Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, August 9, 1873, Page 2

- —_—,—,———,—,,,———eeer——————— ,—————eeee —_—_— — - e —n—m—m — oo e —————————— sball oxpress my Idividunl opinions frooly with- ot dosiring to compromine othors, and Lioping not to offand thons who diffor from mo. OUR AUE OF THE WORLD fo peontiar in tho growlng facility of intorcourso afforded by steam-locomotion onwator and land; by (he pross, aud by tho tolograph, Amerfean tourluts civenmnavigato the globo In o yonr on plonsure-lrips. Wo go from tho heart of tho Mississippl Valloy to the sosboard In ns many dayn a8 it onco required weoks, 'Whe dally nows- papor, with tho nows and market quotalions of London and Pavin, and ovon the nows of Con- stantinopls and Caleutta, comos to ua Indon with tho thoughts, Lo doings, and the hopos of all mankind, Never yof, in tho history of the world, have time and spaco—tho groat barrlors botwaon nations nnd races—beon 80 noarly ob- titorated. Nover hns (hought had free courso, nud old fdoas and customs boon submilted to such n critical aud nkeptical ordeal, With this, and probrbly beeauge of it, ina come that stendy, irvesistiblo tendency townrds DEMOOMATIO RERUBLICANISH thnt Do Toequoville, more than a gonoration ago, observed, and which the history of the last thirty years lins abundautly verified. This ton- doney, A inovitable as Fato, oqualizos and mankes all mankind kin, giviug equal porsonal, vo~ cial, and political righta to the individual; nnd, rencting ngain, it quickons thoughts and incltes actlon in ovory walk and occupation of lifo. ith this freo intorconrso, t0o, hins como THE CUSTOM OF ASSOCIATION,— the forming into an organie whole of the indl- viduals who have n common purpose, and who con gain mutunl adeantago by combination. This froadom of moveomont and of communteation on- ables all who hnve thoughts and hopes incommon to mact, or at lonst confor ; until to-dny wohave not only Local, State, nnd Nntionnl organiza- tions, but International organizations as woll, baged upon every concojvablo purposc. Base- ball, chess, pomology, prison-roform, natural neioneo, social seienco, labor, commereo, agricul- turo,—nll Linve thoir moro or loss perfoctod or- ganizations, intomded to promoto tho common good of their rospoctivo mombers, I havo said, our ut;n {8 peculinr in the histo of the world, 'The timeis unique, I may add, our condition A8 CITIZENS OF TNE GREAT NEPUBLIC Io not lcos so. Demoeratic idens havo bad n flold for freo oxerclso liora_such as no older “omo of elvilization, tamporod by procodont, and -wstom, and ingtitutions, could havo fur- pished. In no country has tho individual beon Ioft to work out bis thought with such por- fec- freedom. Iu no country hns tho ownorship of /mud been 8o possible and genoral, and tho intorests of capital and labor, so far as the farmor is concornod, mado moro jdontical. And, lastly, 1 may add, in no country has tho individ- unl thiret for and pursuit of wealth beon more eagor, constant, and gonoral, than undor our ropublican govornment, whoro 1t furnishes tho most pnipablo, easiost-galnod prestigennd ground of distinction. Lot us look now o littlo at some satatigtica fur- nishod by tho census of 1870. ‘Thero is in tho United Btatos a population, axcoeding 10 yoars of ago, of 23,928,015, Of those, 13,505,993, or sbout 44 per cent, nre reported as ongnged i REFUTADLE OCCUPATIONS, the most of the remmindor Loing females at school, or without professional oceupntion. Most of thoso are wives nnd daughters of farmera. But, of tho 12,605,923 ’})m'smm roportod a8 ac- tuelly employed, 5,022,471, or 47.8 per cont, aro cogaged in agrioultural purouits ; 2,707,421, or 21,6 por cont, in_manufactures, mochsvics, nnd miuing ; 1,191,989, or 9.5 per cont, in trado aud transportation ; and 2,634,793, or 21.4 por cont, in professional and personel pursuits, You may sy, ino genoral way, that, of every ton mion, tho country over, fiva will bo ongaged in farming ; two in manufactures ; two in tonching, domestia servico, law, or hotol-keoping ; and ouo in trade or Lransportation, In Massachusoita and Rhodo Iuland, the {arming population is only 12 and 18 per cont of the wliolo ; and, in