Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, April 4, 1874, Page 10

* [ dobate, it mny he assumed to 10 THE CHICAGO DAILY TRIBUNE: SATURDAY, APRIL 4, 1874, REPEAL THE LAND-TAX Speech of the Hon. Starne. Alex, In the Illinois Sonate, March 2B, 1874, The resolntion which tho Hon. A. Blarno offored, to nmond tho Revenue articls of tho Stato Constitution, belng undor considoration, Mr. Stano said ¢ | Mn. Presment: My objoct in introdnoing 4ho resolution now bofore tho Somato was to placo boyond donbt . TIHE CONSTITUTIONAL POWER of thio Gonoral Assembly to tax tho intorestanam- cd withont flrst_assessiug tho roal and porsonnl proporty of the Btate. Tho resolution also gives tho Goneral Assombly the powoer to tax tho rall- ronds upon tho busls of thoir grosa recolpts, in- stend of upon thoir real and porsonal proporty, capital stock, and franchise, ns mow. Andit nleo pives tho power of taxing incomes and the dlaufiud spirits manufactured in the State. At presont tho Rovenue articln of tho Consti- ftation is mandatory and pormissory—nandatory (a8 to tho tux on real and onwnnl property ¢ |“Tho General Assombly sball provide &uch \rovenuoe a8 may ho noedful by lovying a tax by ~valuation, 8o that every porson and corporation sholl pay a tax_in proportion to his, her, or its property ; " dud pormisgory as to taxing spocial 'iutercsts: ¢'DBut tho Goneral Assombly shall ihave power to tax peddlors, auctionoors,” otc, + Buch 1 tho langungo of Sua, 1, Art. 8 of tho Con- "atitution ns it now” stands, whilo See. 2 of the somo articlo roads: “Tho specification of the objects and subjccts of taxation shall nob do- [pli’vo tho ‘Gouoral Assombly of the powor to ro- ‘ quiro othor objeets or subjects to bo taxed in ‘gnch mannor a8 may bo consistent with tho Jprinciplos of taxation fixed in the Constitution,” TILE RESOLUTION ixends ae followa : i Resolved, by the Scnate, the House concurring hierein, That thero abil ! {ho voters of thia Stato, ot tho noxt general lection, & | proposition to nnend Hec. 1, Art, 9 of the Constitution Lof thia Stato, outitied ** Rovenue," ns follows : “The General Assombly shall have power to tax peddlers, auctioucers, brokers, hawkors, merchants, lcommisston-merchants, showmen, jugglors, Innkeops |ers, liquor-dealere, toll-bridges, forrios, insur- jonce, telegraph nnd {nteresta or bnsi- nesw, vonders of patents, persons on thoir } incomes, distillers of apirits, and pers T ponss or corporations owning or using franchises and \privileges, in piich maunor us it shall, from time to “timo, direct by gencral law, nniformas totha class ,upon which it operates,. And tho Geueral Assembly # ahiall also hnve power to provido snch further revenuo a8 may bo neadful, lovylng o tax by vnluation, so that | every person and corpioration sball pay & fax in pro- + portion to tho vuluo of his, hor, or its property,—such L ¥nluo to bo ancertafued by somo ns to ba eleoted {or nppointed in such manner us tho General Assembly | Bluall Hiract, and not othorwiss permissory.» } Now tho resolution which_proposes to change tha Constitution is lilto the Revenne articlo no, mandatory and pormisgory ; but it is mandatory Vs to tho ax on the specinl intorosts namod, and | pormisdory as to tho tax on real and personnl i property, ‘and thus, under tho power given in {3500, of'Art, 9, it requires to bo taxod othior obs ‘jocts or mubjects, viz.: personal incomes nnd tho manufacture of distilled spirits, That is in Lbriof the wholo of this resolution; it i REVERSES TIE ORDER 1in which ronl and personul property and the spe- | cial interesta now stand ay subeots of tho tax- jing power of the Stato, and it adds incomos and +pirits to tho list of si[mni“l intorests to be taxed. i I am aware that it is clnimed that tho Consti- tution now gives tho Genoral Assembly tho \power to framo »_Revenuo Inw oxnetly as it iwould bo framed if this rosolution should be- como n part of tho Constitution; but, on ‘tho )thor liand, this clain: ia disputed,’ and’ was ro- jected by “tho last General Asgembly, which ‘tramod oiir prosont Revenue lnw; and, if wo i should attompt to exorcieo this donbtful power, ‘wo should find the Stats, as now, involved in !litigation with the taxpoycrs, _ + 1t is hordly necessnry to say that the proposi- tion of the rosolution has notling in common . with what s called tax-dodging and tax-fighting. i That is on effort to defont the operation of tho Jow, by showing its dofects; fhis is an offort to amend the Rovenue system of tho Stato by amending tho organic Io, IMho_conslitutionnlity &Y the presont law is in ilogal disputo, and haa not yob bron settled by \thu Supreme Court, but, for all purposos of t] { Representatives be Anbinitted to oxpress 0 perfootly in iaccordance with the Constitution,” The law is “intonded to tax all tho apro{mrly in tha State, . renl, personal, and mixed, Its operntion should Tho such us to tax the buttons on n ehirt and the thrend with which thoy are sewed on, s woll ag tho engines and cars on overy railroad in tho Btate, nud the elevators and varchouses whero ihey diecharge their froight. In theory it is : porfoct; in practico it is unoqual, and 4 THEREFORE UNIUST, I neod not onlarge on this poiut, it is the con- wviclion of the peoplo and the_pross, of tho tax- payers, and of tho officors and mombers of this Beuate, and of another body more numorons than this, that o large part of tho Stato escapes tnxngl.ou, while othor ‘like property is hoavily 1axk The proposition is to changoe all this, and to Jovy Stato taxes on cortain interests which rop- {uxcm ihe wealth, industry, and entorprise of Lo State,—on certain objects always in Bight, oud always well defined;” to tax railronds, for instanco, on their gross racoipts, nstead of on roal end porsonal proporty, and enpital stocl, and franchiso, a8 now. And it appears to me that this method will be more just and equitablo ihan now, Tha ovils of the prosent system boing so woll known and 8o widely recognized, I desire to changeit. Itis not known, Ibelieve, oxnctly, what amount of revenuo could be raised by those specinl taxes; but figures, which ma; bo had, will give us some guidanco, and experionco will bo found to supply all the rest, But whatover deficiency may bo found will bo madenp by a tux on renl and personal property. Let tho spe- ciul taxos spacified 3 BE LEVIED FINST, and then let tho presont subjects be drawn upon. The taxation of personal property under tho present Inw is, ns I have sald, & failuro; and, if the present gession of tho Genoral Assembly had directed ils attention to the Revonuo law, in- stead of spending the whole winter on the re- vision of the stututes, it would, in my opinion, Dave hettor sorved the intereats of tho Stato. But the rovisionm will be complota at this sos- sion, and tho mext Goneral Assembly, the Twonty-vinth, can devote ita whole timo to the ‘work of altering, revising, or amending the Rov- enuo law. And’ with ‘this view I dosire this Zosolution to pass, in order that tho peoplo, whon thoy are called upon again to elect mem- bors of tho Goneral Assombly, can have this Ttevonue-roform movemont bofors them. *‘Tho resolutions will bo disoussed here, and I hopo 1o soo*it disoussed boforo the pooplo, to try and discover whother o bettor and more just systom of raising necessary revenuo for the sup- yort of tho 8tate Government cannot bo dovised ; Tor, if not, thousands of farmers who hava their Lomos in {his State, which thoy lovo 5o woll, will Lo compolled to suok homes elsewhera for thom- solves and familios,—homos which, if not more congenial to thoir tastes, hiabits, and associa- tions, will ut lenst ho MORE CONGENIAL TO THEIR POCKETS, No good citizen dosires o ovade the payment of any just and cquitable tax lovied for tho sup. port of thie Stnte or National Government, hut At s cortnin that tho tox now lovied by the State on personal property and real oatato 1a both un- Just and oppressive, ‘Take