Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, May 2, 1874, Page 3

B HE CHICAGU DALLe SCHURZ ON SUMNER. A Magnificent Tribute to. tho Memory of the Massachu- - getts Senator, Tke Career of the Great Cham- pion of Freedom. Analysis of His Obaraoter, and Sum-~ : mary of His Work, Full Toxt of the Oration Delivered at Boston on Wednesday Last. ‘When tho nows went forth, *Clarlos Sumnor Is dond," a tromorof strango omation waa folt all overtholand, 1t was as if s mognificont star, o star unliko alt othors, which tho living gonora- tion had boon wont to boliold fixed and immova- blo above tholr honds, hind all at onco disappoar- od from the nky, and tho pooplo starad into the groat vold darkened by tho sudden absonos of tho familiar Jight. On tho 16th of March a funoral procession paased through tho stroots of Boston., Uncount- ©od thousands of men, women, and childron had sgsombied to 800 it. No uncommon pogohnt hnd attfactod thom; no military parado with glitter- ing uuiforms and gay bannors; no pompous ar- ray of dignitarics in official robea; nothing but oarriages, and & bearse with o coffin, and in It tho gorpso of Charles Sumner. But thoro thoey stood,—s multitude immensurablo to the eye, tich and poor, whito and blnck, old and young,— In grave and mournful silonco, to bid o last sad farowell to him who was boing borne' to his grave. And every breezo from evory point of the compass camo londed with o sigh of sorrow. Indeed, thoro wWas not a city or town in this groat Ropublic which would not have surrounded that funoral'procession with tho snmoe spectaclo of a profound universnl sonso of grent boreavement. Whasit love; was it gratitudo for tho services rondered to tho pooplo ;s was it tho bafiled ex- poctation of groater servico still to come ; was it sdmiration of his talonta or his virtues, that In- spired 8o yoneral an omotion of sorrow ? Ho had stood aloof from the multitude ; tho friondship of his heart had been given to but few; to tho many he had appearod digtant, self-satisfied, and cold. His public lifo lind boon full of bitter conflicts. No man had rousod against hinwolf flercor animositics. Although warmly rocognized by many, the pub- lio services of no man had been moro acrimo- nlously quostionod by opponents. Nostatesman's motives, qualilles of heart and mind, wisdom and chnractor, excopt his intogrity, had boon the sub- fect of more hentod controversy; and yet, when suddon doath gnatched him from us, friond and foo bowed their hoads elike. Every patriotio oitizon folt pooror than tho day beforo. Every true Amorican heart tromblod with the appre- hension that the Ropublic had Iost something it could {ll spare, Even from far distant lands, eeross tho ocean; voicos camo, mingling their sympathotic grief with our own, When you, Mr. Mayor, in tha name of the City Government of Boston, invited me to intorprot that which- millions think and fecl, I thanked you for tho proud privilege you bad conforred upon me, and the invilation apponled go irrepist- 1vly to my friendship for tho man wa had lost, that I could not decline it. Ang yet, tho thought struck mo that you might havo propared a great- er trlumph to his momory had you summoned, not mo, his friend, but ono of thoso who had stood againat him 1n the atruggles of Lis life, to bear testimony to Olarles Sumncr'd virtues. There aro many smong them to-dny, to whoso songe of justioe you might have safoly confided tho office, which to me is s task of love, Hero X seo his friends around mo, tho frionds of his youth, of his manhood, of Lis sdvancing ago; nmong them, men whoso {llustrious names aro houschold words, es far as the English tonguoe is spokon, and far boyond, I eaw thom standlng round his open grave when it recoived the flowor-deoked coflin, muto sadunoss heavily clouding thoir brows, I underatood their grief, for nobody could shara it moro than I, In such a prosence, tho tomptation is great to soek thiat consolation for our losa which bereaved friondship finds In tho oxaltation of its boroave- mont. But not to you or mo belonga his mem- ory now that ho is gone. His decds, hisex- amplo, and bis famo, ko loft na n logaoy to tho American poople and to mankind; and it {s my officoto speak of this inberitanco. I cannob apeak of it without affection, I shall eadoavor to do it wittx justico. (2 THE BTORY OF MI, SUMNER'S EARLY LIFE. Among tho public charactors of Amories, Oharlos Bumner stands poeuliar and unigque. His Bonatorial carcer is & conspiouons § part of our politieal history. But, in oxdor to appreciate tho man {n tho carcer, we must look nt the story of Lis lifo. The Amorican poople take pride in saying that slmost all thelr great bistoric charactors wore solf-mndo men, who, without tho advantage of woalth and carly opportunities, won their eduaa~ tion, raised thomsolvea to usefulness and dis- tinction, and achioved 'thoir grontness through & rugged, haud-to-hand struggle with adverso fortuno. It isindeodso. A logeabin; a ragged little boy walking barefooted to & lovd[y oouutry school-house, or somet mos no school-house ot all; o lad, after s day's lard tofl on tho farm or in tho workshop, poriog groedily, somotimes stenlthily, over "a volume of pootry, or history, or travols; o forlorn- looking youth, with' elbows outf, applying st o lawyer's oflice for au opportunity to study ; then tho Young man, n Buccossful practitioner, nt- tractiug tho notico_of his nelghbors; then a momberof aBtate Legislature, o Roprosonta- tive iu Congress, a Senator, maybe a Cabinot Minister, or oven Pregident. Such aro the pic- tures presented by raany a_proud 'Awmorican bi- ography. Aud it1s natural that the American people should bo &zmud of it, for such a biogra- phy condonses only in tho compass of n singlo lifo the gront story of tho Amorican uation, s, ‘aat© focbloness and migory of oarly sottlo~ « 40 tho blank solitude, 1t advanced to tha subjugation of tho Lostilo forces of Naturo ; plunged into an ardont atruggle with dangera and difficulties only known to itsolf, gathorivg streugth from overy conflict and axporicnce from every trial ; with undauntcd pluck widening tho ruugo of its exporiments and creative astion, un~ til at last it stauds as ono of tha greatest Powera «f tho earth. Tho peoplo nro” fond of seciug their image reflocted in tho lives of thelr foro- most, roprosentativo men, DBut not such a lifo was that of Olarles Bum- nor. He was dosconded from good old Kontlsh yoomanry stoek, men stnlwart of frame, stout of honrt, wiio used to stand in frout of tho florco battles of Old Eungland; and cho firat of tho namo who camo to Amorica had cortainly not beon oxempt from tho rough struggles of the oarly gettlements, But alrendy, from the year 1723, a long liue nf Bumnors appears on the reo- ords of Hurvard Collogo, and it is evident that tho love of siudy had loug been !mmdimfi' In tho umilfl. Charlos Pincknoy Bumner, tho Son- ator’s father, was & graduato of Harvard, o law- yor by profession, for fourteen yonrs Iigh Bhorist of Buftolic Gounty. Hia litorary tastos nnd scquiremonts, and his stately politonoss, aro still remembered. Lo was nlmge{hur& man of high respoctability,. o was not rieh, but in good ciroumstances, and well able to give his children good opportunition to study, without working for thelr J’nfly Lrond, Charles Buioner was born {n Doston, on the Bth of January, 1811, At tho ago of 10 ho had rocolved his rudimontary training ; st 15, aftor hiaviug gono through “the Boston’ Latin Hchool, Lo eutered larvard Collego, and plunged nb once with forvor iuto the clnaaics, polito liter= eturo, mud history, Qraduated in 1840, Lo eotored the Cambridge Law School, Now life began to opon to im. Judge Biory, his moat diatingulehed toncher, soon recognized in him & i‘onn man of uncommon stamp ; and au in- imato friendsbip sprang up betwoen teachor and pupil, whicl wed severed only by, doath, Ho bognn to distinguivh himeolf, not only by ho ‘most arduoua in ustry snd application, pish- & Lig sovenrohies far bejoud [ toxt-books,~ {ndead, text-books nover satisod him—but by o mlkfng ongorness and faoulty to master tho original prim:q‘flun af the Bolonop, and to t-goa them through it doyolopment. 