all New Eogland, it is less than 30 percont, On tho othor hand, in Arkansns and slisuissippi, the Farm-populntion runs up to 80 and 81 per cont ; and is above 70 per cent in nino of thie Southern Statos, Ourown States of tho Northwest have about 53 por cont of farmors. THIS FARMING DUPULATION is cottled upon 2,050,085 farms, avornging 153 acres each, valued ot €9,962,803,81; to which, if wo add tho valuo of tho farm-implomoents and machiuory, we hava a total valuntion of £9,680,- €52,200. "Phoir annual production s §2,417,538)« 653, Thus, whether wo look at its nmmorical atrongth, o its wonlth and powor of production, its socinl and politienl power is enornjons. Com- binod, I presume it constitules n numerical ma- joiity of the }yenplo, Its principal work 18 tho production of food; aud all other classes, thera- Toro, dopond upon ita success for thoir vory ox- istonieq. A Invgo porcentage of tho manufactur- ory of the country are its immediato dopend- entis; ongaged in grinding its wheat, making its implements, and tho like pursuits, 'L'rade nnd transportation dopond mainly for thoir work up- on tho success of the agricultural class. This farming population, moreovor, in thrift, witality, and untive ability, ADE NOWISE INVERIOR, “Tho farmor,” enys Emorson, *ia o honrded capital of health, ns the farm is the capital of wenlth ; and it is from him that the health and power, morel and intollectual, of the cities como. I'hio city is alwnys recruited from the country, The mon in citios who aro tho contres of enorgy, tho driving-yhools of trade, politics, or practical arta, and 1ho womon of beauty aud genius, aro tho children or grandehildron " of farmors, and aro spending tho enorgios which thoir fathars' bardy, silent life accnmulatod in frosty furrows, In poverty, necesssity, and darknoss," TIE NATURAL CONULUSION would bo, that a cluss thus numerous, wealthy, bolding tho very stall of lifo in their honds, and full of mative ability aud cnergy, wotld, in a domaocratic coun- tuy, inve a large influonce in legislution, and im- press its idens, its .wutorests, and its projudices upon tho political ingtitutions and policy of the country. But what aro the facts? What has hoon tho outcome of thia singular freedom of movemont and intercourso in our age and counutry? To what oxtent han this agriculiural class led tho thought and shaped the policy of the nation ? In'the long run, and upon vital questions, g:xc\i? is no doubt Lut tho rural population malkes itucl IRRTRISTIBLY FELT, and i & saving graco o tha nation, rope, Americe dovelops ity tho rural districts, “The pioneer in politi~ eal thought s first onabled to put his idoa into praclico among the farmars, Blavery was reprobatod by tho tarmors betoro it was condemned by tho citics. No agricultural district over tolorated the municipal corruption that Now York endurod so long. But, having said this much, we must admiy that the farmer Bias alwayo beeu easily hoodwinked, elways eneil Jod nutray by o lnenttalker, and nov mdupcmi ent in cxirying out a policy of hin own. A man of moro thought thax words, he 13 AN EASY PHEY to persictont, plausile protondorn, whetkoer in the gnisé of itincrant Lrac-peddlors, insurance- .'._gcum, or canvawsers for nomination uud oloe- 10n, Out of thoso varied conditions I have mon- tionod have como tho causesof tho presont uprising in thosa parte of tho eountry whore tho agrionltural eloss in mont powerful “aud in- tolligent. Among thoso caunos, which may all Lo swnmed up in the ainglo word monopolies, aro : 1. Tho giving fo tailway, express, and tolo- graph corporationd powers {hat nro poryerted to tho unduly taxing, Ol PLUNDERING, the peoplo. A ourioun resull of the idons of in- dividunl frecdom that provail in thin country, -nnd in England to p cortnin extont, s, that wo Lava been excessivoly liberal Lo _corparations ns well as individualy, in granting them remarkablo oges without insisting on corresponding gationn, This han hoon facililuted by our placing o8 the repreventutives of the fnrme or, in our Stato and Nationsl Leginlatures, mon Unliko En- radieniism in who nre In no wenso 1dontiied with ovr intorests, in sympathy with our idons, or committed to = owr