under 1lTa burdex, nor to Lo stigmatizod every day as s dls- lionost person by hina who Laa tiken froni uis lUfe aud honor, ~ Deails or the Fope can alons relluve me from this wirait, Your < Mranary AnoeLo DuoNanoTTt, Agnin, In tho same maunor, be writes, **Lam stoubd avery day, rs if I Lad crugified Christ, I Lavo waated all my youth, bound to this monn- ment.” (Bou ogui di lapidato, corne do havessi ceuclilaso Christo,” * 1o mi truovo avers perdu- s tutta la min glovanezza logato a quouty sopol- tura,”) 1fesuifored much from difloultion and MISUNDENSTANDINGS WITIE TS FAMILY, aod somo of hi latters aro most pathetic in thia rospect. 1fo sooms, while ho lived apart from thom and dovotod lumeolf to hia work, tolLave boen most liboral in helping thom, It ho ccoa~ ~ionally added a word of advlce {t could scarcoly lave boon considered as moro than ho had & right todo, ile Lhus writes to his nephow, Lionardo, whom ho rogarded as it e had boen his own son. Mo writes to him thus, in the upring of 1647 28 2 Lioxauno; Ibave not been able to read your last Tatiur, and havs thrown it into the fire : I caniot theso- fore auawer ite contants, 1 bave writien tuls to you more jhan once, Every tlme & lotier arrives (rom you 2 H FEEEIR A i Lyot & fover Lefore § wnauelpher it Therefore, (rora 1bin tuo, if you Lave anythiug to cominunicate to me, apply o ‘sonia ono who-can wrile for 1 bave alliet thhfs to da than fall tulo deapair ovoe your letlers, Mosucr Giavaufruaco tells e Ll at you wisli to come to ltome for w fe wdays, I am satonbibied bow you abiould ba abla to got sway from Flurence, sfter baving |, eutorod upon the partuership of which you tell me, ke caronut to throw away (lie mony I seat, Gismon- do, tog, should thiuk of thin: for ke who Las nob earns od'th, Luawa not the valuo of monoy 3 aud it {s an old wzparieuce, thut bis who grows up 1 wealth often unds Dadly as o spendturift, Koep, therefors, your eyes opeti, sud do not forget amid what troubles and privu- an old mon, apeud wy ifs, Fiorontine citizen came (0 wa fo-day, and spoke of & gisl, ous of the Ginorl, in_counoction 'with who o1 ate muntioutd as siwiriug bor, I donot beliavo TVl e T eau, huwover, give yui no sdvice fu thio tutter, us 1o ot know the ciroumnstauces: but § do 1k 11k6 you to cliovsvus & wife uue whot Dier futher would B0t give to you, if ho could eatablisl her better, Ay wish would be, that whoover dosired 10 have you aw & son-fi-law akiould tiuk of you, aud uot of what yoi 1osscos, It scous tome thub you should not care about a great dowry, but that you should look to & Lwalthy wind, & Loalthy body, Yool Llood, and yood wcation, a1 what wirt of futully 3t i, This oty i ueresss: 1 Liave nothing to say further, Rewdme ber o 1o Aeaser, Glovantrancesco, ' Thero Ia searcely auy subjoct quu which tho great artist did not toucl in his letters. iy troubles with tho Popea and abont his artiatlo labors, his family diesensions, and sl thoso mat~ iors that suterested Lim. Liooardo did uot mar- ry uutil 1553, at which time Michel Angelo wroto to his nephow in regard to thonattor. 1ln gends cougratulatiopa to Lis wife, tells Lio- 1ardo that he wishes to mako her o qrcuent, and, has beon Jooking at a valuablo pearl oroament, Lut adda : **Hay no*kdog to her abouk it, oud it the ' dead, Tlcrefore I am” you think of anything otso, lot me " then fintkhes : * Live prudoutly, nn‘&nm}n & of yourrelf, and do not forgst’ that (s ™1t muro widowa than widowers 1 tio worlq w0 M1 : "\l:;clu more lu( l]umd-u suieht b nddod, by ot tha koneral veader theso extragy o ably sufllev, Rets will prch, — MICHEL ANGELO'S PATRONS, DEL R, No_record of Mickel Angelo's lite woulg y, comploto without somo mentlon of tho ey ! na it was to n membor of thal family ho wag (“ debted for much bolp in tho prosecution of fovorko studics. Wo first meot Wo name.) Madic, as conncctod with Tlorenting politicy, :” tho fourteanth century, at which timg they 1;, . arrnged againat tho Tanchl, which way (i) 1" plo'a party. Tho noxt tmo thoy rise aboye g, surfaco is In tho porson of Averado dof Moy 3 who in 1314 was Gonfalopiere, In tho Il\lr part of tho fourtoenth censury thoy coma mc' prominently boforo the public, Balvestry fln| Modiol being ab that timo made Ganfalonigr, s Clilet Magistrato, by & suddon uprising of 'u'," pooplo. 