1lin produc®:a labor huqnn: and I find it stated thnt alroady thon, while ho was yol qupl!. his osanys, pub- lishad In tho Amerfcan Jurist, and tho Ioston ZLaw Quarlerly, woro **always oharactorizod by brendth of view and accurncy of learning, and romotimes by romarkably subtle aud ingoulous fuvostigations.” Loaviug tho Law Bchool, ho entored the offico of o lawyor in Boston, to acquire a kuowlodye of practlco, novor much to his taata, Then ho vislted Waslilngton for the first time,—little dronming what o thoatre of action, strugglo, triumph, and sufforing, the National Olty was {0 becomo for hlml for thon ho came only an n studlous, deoply Intoroutod looker-on, who maro- lY dosired to form tho ncqualntanco of the Jus- tices and praoticing lawyors at tho bar of tho Bupremo Court, 1la wea recelved with marked kindness by Chiof Justice Marshall, sud in later yenra ho loved to toll bis frionda how Lo had aat nt the foot of that gront magiatrato, sud loarned thoro what o Judgo should bo. ITaving boon admitted to the Bar in Worcostar, in 1884, 28 yoara old, Lo openod an ofiice in Bos- tony was soon appointed Reportor of tha Unitod States Oirouit Court; published throa volumes containing Judgo Btory's Deolsions, known us *Bumner's Roports;" took Judgo Story's place from timo to timo as leoturor in tho Harvard Law Bohool,—sluo, Prof. Grosu- loaf's, who was abgent; and odited, during the yoars 1836 eud 1836, Androw Dunlap's Troatisa on Admiralty Practico, Boyond this, his studios, arduous, incessant, and t'hnroug‘l;, ranged far aund wide, Truly a sludious and Iaborlous young man, who took the businoss of life earnestly in hand, dotormined to know something, and to be useful to his tima and country. DBut what ho had loarned and could learn at home did not satisfy his craving. In 1837 he wont to Enropo, armed with o lotter from Judge Story's iaud to tho law mnfinlfiofl of England, to whom his patron introduced Lim ns *a young lawyer, glving promise of tho most cninent distinotion in his profession, with truly oxtraor- dinary atiainmonis, literary’ and judicial, and & goutlomon of the higheat Furlty and proprioty of charactor,” That was not & moro complimont- ary introduction ; it was tho conscloutions tou- timony of & great Judgo, who woll knew his ro- sponaibility, and who afterwards, whon hia donth approached, ndding to that testimony, was fro- quently hoard to sny, **Ishall dio content, g far a8 mi Professorship is concerned, if Obarles Sumnor is to succeed mo.” In England, young Sumnor, only feoling him- solf utanding on tho throshold of life, was re coived liko a man of already nohieved distin tion. Evory clrclo of n soclaty ordinarily so exclugiva wea open to him. Often, by invita- tion, ho ent with the Judges in Westminetor Hall, " Ronowned statesmon introduced him on tho floor of the Housos of Parlinment. Eagerl: o followed tho debates, nnd studied the princi- ples and practice of Parliamentsry law on its maternal soil, where from the first “secd-corn it s grown up into A magnificent treo, in whoso shadow a great poople can dwell in socure onjoy- mount of thelr rights. Scientific nasocintions recoived him 08 & wolcomo guost, aud tho Jenrned and groat willingly opened to his win- ning presonco thoir storea of knowledgo and statosmanship. 1n France g listened to tho ominont men of tho Low School in Parls, at tho Sorbonno and tho College do France, and with many of the statcsmon of that country he maintained in- struative intorcourse, 1In Italy he gave himsolf up to the charms of art, pootry, history, and classieal literaturo. In Germany bo eunjoyed tho convorsation of Humboldt, of Ranke the Distorian, of Ritter tho goographer, and of the groat jurlsts, Bovigny, Thibsut, sod’ Mittor- maier, ‘I'svo yoars aftor his roturn, the Quarterly Re- view said of his vieit to Evgland: **Ho presonis in his own persou a decisive ll)rocn‘,l.l.mr. an Amorican gontleman, without oflicial rank or wide-sprend reputation, by mere dintot courtosy, candor, an entiro absenco of pretension, an ap- prociating spirit, and a oultored mind, may be Tocoived on o perfoct footing of equality in the baat circles, social, politieal, and intollectual.” It wmust haye been true, for it camo from a quarter not given to tho habit of flattering Amovicans beyond their de- gorts. And Charles Bumner was not the Scnator of power and famo ; ho was only the young son of a lato Shoril of Suffolk County in Massachu- sotts, who had meithor riohos nor etation, but who possossed that moat winning clisrm of youtl,—purity of soul, modesty of conduct, oul- ture of mind, an earnest thirst of knowledge, and o brow' bearing tho stamp of noble mans hood, and the promise of futuro'achiovemonts. 1lo roturned to his native shores in 1840, him- golf tio & Leavily-freighted ship, bearing & rich onrgo of tronsures oollocted in' forsign lands. Ho rosumed tho practico of Inw in Boston ; but, o8 I find it stated, ““not with romarkablo suo- oot in & financial point of viow.” That I readily beliove, The financial point of view was never to him a fruitfal sourco of inspiration. Agaln be dovotod himself to_the more congenial faal of toachwig nt tho Oambridge Law Bchool, and of editing on American edition of “Veroy's Reports,” in twonty volumes, with alaborato notos contributed by himself, A NEW FIELD OF ACTION. But now the timo had como whon 4 new fleld of action was to open itself tohim, On the 4th of July, 1845, ho delivered before the city an- thorities of Hoston, an addross on *Tho Truo Grandeur of Natious.” So far hd had boen only o student,—n deop and arduous one,—and o yriter asnd a toachor; but nothing more. On that doy hie public enrcor commenced. And bis firat public address disclosedat once tho peculiar impulse and inspirations of his heart, and tho tondencics of Lis miud. [t was & ploa for uni- voysal poace,—a poatic rhapsody on the wrongs and horrors of war, and the beautios of coucord ¢ not, ludaad1 without eolid argument, but that arghmont clothed in ol tho gorgeousness of his- torical {llustration, classio imagory, and forvid effugion, flsinfi high above tho level of cxisting conditions, and picturing au ideal future,—the universol reign of justjco and charity,—not far off to his own fsgluation, but far boyond the concoptions of living socioty: but tothatso- clo’.{‘hn addressed tho urgent snmmons to go forth at once in pursult of this idenl consumma-~ tion; to transform all ewords iuto plowsbares, and all war-ships into peacoful merchantmon, without_delay; bLolicving that thus the nation would rige to n greatness nover known boforo, which it could uccomfilmh it 1t only willed it. And this spoech ho delivered whilo tho citizen- goldiery of Boston in_ festivo array were stand- inF boforo him, and whilo the very afr was stirred by tho premonitory mutterings of an ap- proaching war, Tho whole man revozled himsclt in that ut- teranco; o soul full of tho native instinct of justico; an u\‘a?‘m\‘nflux sougo of right and wrong, which mado him look at tho probloms of human gocialy from the lofty plane of an idonl moralily, which fixed for him, high beyond tho existing condition of things, the aims for which bo must strivo, aud ingpired and flred his ardent naturo for tho strugglo, His oducation had singulnrly favored and dovolopied that ideal tendency, It was not that of tho solf-made man iu tho " common ac- ceptation of tho word. Tho distracting strug- gles for oxistonco, tho small barrassing cares of overy-day life, had remainod foreign td him. His cducation wag that of the favored fow. 1lo found all tho avenues of knowledgo wide opoen to him. Al that his country could give ho Lind : tho most renowned schools ; the living tnstruce tion of tho most clovated nporsonal associations. It was tho cducation of tho typleal young Eun- glish gentleman, Liko tho English gentloman, also, ho traveled abroad to widon his mental ho- rizon, And, ngaiu, all tho foreign countrios could give ho had,—tho instruction of groat law- yera and mon of science, tho teaching and exam- plo of statesmen, tho charming atmonphore of Jootry and art which gracea_and elovates tho Houl,” 1fo had nlso learned to work, to worlk hord and with 8 purpose; and at 84, when he firat appoared conapicuously bofere tlhe peoplo, ho could nlready point to many volumoes coutain~ ing tho results of his Inbor, fiut his principal work had boon an eager ac- cumulation of knowledge in kis own mind,—nn acoumnulation most eoxtrrordinary in its scope and variety. IHis natural inclination to soarch for fundminontal principles and truths Liad been favored by his opportunitics, and oll his indus- try in colloeting knowledgo bacama subsorvient to tho bwldimgup of his idenls, Having not been tossed and iuallcd through the school of want and adversily, he lacked what that echool is bost apt to develop,—keen, practical instinots, sharpened by enrly strugglos, and that sobor ap- rmemfloun the roalities and poseibilities of tho imos which is forcod upon men h{ a hard con- taot with tha world, He judged life from tho stiiluess of tho student’s ‘closet and from hia in- tercourse with tho refined and clovatod, and o acquirad littlo of thoso cxporiences of life which might have dampoued his zeal {n worling for i {denl aims, and mg(ierzd 1us fuith in thelr renli- zation, lls mind loved to move and u}mnta in tho ronlm of ideas, not of things in fact, it could gourcoly have done otherwise. 