policy. Jiis the socond nnd thivd-tate lawyers, rathor than the first-rato fanmers, whom wo olect for tho sako of their many words., Through those, our so-callod reprosontativen, wo grant EXTHAOBDINARY AND EXOLUSIVE PRIVILEGER to rnilway corporations, to condemn uud tako possession of your Iand and ming,—to tax you und 1o to aid in building thew worls ; and, liwv- ing dono this, we have allowed them to churge oxotbitantly, to * water sloolk ® et will, and to claim, with these extraordinary lrrlvllugnu, tho rights and libortion of privato citizens, A rail- way corporation which lian obininod n right of way and & nubsidy of 925,000 or £60,000 from o town or township, tofuscs to do tho carryin trade for that town, eithor by absoluto refusal, or by eharging vates of transportation that aro prnhibitnr{. Thin railway-corporation nt most oiuts will have & monopoly of the carrying cuniticks, bocauko no other company will risk tho oxpensive oullay to compete with it; and, at points whoro thero ts _compotition, combination will sooner or Jater briug agrood rates ; o that, in the long run, and nt most points, tho shipper atd oounignes of goada cannot olnim just raten, Dbut must submit Lo nuch as avo imposed upon thom, * Ofall govornmonts,” says Honry O. Caroy, mont oxhaustive and opprossivo Is "that of tho tranaportor,” JTenco comoa whnt M. Adams calls the ! transportation tax,"—nun amount collected of the producer and consumor, ofton far hoyoud the logitimata cost of Lranse portation, which goca to swell tho ill-onrned and :p]nu\-nlly ill-oxponded galus of (ho rallway- da. * AI ARTHTOCRACY OF WEALTH, often of corrnpt and unserupulows men, in thus built up In tho midst of our ropublican inatitu- _tiony, and Iy as cesontinily at war with the dem- ocratlo ifon of Afrienu slavery or Romish alg- fon. **'lho Unitod Statos,” anya tho Weslminsler Revierw, *“ 1n rapidly ontoring n now foudal ngo, inwhioh industey pays ity tribule to commiorce, as in formor timos it did to tho sword. Tho dospotism of this foudallism is au cortain as tho othor, though the means for ontnreluq it aro more »mhl{;u and complex,—partaking in this mm}mct of the ohaugo in the npplieation of forco which hina marked tho advanco of Industryil- solf. Industry docs not now depond upon niero muscular onergy, bubt_upon plenm; nor doos despotism dopend upon tho sword for malntaining ta rulo, but up- on logislation, upon flnancial mothods ; though, in both cases, tho chiof hold upon tho peoplo is founded upon tho possession of tho ronds, “In tho foudal timos, from thoir cantles tho storn warrlors commanded tho roads which the trafilo of the country needed, and, sallying forth, forcod all trade that pnssed that way to pay thom tribute. 'Tho position of thoir cantlos was ofton solooted with o view to thiis control, and any at- tompt upon tho part of the people to deny thelr right to lovy such n tax, or to escape it by opcn- ing a rond for thomsolves, tho Barons consid- ered as nu attnck upon THEIR LEGITIMATE MONOTOLY, acquired by tho divine right of might, and to bo rosistod with tho sword. ~Let ua soo how far, in tho United Btatos, this foudallsm of commorco has alrondy succeeded in establishing itsolf.” ‘Thus you seo that, in the opinion of a fomlézn roviowor, we have already built up in our midst o mighty powaer, as hostilo to domocratic thought and ng inimical to domocratio institutions as tho foudal lords of tho middlo ages, Yho very thoory and principles of our Government ALEL LNDANGERED by an aristocracy founded on wenlth, uneorupu- lously oxercisod by n corrupt fow. And vot, whon, a fow wooke since, wo recommonded to tho_farmors of Illinois)to meot on the Fourth of July to consider and act upon '‘tho dangors thnt now thronten tho snfoty of the nation ond tho lborty of tho oltizon, in tho shaps of chartered monopolies and ocor- rapt conspiracios sgaiust tho public intoreat,” oven persons friondly to onr eause failod to sco tho obvious rolation betweon tha day and tho toplo, and criticisod our action for so doing. Tho groat assemblages of pooplo, and tho toples of dsoussion that day proved the corroolnoss of our position, and the popular feeling upon tho Bub}cct. II. Without citing