personul proporty na it appears in the Auditor's report for 1878, ° ‘Fhe amount of per- gonal property listed by the Assessors, exeludin In thiy s $230,000,000, railrond proj nny\lowlna 2 amonut avo the fol Horses, Cattle.. Dlules snd usses,, Howing-maclines, Agriciltural implen Ttouteholl furnituro, Total.vreseres X Theso articles moslly bolong he farmors, whoso property ia always in sighu and cannot os- capo assessment, and this amount loaves $167,~ 008 000 48 represonting tho total umount at which (he poraonal proporty ot all othor per- sons, classes, und interests in tho Steto id se- sosged, Thus NEARLY tmxzr-n‘.tixl.vSL e 0 personal proporty of 0 Btate ls paid by ?lin‘?urn{’orn. \Vhtxngl tho baluuco is to bo fonnd, and how the assessmernt of it is distributed, T propose to sligw by somo figures takon from tho roport of the Btato Donrd of Bqualization, Theso are nome of tho figuros : i DONEYS AND CREDITS woroe nssossed in tho following countles ns sinted: 1,048 (g 1,786,537 b 465,085 1,672,708 030,168 « 1,679,147 £0,083 1,785,137 1,005,013 oetne vu. ‘o 53, ERIAL, AND MANUVACTUNERD ARTIOLES, $ 760,450 03,107 Value, No. Each Average, 188 a7 420 70,82 urcau, at 16,40 Kendnll 103 0.0 ZLaallo, 408 60,09 Bavganio; 170 5348 'ATGHES AND 01.00KS, No, 7, lonry Teoquiois, so. Bangamon BEWING-MAOHINES, No, 03 I might go on with tho whole lat of items in the list of porgonal proporty, but I have shown items onough to make the point, that intangible poraonal proporty is ESOAPING TAXATION, s ond that other personal proporty oft the farms is not nasessed fully as to the numbor of articlos, and not at anything like one-tenth their value. Ho thattho farmoer, whose porsonality consiats of horses, cows, h‘:gs. corn, and whoat, whioh is in sight, 18 assessod fully, not only ns rogards the number of tho articlos, but up to their full valuo, whilo the valuo of the bonds, stocks, notes, oto,, on which annun) intorest and divi- donds are drawn, areuntaxed, and tho owners aro nover discovered by the Tax-Assesgor or Col- loctor, Furthermoro, those figures show that, whilo tho firunt burden of personal-proporty tax comes on the farmers, to tho exomption of othor clasg- 8 aud interests, it is not fairly divided as regards thoso clnsscs aud interests. - Who bolievos that Gook County hnd, on May 1, 1873, lesa manoys and credits than Fulton, and only about onc-half as much 18 Snufilmwn Who thinks taxation is oqual whon all the pawnbrokers in LaSallo County paid tax on 363,505 worth of prcpurt{ whilo the samo iutorest in Cook Gounty pald only on 39,6762 Who belioves Cook County had on that dny 'less molodions and organs than Winnebago, Bureau, or LaSalle, and loss than littlo Kendali ? Tho Stato Board of Equalization made an offort to corroct theso obvious inequalities by ndding 68 per cent to tho assessment of personal proporty in Cook, but, after all, this only 2 TRANSFERRED THE INEQUALITIES, for the Board could not correct the enumoration of tho articles, so thnt the result was that the nssossod porsons in Cook pnid higher tnfes, while the exempt persons continued to bo ex- empt. A[;l tho nesossmonts woro made Moy 1, 1879, under our famous Rovenuo law, and with tho in- structions of the Auditor, under his duty, to the effeot that all property, everywhoro, should bo nseossed at its truo cash value, I cannot rofrain from quoting one more notable instanco of the offact of this law. You will 860 by referring to the proper table in the Auditor's roport, that in Coolc County clocks and watches'nre nasessod ab the averngo value of 312.37 ench, while in Bu- renu thoy aro assessed at $3.03, and both under tho operation of tho spme law and szme instruc- tions. z . Now, I ask, in viow of all theso figures, official and publio us they aro, docs not the farmer pay tax on all his personality, and does ho not also havo to pay taxes to . BIAKE UP TOE DEFIGIENCY coused by tho merchants, bankors, brokors, and_othor gontlomon of loisure, 'In failing to give o truo list of their personal possossions, About 80 per cent of tho entiro tax puid to the Btate comes from lands. B The wholo equalized nssessment of all prop- orly is $1,269,165,314, in this amount are the following itoms th i ho Stato Board of Equalization, andsee if thore is any moro justico in tho nssessmont of roal property, 88 botwoen citios nnd countios, than " there is in personal, Horo ave somo of the figures, showing how im- proved lands aro assessod on the average: Jasper Count; Adams County, Bangamon County. The assessments of improved city lots the same shows GROS8 INEQUALITIES, of which I give o fow instauces ¢ Cools County..... SBtephienson County, Wil Count; 1,260,20 009,40 983,67 Thus you seo that when the real provorty was in aight of tho Assessor, who is commanded by the law to nssoss it ab ita full cash value, ho as- seesed improved lands in Cook County ut §26.32 per zero, and in Burean, one of tha best counties of the State, at $8.50 peracre, Tho lots in_the gront City of Chicago, which havo improvements on them ranging in value from 81,000 to_8500,000, are assessed, with tho buildings, ot tho onormous avernge sum of $1,260.29 onch, but 2 triflo more than the sama clnss of lots arc assossod at in Poorin. Taking these figures, overy Mir-minded man must admit the nsgossment of both personal nud real property, undor our prosent luw, to bs TIFE GNANDEST HUMBUG OF THE AGE. Poss this rosolution, let it pnss tho other House, submit it o tho votes of tho people, put beyond question nud doubt tho constitutionality of taxes on tho spocial interests named, sod you havo talen a long stop on the road to Revenuo Reform, Tax tho special interests without first assossing the realty and Eurflnnnllv of tho State, putit in the powor of the General Assombly to tox incomes, nuthorize s inx on tho gross re- coipts of railroads in liou of all other taxos, aud, in my opinion, you can raise all noeded revenue without doing injustico to any eitizon, class, in- torest, county, city, or section; and then tho railrond companion and other corporations will censo to bo tax-flghlers, and becoma satisfied tax- payers. . If the renl and personal property of tho State is exempt from Stuto taxes, thon the oouutios, towns, and citios can levy their local inxes on this vory class of proporty, and thus Fny tho lo~ cal debts, If auy Inequality exiats in the asscss- mont, it will not extend beyond the locality in Which it occurs, hat theso inequalitics oxist, it is only nocessnry to cito tho fact that the na- sossment of proporty in Cook County, for Stato purposes, for 1878, was 144,000,000, whila tho osgossment of property in Chioago nlono, for oity purposes, wns $811,000,000, On the umount of revemuo to be derived from n TAX ON DISTILLED SPIRITS, gomo iden may be had from tho following fguro In the months of Docembor, January, and Fol ruary last, the ]n‘odlml.ian of spiritain this dis- trict, tho Bighth, was 073,65¢ gallons, as apponty {rom tho records of the Intornnl Rovenus Oflico hero. “This would give 3,804,232 gallons as tho totnl production in thie district for ono yoar, It in bolioved that 25 por cont of the spirits of tho Btato aro produced in this distriot, and, if this iy corvect, the whole production of the Stato is 16,676,926 gallons, A tux of G conts por gnlion on this would give to the Btate 8778,816,40 of rovonue. 