'Thus na- ture and oducation made him an idealist; and, indecd, bo stands there us the most prononnnei idonliaf among the publio men of Amorica, He was an ardout friond of liborty,—not lke one of thouo who hiave themselvos suffored op- presaion and folt the galling weight of chaing nor like those who, in the common walka of lifo, Lave oxperienced the comfort of wide olbow- room and the quickening aud encouraging influ- ence of free lustitutions Tor the practical work of 1Lifo. Zuk o biua libocty was (w3 idosl goddoas, dlothod in sublimo attribules of surpaasing Lanuty and bauoficenas, giving to avary humnn boing bis otoriml rights, showering around hor tho trensuron of hor blossings, and liting up tho lowly to aulden! oxistonco. Inthe sama othoroal light stood In Lis mind tho Republlo, his coun- try, tho law, the futuro or{wflzatlon of tho gront family of peonlos, That [dorlism was sustalned and qlulnknuad, not maroly by his vast Jonruin, and olasaical inapirations, but by that raro su oxquisite purity of lifo, aud high moral sensitivo- noss, which he had prosorved intaot and frosh through all tho temptations of his youth, and which romatned intact and frosh down to his last By, Buch was tho man whon, In tho oxubprang vigor of manhaod, bio ontored public life. Untl that timo Lo lind entertained 1o napirations for o political careor. Whon dlsourring with a friond in bis youth—now s man of famo—what tho future might have in storo for thein, ha said; “You mu{bo o Sonator somo day; but nnthhug wonld make me happior than to bo Presidont of Harvard Colloge.” * And in Intor yoars ho public- ly doclared: * With tho amplo opportunities of privato lifo I wns content, No tombstono for mo could boar a fairer Inscription than this: *Joro lios ono who, without tuo honors or emoluments of {mhllo atation did somolhing for bis follow-mon." " Tb woa tho soholar who spoke, and no doubt hio spoko sinceroly, Dut ho found tho Blavory ques- tlon in his pm’;; or, rather, tho Blavory quoation #olzod upon him. Tho advocate of universal ponco, of the otornal reign of justico and charity, oould not fail to noo in Blavoery tho ombodimen of univorss! war of man against man, of abso- lute Iinjustico and oppression. Little knowing whore "the- firet ward would carry bim, ho soon found bimaolf in tho midat of the struggle. The idenlist found a living quoation to donl with, which, liko = flash of lightning, struck into tha vory depth of bis sonl, aud sob 1t on fire, Tho wholo ardor of his naturo broke out iu tho onthusiasm of the Auti-Slavery man. In & sories of glowing addrosaos and lotters ho at- tacked tho great wrong. IHo proteatod agalnst the Mexioan War; Lo assailed with powerful strokos the Fugitivo Slave law; ho attempted to draw tho Wihig party into a deolded Anti- Blavory: polioy ; and, whon that failed, he broke through his party affliations, sud joinod tho small bund of L'roo-Sollors. 1o waa an Aboll- tioniat by naturo, but not one of those who ro- jooted the Counstitution ns & covonant with Blavory. His logal mind found in the Conslitu- tion no expross mccgnhlun of Hlavory, aud ho oonsistently conatruod it asa warrant of froe- dom. This placod him in tho ranks of thoso who wero cailod * Political Aholitioulsts,"” 1Ho did not think of tho sncrificos which thia: obodience to his moral impulses might cost him. For, at that timo, Abolitionism was by no menus a fashionablo thing, An Anti-Slavery man was then, oven in Boston, positively tha horror of a Iargo portion of polito soclaty.” To maka Anti- Blavery spoochos was looked upou, not only ns an incendiary, but s vulgar ocvupation, And that tho higbly-refined Bumuor, who was so lomrned and ablo; who had soon ' tho world sud mixed with the highost social ciroles in Europe: ‘who know tho classica byhoart, and could dolivor judgmont on o picture or & statuo Uke a voteran connoissour; who was a favorite with thoe woalthy and poworful, and could, in lus aspira- tions for an onsy and fittlug posttion in lifo, count upon $helr wholo influonce, if ho only would not do nnyfl.\iuifonl(nb.—thnt such a man should go among the Abolitioniats and not only sympathizo with thom, but work with thom, and oxpoto hin- solf to tho chanco of belng dragged through tho stroots by vulgar handa with & rops around his nook, like William Lloyd Garrisou,—that wasa M“F at which tho polito socioty' of that day would rovolt, and which no man could undortake without danger of being severoly dropgu(L But that was tho thing which tho refined Sumner actually did, prabably without giving o moment's thought to the posstble consequonces. He wont ovon ko far a8 openly to dofy that distatorship which the groat Daniel Wobstor bad for so many yoars been oxercislng over tha polltical miud of Massachusots, sud which then was about to ex- ort its powor in favor of o compromise with Blavery. BENATOR BUMNIR, But times ware chauging, aud, only slx yoars aftor tha delivery of his st popular nddreds, ho was olooted to the Seuatoof tho United States by » combination of Democrats and Froo Soilers. Ohinrlos Sumnor eutered the Sonato on the Ist day of Decomber, 1851. He entored 85 tho suc- consor of Dante] Webster, who had boon, ap- Eob)lod Scerotary of State. On tha samo 18t of ocomber Ioury Clay spoke his Inst word in the Benato, and thou left the Ohamber, novor to ro- turn, A striking and most signiflcant colnci- dont: Houry Oiny disspposred from publio lifo; Daniel Wobstor loft the Sonate, drawing near hia end; Charlos Bumuor stopped upon sho scono. T'ho close of ono und tho beginning of another opoch iu the history of the groat Amevican Ra- publlo wore portrayed in tho exit and ontry of Lthoso man, Clay and Webster had appeared in the councils of the untion in the ecarly part of this contury. Tho Ropublio was still in its ohildbhood,~in slmost every respect still an un- tosted oxperjment, an uunsolved _problem. Slowllirl:ud painfully bad it struggled through tho t conflicta of ocoustitutional theorics, ond acquired only an uncortain degreo of nationel consistency. There wore tho some- what unruly domoorncles of the States, with their fresh revolutions rominisocenaes, their instincts of onfimlfl indopendont soverciguty, and their now and then scomingly divergent in- torosts ; and the task of bindiug thom firmly to~ gothor in the bonds of common aspirations, of national spirit and the authority of national law, had, indoad, fairly progrossod, but was far froni ‘belng entircly nccomplished. The United States, not yet compacted by the monus of rapid locomo- tion which to-day make overy inhabitant of tho land a neighbor "of the National Capital, wera thon still o !Cm;él:llng Oonfedoracy; and tho members of that Confederacy bad, siuce tho tri- umphant issue of the Revolution, more common momories of severo trials, sufforings, embar- rassmonts, dangors, and anxietios togothor, than of cheering successes and of assured prosperity and wsll-holng. ‘Tho great Powers of the 01d World, fiorcely contonding among themaelves for tha mastory, tramplod, without romorss, upon the noutrul rights of the young sud feoblo Nopublio. A war was impending with oue of them, bringiug on disnatrous royerecs, and sproading afarm and dis- content over the land. A dark clond of financial difficulty hung over the nation. Aud the danger from abroad and ombarrassmonts at home were heightenod by n rostless party epirit, which former disngreomonts bad left boblind them, and which overy nowly-arising question seemed to embitter. Tho outlook was dark and uncertai. It wns under such oircumstrncos that Henry Cley first, and Danicl Webstor shortly aftoghim; atopped upon the scono, and at onco took their atation in Lhe foremost rank of public mon. he probloms to bo solvod by the statesmen of that pericd were of an eminently practical na- ture, ‘They hind to eatablish the bosition of the young Ttepublio among tho powors of the earth ; to mpko ber rights as o neutral rospected; to socuro tho eefoty of Lor waritimo intarcsts. hay bad to provido for uational defense. “hoy had to sot tho Intorior household of tho Republio in working order. ‘Thoy . had to find ~ romedios for & burdensomo })uhllu dobt and a disordored