tho many exasporating in- otances that point the moral of railway-1monopo- ly, and the Lkindred monopolies of oxprous, transportation, and telographio companios, 1 pnss on to ' OTHER CAUSLS that havo oxoited discontent. The grants of special privileges in tho shapo of patonts, pro- toctivo tarifls, nud banking, without being spec- inlly injurious in thomsalves, bavo aggravated and intensified moro vital wrongs. They have given an incontive and nid to_ capital to incrense and pm-‘pamm its power by nsing what it nlroady bad in obtaining favorablo logis- Iation or othor action on the part of Govorn- mout. They havo granted monopolies that, though in somo casos partially desorved, ag fn the caso of moritorious juventors and entarpris ing manufacturers, have yot boen, to a groat ox- tent, abused to tax and OPPRESS THE CONSUMER, Wo pay 8180 for NMeCormick's reaper, whoso aolual coat of manufacturo is 350, and 350 for sowing-machines, whoso cost in ouo-fifth that sum, Already producing iron more cheaply than Ingland can do it, wo yot pay a bounty avorag- ing nontly 40 por cont ad valorem to iron- manufacturers, = the demand for whoso products already moro than equals the supply. e are protocling many othor manufacturcs, althongl, us a lato member of the Norih-American Revicio declares, ‘* agri- cultural prodiiots,” na compared with tho poriod beforo the War, ** oxcopting cotton, have scarco- ly rison at all, whilo manufacturos of all morts liavo rison from 60 to 100 per cont.” IIL But ono of thoe grentest ovils of which wo have to complnin comes from CONSPIRACIES AGAINST THE PUBLIC INTERESTS, genarally basod upon and origiuating in theso specinl privilegen unvwigely granted Ly National ond Btate Loglaturen, In most cases, the fair Inw of values is basod on cost of praduction. Tho fair Inw of irado is that of supply and de- mand. If it cost me 31 to grow abushol of ‘wheat, it ought to bo worth that sum, if I have ueod due cconomy in producing i, nnd I ought to recoive a fair advauco on that cost., But, it T am forced to compoto with whent-growors who row moro choaply, or who aro forced to sell fiulo\v tha truo value, I am, at least, ontitled to the freo working of tho law of uu}mly and do- mand, If I want coffeo or catton-cloth, Ishould hinvo tho wamo frosdom in buying. But theso fair and natwral laws of political economy are revorsed and IADE OF KO EFFECT by conspiracies of manufucturcrs, traneportors, aud traders, to which tho farmors of tho conn- try, from their nurabers and their isolation, cou- not be parties, but from which thoy must nearly alwoys sufler. :, Instances aro not far to seelk. Our agricul- tural imploment-makors, to msomo extent, our makors of sehool-books, to a large extent, are apparently organizod, and BYSTEMATIOALLY NVEROUARGE and tax the farmer, who buys their products. The gowing-machine-manufaclurors appear, oi {her by ngreomont or an exorbitaut royalty, gou- orally nssessed, to rob the wholo commonwealth of vagt sums in the shape of exorbitaut prolits. Our railrond-managers meet Lwica a year, or of- tener, and ngreo how much thoy will make tho producor or consumor pay for tho favor of froight. Our trnders ngreo that ono shall do the wholesalo, and snother the rotail business; what tho commission for solling shall be, and whnt tho profits of each. Thns nearly every class of occupations hag & combination, moro or less consurablo, nmong its membors, to arrest the froo trado of supply oud domand, From capilalists to working men, combination suc- ceods combination, ench Inoking to solfish ends. Boyond, aud moro powerful and dangorous than this, you will find noarly overy man, bo o insuranco gont, railrond employe, moclanie, or runner, is part of somoe great company or cnr\mn ation that strivos tostrotel ics powerful hand in- toovory Btato and county of our Iaud, Ho iy PART OF A BIACHINE that commands his ellegiance, not only in busi- ness, but in public influenco, aad often in votos. Tt commauds hig allogianco, not onlyin his per- sonal voto as o citizon, but in tho graver rospon- sibilities that rest upon bim as tho ropresenta- tiva of the people _on tho {loors of our Btate and Nutional Legialatures, ailway atlornoys