'he Illinois Coutral Railrond pays now into tho Stato Tronsury nearly 500,000 por yoor. Other ronds in tho Btato collect gross recaipts to tho nmount of about $30,000,(00 anyun ly, on which a 2‘?nn-cenb tnx can bo lald, Tho gross receipts of tho insurance companies nro over £0,000,000, aud thoso will bear the samo rato; and all theso givo us THF FOLLOWING YIOURES: Tllnols Confral,eve,..irss vavesieerner$ 500,000,00 Other roads in the Stute, sccording 1o’ r portof Rtullrosd Coumissloncrs, §0,000,« 00, nt 8 par cont, On $6,000,000 of instiranco, ut & It 15,670,028 gallony of whisky nn ‘pirits, ut & conts, 600,000,00 120,000.00 0,40 81,006,840, Novw, tho ordinary and extraordinary exponses of the ftuto for twa yenrs are about §4,000,000, aud tho school tax for the samo timo is §3,000,2 00D, Aw soon abovo, tho artloles montionod will faruish nearly 3,000,000, and the balanco can onsily bo collooted from the othor objects man- tioned, without lovylug ono cont on the real and personal Fropurty u tho Btate, I Liavo thus shown you my idona of the defects of our presont Rovouue system, and what 1 oconeldor tho Loat way to remedy tho ovils, snd £o raiso tho rovenuo necossory to support our Btato Goverument, But thorg is anothor branch of tho quostion of Revonus Reform no less im- portant. 'The resolution contemplatos a radical cunugo in tho method of ralulug tho reveuus, cent., distllled but thero ia n noloss radical chango domanded 1n tha mothod of EXVENDING TIE MEVENUE. It would bo woll for us to conaldor liow wa_oan roduco thoe oxponso of administoring tho affalvs of tha State. In (ho first placo, the royonus should bo col- leoted at n cost not oxcoeding 9 por cont on the gross smount, but it now costs noarly ton timos that, or nbout 20 por cont. It costs to colloct tho Btnto rovenue alono nenrly 600,000 Fur year, Think of it; ovor m.u.fl..u o million of dollars to got out of tho tax-pnyors tho monoy to run tho Stato Governmont. This great lonk can and should bo stoppou, and the rondiost nand most cortatn monns of doing it is to lovy nnd colloot the iaxos with tho smalleat possiblo amount of machinory, na {s coutomplated by thia rogolution. Our Btato institutions are costin oxpongoes a gront doal more than, in my jndg- mont, {8 necessnry. According to tho r rurt of tho BDoard of Publie Charitics, our char- table {nstitutions have ono ofticer or omploye far overy four pationts, which showa that thoro aro for enrront 8NUG TIOLES FOR TAX-EATERS about sonto of thoso buildiugs, It wonre obliged to orect any more public buildings, they should bo cheaper and plainer than thoso which havo beon bullt horotoforo, It 16 o fnct that tho construction nccount of the inatitutions, asylums, and houpitals amonnts to about £1,000 for onch inmato now enjoying tho obarity of the Stato. Yos, sirl Auy one of the blind, mute, and insane hna cast for house- room alono 81,000,—n sum abundant to build a ‘houso a8 good s tho avorage tax-pavor occuples with bis family. T have heard that tho most ox- ponetve part of these buildings was *dovotod to the use and plonsuro of tho ofticors ; but, whothor this is truo or not, Ido not know, but I'do know that wo hnvo pnid too much _for nrchitootural {ancles to bo put into brick and mortar, into ent- stone, east iron, carving, peint, putty, ond stuc- 00, af tho exponte of tho tax-pavers, ‘Wo musb also reduco tho oxponsos of ourState Government by - LOPPING OFF A LOT OF ITANGERS-ON, rollucnl votorans, and cautous eripplos, whom the ax-pryers have to support in idloness, Comparo the oxpenses of the Logislative Da- portmont in 1841, whon Iilinois had npurulnflnn of 800,000, with the oxponsos in 1871, when the popuiatton was 8,000,000, ‘Then wo spont 845, 243.64; in 1871 wo spont £637,805.60 ; nnd thon consldor whotlior the Inws are bettor onforced, whotlior the pooplo ara moro happy and content- od, in 1871 or thirty yenrs boforo, Teliall bring myromarks to closo, Tho sub- ject is by no moans oxhausted ; on the contrary, it will furnish materinl to oceupy the thoughts of tho Sonators for months, I hope tho resolution will pnsa. T hopo it will Lo debatad hero and in the other Houso, and by the poople through tho pross; for it involves thio important, the vital quostion which oceuples the attention of all of us onco & yoar, and of somo of us all the year: Ilow shallee pay our taxes? I have been nct— ing with the Domoeratio party in this State for tho past thirly yeara. I havo heen tho rocipient of many favors at the hands of that party, for which I am, and shall contino to be, traly grato- ful. But I intond hereaftor to nct with that par- ty, I caro not by what namo it is called, DEMOORATIC, REFORM, OR REPUNLICAN, which will inseribo on its bauners a reform not only for cheap transportation, but for equal as- sozsmont of taxes, and cheap collection of tax- 08, cheap oxecution of the law, nnd cconomicnl administration of tho Geueral and State Govern- ments, and roform in the managoment of our Btata institutions, 2 THE STORY OF THE GUN. From Victor Hugo's “ Ninety-three.” [The war corvotle Claymore, salllug from Jersey for tho French const fu tho servico of tiio Franch Royal- iste, carried n mystorious paesenger, wiioso namo was known only to tho Captain aud his chief oficer, but who nfterward nppeara as the Marquis do Lantonac, the Royalist lendar in La Veridce, The breaking lonas ofn carronada in tho gan-dock interrupts n converss tion bolween theso threo mon, and tho description of tho ecenn of destruction thnt followed forms ono of tlio most powertul opisodes of tho novel,] One of the earronades of the battory, a twen- ty-four poundor, had got loose, This is porhaps tho most formidable of occan accidents, Nothing more torriblo can happon to .| & vessel in opon soa and under full sail . A gun that broals ite mooringa becomes mud- donly somo indescribable supornatural bonst, It is » machine which transforma itsolt Into A MONSTER, This mass tarns upon its whoels, has tho rapid movemeuts of n billiard-ball; rolls with tho rolling, pitchos with tho pitching; Foos, comos, pauses, scoms to meditato; rosumes its courss, rushes along the ehip from end to end like an arrow, circles about, springs aside, ovados, roars, breaks, kills, pstormiuntos. It is o bat- toring-ram whiclh assaults o wall at its own ca~ price. Morcover, the battoring-ram is mela), the wall wood. It is the entranco of matter into liberty. One might say that this oternal slavo avenges itsolf. It sooms as if tho pawor of ovil hiddon in what we call inanimato objects finds a vent and bursts suddonly out. It has an air of having lost patienco, of sooking somo florce; obscuro retribution; nothing more inox- orable than this rage of the inanimate. Tho mad mass has tho bounds of a panther, tho woight of an elophnnt, the agility of a mouse, tho obatinacy of tho nx, tho unoxpectedness of thoe aurgo, tho rapidity of lightning, the doafness of tho tomb, It weighs 10,000 pounds, and it ro- bounds like a child's ball, Its flight is a wild whirl abruptly cut at right angles, What is to be done? How to ondthis? A tompeat censos, n oyolono passes, a wind falls, n broken mast is roplnced, a leak is stopped, n fire dics out; but Lhow to control thiy . ENORMOUS DRUTL OF BRONZE? In what way ean one attack it ? You con mako & mastf hear reason, nstound bull, faccinato a bob, frighten o tiger, soften a lion; but thore is no resourco with that ‘monstor, & cannon lot loose. You cannot kilt it—it is dend 5 at thesamo timo it lives, It lives with a sinistor life bestowed on it by Infinity, Tho planks beneath it give it play. It is moved by tho ship, which is moved by tho sen, which is moved by the wind. This destroyer isn plny- thing, 'Tho ship, the waves, the blasts, nll aid it ; honco its [rightful vitality. Jow to ussail this fury of complication ? How to fottor this monstrous mechunism forwreckiog n ship? 1ow foresoo its comings aud goings, its roturns, its stops, its shocks 2~ Any ono of these blows upon tho sides mny stavo out the vessel. How divino its awlul gyrutions! One has todoal yith apro- Jectilo which thinks, seoms to possess idons, and which changes 1ts dircction nt each instant, How stopthecourso of sowothing which must bo avoid- od? Thelorrible canuon flings itself about, ad- ‘vances, rocoils, strikes to the right, strikes to tho loft, flaow, prssos, disconcerts embushes, bronks down obstaclos, crushes mon like flies. ‘I'ho grent dnnger of tho situntion is In the mobili of its bage. ITow combat an inclined plano whic] Liny caprices ? 