currency. Thoy ind to luvont and origluate policios to bring to light tho resources of tho lond, sleeping un- kuown 1n the virgin soil ; to open and mnEn e~ cossible to tho Lusbandman the wild acroa yot untouched ; to protoct the frantior-settlor ngainet the Inronds of the savaga; to call {uto full actlvity tho agricultural, commereial, and in- dustrin] euergics of the pcngla; to dovolop sua oxtond (Lo prowpority of the nation 8o 88 to make oven tho discontentod ocase to doubt that tho National Union was, and should be main- taiued as, o blesaing to all. ‘Thus we flnd tho statesmanship of those times busily ocoupied with pruatical dotall, of forcien Bulluy, untionn! defonse, fluancinl palioy, tariffs, nuks, organization of govornmental dopart- ments, land policy, Indian En)lu_v, intorunl im- rruvnmon ts, sottlomonts of digmites and diffionl- ios mnn;{ tho Statos, contrivances of oxpodl- onoy of all sorts to pub the Governmont firmly upon its feot, and to xot and keep in orderly mo- tlon the working of the political machinery, to Luild up, and atrengthen, and socure tho frame- worlt in which tne mighty dovelopmenta of the futuro woro to take placo, Buch o task, somotimes emall in ita dotails, but diflicult and grand in Its comprehensivonass, roquirod that croative, constructivo, organizivg kind of statesmanship, which, to Iarge and en- lightoned views of tho aims and ends of politi- cal organization aud of tho wauts of gocioty, must add a practical kuowledgs of dotails, o ekillful handling of existing matorial, & just un- derstanding of vnusen and effacts, tho ability to composs distracting counllicts and to bring’ tha social foroes into frulitul co-oporation, THE MEN OF TIE DAY, On this flold of action Olay and Webster stood in tho frout ravk of an illustrious wray of con- tomporaries s . OI-K the originator of ineasures and polioles, with bis inventive and urglulzlnF mind, not rlch in profound idersor in knowls edgo gathored by hook-study, but learning ns ho went ; quick in tho porcoption of exialing wants aud ditloultios, aud of the weans within renchto autisfy the one and overcome tho other ; and & born captsin also,—o commandor of mon, who 8) puuras‘ as if riding through the etruggles of tfinn days mounted ou & splendidly-caparisoned chargor, sword in hand, sod with mwhzg Tolnot~ plunio, iuudlng the front ; & flery aud truly mag- uotio soul, overawing with hisfrown, enohant- ing with his wmilo, flourishing the weapon of ologuoucy Uke s wizard's waud, overwhelming opposition, sud kindling and fannjug tha flama oP enthusinem ; & marshalor of partlos, whoso vory prosonco and voico, like a sigual blaat, cronted and wioldad organieation, Aud by his side Danlol Wobstor, with that aw- ful vastnoss of brain, a tromondous storohouse of thought and kuowledgo, which gave forth ats tronsuros with pondorous majesty of utior- anca; ho not an. originator of meaures and policies, but » mighty advocate, tho groatost ad- vocato this country ever know,—a Elng in the ronlm of intelloot, and the solomn embodiment of anthority,—s huge Atlas, who oarrled tho Coustitution on hia shouldars, Ilo could have carrlod thera tho wholo moral grandour of the nation, hiad b novor compromisad bia own. Huch mon filled tho stago durivg that period of construction and conservative natlonal ore ganiantion, dovoting tho bost offorts of tholr statoamansbip, tho etatesmansbip of the po- litlesl mind, bo the purboss af raislng tholr country to groatnosa In wealth and powar, of maling tho peoplo prond of thelr common 'na~ tionnlity, and of imbedding tho Union in tho contontmont of prospority, in enlightoned patriotism, nntlonal Inw, ‘and conatitutional rinoiplo, - And, whon thoy draw near thlr ond, nmy could booak of mouy a grand nchiovoment, —not indood cxolusivoly their own, for other &qurlul minds bad their sbare in' the worle, ho Unitod Btatos stood there among tho groat Powers of tho earth, atrong and respoctod. Tho TRopublic had no foreign foe to foar; its growth in population and wonlth, in popular intelligence mu!l Erogrcsslvn clvilization, the wondor of the world. Thore waa no visible lmit to ita devol- opmont ; thore seomod to be no daugor to ite in- togrity. TRE PRONLEMNS OF THE DAY, : But, smong tho problems whiok tho atatesmen ot that period had grappled with, thora was ono which bad olnded tholr grasp, lhny & confliot of opinion and interost thoy had sicosaded in sottling, oither Ly positive deolslon, or by ju- dicious composition. But ono confliot had stub-~ bornly bafiled tho statesmanship of oxpedicnts, for: it was moro than n mero conflist of opinion and intorest, It was o confliot grounded deep l‘i\ tho moral nature of men,—theBlavory quos- on. Many o timo had it appenred on the surface during tho period I have described, throntening to overthirow all that had hoon lngnnlouely built up, and to Lroak asuader all that had boon labo- riously comented togothor. Iun their anxioty to avert every danger threatoning tho Union, thoy attompted to repross the Slavery question by compromiso, and, appatently, with success, ab lonst for o winlo. Dut, howover firmly thoso comwromlsos scomed to stand, thoro was a forca of naturo ot work whlob, like a rostlosa fiond, silontly, but uncoasingly and irrosistibly, washo their foundation away, until at last tho towering structuroe tnsrlod down. The Anti-Slavery movomont is now ono of the graat chaptors of our past history. Tho passions of tho strugglo having been burlod in thonsands of gravos, and the victory of Univorsal Freedom standing as firm and unquoestionable as the etor- nal hills, wo may now look back upon that his- tory with an impartial oye. Xt may be hoped that oven tho puogln of the South, if thoy do not you_approciato tho spirlt which orested and guided the Anti-Slayory movemont, will not much louger misunderstand it. Indoed, thoy Fxluvounly ‘misunderatood it at tho timo, They ooked upon it as tho offspring of & wanton do- siro to moddlo with othorPnopm‘s affairs ; or ag tho product of hypacritical solflshnoss assuming tho mask and cant of philanthropy, meroly to rob thio South and to enrich Now England ; or as an insidious contrivanco of criminally-rockless political ambition, striving to grasp and monop-~ olize power at a riak of dustroyiug o part of the country, or oven the swhole,” It was, perbaps, not uunatural that thoke Intercated in Blavery should have thoughtsoj but from this great orror aroso thoir fatal miscalculation os to the strongth of tho Anti-Slavery cause. No idon eover agitated the popular mind to whoso origin ealculating solflshnoss was moro foroign. Lvon the gront uprising which brought about the War of Indepandence was less free from solfish motives, for it sprang from resist- ance to a tyrannical abuso of "the taxing power. Then the peoplo rose ogainst that opprossion which touched their thpnlty; thio Apti-Slaver; movomont origivated in an’impulso ohly moral. It was tho irresistiblo broaking out of a troublo of conscience,—n trouble of cousoience which had already disturboed the men who made the American Itopublic. It found a voiee in their naxious admonitions, thoir gloomy vro‘;huulns, thelr scrupufous caro to oxcludo from the Con- stitution nll forms of expression whick might havo appearcd to enuction the idea of proporty inman. It found a voica in tho fireo stiuggles which resulted in the Missouri Compromiso, It +was roprosaod for & time by my matorial intor- ost, by tho greed of gain, whon the paculinr product of slaye-labor became one of the prin~ cipal staples of the country and amino of wealth, But tho trouble of consolonce raiged its voice again, sbrill and dofiant a8 whon your own John Quinoy Adams stood in the halls of Qongross, and when devoted advocates of the rights of man began and carried on, it tho taco of ridleule and brutal persocution, o agitation seomingly .liopeless, It criod out sgain and again, uutil at Inst tones and ochoes grow louder than all the noises that wore to drown it. TOW SLAVERY WAS PUSHED ON. Tho Anti-Slivery movement found arrayed zainat itsolf all tho influouces, all the agonoies, i tho argumonts, which ordiuarily contral tha actions of mon, Commorco snid: Do not dis~ turb Slavery, for its producta fill our ships, and are ono of tho principal monns of our oxchanges, Induptry eaid : Do not diaturb Slavery, for it feeds our machinery and gives us markots., Tho %mnd of wealth srid: Do not disturb Slavery, or it I8 an inexhaustiblo fountain of richca. Politicnl ambition said : Do not disturb Slavery, for it furnishes us combinations and compro- misos to keep partios