ropresent rnilw:\i,‘-intcrcnls in tho Logislaturo of Illinois ; bankors represent tho interost of banks ; in fact, nll intorests, special, congentrated, and capitalized, aro ropresented, assidnouely nnd carnestly ; whilst tho geucral in< torestn of Lho peoplo and tho Btato nre too ofton noglocted. In Congross, you find that protected mannfaciuves, tho Credit Mobilior, the lending Tuilway-corporntious of tho comntry, havo thoir tried und true ndyoeates, standing bido by side, and ofton neutralizing the voten of more lionor: ablo men who #ingly scek the welfare and honor of tho Nulion. ‘Thua do tho great corporations and mingled intorenta of the community combine, conspiro, aud control prices and political power, and _ PERVENT OUR DEMOORATIU INSTITUTIONS, You. know, unforiunatoly, how successfully they have dono it. Your thonghts aro actually famitierizod with, and tolorant of, tho purchaso of Honatorial position in Kanunu; the enactmont or dofeal of Now York logislation by Vaudorbilt and Gould ; the Now Jersoy and Ionusylvanin Tegislutures run by tho Camden & Amboy und tha” Ponnsylvanin Contral iailronds, until wa deomed_it u trimnply, not a shame, that tho Now Jorsoy Legielaturo, lnat winter, nflor a_groat strugglo, actunily passed n goneral radlroad lnw! and that the oil-producers of Woslern Ponnsyl- vania wore nblo to offect (ho repenl of the char~ ter of tho South Improvemont (Jumpnn{, that wan orgauizing n schome to isolate and lax the trausportation of tho great oil-producing rogion of Americal But the farmors of our land, comprising half the consumers, and far moro than half the pro- ducors, of the Nation, stand isolatod and unor- ganized, Thoy aro plandercd in dotnil. They #ell thoir grain for loks than It Is fairly worth's thoy buy tholr implomonts, thelr clothing, oven tho direct producls of thel own wheat aud wool, for more than thoy fuirly cost. Tachono, indepondont, but solitary, upon his own_acros, counsels but littlo with his neighbor, and has no common _policy or purpose, Tho ecloser and donror frionduliipa that communily of thought and feeling briu{ about are necessarlly fow in the aparsoly-sottled noighborhood and ho is n solitary nion,—his wifo and childron not less golitary; and the achool, the church, tho wed- ding, and the funoral aro the four points of contnot of too many of our rurnl communitios, The County Agricultural Bociety, with its aunual falr, hag hoon the lately-gatnod opportunity of mooting and eonsulting upon matlors concorn- I he agrioulines] indoresin, ‘Phono farmers havo, ponsibly, among tho 74 Ronntors nnd 286 Tleprosontatives tlinl yeprosont tho 87 Btatos in Congresd, o half-dozon actunl farmors, In our own ftalo, aminontly su agri- autltural ono, thoro mny bo' o reprosonintion of 8 farmers fn_the Hounte, nud nbout 50 membors in the Houeo, or © littlo moro than n quarter of tho whole, Wo 10 NOT TAKI: HUOM AN to have our Intoroats reprosentod ng do tho crent corporations of the Sinto and country, WWo cnob our voton fov railrond-nttornoys, for thiird-rato Inwyera out of tho nonrest villgo, and not for farmory, mechanics, and other mon roprosantative of tho gronl Industrial fnlorests of tho conntry. 1 win now rondy to tell you what, in view of thicso faoty 1 think wo oughit to rauolve, AND TO DO, I linvo given you tho factn justifying, ond, as 1 boltove, necessitating nction. T willnow spenk of what should ho dono, and who shonld do 1. ‘Who shonld net, if not tha agricultural clasn, tho ono that suffers tho most aud endures tho most oxtortion in this wtler? The con- sumor, of whatovor class, fools half tho nppmuulmll but my oborvation goos to show that our wost influontial mon in trado and manufactiros nctually nro cowed and afraid to move. Bpecinl rates will ho forfoited, and many of Lho potty persccutions of railwny-oflloials fonrod, if they remonstrato with wrong-doing. Dut tho farmor-clars, moro nninor- ous and less dopendont, much initinte and carry through n gront reform’ movemont, social, com- moreial, and political, in its chnrnotor, Tirst~To do thie, wo must first ORGANIZE A LUD OXl GIANGE in ot lonst ovory township, Tho memborship of thia Club should compriso all who are intoroated ond