'Pho uhip, 8o to spenk, hns light- nlug imprisonod in ity womb, whioh scoke to og- copo; it is like thunder rolling abovo an earth- quale. In un instant tho whola crow wera on foot. THE FAULT WA TUE CHIEF GUNNER'S; o had nogloctod to fix hiome tho screw-nut of the mooring-chain, and hud so badly shackled tho four "wheols of tho earronade that the pley given to the wole and frame had * separated the iplatform, nud end- ed by broukiug the breoching. 'T'lie cordage hnd brokon, so thut the gun vas no longer secure on tho curringe, ‘I'ho ntatiounry bresching which provents Tecoll was not in so at thut period, As n heavy wave struck tho_port, the carronndo, woakly attached, recoiled, burst its chain, und bogan to rnsh wildly about. Concoeive, 11 order to have an Idea of this strango sliding, u drop of water ruuning down a pane of glnus, 1 At tho moment when the lashings gavo way the gunners woro in the battery, somo iu groups, othory standing slono, ocoupied with such dutios us snilors porform {nexpectation of the command to clonx for uction, Thoe emrronudo, Lurlad for- ward by the pitehing, dashied nto this ‘knot of men, and crushod four at the first blow ; then flung Dok and shot out anow by tho rolling, it cut In two n ilfth poor fellow, glauced oft to the larboard'side, nnd struck a plece of tho battory with such forco as to unship it, Thon rase the ovy of distrogs which hud been heard, ‘The men rushed toward the laddor—the gun-dock omp- tied in tho twinkling of an oyo, ‘L'he onormous cannon was loft ulono, Blio was givon up to lior- tolf. Bho was hor own mlstross, and " BIRTREES OF TILY VLSRR, Bho_could do what she willed with both, The whole crow, acoustomed to laugh {n battlo, trom- bled now, To deseribo the univoranl torror “‘:::‘ldtho 1i'm gflitlljl“i fand L Capt, Boisbertholot ang out., Viouvillo, al- though both futropill men, stoppod at_the Lend of tho stairs, snd remniucd muto, pale, hosityt- ing, lookiug, down on the ook, Homo ong pushed them asido with his olbow and doscondod, I6 waa thoir pussongor, tho pausunt, tho man f‘ whom they hind Loon sponking 1 moment be- aro, Whon o reachod the foob of the Indderho stood still, "The onnnon camo and wont along the decls, Ouo might bavo fancicd it tho living chariot of tho Apocalypeo, Tho wmasing lantoru owlllatiug from tho cofling addod a dizzying whirl of lights and shadows to thia vision, ~Tho shapo of the cantion was undistingaisliable from. tho rapidity of its course; now 1t looked black In the light, noy it cnat wolrd rofleotions through the gloom, 1t kopt on its work of destruotion. It Lind ale rondy shnttorad four othor ploces, and dug two crovicen in tho side, fortunatoly abovo tho wator- lino, though thoy would leal in caso n aquall should como on. It dashed ‘itsolf frantically agninst tho frame-work ; tho volid tie-bonmy roslsted, thoir curvod form glving them groat almn(ilh, but thoy crenked ominonsly under tha assnults of this torriblo club, which ‘scomed ene dowed with a sort of APPALLING UDIQUITY, striking on ovory sido ot once. Tho atroles of o bullot shaken in‘a bottlo would not bo maddar or moro rapid, Tho_four wheols passod and ro-~ passed above the dond mon, cut, onrved, slashed thom, till the five corpsos woro a score of stumps rolling about the doc?:; tho lioads scomed to cry -out ; streams of blood twistod in nnd out of tho Fhmlm with ovory pitch of tho vessol, 'Tho coil- ng damaged In soveral E]nnnu, bogan to gapo. Tlio whole ship was flllod with tho awful tumult, Tho Captaln promptly rocoversd his compos- uro, and at his order tho sallors throw down into tho deck every thing which could donden and chocl the mad rush of tho gun-—mattrosson, hammocks, spare galle, coils of rope, axtra equips monts, and tho balos of falso nsdigunts, of which 4ho corvotte earried o wholo cargo; aw Infamous deeoption, which the English considered fair triclc in war, But what could thess rags avall? No one dorod to doacend to arrange thom in any usoful {aabion, and in a fow instants thoy woro more henpa of lint, Thore wna just sen onough ta rondor an necl- dont as complote as possible. A tompest would have beon dogirable; * it might hava thrown tho gun upsido down, and the four whoels onee in flm air, the monster could have boon masterod, 17 TIIY: DEVASTATION INGREABED, Thoro wore gashies and oven fractures in tho masts, which, imbedded in tho wood-work of the kool, plorco the decks of shipa like groat round pillars, The mizzon-mast was oracked, and the molumast iteolf was injured under tho convule sivo blows of the gun.~ Tho battery was boing dostroyod, Ton plocos out of the thirty wore disnbled; tho bronchos multiplied in the side, aud tho corvette began to tako in wator, T'ho old prasonger, who had doscended to the gun-deck, looked liko & form of stone stationod at tho foot of tho stairs. Ho stood motionless, azing stornly about npon tho dovastation, In- deed, ;(c! seomed impossible to take a singlo step forward, Iach bound -of the liborated carronado meu- nced thoe destruction of the vostol, A fow min- utes moro aud shipwreck would be inovitable. Thoy muet porish or put o summary end tothe dlunstor—s decision must bo made—but how ? What o combataut—this cannon! Thoy must chock this mad movstor, Thoy must eolzo this flash of lightning, They must overthrow this thunder-bolt. Bolsberthelot snid to Lan Viouville, ** Do you beliove in God, Chavalior * La Vieuville roplied, *Yes. No, times.” e '“Inn tempost 2" “You; and in momonts like this,” h“IOuly God canaid us hore," snid Dolsber- thelot. All wore silent—tho cannon kept up ita horri- blo fracas. The waves beat ngainst the ship ; tholr blows {fromn without rospoudud to tho strokos of the cannon. It was like two hammors alternating. Suddenly, into the midst of this sort of func- cessibla circus, whore the escaped cannon leaped and bounded, TIERE SPRANG A MAN . with an iron bar in his hand, It was the autho: of this catastrophe, the gunner whose oulpablo nogligonco had cansed tho nccident,—the eaptain of tho gun. Haviug boon the means of bring- ing about tho misfortune, ho dosirod to ropnir it, Ho had cought up a handspike in one fist, a tiller-ropo with o slippiug noose in the other, and jumped down into the gun-dock. Then o strango combat bogan; o 'litanic strifo—the strugglo of tho gun ngainst tho gunver, a battle Dotweon matter and intelligence, o duel batweon tho inanimato aud the human, The man was posted in an anglo, tho bar and ropo in bis two tists; backed against ono of tuo ridors, sottled firmly on hislogans on two pillars of steol, livid, calm, fragio, rooted as it were in the planks, he waited, Ho waitod for the cannon to pags noar him, The gunner kuow his pieco, aud it scomed to him that sho must recognize Lor mastor. Ilo bud lived o Jong time with her. How many timos o bad thrust bis hand between ber jaws] It was his tame monator. o bogan to address it os he.might have done his dog. . ‘“come]™ sald he, Perhaps ho loved it. IIo seemed to wish that it would turn toward Bombe- im. But to como toward him wonld be to spring vpon him. Then be would bo lost. How to avoid its crush? Thoro was the quostion, All stared in torrifled silonce. Not a brenst respired froely, exeept, perchance, that of the old man who alone stood in the deck with the two combutauts, a stern sccond, Ho might himsolf be crushed by tho pisco, He did not stir. L DBoneath them, the blind sea directed the bat- tle, At tho instant, when nccopting this mwful haud-to-hand contest, the gunuer approached to challengo the cannon, some chinnco fluctuntion of tho waves kopt it for » moment immovable, as if suddenly stupefled. ‘‘Come on!” the maa enid to it. listen, Suddonly it darted upon him. The gunner avoided tho shock, "Tho strugglo began—struggle unheard of. The fragile matehing itself against tho invuluor- able. Tho thing of flesh nttneking tho brazen bru i Ou tho one sidoe blind force, on tho ather asoul. @hio wholo passed in o half-light, It was like the indistinet ~igion of a miracle, 3 A soul—atrango thing: but you would have snid that the cannon bad ono also—n soul filled with rago and hatred. This blindness. ALPEARED TO JAVE EYES, The monstor had the air of watching' tho mau, ‘Thero was—one might have funcivd so ot least— cunning in this muss, It also chose its momonts, It beeawe somno gigautio insoct of metal, biaving, or soeming to have, the will of o demon, Some- times this colossal grass-hopper would strike tho low cailing of the gun-deck, thon fall back ou ity four wheels liko n tigor upon its four claws, and durt suew on tho mau, — Io-supplo, agile, ndroit—would glide awny like a snaka from tho ronch of thoso lightning-like movements, Ho avoided tho encounters ; but the blows which he iucuped fell upon tho vessel and continued tho ayoc, Au end of brolkon chain romained attached to tho curvonade. 