1n 1870 lio uaed his powor and Inlnnn: slir tho citizona up to rebollion againat cagtaiy infractions of thelr rights, and, succeeding, 3y appointed to represent them, lo s aafu Lave beon much loved by the peoplo, althoygy the records of bis lifo would scom rllbuzg\ ariso from sclfcsinoss than from a sincorg fl: nlro to help his countrymon, Ifo adopteg the popular side, howovor, n, the fction fighta thy still continued to disturb Florence, and rogy oo the wave of pablic favor to distinction and Pore or, Of tho fonsily, Grimm says: * The Modiey woro TPRINCES AND YET PRIVATH PEOPLH, Thoy rulcd with absoluto sway whilo sgemip nover fo givoa command. Thoy worn mors ™ fined than the most rofined iy Llorenco ; morg pliablo than tho eraftiest ; thoy eeizod their foey with unerring accuracy, for thoy undorstood hoy to Jull thom into tho feoling of woourity thay lny Lo their capture. Composure in momonts of greatest difioulty was of more mervica to they than the yalor which wan neverlacking, Linky with both, however, o marvelona aucoces way Land {n band y and that whicl cast & truela round thom was the direction of their mindayy objeats of highor culture; thelr delight wasiy the besutitul, and tho noblo manner in which thoy befrionded thoso who sero first in art ) #olonco. Lhelr morits, and again tholr apccessyy —Tor [ate richly fovored their noble incliantiony ~aro in this direction o vast, Lhat, a5 & lesson to tho wholo world, the goniua of history hy beautifully takon cara thnt the Medici shouly stand alone a3 protectors of art and scienco,” Tu 1398, Salvostro was eucceeded by Vier dy Modicl, During the perlod In which he jweay {he head of tho Floreating Governmont, fnsu, roctions, quarrcls, sud s total lack of politie morality ecemed to provall. There was ny Court pf Appoal whors differonces might by scttled. Evory man's hand saomed Lo bo againgy s brothor, and cach for hilmeelf tvas_tho moity ‘Llh;:glmpluund all uobler sontiment. It was noj nti . ssumed tho Gi s vztl&l:tmc:‘ i assum! 10 Groyernnond Al 1 Ho lafd out tho immenns “““rl).‘x fl&:m:hml?umm sesaed tor tho henotit aud embellishment of ki natlye oity. Ilo idontitiod bimwself with ady buijt uoblo palacos and magniticent churches: rovived tho Greek philosophy, snd gavo & nex impotus to litoratugo, founding valuable libraries ; gathored togother admirable colles tlons of autiquo gews, and ecomed indeedty morit his titla of Cosmo the Groat. lla hai boen exiled in somo of iho many turna of Fur- tune's wheel, which seemed “to wako mmy rovolutions in Plorence than in oy otker conutry, At homa be had mercly appented esy plain merchant, but in Venico ho aesumed b styio of n Prince, Again tho wheel tu over, and Cosmo refurned = to Tlorence far abovo Iho other Itslim citics, nnd make hor the art an italuf tho world. And yet at thin timoity #aid that * T'lorouce, considerod 2s a Siate, core tisted. of au usgociation of commerclal houses, tho firat of which was that of tha Medicl.” Wkt an ansver Tiog in that aasortivn to tho atsuzp. tion that culture begotton by uobla birthen alone appreciato and fustor trno art ] Whata oxamplo to othor commercial cities | Lioro del Medicl succoeded his father Cosma A wosk mau comparod wilh Dis father, but sty strong enough to hold tho refus of Qayernines, whilo ho lived, iu spila of opposition. TORENZO. 