alive, and to mako power tho prico of shrowd management. An anxious statesmonsbip said : Do not disturb Slavery, for g«:u might break to picces the Union of thoso atos, There nover was n more formidable combina- tion of interests and Iniluonces than that which confronted the Anti-Slavery movement in its earlier stages. And what waa its answer ? * Whethor all you eay be truo or falso, it mattors nof, but slavery is wroug.” Blavery i wmufil That one word was cnough. It atoqd there like ‘a huge rook in the soa, shivoring to spray the waves dashing upon it. Intorost, groed, argu- mont, \'imrcmuon, cajumny, ridiculo, persocus tion, " patrlotio appeal, — it wos all in vain, Amidat all the storm and asgault, that ono word stood there unmoved, inteot, and impregnablo : Blavery is wrong. : Buch wag the vital sph'll of the Anti-Slavery movomont in itn early dovelopment. Buch n spirit alone could inspiro-that roligious dovation which gave to tho believer all the stubborh onergy of fanaticism ; it alono could kindle that doep euthusinsm which mukes men willing to risk and sacrifioo overything for a groat cause; it nlone conld keep alive that unconquorable faith in the cortaiuty of ultimato succoss which boldly attompted to overcome sooming {mpossi- Dbilities, 1t wasg indeed & great spivit, As againat diflioultios which threw pusillanimity iuto de- spair, it painfully struggled into light, ofton Lafiled, and se ofton pressing forward with do- votlon always frosh; nourished by nothing but s urofouud wonso of right ; onovuraged by nothing ut the chooring sympathy of liberty-loving mankind the world over, and by the hopo that somo day tho consclonce of the American peoplo would bo quickened by a full understanding of the dangors which tho oxistence of the great wrong would bring. upon the Republic. No soramble for tuo spoils of offige then, no oxpec- tation of a speedy conquest of power,—nothing but that conviction, that onthusiasm, that faith n tho breasts of o small baud of men, and the prospoct of now uncortain struggles aud trials, At tho timo when Mr. Bunior entarod the Sonato, the hn{ln of flunl victory appeared as dis- tant ag ever; but it only appeared so. Tho sintosmon of the past poriod hiad just anceeoded m bulding up that compromise which admitted California ns n froe Stato, and imposed upon the Ropublic the Fugitive Slave law. ‘That compro- mise, liko »ll its prodecossors, was considerod and oulled a fingl sottlement, 'T'he two gront political partios accepted it as such, In what- over thoy might differ, ns to this they solomnly proclaimed tholr agroomont, Tidelity to it was looked upon as o test of truo patriotism, aud as & qualification neoss- sary for tho posscssion of politioal power, Oppoeition to 1t was denouncod as factious, unpatriotlo, revolutionary demagogism, littlo short of troason. An overwholming mnfimy of tho Amerloan Snoplu nequioscod in ik, Material futorost looked upon It with satisfaction, as a promise of repose; timid and senguine putriots Emuted it s & vew bond of Unifon; politiclans ailed it a8 on assuranco that the fight for the. public ‘fluudur might bo oarrried on without the disturbiog intrusion of a moral principle in }xnlmua. But, deop down, men's consclonco, iko a volcauio fivo, was rostloss, ready for o now outbreak ag soon s tho thin crust of compromisa vhould orack. Aud just thon the day was fast approsching when the moral ides, which so far Lind_ouly broken out sporadicslly, and moved small numbers of mon to opon aotion, should re- colve a relnforcomont sirong cuough to trans. form & forlorn hope into an army of irresistible strongth, Ono of thoso eternul lawa whioh gov- orn tho dovelopmont of human affalrs ausorted itwelf,—tho Jaw that v groat wrong, which lias beon maintained in deflnnco of tho morul sonsg of mankind, must finally, by tho very moans and meauures necossary for, ity gnstensuco, yender itaalt 8o insupportabla as to iusure lte downfall and deatruction, Ho it was with Blavery, X candidly soqult the LoVl 061 NATURDAY, MA. <, 1o/, 4 Amorican Blayo-Powar of wilfl and wantou ag- grogalon upon tho lbartles ond gonoral intorosts of the Ametloan poople, If Hlavory wos to bo kept nlivo at all, {ta supportors could not aot othorwise than thoy did. Blavery conld not thrive and live in an utmourhoro of freo tugniry aud untrsmmoled disousaton, Therofors, froo fuquiry aud dlscussion touching Blavory liad to bo supprossod, Blavory ocould nob.bo socuro it alavos, omnplnfi moroly acrosa a Bate-lino, thoroby oscaped tho grasp of tholr mnstors, Hongo an offcotiva Fufiulvu Blavo Inw was tm- oratively domandod, Blavery could not protact ta intoroata In tho Union uiloss ita posor bal- ancod that of the Freo States in tho Natlonal Couneila. Therofore, by colonization or cou- quest tho numbor of Hlavo Statos had to be av montod ; henoe tho annoxation of Texns, Moxl. onu War, and mtriguos for the nchlnluuu of Cubs. Slavery couid not maintain lts equilib- rlum of powver if it pormitted itaslf to bo oxcind- od from tho Nationnl Territorios, Houco tho broaking down of tho Missourl Qompromise and tho usurpation in Knusas, Thus Blavory was pushed on and on by the in- exorablo logio of its oxistonco; tho slnve-mnstors wore only tha slaves of the nocessitics of Slavary, and all L(z'mr sooming oxactions and usurpations woramorcly a strugglo foritslife, Many of tholr domanda bad boeon satisflod, oun tho part of the North, by submission or compromise, Tho Northorn pooplo, although with roluctant con- seionco, had scquiesced in tho contrivance of aliticians, for tho snke of poaco, DBut when tho gluvo-l’uwor wont 8o far as to domand for Slavory tho groat domain of the nation which had boon hold saated for freadom forever, thon the poopla of tho North !udflun(lly underatood that the uo- cosgitios of Slavery domanded what they could not ylold. Thon tia couscienco of tho masses waa rolioved of tho doubts and fomts which had hold it o long in choolk; their moral impulses were ?mckound by prastical porcoptions; tho moral {den beonmo o practical foroo, and tha final atrugglo bogan. It was mede inovitablo by the nacosaitios of 8lavory ; it wag indood an irropyoss- iblo confiot. TIE GUCOESSON OF DANIEL WEDSTER, Thoso tbings woro impeuding whon Honry Oloy and Dautol Webator, the architects of tho 1ast compromiso, loft tho Sonate. Iiad thoy, with oll thelr far-seoing Blltnmunnsh{}i{ never undor- atood this loglo of thinga? When thoy made their compromiso, did thoy onty daesiro to post- pone the flnal strugglo until thoy should Lo gono, 80 that thoy might not witnosa tho terrible concusslon? Or fad thelr groat and manifold achiovomonts with tho statosmanship of organ- izntion and oxpedicnoy so doludad their minds thut thoy roally hoped o compromiso which only ignored, bul did nat sottle, tha great moral quon- tlon, oould furnish an enduring basis for futura dovelopmonts ? One thing they and their con- tomporarios had indeed nccompliabod ; undor tholr éara the Republic had grown so groat and ationg, its vitality had bocomo so tougl, that it could endure the finnl struggle without falling to piecos under its shocks. Whatevor their or- rors, their delusions, and, perhaps, their misgiv- ings, may have been, this thoy had accomplish- and then thoy loft tho last compromiso tottorin, bohind them, and turned thoir faces to tho wall and diod. Aud with them !to‘pped {uto the back~ ground tho statesmanship of organization, ox- pedionts, and oompromises; and to the front oamo, ready for action, the noral idon which was to fight out tho groat conflict, and to open & new opoch of American history, That was tho historio significance of tho re- markable soens which showed us Honry Clay walking out of tho Bonate-Chambor, never to raturn, when Oharles Sumner sat down there n# tho succesaor of Danfel Wobator. No man could, in his whole ho&ng have mora strikingly portray- od that contrast. Whon Oharles Sumnor had boon olooted to tho Bonate, Theodoro Parker said to him, in a letter of congratulation: *You told mo once that you were in morals, not In politics. Now I hopo you will show that you aro still in moralg, although in politics, I hopo you will bo tho Senator with a conacienco.” 