'Chis chain had twisted itaclf, oua could not tell how, shout the sorew of the breccli-butten. Ono oxtremity of the chrin was fustonod fo tho carriago. Tho otber, hanging loose, whirled mnidlly; nbout the gun, aud “added to the dangor of its blows, ‘The serew hold it liko & clinolied hand, and tha clin, multiplying tho strokes of tho battering- ram by its strokes of a thoug, madoe u fearful whirlwind about the cannon,—n whip of iron in n.l {lst of brags, ‘This choin complicated tho ba~ tle, Novortheless, tho man fought. Bomotimes, ovou, it was the man who attncked tho canuon. ILe cropt along tho side, bur and rope in hand, snd the counonhind Lhe air of understauding, andfled ns it it porceived & sunre. The man pursued it, 1t soomed to TFOUMIDANLE, FEARLEES, ¥ Such a ducl could not lust long. The gun .seemed suddonly to suy Lo itaolf, * Como, wa must muke an ond!" and it paused, One folt tho appronch of tho erigis, T'he cannon, ng if in suspouso, appoured to huve, or hud—Dbeoanse it seemed to ull a soutient boing—n furlous pro- meditation. It sprang unexpecledly upon the guunor. e jumped usido, lot it puss, and eried out, with u laugh, ** Try again 1" Lo gun, as if in a fury, broko ncarronade to Inrboard; then, soizod anow by tho invisible sliug which hold it, wus t{nu;} to starboard toward the man, who es- capod, . Uireo oarronades gave way under the Llows of tho gun; then, an il blind, and no longor*gon- selous of what it was doing, it turnod its back on the man, rolled from (he storn to the bow, broisiug the stem and makingu broachin the plunkings of the prow. The gunner had talken rofuge ut tho foot of tho stnirs, a fow steps from the old man, who was watehing, The gunner held his hnnduyllm in rout, Tho cannon seemed to porcolve him, and, without taking the trouble to turn itself, bocked upon him with tho quicknoss of an ux-stroke, Tho puuner, it drivon back against the side, was lost, L'l orow uttered a nimultaneous ory, But the old passengor, until now immovable, mado a spring more rupid thun all thoso wild whirle, 1o sofzod & bale of Lhe falso sasignnts, and, nt he risk of Laing crushed, succoodod jn {linging it botweon tho wheols of the carronude, This wunouvre, decisive and dangorous, could not have boen oxeonted with more adroitness and procision by s man tralned to all tho exor- cisos #ob down in * Durosel's Manual of Soa- Guunery.” Tho bule had tho offevt of & piug. A pobblo may utop & log, u troe-hranch tui nn ayalantho, %‘h“ oumnm wm;xbi%fl.‘ ".fl‘m_mmlnor. u& lflin urn, sclaing (Aoyibto &hdnao, plungor g Lrou bur Lotiradu w" ‘fiw 0% OF QLo vt tho Hinds Whools. Tho oannon was stoppod. It staggerod. ‘I'io man, using tho bar s o levor, rocked it too and fro. ‘Tho honvy mnas turnod ovor witha olaug liko n I'ulllnfi bell, and the gunnor, drlpvlnfi with swoat, rushad forward hond jong, and passo tho slipping-nooso of tho tillor-ropo about tho bronze neck of % . THE OVEUTINOWN MONATER, It ws ondod, Tlio man had conquored. Tho ant hnd subduoed tho mastodon ; the pigmy Lnd takon tho thundorbolt {:&ummr. ’1‘ldm marinos and the sallors clapped thoir nnds, . ‘Tho whola crew Lurrled down witt cablos and chaiug, and in un iustant tho cannon was seoure- Iy lashod, ‘Fhe gunner enluted the presonger. llt" Hir," ho snid to Lim, “you hava saved my 0, "Tho old man had rosumed his impassible atti- tudo, and did not roply. The man had conquered, but ono might sy that the caunon had conquered uiso. Immodiate shipwreok had boou avorded, bhut tho corvetto was b‘y no meaussaved, The dilopidation of tho yossol seomod irromedinblo, Tho eides had five bronohes, ong of which, vory large, wasin the Low. Outof the thirty earronndes, twenty lny usecless in thelr frames, Tho carronndo which hiad boen captured and rachained was itsolf disablod; tho Horew of tho brocch-butlon was forced, and the loveling of tho pleco impossiblo in consequenco, Tho bat- tory was roducod to nine piecos. Tho hold had #pring n_lonk, It was necuseary at onco to re- puir tho damages aud 8ot the pumps to worlk, Tho ,gun-deck, now that one hud timo to look about it, offored n torriblo speotacie, The iuto- riorof a mad ulu&flmnt'u cage could not have boen more completoly dismantlod. Howover gront the necessity that the corvotts should escape observation, » . still more impori- ous negesuity presontod itsolf— IMMEDIALS UAFETY, It bad been necossary to light up the deck by lauterns plaped horo aud thore along tho sidow, . But during the whole time ™ this tragic divor- slon hnd lnsted tho vrew were so absorbad by tho ono question of lifo or death that they notived littlo what wns pnesing outside tho scone of tho duel. 'Fhio fog had thickened ; tho weatlier hnd changed; vhe wind hnd driven tho vessol at will ; it had got out of ita route, in plain sight of Jor- soy and Guernsoy, farthor to tue south than it ,ought to hinve gono, and was surrounded by n troubled sen, Tho groat waves kissod tho gapin, wounds of the corvette—kinses full of pnriE The soa rocked her mouacingly, ‘I'lie brooze bo- camo a gale, A squall, &’ tompest porhaps, throntoned. It was impossiblo to oo bofore one four oars’ longth, ‘Whilo the crow were repairing summarily and in hosto tho ravugos of the gun-deck, stopping the lonks, aud patting back into pouition the guns which had cscapod tho disastor,the old passengor Liad gono on deck. Ha stood with his back againat tho mainmast, o hod paid no nttentionton Jroceeding which had taken placo on tho vessel. The Chevalier La Viouvillo had drawn up the matinos in line on oither sido of the mainmast, and at the whistle of tho snilors busy in tho rigging stood upright ou the yards. Count du Boisberthelot advanced toward the nssonger. Dehind the Captain marched a man nggard, broathloss, his dresy in diordor, yot woaring o satistied look under it all, It was the Euuuur ‘who had just now so opportuncly shown imisolf o tamer of monstors, and who bad got tho bettor of the cannon, Tho Count mnde a military salute to the un- known in poasant garb, and snid to bim, ** Gou- eral, & HERE I8 TIE MAN The gunnor keld himsalf ercet, his oyos down- cast, standing in a soldierly attitude. Count du Boisbortholot contiuted : “ Ganoral, taking into consideration what this man hae dono, do you not think thers ia somothing for his commandors to do #" 1 think thore is," eaid the old man, * Bo and enough to glye tho orders,"” roturn— ed Boisbertholot. 