sincero in advancing_agrloultural intorests, whother maloe or fomalo and whother actua farmers or not; bub all place-scekers and officlong ndvisers’ from othor clavsos shonld bo declinod with thanks. Thoso Clubs should bo soolal in their character, and bo attonded Ly wives and daughtors of membors; and, for thia ronson, 1t is bottor to meot at tho houdos of mombors, and in tho daylime. Monthly moot- ings nro nt most timos_sufliclent, Thoso Clubs whould nim at mutual instruction in the art ot agriculturo, by moans of addresnos, cssnya, dis- cussiony, nnd roports of comitteos, ’I‘hny should also dincuss topics rolated to and bearing upon agrleulture,—stch ns trade, transporta- tion, and taxation; and saould linvo n goncral interest in Locnl, Stato, and National politics, not wl{ a8 _individunly, but a8 farmets. Thoy ahould do what is practicablo b§ co-operation in buying and selling, and such other oporations as promotoe tho mutual intorcst. Sccond—Theso COlubs or Granges ought to linvo tho means of consulting and acting with one snother in COUNTY AGSOUIATIONS, such a8 ara alroady organizod in many partas of tho Btate, By the meauns of theso county organs izations, annually or quartorly mectings may bo hold for tho discussion of agricultural subjecta. Tho memborship of all the local organizationa muay havo tho advantages of co-vporative nu&'ln and solling on n stilllargor scalo ; andif neodful political nction in soouring tho nomination an cloction of propor mon for County and Stato ofticos can bo takon, Third—Wo want again STATE ORUANIZATIONS, mooting annually, in which tho farmors of the various conntios shall bo roprosented Dy their ablest mon, and in which necessary netion may. Do takon to promote tho common welfare in Stato and Natioual logislation. Here, again joint discussion of eall ngricultural topics ant ml:Ll::]nl questions, and co-operative action can 0 had. Fourth—Lastly, wo want A NATIONAT, ONGANIZATION, where the favmors of the thirty-soven Statos can maet and consult, Varlous organizations have boon begun, but nro not porfocted. Hevoral years since, tho TATRONS OF JIUSUANDRY-— o socrot order of farmors—was started, and, during tho lnst two yonrs, hny mnde such pro- fim“ n8 to now number over 4,000 Granges, It a8 n National Grange, Btato Grangos in a dozon ormoro States, Local Granges wn ovor thirty States, and County Granges to somo oxtout. This Association nims at thorough and comploto organization, from the township to the nation; and, in tho attontion it gives to tho social intor- course and co-operation of its mom- bars, is, nccording to my infor- mation, worthy of nil preige. Its faults, in my opinion, aro its socret organizetion, andity depreeation of nolitical action in its combined cnpacity. Regarding, 08 I do, the Farmers' Movemont as tho worls of what must bo subatan~ tially n roform party,—not necessarily indopond- ont of or opposed to our ox.mmt: political or- ganizations, it is truo, but_certainly as insisting pon their aceeprance and carrying out of our ideas,—I hold it is better policy to havo nu open ordor, and onconcngn tho discussion and stady of the political questiona that aiect ns. Wo have snother nationsal organization, known ng tho NATIONAL AGRIOULTURAL CONGRESS, whose sccond meoting was lately sttonded by dologates from twenty-five States, at Indianapo- lis, This Los no pubsidiary Btato or- gonizotions, but is attonded dircotly by. roprosontotlvos from tho clubs, and other mocietics, It disousses quostions affecting the welfaro of tho tarmor that nro somi- political in thoir charactor. Its Socretaryis now engaged in organizing & systom of crop-roports from the agrioultural standpoint, that will give the producers, instead of the buyors, * facts,” Anothor orgamzation in which we have an in- torest is tho AMERICAN GHEAP TRANSPORTATION ASSOCTATION, which wo organized at Now York last May, un which socks the common interest of producer and congumer in cheapor routes and mothods of earrying products, ‘Yhis organization will meot at \Ynah.iugtou in January next, to carry on its work, Numorous Stato organizations ave already nt work, " Bosides tho Stato Grauges of tho Tatrons _of Iusbandry, wo have