'That hopo was ratifiod, Ho always romnined in morals while o politics. He nevor was anything olse but the Benator with n conscionce, Obarles Sumoer entored the Benate not 88 & moro advocate, but oa the vory embodimont of tho moral idea, From this fountain flowed his highest aspira- tions, Thore Liad boon gront Anti-Slavory monin tho Sonate beforo him ; thoy wore thore with him, —men like Boward and Ohase. But thoy had boon trainod in a differcnt sohool, Thelr minds had ranged over other politicnl ficlds. Thoy undor- stood politics; ho did not. e knew but ono political abjact; to combat and overthrow the limnl: wrong of Slavery; to sorve tha idenl of tho liborty and oquality of mon ; and to ostablish tho universal roign of ** peaco, justice, and charity.” He brought to the Senate a studious mind, vast learniug, gront logal attainmonts, a poworful clo- queneo, & strong and ardont nature; and all this bo vowad to ono servico, With all this he was uot o more oxpounder of a policy ; lie was o wor- ahipor, sincore and dovout, at the shrino of his idenl. ' In no public mau had the moral iden of the Anti-Slavery movement such overruling strength, 1lomade overything yiold toit. 1o did not possoss it; it possessed him, That was the secret of his peouliar power. . He {utroduced himsolf into the debates of the Sonato--the Blavery quostion bLaving boon milonced forovar, au politician thon thought—by moveral spcaches on olher pubjects,—the recop- tion of Kogauth, tho Liaud Polioy, Ocoan Post~ g0, but thoy wore not romarkable, and attract- nfi but little attention, MD, BUMNER'S ATTACK ON THE FUGITIVE BLAVE LAY, At Inat ho avallod himself of an Appropriation biil to attack the Fugitive Slave law, and at onca o 8pirit broke forth 'in that first word on the preat quostion which starlled every listencr. Phus ho opened tho argument: Painfully convinced of tho uruttorabla wrong and woo of Blavery,—profoundly belloving that, according to the truo apirit of tho Constitution and tho senti- monta of tho fathers, it can find no placo under our ‘Natlonal Govornment,—I could not aflow this scssfon to roach its close withiout making or selzfug an oppor- tunity to doclare mysolf oEunly lllfnlnl‘ tho usurpation, injustico, nnd cruaity of the Lito intolorant enactment for tho rocnvery of fugitive slaves, Then this signifioant doolaration ; ‘Whatover I am or may be, Ifroely offor to this cause. I hayvo novor Loon g politiclan. The slave of principlos, T call no pazty master, By sontiment, edu- eation, ond_conviation, & friend of Humsu Rights in thoir Utmost oxpansion, Ihave ever most sinceroly embraced the Domooratio idea—not, indeed, ns ropro~ sontad or profossed by any purty, bt accordiug to ita real significanco, ns transilgurad in the Doolaration of Indepondence, and in tha fujunotions of Chrlstianity. Iu this {doa T 400 no narrow advantaga meroly for in- Qividuals or olasacs, but tha sovercigaty of tho people aud tho groatait Heppinsss of all”deourod by oqual aw, A vast array of historlcal resenrch and of logal argumont wag thon called up to prove tho soc- tionalism of sluvory, the nationslism of Frac- dom, sud the uncoustitutionality of the Fugitive Blave aot, followed by thie bold deolaration: By the Supromo Law, which commands mo to do no injustico; by tho comprohonsivo Obristian Low of Brothorhood; by tho Constitution I lavo sworn to uu[i‘pnrt, am bound to disobo; this Inw.” And the spocch closed with this wol- emn quotation: **Bewars of the groans of wounded eouls, since the inward sore will at longth break out. Oppross not to the uttormost o singlo heurt; for o solitury sigh has powor to overturn & wholo world,” The smendment to the appropriation bill moved by Mr, S8umuer roooived only four vates of fifty-ono. But evory hearor had boen struck by tho words spoken a8 something difforent from tho tone of othor Anti-Slavery spoechos doliverad in those halls, Southorn Souators, startled ot tho peculiarity of tho speach, called it, in reply, ‘' tho most extraordinary langungo «they had over listened to," Mr, Chase, support- iug Sumuor tn dobate, spoko of it *' as marking 2 110w ora in Amorican history, when tho Anti- Blavory idea coasad to stand on tho defonsive and was boldly advancing to the nttack.” In- doed, it bad that siguificunce. Thero stood up in tho Souate & man who was no._politisian ; but who, on tho highost flold of politics, with a con- contrated inteuslty of foeling nud purposo never befora wituessed there, guve oxpreeslon ton uoral impulso, which, although slooping perhaps for & time, carlainly oxiated in tho popular con- ecienco, and which, onoo bocome a political forco, could not fail to produce a great rovolution. Charlos Bumuer possossed all the instinots, tho courage, tho firmuesy, and the faith, of tho dovateo of o groat ideu, In tho Senato s was o momber of & feoble minority,—so0 foeblo, n- dead, 08 to bo to’ tho rullng powor a moro sub- juot of dorision, and, for tha first thyoo yoars of lis service, without organized popular nuyporc, The slavoliolders had boou acoustomod to put the motal of their Northern eppononts to a va- rioty of tesls, Mauyn lot Anti-SBlavery zonl had cooled under tha " soalul blandishmants with which tho South kuow so woll to improguata the atmoephore of the National Oapital, and many o high ocourago had glven way boforo the heughty asaumption aud florco menace of South- orn men In Congross. Mr, Bumner hind to pasy that ordosl. 1o was ab tirst petted and flattored by Southorn soclaty ; but, fond s ho was of the ohinrms of soolnl ‘intorvounis, and ncoaesiblo to demonstrative appreciation, no blandishmenta coftld tonch his couviotiona of duly, And, when the advovaten of Blavory turned upon him with augor and wenace, he hurled at them with prouder doflauce his auswer, ropeating Itsolf in endloss variations s *“You must yiold, for you are wrong.” A TYR OF NORTUERN FIDMNESS, The slave power had #o frequently succecdoed in making the North vield to its doemauds, oven afior tho most formidable demonstrutious of re- luctance, that it had becomo a serlous quostion whathor there existod suy such thing as Northern firmuess, But iv did exlst, and in Obarles Bum- ner 1t bind dovoloped ils savorest politieal type. The stronger the aasault, the highor roso in him tho powor of rosislance, In him lived thatspirit which not only would not yiold, but turn upon tho nasnilant, " To Bouthorn force, whioh he- Moved ituclf Irresistible, found itsolt utrlklnfi ngnhmt n body which was Immovablo, To thinl of yielding to any domand of Slavory, of making o compromigo with it, in Lowover tompting a {:x)lxm, wag, to lis neture, an abeoluto impossi- ity MZ. Bumnor's gourage was of a pecntiar kind, Ho attacked tho Blavo Powor in tho moat un- u{mrinz mannor, whon s supportora woro most violont In rosonting ogponllmn, and whon that violenco was always apt to procoed from words to blows. Ono day, while Sumnor was dolivor- ing ono of his movereat spooches, Slophon A, Douglas, wallking up and down bohind tho Prosi~ dont's ohalr in tho old Sonato-Ohambor, and listoning to him, remarkad to a friond: * Do you hear that man? o may bos fool, but I toll you that man has pluck. Nobody can dony that, aud [ wondor whether ho knows himsolf what ho s dolug? I am not sure whothor I should have the courago to say thoso thinga to tho mon who aro scowtiug around him.' 0Of all mon in tho Sonato-Clambor, Bumnor was probably least aware that the thing lio did roquired pluck, Ho simply did what ba folt it his duty to his cnusa to do, Itwastohima mattor of courso, e wns liko a soldier who, when o ks tomarch uruu tho enomy's battorios, doos not eny to himeolf, * Now 1 am going to porform nn nct of horolsm,” but who simply oboys an impulse of duty, and marohes forward without thinking of the bullots that fly around his hoad. A thought of tho boldness of what he ‘bas dons may thon ocour to him aftorwards, whon he ig told of it. This was ono of tho atrik- ing poculiaritics of Mr. Sumner's character, ag all those know who know him woll. Neither was ho conaolous of tho siinging forco of the lan- guago he frequontly employed, Hesimply utterod what he folt to bo true, in h"‘flmFu filting tho atrongth of his conviotions. '"'ho Indignation of his moral sonso at what be felt to be wrong was &0 doop aud sincors that ho thought overybody must find thoe oxtromo sovority of lus oxprousious 3 natural o8 thoy camo to lis own mind, And lio was not unfrequontly surprised, greatly sur- plrluml, whon othors found his languago offeu- sivo. Aslio pogaosgod the flrmness and courago, so ho possessod tho-fatth, of the dovotoo. From tha bnginulnf; and through all tho vicisaltudes, of tho Ant -’slnvnry movoment, hiy honrt was profoundly nesured that his goneration would soe Eluvcrf outirely oxtinguished. Whilo travoling in France to restors his health after haviog been beaten down on the floor of the Sonate, ho visitod Alexis de ‘Locqueville, the colobrated author of ** Domocracy in America,” Tocquovillo