1t is for you to give them. tain,” ‘*But you aro the Genernl," angwered Bois- berthelot. The old man looked at the gunnor, *Ap- proach,” said be. . Tho gunnor moved forward a step. The old man turned toward Count du Boisbertholot, do- tached thoe cross of Snint Louis from tho Cap- tain’s uniform, ond fastenod it on the jacket of the gunner. * Hurrah |” cried the pailors. Tho marinos presonted arms. The old passon- ger, pointing with his finger toward the bowild- ored gunner, added, ¢ Now s . LEDTHAT MAN BE sHOT." Btupor succesded the applause. ‘Lhen, in the midst of a silence like that of the tomb, tho old man raiséd his voico. o said: * A nogligonco hns ondangored this ship, At this moment sho is perhaps lost. o bo ut eon is to faco tho enemy. " A vessel at open uea is nn army which gives battle. The tempest. conceals, but does not absont itaelf. The wholo sea ia an ambuseade. Douth is the ponalty of any faule committed in the face of tho enomy. No fault is repnrable, lemflu ought to bo rowarded, and nogligonoe punished.” ‘F'heso words fell one aftor tho other slowly, solemnly, with o sort of inoxorable mensure, lilzo tho blows of Au ax upon an oak. And the old man, turning to the soldiors, add- ed, *Do your duty." ‘I'he man upon whose brenat shono theoross of Baint Louis bowed his head, At o sign from Count du Boisberthelot two sailors descended botween decks, then roturnad, brin(;lug tho lummock winding-sheot, Tho ship's ehaplain, who sinco the time of sailng had been at prayer in the ofticors’ quartors, ac- compnnied tho two snjlors; a Sorgeant dotached from the line twolve mariues, whom he arranged in two ranks, six by six; tho gunnor, without uttering n word, placed himsolf between the two flley. The chaplnin crucifix in hand, advauced sud steod nonr him, “March!” said the Sergonnt, The platoon moved with slow steps toward the bow, Tha two sailors who carried tho shroud followed. A gloomy silence fell upon the corvette. A lirricaue monned in the distance. A foy instants Intor thoro was n flash; o ro- port followed, cchoing smong tho shadows ; thon all was silent ; then camo tho thud of A BODY FALLING INTO %11k 8EA, Tho old passonyer still leaned bnel againat tho mainmust with folded arms, thinking silontly, Doisberthelot pointed toward Lim with the forefiugor of hisloft hand, ond mid inn low voice to La Viouvillo, “Tho Vendoo hs found o head 1" [ — THE FARM AND GARDEN, Corn=Culture at the Buste=0orneCule ture on tho Praivice=Plan of M. B, sSullivaa Bud EBifcct of Plowing when Wotea'l ho Advantage of Men- wand Pasture-Lund forThis Oropes ronch=Plowing of flendowsLandes The Double Michigan PlowssPlitni- ing and Cultivatinge-Now Elum ‘Lo Mincr £fum for Salesspirbors Dog. From Our Agrleultural Correspondent, OuANPAIGN, Tit,, April 9, 1874, In passing throngh New York in summor-timo, tho Woestorn farmor is surprised tosee how little is kknown and practiced of tho ecouomy of labor in the < You aro the Cap- CULTURE OF THE CORN-ONOY,— rass-pl crowing, g, [ thaplowing, arase-plgwing haccorln, nisauring, .tha land ; and, if so, how doap elall be the two hooing, enttivating, and hilling,~a dotail of la- bor that is porfectly appalling. And yot out of this comes 2 fair averago crop In bushols, but oub of nll proportion to the cost of labor, Thon he looks at the narrow eriba, with capacity for tho storago of 200 or 300 bushels, and, turn- ing his oyes towards the West, montally exclnims: ‘' Buroly, Cores dedloated tho prairlos of the Wost aud tho Lroad rivor-bottoms to corn. No stony ridgo or bill-side, 1o sight of a hemlook- forest, no stiff, cold clay-soil, no wido-sproad sandy plain or morah, though undordrained, ean competo in tho corn-market with our favorod land, that the groat drift-period gawo to the world,” Climate hag much to do in making the corn- crop, but it {s the adaptation of soil that aids in tho economy of labor. If wo look at tho corn- statistics of tho Btato wo will find & bolt of 20 Aegraes of Intitudo that stands pre-omivent for this orop ; and, a8 wo go wost from the Wabash Rivor, the belt widens, fan-shaped, aud is broad 8k tho baso, whon it ends at tho line of the monntafu-ragion of drought,—~the trauns-Alis- souri country, 4% ‘This is the groat corn-zone,—tho land whenco the world’s commerco will druw it su plios of corn,—corn for tho food of domostin nngmxls, for aun, and probably, forall time, for whisky,— aling wine, brandy, glu, ete, 1t moy bo possiblo that the presont manage- mout of the corn-crop in Now York and Now Tugland is the Lest for that location, and that no further progross can or noed bo_expooted iu the economy of tha orop ; that the hill-sido, tho broad river-bottom, tho gravelly ridgon, uud the drained swamp, shull liave the ¥ama formulin of oulture ; but tho prairie must linve u pystom of its own —n plan of mulmg‘nmun& paoulise to LF wolty=tlins whinll wogord Wit vhe wplenun of this :fi’l’ll, aud place labor on on {ntolligont founda- M. L. BULLIVANT had demonstrated that lo could propars tho ground, plant and eultivate an aoro of corn, on on avoraue of nbout ono day and ono-tentl 3 but in this o mado no allowanco for lost timo whon thelaud was not {n condition for working, nor for suporlntondenco, Mr. 8, bad vory good, aud I may eny romarknbla craps, consldering tho many thousand nores thnt ho planted annually, and that ho doponded on hirod Inbor to do the work, I had urged him for many yorra to nd(:{ab the tonant-systom, so s to give oach man o di- root iutoerest {n working the crop; and this sys- tom ho hna adopted, and fa busy In arranging at the prosont timo, ‘We have not renched porfoot system for the TDosé cconomy of labor fn ths managomont of tho corn-orop, bt wo aro slowly appronching it. It is woll known thnt, whon old land, if of & cloggy nature, 18 plowed swhon wot, TIE PERTILITY DECOMES LOOKED UP ° for tho sonson, and {t must undergo the disin- tograting offoots of frost to bring it bnok to lts normal condition, Novw, this is a sorious draw- back of timo inmany iensous, waiting for tho land to come into suitablo coudition for plowings and, in Bomo sonsons, not loss than holf tho timo for worl is lost in idloncss of the men and tonms, This maltcs {hio aven plautod of vory un- oquel amounts, and at best makos a partof it lato planting, in which tho crop is oudangered,— dirst by drought in gorm, when the blades aro too small to boar up against adverso wonthor; and, sccondly, by onrly autumn frosts, Vory fow farmers know of o Way out of this diffeulty, and suppose they must submit to it, lot tho woanthor como es it will, Thus, for this spring, toama liave been Idlo for more’ than two weel, waiting for tho gonial wonthor that shail put the Innd in good tilth for plowing, and it may bo two orturoo weeks moro befora work can bogin, Those who Linve meadowor pasture-land to plant oro busy, 16 is truo; but thoso pergons are but fowin number, and tho sreaof suolland is limited ; for wo have boon in the habit of plant- ing cornon the samo land yenr nftor yonr, o8 thongh that was tho vory "best systom to bo pursued, If wo cannot plow old land whon wot without damaging {t, why is it that we oan plow BWARD-LAND whon In the same condition? The solutlon s onsy enough; for tho wot clay land is packed liko = brick, and dries cloddy; while, in the sward-land, the immonso nuwbor of roots pro- vonts this action of tho olay, and the soil s loft in fino condition for tho crops, I first Baw this veriflod in tho broaking up of a fow acres of prairie in thomonth of Fobrunry, and havo prac- ticed 1t sununlly for the past dozen yonrs, All farmors ‘concodo that meadow nnd paz- ture-land produces large crops of corn, and thet the culturois Iess than on old land, the .land boing comynmmaly freo of woedd. loro, then, aro twvo pointg that aro not to bo overlooked in tho culturo of the corn-crop. As soon as the frost is out, in darch, the wmendow and pasture- Inud is mlufy for the plow. Thero is no waiting for the ground_to sottle, or the land to got into fine tilth; for the work isready, Tho ploty runs ensily through tho soft turf that presonts its black, rich surfaco to the sun; the wator sottlos away; and, in o fow woeks, [t is raudy for the harrorw, that will pulverize its furrows into fine. ly-comminuted #oil, rendy for the planting, Al this work s going on long beforo tho team can bo put on tho old land, even if it did not ru‘m it to bo plowod whon sodden with the spring raing, ‘Wo will suppose that the farmor, with & sin- glo team, has to put in sixty ncros of corn, and that one-half of this is