in Illi- nois and Kanens nesocintions whero the Farmors’ Clubs and the Granges—ihe opon and tho secret organizations—meet and act in har- mony. Of this chiaractor was our ONGANIZATION FORMED AT DLOOMINGTON lagt Januury, whodo iwporfect results have awakenod an intonso interest among tho farmers of our own and othor States, and provoked the curiosity of strangors, tho alarm ol politicians, and tho sympathy of Jargo mansos of our follow- citizens throughout tho Union, In Ilinois L presume wo lave not loga than 1,500 Clubs nnd Granges, or an averago, it thoy wore distributed, of one ta every township in ilio Btato. Hardly o county is without its Club or Grango, aud in’ somo countios tho numbor s 26 high ag thirty, Theso vary greatly in their eficiency and valuo, but arc’ all oducating and awaking tho poople. By the ondof the yom 1878, 1 hope to #oo EVERY COUNTRY IN THE STATE organizod by the farmers of it 1n tho intoresta of the peaple. 2 This organization completed ean ,control or crush out all opposing intorests, But:it should and must bo uked simply to maintalu, perpotu- ate, and dofend tho rights of tho poople againut corrupt and gelfish monopolios, 1. 'l railway-monopolics AUST BE BUEDUED, They, now, as I have euid, dominato the high- ways of our commorco, and tux econsunier and Emnucm—, not only for the cost of transportation, ut for largo wums Lo gratify tho greed of thoir managors, ~In 1872, wo had & surplus of grain of probably not less than 200,000,000 bushols in ~ tho ton Northwestorn Slates., Lvery bushol of that grain that wont I il from Obicago or 8t Louis Lo New Yorlt paid a tox of from 10 to 80 cents per bushel ovor and above o fair cost of transportation. Our swplas _of wheat was 05,000,000 eushols, Now England, on tho othor hand, wanted 16,500,. 000 bushols more than it grow ; tho Middlo States 24,000,000, The cotton Biatos of Boutl Carolinn, Georgin, Florida, and Alabame necded 60,000,000 bushols mora grain of all kinds than thoy grow, But producer or consumer must pay 'THIN NELENTLEM TAX to tho railrond lordy who poesoss tho waya of oommorce, When grain is scarco, iLcomlmlu tho consmmor on tho Atlantic conut to pay that nich the more for hig bread. When grain is abundant, it brings the producer’s prico below tho cost of production. Whethor ho ships hig groin or eolls it lo consumors ab liomo, tho farimor must subiract from the son~ bonrd prica the immenso cost of its trausportas tion thithor, "This siate of things has continued for yoarw, until many_swpposo it i & noconsary condition. From Bt." Louis, nearly nll lnat win- tor, tho charge for carrying & bushol of whoat to Now York by rail was 40 to 45 conts, aund for 1ivo yonrs the hvorago hay been ovor87, From Chicago, for tho wune period, it Lag beon over 81; and thi, too, when it has Leon estimatod that, with proper geonomy, tho trausportution could b dono for from b to 10 conts, ~ Ramon- strance has availod nothing, Abusolute powor in ouly capriclously morciful, and ouly favontos have got tho advautugo of choap rates, Coms- Dbined in Grangos and in Clubg, farmors Liave o~ onred bottor ratos than thoy can singly ; but, in spite of law and outrnged publio opinion, the uystom of spoliation goos ou. Now this extortion 4 MURT DI BTOPPED, 1t must bo dono by discussion firat, which will Dbring the raitwway managoers and tho publio to soo that thoy hayve & common intorest; to sco, as Mr. Adama haa nrnertod, that * No ralfrond cor- poration can ovor, for any longth of time, ano- ooed in goporating its own intorestn trom thonn of tho communlty il nervon;” to see, as thoy al- rondy bogin Lo sco, that ratlvn -corporations aro not tho abwolufy, irrespoyribfo powers In tho Blato that thoy havo otnfmail logally Lo Lo ho. Whon wo firat bagan this aisonssion, somo xail- way-manngory olaimod as_complote’ control of tholv.rond und rollingsstook as you do of. your farm nnd cattlo; uinco thon, thoy havo admitted thoy aro common carrlors, and linblo to do_tho dutios- of n common carrfor. thoy aro momothing ' mare—n lurnplko company, for instanco, tnking tolls upon tho highway, and liablo to paas all who offer, und to hevo thotr tolla regulated by law. hoy have neorly all ndmitlod