oxpressed his anxlety about thoissua of the Anti-Slavery movement, which then had suffored dofent by tho oclection of Buchanan, *Thero can be no donbt abont the result," snid Sumper. * Blavory will soon_succumb and die- appoar,” ¢ Disappoar] In what way, and how soon ?" asked Toequoville. “*In what manner I cannot say,” roplied Sumnner. “How soon I cannot say, DBut it will bo soon; I feel it; I know it. Itcannotbo othorwisc.” That was all thio ronson bo gavo. *r, Sumnor is a romark- abloman,"” snid Do ‘Tooquavillo afterwards to & friond of mino. ‘o snys that Blavery will gaon entirely dlsnEpsnr in_tho United Btates. Ho does not know how, he does not know whon ; but ho foels it; bo is porfectly sure of it, Tho man spoaks like a prophoet.” ~Aud so it wes, ‘What appeared o nprplux(ng puzzle to othor mon's _minds was porfootly clear to him, His mothod of reasoning was simplo; it was tho roasoning of religious faith, Bp\vor{‘ls wron;i, —thorofore it must and will porish; Froodom is right,—theroforo it must and will provail, Aund by no power of resistauce, by no dificulty, by no disappointmont, by no defent, could "that faith bo shalion. [For his esuse, so tgreat and just, he thought nothing impossible, everything cortain, And ho was unablo to undorstand how othors ould fail to shars his faith, A LEADER, DUT NO ORGANIZER. In ono sonso ho was no party-leador. Ho pos- sesaod none of the instinot or” experience of tho politician, nor that sagacity of mind which ap- rocintes and mensvres the importanco of chang- T civoumatancos, or tho possbilitios znd og- portunities of tho dny. Io lacked, entiroly, tho gonius of organization, Ho nover understood, nor did he value, tho art of atrengihoning his following by timoly concession, or pradont reti-- conce, or advantagoous combination and alli- ance. Ho know nothivg of managoment and party-manouvre, Indeed, not unfroquontly he alarmed many dovoted fricuda of his causo by bold declarations, for which, they thought, the publio mind was ot propared, and by tho tnre- sorved avowal and straightforward advocacy of ultimato objocts, which, the; tlmu{:ht, wight safoly bo loft to iho uatural development of ovenls, Ho was not soldom acousod of doing things caleulated to frighten the peoplo and to disorganize tho Anti-Slavery forcos. Such was his uncquivacal” decluration, in his firat firnut Anti-Slavery specch in tho Scuate, thet hio hold himaelf bound, by every couviction. of justice, right, and duty, to_disoboy the Fugi- tivo Blave law, and his ringing answer to the ucstion put by Sonator Butler, of South Caro- flnn, whethor, withoutthe Fugitivo Slave law, he would, under the Constitution, consider it his duty to aid tho surrander of fugitiveslaves, ‘I thy servant o dog that he should do this thing?" Such was Lis spocch on tho “Barbarism of Blavery,” delivered on abill to admit Kausas im- mediaicly undor o froo Stato Conatitution ; o speoch 80 unsparing and vehomont in the denun- ciation of Blavory in all its political moral, sud social aspocts, and so direc! in its prodiction of the comploto auni- hilation of Slavery, that it was said such a specoh would ecarcely aid tho ndmission of Kanens, Buch was his unbonding and open resistanco to any plan of compromisa calculated to preserve Blavery, when, aftor Mr, Lincoln's olaction, the Iebellion first raised its Liead, and o large numbor of Northern peoplo, even Anti- Slavery mon, frightonod by tue threatoning pros- poot of aival war, oast blindly gbout for & plan of adjustmont, while mnllly no' adjustmont was possible. Such wag, enrly in the War, and durin; the most doubtful hours, his declaration, ln!g hofore the Sonate In a serios of rosolutions, that the States in rebollion had destroyed themsolves 18 such by Lhn\'or{ nof ot Tobollion ; that Slavery, 88 a croation of State law, bad porlshed with the States, and that General Emancipation must immedintely follow,—thus putting tho programma of Emaucipation boldlyTn the foroground, at a time whon many thought, thut the cry of Union alone, Union with or without Blavery, could hold togother the Union foroes, Such was Lis declaratiou, domanding Negro Suffrage even ba- fora tho closo of tho War, whilo the public opinion at the North, whose ofd tha Governmont neoded, atill recoiled from such a measure, Thus he was apt to go rough-shod over the considorations of managemont, deomed impor- tant by Liis co-workors. I believe ho never con- sulted with his friends around him beforo doing those things, aud, whon they afterwards romon- atratod with lim, ho ingeuiously asked: ‘“Isit not right and true, what I have said? And, if it isright and true, must I not eay 67" And yet, although ho Liad no organizing mind, and despised manngemont, lio was o loader. 1ig was a londor as tho ombodiment of tne moral idea, with all ita uncompromising firmnoess, ite unilagging faith, its daring devotlon, Ard in this yonso he could bo & lender only, bocause Lo was 1o politician. Ho forced othors to follow, Boonuso he was himsolf_impractioablo, Simply obnfiing liis moral impulse, ho said thinga which, in tho bighest luflsln iva body of the Ropublic, nobody else would say; and he proved that they could be said, and yet the world move on, With his woalth of learning and logal ability, ho fur- nishod an arsopal of arguments, couvinoing ‘more timid souls that what ho suid could be sus- tained in ropenting. Aud prosoutly the politi- clang folt encouragod to follow in'tho dircction whoro tho idealist Lind driven o stako ahoad. Nay, ho forced thom to follow; for they lknow that the idealist, whom they could not venture to disown, would not fall baok at their bidding. g;luh wag his leadorship in the strugglo with nvery. Nor{vmi that londorship intorrupted when, on tho 22d of May, 1856, Proston Drooke, of South COaroline, maddoned by an arraignmeont of his State and its Sonator, camo upon” Charlos Sum- uer in the Benate, atruck him down with hoavy blows, and loft lnm on the grouvd blooding and ingonsiblo. For thrao yoars Bumuoor's voica wag not heard, but his blood marked the vantage- ground from which his parby could not rocode ; and his Sonatorin! ohair, kept empty for him by tho noble people of Massnclusotts, atood there in mont oloquont silence, canfirming, souling, in- {laming all he had snid with torriblo illustration, —a guida-poat to the onward march of Froedom, RECESRION DAYS, Whon, In 1301, tho Ropublican party hnd takon thio rolnn of Governmiont in hand, hin po- ouliar loadership eutorod upon a uow ileld of action, No sooner was tho vistory of tho Antis Blavery osuse In_tho olection ascortalued, «than the Robellion raised its hond, Houth Oaroliun opened the Becosssion movement, The from Massnobunotts, in favor of tha rchomo, wea oxtenordinary, buta mojority of the Anti-Sluvery mon in tho Honato—in tholr front Nr, Butaner— slood firm, fonling that a compromike, giving exprond constitational sanotion and an indelinite lonso of lifa to Slavory, would bo a surronder, aud knowing, nlso, that oven hy tho offer of such # surrandor, Bogosslon and Givil War would #till bo insistad ‘on Ly tho Sonthorn leadors, "Lho history of thowo dnys, ns wo know it, confirma tho ncouracy of that Judginput. Tho War wa ingvitablo, "Iy the Anti-Slavory onusn oncapod o usoless humiliation, and rotsined intuct ity moral forco for futuro notion, Bt now the timo had come whon tho Anth Blavery movemont, no longor a moro opposition to tho domands of * tho Hlave-Uowar, was to pro- cood to positive actlon, 'Ihe Wir Lind scarcol, commoncod in anrnost wheu Mr, Bumuor urgo Goneral Emnncipation, Only tho ‘[(rust {deal ab. Ject of tuio libarty of all mon could give sanctior t0 o war iu tho oyos of the dovoleo of univorsal l:enco. o tho end of slamping upun the War ho oharacter of a War of Emancipation, nll hiy enorgion wora bont, IHis unroserved and om- pliatio uttorauces alarmod tho politicians, Our nrmies sufforod dissster upon dieaster ia the flold, The monaging mind insisted that caro must bo taken, by nourishing tho popular ontbu- slnam for tho fntagrity of tho Union,—tho nirict- ly national idon nlouo,—to unito all the social and political olomants of the Norrh for the strugs s:}ln; and that #o bold a monsuro ns_immediate imancipation might reanimnte old dwsonsions, and put hoarty co-¢ poration in joopardy. 5 But Mr. Sumner's gonvictions could not bo ro -prossed. Inabold deorco of Univorsal Liborty 10 80 ouly n now sourco of jnspiration and atrength, - Nor was his impulsive instinct un- supportod by good reason, 'I'a distraction pro- ducad fu the North by an Emancipation monsuro could only be of short duration. 