meadow or pasture-land. Ha will bo ableto plow ail of this meadow-land at times whon ho cannot prudontly go on tho old land to plow. Whon the old land is dry, and in condition for plowing, tho sod-land may be abandoned for the time being, snd the old land {aken in hand; but, o heuvy rain falling ab any timo, the sod-laud is again roady until tha athor is ngoin in order. In this way, there are no idlo tonms or idlo men waiting for the water to ‘sot tlo nway so that plowing mn{‘ Lo resumod. Thoro is great complaint that the old land * BECOMES FOUL WITH WEEDS by long-continued plonting and oulture without hooing; and it is ofton scoded to grass for tho purposo of exterminating thom, IBut thore is another and bettor renson given to soed the land often to gres, and thnt is for tho purposo of comminiting it, Land under long eulturs be- comes lumpy, andis not in the finoly-commi- nuted condition of that which has recontly baen n grass ; aud then tho decaying grass and clovor- roots give tho soil a more porous or drainablo condition to admit of the vapor of wator, which 1y just the condition for the fim\vth of plants, Wator must pass down through the soil in ordor that it may pars witn its plant-food, and the in- numorable small roots sorve to make up this de- sirablo condition. T'alting this view of the subjeot, \we must noxt cousider tho propriety of so arranging our crops that corn and the small grains mny alternato with grass. The British farmer prides himsolf with ‘s rotation, say of flve or sevon yoars, in which whont, onts, barley, turnips, and grass tako their turns, and in which tho grasa plays the most important part. Hore weo have the coru in -&)lnco of ‘turnips, and which may b considored the leading-staple, Tho farmor will find it to his ndvautago to 6o arrango his flelds that one-half of his corn-land, or an area_cqual to it, mny be soeded to grass annually, and & like quantity bo broken up each spring to be planted incorn. This is THE TRUE ROTATION in tho managoment of the corn crop in this groat coru-zone. . We may plant the corn on the sward-land, and follow with wintor-whoat, by sowing among the standing corn and drilling it in,—n practice that s boon somewbat followed, but probably, not tio best. Or, what i4 moro common af the southorn F“t of tho 8tate, cut tho corn in Sep- tembor, YAMB tho shocks in rows, and sow the winter-wheat diractly on thoe corn-stubblo ; and, aftor the ground is frozon, the crop thus har- vested is houled from the fleld. Tho ouly ob- Jootion to Lhis plan is the bare spots whore the corn-stalks “stood in the shocks; but, ns the wheat-orop is to bo sown to grass and clover, thnt is no great drawback, The grass may ro main for two years, making a four yoars' courso, It may be crn[zpnd to corn two or three years, and, at tho last eropping, the corn bo cut, and shocked, and huuled off ; or tho stalks may bo broken down in wintor, rotted and burncd in March, and the land sown to spring-whoat, bar- loy, or oats, and seeded to grogs. As tho farms grow smallor, end farm-barns come into more goneral use, wo shall soo less ond lees of fleld-busking, as farmors will cut tho corn for the veluo of the fodder that may bo thus obtained. As wo change stocle-faeding for the dairy, we change to a more mixoed system of farming, ‘and one bottor adapted to amall furms, If we caunot haye one-half of our corn-land in ewnrd, wooulit to have o part of it ot loast, provided thut wo wish to koep tho tonm at the plow during the entiro spring. One thing is certain, 1o farmer can estimato beforehand liow mauny gcres ho can propare for planting, as there 4ro HO vory many contingoncies to be takon into the account, The wenther i tho most promi- nent of these, but this s to some_oxtent modi- fled in the caso of moadow-land. In thisconnac~ tion, it would be woll to have & cortain_ number of ucres of old land for corn, and meadow and nasture-land indelinitoly to ocenpy the romaindor of tho time, lob that bo more or loss ; nud this might be tho measuro of the corn-orep, In the next place, wo may sos how the plow- ing of tho sward-land is” to be nccomplished, Shall tho furrow be a singloone, doop or Ellmllo\f, or will wo TRENCH-PLOW farrows 7 A clovor rud timothy sward of two or threo yours' standing may be plowed with g siuglo furrow, not to oxcced 4 inchos in dapth. ‘Ihis will barrow up pretty loose, and may bs cultivatod In tho ususl manner. If there i con- siderablo bluo grass, or the turf is old und tough, it ja almost indinpensablo to trancl-plow it, e top furrow should o ent 3 or 234 inches doop. This will contain the orowns of the grass- plants, and soparate tho lower parts of theplant, and allow of an easy pulverization of tho soil, ‘Ihe bottom or second furrow should bo gauged to cut not moro than 2 inches, and this will be thrown on the top of tho turf-furrow,—making the two furrows of tho samo dopth, as near a4 poauiblo, of tho one firat mentioned. It may bo asked, why the use of tho two furrows, ag thoy must cost more horso-power than tha ono ? ‘The roply is, that tho crowns of the roots are soparated from tho lowor parts of the plant ; and chat tho lower purs of tho furrow has noths ing lott to hold it “togother, and is pulvorized without difiienlty ; and decny at onco sots an on tho lower purt of tho plant thus cut off, while tho fine oarth sorves to smother out tho crowns of the plnnlu‘ aud prevouts thelr growing, And moro especially in tho caso of bluo grass, wholo roots, unloss cut looso from the crown of the plout, will resumo growtl if kopt molst: but this sepnration provents, For this rcason, I havo made it & rule for many 1\;uum to tronch- plow all of my sward-land, as the oxtra cost ia moro than repaid by the bebtor condltion of the -| soll and tho inoronsed orop, I have produced lurgo erops of corn on common prairie-luud that liad not beon pastured, [ find this Prulrlo-uwunl {s ouily broken by two horses, usivg a 13-inohy brenking-plow for this purposo, it takon in hand |- when too wet for tho plowing of old land ; but, it _loft until the eoil bocomes dry, three horsos will bo required to do the same worlk, ‘Tho doublo Michigan plow was invented for f dolug th Brvceniy Yo tho Tosn Sl o e s botter work with tha plows soparato. | broken pralelo with i, but' ils draught is too Bovoro on the fonm.” A tonm of four or fiva yoko of oxon, with o plow of thin Jind, cutting n 10-inch furrow, will 0 good work on ' Nabraska and Kanena lands, that aro g triflo sandy, but would run too lintd in o henyy clay, g £ corn I tho next (hing fo bos of corn Ia tha noxt thing to Lo consldered, farmorn liarrow tho lnn(? botoro plmltlnc;:—‘ lrs "e'fl: surfaco {4 not smooth but, it in fair ordor, tha Inutor moy bo eot to worlk without this prolime nurly. oven it the Jand has beon plowed Aomo weoks and the weeds aro starting. After the planting in such case, By not moro than throo or four daye, tho barrow should follow, Thig Wil leval tho stirfaco, and Kill all tho. yomng woods, and propare tho surfaco for tho ndmigsion of “hont and alr to the meod to qulckon its growth. It tho soll is n clny or clay-lonm, the rollor should follow, to pulveriza any small olods that may remain attor the har- row, and to put the surfnca in botter tilth, In a fow_days tho young blados will ap; oar; for thi madoe of planting admits of a nlm\’lu\v covering to tho sood, and tho compacting of the soil keopn it moist, and, boing near the surfaco, tho warmih bringd the plant forward. Tho gron I have from the habitof too decp planting. If the Weathor follows warm and molat, the corn coman up It docply Jxlnntml: but, if tho weathor turna cold, or a cold rain follows, the seod i suro to rot in tho Lill; and tho blamo is Iaid to tho saod, Instond of to ‘the bad planting, Our largo corn~ growors in this part of the §mm bogin to fully ronlizo this important fact, end carefully guard against it, Ishould have atatod that o singlo furrow, 4 or 