3 Tla was snccaedod by bis sons Lorenzo sz} Guihiano, the lagtor of whom Jast his hifo in ozt of tho muny struggles that porpetunlly dlstras od Lis potive city, Loranko, howevar, trodiy thoe fogtatops of his grandfather, and 'ehozed moro of tho, old reau's strangth aud conrze. A quarrel aroze with the Fazai, in which it T'ope himsclf took part. Sixtus IV, hated saf foarad tho Modicl, ' Thoy were growing oo gos- crfl. Ila was a Dells Rovers of Savona Iy conneotion with the 'Pazzi, & plots wae laldts murder the brothors, Guiliano fell victimh it, Lorouzo, though siabbed- in the nest was ablo “to defend himself, "Tho peojle ralliod around him. ‘Lhe Pazzl woro ovy powerad, The nooplo hung Lorenzo Pun and, anothor of the family wilh tha Arh bishop of Dlaa, from tho windaws of tho Falat where tho Elfnwry wore just taking breakfis. Sowe of tho I'azzl 'flod; othors were talensol oxocuted, Loronzo'a position waa stronger thy ever, Mo stll furthor confirmod it by makisy the Popo and King of -Naples hia friead alihough war had been desiared botween thea. In avery sense of the werd, he was popaly. taling o eheto in all publio festivilios; wrive souys for young girls Lo sing on suck fostal o casious; talking to tho children, who Wi koet bim; srranging superb carnivals, in whichbi toolt patt, -aud 'in ovory way presenting himsl) to tho popilace in n manner to produco s pler ing impression and appear necessary to them. oronzo hiad.collooted many fine spocimense! Greck and loman sculpture, and s Iargo nuimdd of pictures aud cartoons by some of the greates! Tlorautiue paintors, and (nstitutod an sesdest for Ui advancemont of Avt. It was hero (bl Michel Angolo firat met (hiy rgan, wha watdi tined to bo his patron and friend. 'The rest ol Toronzo'a history Is mo connected with Hich! Angelo that it forms tho back-ground to ang pie turo of tho artibt'y life, and naturally mast N conaldarod with it. JULIDS 1L . Bovoral Popea oceumied tho chair of BL.T® tor's, und all availed thomuolven of Anyelo's it ent, but nona to tho sume degreo ne Jullie Il ‘Thioy had numeraus disagreomonts, owing 10 1bt cligiie which was antagonistioso Angolo, avd wht at timen galned tho ear of tho Popo. ‘Tho Pops after giving him varlous commissions, was it duced to loak upon him coolly, -Michel Augel had bson accustomed to_go (o the Palacs wher Lio liked to conmult tho Pope. Ono moruing bt found himself luaulted ‘by a lackay, aud sec¢r tained that bo was rofused adwittanco at b Papo's orders, Going howe he wroto s roledt Julins, eaying: * Ulessed Yathor, pa L ™ clinsed from your palace this marning, by o of Your llolinees, I bog Inavo o {uform you il 1f yon Liava further neod of mo you will hare ¥ sools mo olaowhero than in Itomo,"” And, fnd he did, for Angolo wout Liome, sold off his house* Liold goods, and slarted for Florence, 'Iho quan rol wad aftorwards awleably adlusted. l]lvlni cast o statuo of the Popa In bronzo, the ngb hand was talaed. 'Tho Pope, neoing asled whothor it was in weneco or - Michol Angolo auswered: * 3enaco to ‘M,X: Dollipus, Loly Fathor.” “Put o sword in the lelt hani, inatead of & book," eald tho ¥opey #T was neybr given to lettors.” No other POP;i Lowever, was os consiatent a friond or hnlfflhu tho artist as Julius, and Michel Angelo felt o doath padly, " With' it hia prosperity seomed wano, and tho aunoyances ho was subject Were many, . —— FLORENTINE SOCIETY, A NOXIOUA PHILOSOPHY. Tho wect callivg thomselvos Platonists ¥ founded by Ammonius Sacans, ab Alexandris: tha third contury, Dorn of Cliistian parenth Lo waa educatsd by two ominent Chxistian h“". ors, Pautanus and Athonagorns, who, 0ok 00 tent with sceepting divino revelation wrfl:ll Lo its recognized taachings, were given to P losophizing upon it, They do not seem hh:‘: gouo vory far afiold from tho ordinary rosty of doatrino, but their pupil wes less inchin Liavo any curb placed upon his apeoulations e favolos, Llis followorn went ovon furtbior t"” Lo, and tho resuls was & mingling of Chfl‘“m doctrine and heathen philosophy, until & £o° Panthelstio creed was thus obtalned. "in mitted God a3 a firat cause, but hld«ll": o tho fmponotrablo sbyes of Ilia own influlte vouce,” PLATO WAS GUEATES TUAN CUDIST, - whose dwivily thoy denied, though 2dmiitiog himusaa wiso toacher, posalbly a dogro m d blesslng- in that liue then Pythagoras oF Ombnul.h.dl;': assorted that tho apostlos, his followers, “fl‘ outstripped his osiginal purpose ia thels o Ligho? - R b B