'I'ia moral spirit could not £all to gain the upper hand. But, iu snother direction, & bold aud uno~ flmvcm\l Antl-Slavery policy could not fail to pro- uco most salutary offacts. One of tha dangers throntoning s _was foreign, Interferonca. No FEuropean TPowers gave us thelr ox- proysed Bywmpathy except Germany aud lussia. Tho govorniug oluses of Ene gland, with conspiouous Individusl oxcope tions, always gratofully to_bo remembarod, woro ill-disposed towards the Union onuso. Tho por- manont disiuption of tho Ropublic waa loudly prodictod, as if it woro dosived, and intervention —na intervontion which could bo only m favor of the South—was opouly spoken of. ~ Tho Em- peror of tho F'ronoh, who ayailed him solf of our ombarrassmonts to axocuto his smbitious dosiguy in Mexico, was animatod by sontiments no less hostilo, 1t appoared as if ovly s plausibla op- ortunity hiad beon wanting to bring foreign in- orvontion upon our Londs. A~ threatonin, epirit, disarmed only by timely prudouce, had manifosted itsolt in tho Trout cnso. - Lt, seomed doubtful :whothor the most skillful diplomacy, unalded by & stfougoer force, would bo able to avort tho danger. ! But tho greatest strength of tho Antl-Slavory cougo had olways boon fn the consclonce of mau- kind, Thero was our uatural ally. ‘Tho cauno of Slavery, as such, could Liave 10 open sympa- thy among tho nations of Burope. It stood con- demuod by tho moral sentimont of thoe civillzad world, How could any Buroponn Uovernmont, in tho faco of that univorsal seutiment, undor-- take openly to intorfore ngninet a Power waging war againet Blavory? Byrely that could not bo thought of. But had tho Government of tho United Statoa dwtinctly profossed that it was waging war against Slayory, and for Freedom? Had it not beon oftlcinlly declared that tho War for the Union would not alter tho condition of o singlo liuman being in Amorica? Why then not arrest thio usoless eftusion of blood; why not, by intor~ vontlon, stop . destructiva war, 1n which, con- fessedly, Slavory and Froedom woro not at stako? Buch wera the arguments of aur one- mn]uu in Kurope; and thoy woro not without color. It was obvious that nothing but a monsure improesing beyoud dispule upon our war a do- cidod Anti-Slavery charactor, making it in pro- fousion what it wne inovitably destind to bo in fact, a Wer of Emancipation,—could onlist on our sido the culightened public opinfon of tho Old World 5o stroug as to restrain tho hostilo spirit of foroign Governmonts. No Europcan overnmont could woll venture to iutorforo ngainst those who had convinoed the world that thoy wore fighting to give freedow to tho sluves of North Amorica. Thus tho moral instinet did not orr, Tho Emancipation policy was not oaly the pollcy of priuciple, but also the policy of mafoty. Mr, Bumner urged {t with impetuous and unflagging zonl. In tho Sonate ho found but littlo cncour- agomont. Tho rosolutions he introduced in Tebrunry, 1862, declaring Stato suicido as the consequence of Rebollion, and the extinction of Blavory in the insurrectionary States as the con- sequeiice of Stato sulcido, were looked upon_na an ul-timed and hazardous demonstration, dis- turbiog all ideas of management, . ADRATTAM LINCOLY, To the Eresident, then, he devoted lus offorts. Nothing can bo moro intoresting—nay, touching ~—than the poculiar rolations that sprung up be- tween Abrahsm Lincoln and Charles Sumuer. No two mon could be more alika as to their their moral impulses and ultimato aima ; no twa mon mora unlike in their mothads of reasoning aud their judfimcm of moans, Abroham Lincoln wag & true child of the people. Thero was in his hoart an inoxhaustibla fountnin of tenderncss, and from it sprung that longing to bo truo, just, and merciful to all, which made tho poople love bim. In the deap, ln.r'fo humnuvity of Lis aoul had grown his mor and political principlos, to which ho clung with tho fidelity of an honest nature, and which ha dofended with tho atrength of o vigorous mind, But he bhad not grown gl:unb in any high school of statesmunship, He lind, from tho humblest beginnings, elowly and Iaboriously worked himself up, or rather he ‘had gradually vison up wilhout boing awaro of if, and sud- denly Lie found himslf in tho foremost rank of tho distingnislied men of the land. In his youth aud early manhood ho had achieved no striking successes thut might have imparted to him that overweening solf-appreciation which 8o froquent~ }y londs eclf-mudo mon to overestimate their ‘woultios, gnd to ignoro the limits of thoir strongth. Ho was not alearned man, but ho had learned and meditated enough to fool hos much thore was still for him to loarn. iy marvolous succoss in his ripor yoars lott intack thoe inborn modosty of his nature, Ho was ab- golutely without proteusion. His simplicity, Which by its genuineness extorted respect nud affeotion, was wonderfully porsuasivo, and some- times deoply pathetic and strikingly brilliant. Hia natural gitts wore gront; he posscased & cleor aund ponetrating mind; but, in forming his opinions on subjeets of importauce, bo was 60 oareful, conscientious, sud difiie dent, that ho would always hear and probe what oppanents had to sny, beforo e becamo firmly sntistled of tho justness of his own conolisious, —not a8 if bo had heen easily controlled and lod by othor men, for. ho had a will of bis own,—but bhis montal operations wore slow and Lositating, and juapt _to_concoive quiok rosolutions, Ilo lucked seM-ralinuca, Nobody felt more than ho the awful weisht of e responsibilities. “Ilo was not ono of those bold reformors who will dofy tho opposition of the world, and undertake to fimpose thoir opinfons and will upon n re- luctant age. With caraful consideration of tho possibilitics of the hour, ho advaucod slowly, but, whon be had so advanced, ho planted hia fool with flmnoss, and no pawor was strou, onough to forco bim to a baokward stop, Ani ovory day of great responsibility enlarged tho horizon of his mind, and every day Lo grasped tho liolm of affairs with a sleadler hand, LINCOLN AND BUMKER, Tt was to such a man that Sumner, during the most doubtful days nt the beginniug of tho War, sddroused his appeals for immodiste Emancipa~ tion,—i p{mmlu impetuous and impatieut, a8 thoy could spring ouly from his ardont and overruling conviotions. I'ho President at first passivoly ro- sisted tha velioment counsel of the Eeun(or. but ho bade the couasolor weloomo. It was Mr. Lincoln's coustant ondoavor to surcound himselt With tho best and ablest mon of the uvountry, Not only did tho firat unmos of the Republican Imt.y appoar in bis Cabinot, but_overy able man n Congross was always invited as an ndvisor, whothor his views agroed with thoso of the Presi- ?ont 9tr uot, Bu]b Ar, lem‘uix Lhn traatod na avorito oounsclor, slmost lke = Mini Stnto, outaido of tho Cablut, g “Thore wora stntesmon around the Drosidont who wero also politiciany, understauding tho it of managament. Mr. Lincoln mpprocintod tho valuo of their advico nu to what was prudent nnd ypracticable, But ho knew nlao Low to diserime tuate, In Mr. Sumner ho snw a counsclior who was no politician, but who stood bofore him na tho true mpraneulnflyfi of tha moral onyuest- uess uud the groat fuspivations of thoir coinmon onuse. ¥From him he “hoard what was right, aud uocossary, and -movitable, By the former ha portontoua shadow of an approaching Civil War sproad over tho Iand, A tromor fluttored through thio honrts eyontof stroug mien in the North,—n vaguo fear such as i¢ produced by the flrst rumbling of st earthquake, -Could not s bloody oconfliot bo averted 7 A frosh clamor for come promino arose. Livon Republicans {n Congress egon to waver., ‘Tho proposed compromtss in- volved mew oaud oxpiess copstitutional rocognitiona_ of the exlstenco and rights of Blnvor(, aud guarntecs against intorforonce with ft by coustitutional amondment or na- tional law. Lho pressurofrom the QounLEY, oyon was told what, in their opinlon - dont! and 'snmy hul ‘dm‘l’u.mu}‘!‘nylwg heard thom both, "Abrahem Lincoln couns solod with himeolf, and formed Lis rosolution. Thus Mr, Lincoln, while searcoly evor fully and spocdily following Sumner's ad- viee, nevor consod to nsk for it, for he kuow ita signifioanco, And Snmmor, whilo almost nlways’ divuntistled with Lincoln's cautious hesitation never grow woury i glviug Lis advics, for 1o novor distrusted Lincolu's fidelity, @ Alwaya agrood o8 to tho ultimato ond, thoy mlmost ale wava difforod ay to times aud monns ; bug, while difforing, the!“llrmlv trusted,” for thoy undore T grem lLioan afe