5 inchea deop, in old land, i8 of nearly or quito tho same valuo a8 to tronmohe low, and thus divido it into two soparate urrows ; and yot fow pooplo appear to have a corrcol iden of tho object or nction of tronch-plowing, It is no objoot to Dbring tho lower strata of tho soll to the fop, for that hns not been aroated, and what potash or other olements of plant-food that it may contain oare not in the proper condition for plant-food, or_tho sofl in condition to hold thut which the xains, and the dows, and tho air, may prosont to it. The only objoot and offico of tronon-plowi for the growing erop Is to destroy the crop 0? grass, or porennisl or biounial weeds, that pro- coded tho cultivated crop. We out tho plant nt tho orown, and disconnoct it from tho moxs of fibrous roots, and thoso no longor hold the soil compnotly togother, In hoeing wo do the same Ll.lmg‘ cutting tho plant off Just below the surfaca of the grouud, whon most plunts aro at oncokilled, Grasses ko quack, thut aro pro- duced bg runnors under ground, aro not ap oneily disposed of ; but the tronch-plowing is the beat aud most prosistont mode of extirpating thom, In the culturo of corn we too often NEGLEGT IT AT TIIE START, The diffienlty i, that wo cannot stop to oulti- vato until the lnst acro is planted, when it would bo to our advantage to stop the pimv and to atart the harrow. Supposo that wo commoncs plants Ingon tho 1st day of May. On tho 4th or bth wo should commence the “cultura by giving it o moat thorough harrowing and rolling, “This, ns bave stated, Ymp&ma tha soll, and, at the snmo time, will kill the woeds that have mado n start with the sprouting corn and will bo up ahoad of it; but this harrowing destroys them, nud, at the same timo, puta the land in better order for the corn-orop. A weel Intor, and tho youn corn is ready for tho cultivator, Thus the eulti= vating must tako placo nt: intervalsas tho planting procoeds ; and by thoe 1at of Juno, when tho end of tho planting sonson .8 renched, tho first planting “bas had balf of its culturo complsted, {u this manner, » loss number of acros of plant- ing can bo done, but more bushels of corn may be grown. To people who are ambitious of wing tho most bushols, this is the bost plan ; ut thoro aro othars who aro oqually proud of the number of acres that $hoy may ho ablo to plant. But the man who ean grow 2,000 bushola ou 40 acros I8 more to bo commended than the one who acoupios 60 ncros for tho same result, ‘The farmer who aims to put in 4 givon num- ber of acres, with little rogard to how it is dono, will never make much profit in tho tilling of Lis soil. Wo must study iow to grow the beat crops with the loast Inbor ; aud, to do that, we must apply tho labor just iv the nick of timo, NEW PLUNS, Last wook I rocaived mixtecn plum-treos from Kentuoky, containing ton now varistios of Kon- tucky and Tennossoo native plums, that (hus far, in thoso Statos, appear to dofy the ourculio, Those aro not intended to bo propagated for salo, but for tho purposo of lesting thoir valug in this purt of ‘tho Btato. oy ate graftey on gtooks of the wild plum, and some of thom havo fruit-buds; and it is probable that thoy Will all fruit durmg tho next three or four yonrs. "Theso varietios have boen gathered togother by Gen, Adair, a farmer nenr Hawesvillo, Ky.. who is taking an interest in this fruit, I fhoil hope to bo ableto send aut - scions to other parts ol the Stato as saon ns thoy fruit,—tho only charga for which will bo the postage.,” They will not bo 8old to nursorymen for tho Purpoac of propa. gating, but for such ronders of Tue Taivuse og take an_intorest in the testing of mew {ruits. It is possiblo that not ono of these mny lavo any value for our Stato, but I 200 no other direction to look for tho com: ing plum, save among onr native plums. In Tennoeseo I know tho wild plums ave good, but how ‘.'m)d they may prove hera is yutmqm 0ft- m}. Tho Miner plum has_ proved valuable in Wisconein, Minnesotn, and_in our Stuto s far ugntlmut as Geneva, in Kano County. Capt. X, H. Bocbo, 0f that placo, who ks given this Emkjeob much attontion, says, ina recent letter : * * Tho Farm and Gardon * is corroct in laokine: among tho native plums for the coming plum,” Aud o farmer near Galoun writes that thio Minor canbo grown in thot partof tho State for 25 conts o bushel ; but ho is no doubt a littlo too sanguine, drawing bis conclusion from two or threo trecs in o yard, whero they huve been soll cared for's and itis not probablo that orchard- oulture will produce the same rosult, Mr. Goorge I. Xasson, of Woodstack, MoHen- 1y County, Ill, writes mo that Liohas a small stock of very fino troos of tho Minx plum for galo at 50 conts each,—no charye for packing, AN ARTOR-DAY, - Yrurow Oneex, fll,, March 84, 1874, Mn, “RunarL’—Su: Why cannot tho peoplo of thia Stato hayo an Arbor-Day,—a duy et apart for the planting of trees along the road-slde, on tho Iywn, and otber parts of tho farm? Thero might also bo & dny for Florjculture,which womeu might dovote to tho planting of Flowers, Will you not givo it yonr sance tion, and thus huve tho good work establislicd ? y s, M, T, R, + Nature Las given us many Arbor-Days. Sho Dbogins at Cairo the last of Fobraary, makes tho uir goninl and swolls the buds, to remind us of lroo-glnnfiug. Then she bogins her murch, 10 or 12 milca o day, starting tho dormant huds' ns she marches, bringing flocks of robins, bluo- Dbirds, aud a hundred other kinds with her ; and these begin to build their nosts in all mannor of places, and of many forms, Tho prairies aro ronched at the south sido of the groat basin thab was once tho shore of n vast freshewator lake, Then the cold winds nro sont from tho nortl, and the garden and tho orchards no longer lig under the shutter of tho *‘Geand Chain,” but are this sido, and the Arbor-Days are filled with chillinoss, with, howevor, o roinforcomont of zophyrs, lorn of tha tropics, the march is ro- sumed ; but sho is more than & month in reacli~ ing tho northorn limits of our State. We can, theroforo, set no ous Arbor-Day, for now the loaves begin to put forth at tho scuthorn {)nrb 0f ‘iho State, whilo at tho north b 8 too cool for all to engage in this dosirablo busincss, Evory town or vil- lage, ovory farmer and gardenor, overy land or lot-owner, shonld have ono or more Arbor-Days, that shall best suit the progress of tho sonsons, aud bo tho most suitable for him to do tha worlk. Bottor impress all with o dosiro for judicious planting n groator or loss number of troos each spring, than to sot apatt & holidny for tho pur~ pose. Horo the planting eenson somotimes closes April 20,—tho duy ot apart for troe-plant- ing in Iowa. In Wisconsin a Iater day may bo #et. Bpacinl Arbor-Day muy be » good thing for tho planting of atroots and rond-sides ; but giva mo {I’.\u wholo range of spring, 8o that I may sot willows,’ larclios, chorries, servico-borrios, Illacs, and sydonius, at the ho inning; and roses, snowballs, evergreens, shade and orchard trees, Intor,—olosing up with tuo Osaga-orange, the catalpn,’ aud the grape. This is the rango of my Arbor-Day; but let each ono select for himsolf tho duys” that should bo dovoted to the good cauo, ¢ Runan. THE MAIDEN AND THE LILY. Allly in my garden grow, Amid the thyme aud clovor ; No fairer lily avor blew, Soareh all tho wide world ovar, Its beauty passed into my Loart I know "Lwas vory ailly— Dut T was thon o foolish matd, And it—a perfect lily, Cnie day a learned man came by, With'yeara of knowledge luton, And lim Y queetioned with a sy, Liko auy foolisl maiden : ¢ Wiso sir, plgaso ol me whiereln Hos~e 1 know tfo quostion's silly— Tho amothing that my art dofles, Audmakes o porfact’ Ly, o uilled, and, stooping, pluck Tuon toro it, leaf .".‘,Ti"n}‘m o4 Ui i Auil talkod to fnofor fuit an hour, e e ot e o st} 6l les,” at lon 0 Oriea Dut 11 Untow i = oni i B st m'{“l 1 ) complaint in" rogard to poor sced-corn comen -