that, But, I discussion doos not convinco, 3 POWER MUAT COMPEL, Thin nation was not formed to bo run by mionoyed corporations, My liborties and yours nro not to bo barterod and” nold by caroloas or vonal logialntora ; and the Government of this Btato and Nation muat ho'in Lho intorosts of 1ib- my and tho pooplo. Our lato cloation of Jad ;iun signifiod this, nnd tho worl when bogun must go on until Loglslatures, Judgen, and Ix- coullye ofiicers understand that thoro have boon: too muoh timo and ax{vnuao dovoted to chartorod capital, and too littlo to promoto the wolfaro of tho masos of the poople. The clvilizod world stands nghnst when It hioars that, for *n cousideratlon,” tho' Blisl of Torsin hus bartorod his rovemues from customs, hio mincs, foraats, conals, and waier-couracs, tho monopoly of constructing rallwnys, telo- praphs, canals, gas-worka—tho welfaro of his paoplo—to Daron Rentor. Did it over strike you that tho sovoreigns of Amoricn aro doing VERY MUCR TRE BAME THING ? Wo giva the Wostorn Union and othor tolograph companies a virtunl monopoly of talographing. Wo givo tho Union Pacific and othor overland routos monopollos of the carringo botweon tiro oceans, Commodore Vanderbilt, Harper's Weekly tolls ug, now commnands 2,150 milos of railway, 215,000,000 of railwoy noctrities, nnd in Ogtobor next will tako possession of tho Wostorn Union Tolograph Cnmrnny and its 70,000 milos of wires, Have 1we not nlrondy s Baron Router who has bought us—chonp ? I snid tho worle of reforming onr Logislatures, our Judiclary, and Executivo ofticos, must go on ; and you and I muet do ft. Wo must rosclvo to support no man foroflico whose past associations, futuro prospoots, or charactor, sro such as to mako {t doubtful whethor ho will favor railway corporations. Wo want_no moro railway-attor~ noya 08 Logislators or Judges, cspecially. And 1ot no mau bo Lorrified wlon wo proposo to olect Judges THAT STAND BY POPULAR RIGNITS. As Lincoln gaid on anothor occagion: ‘Tha pooploof theso United Btates aro tho rightful masters of hoth Congronsos and Oourts, not to overthrow tho Conetitution, but to overthrow tho mon who porvort the Constitution.” With Logislatures, and Courts, and Executives on tho sido of tho peoplo, tho end will not bo far off, 'Iho railway corporations that now play tho part of masters will appear in the rolo of SERVANTS OF TUE PEOPLE, The spocial privilegos which woro granted them will bo used as thoy wore designed,—not to build up tho colossn! fortunes of stockholders, or rathor Dirootors, but to subserva tho intorests of tho poople, for fair pay. Thin may bo douc by direct legislation, Stato or National, rogulat- ing rates; or by tho building of wator or rail routes for !rnua{mrmllon Dby or under tho control of Government. Europeau oxporionce shows that the chonpent rates have been attained in Bolgium by s mixed systom, Forty-two per cont of thomiles of railway in that country aro built and controlled by Governmont, aud pay an interest of 0 por cont on tho investment. ‘Tha romaining 58 per cent nre controllod by privato compnnices, and regulated by their chartora or “concossions,” and by compotition with tho Goyernment lines. IL I bavo spoken atlength of tho railway- ‘monopolios, tlmughlm‘mrrccfly. But wo should nlso nim to frco oursolves from other forms of Londago. As tho last North-American Review shiows you, wo havo A TELEGRATHIO SYSTEM a8 gresping, oxtortionate, and domineoring, so far ns its power gocs, ag the railway-monopoly. “Its control overtho pross,” eays tho writer, “is nbuoluto. It has tho power of life an death, for tho tolographic nows fs tho vital breath of tha daily nowspaper.” Thus our poli- tical pross is muzzled, or ovon mnde to subsorvo those who control it. When Vanderbilt controls tho Wostorn Union Telograph Comprny, what momber of tho Associated Prosa will daro impugn tho honesty or oxcollence of the Now York Con- tral aud Lake-Shoro management, It is Empuaud to do as England has done, and connect the tel- ograph with onr post-oftice, under the control of loyornmont. 111, The monopolics made by the conspiracy of privato parties, whon not punishable by lav, a8 many of them I think may bo, must be MET LY COUNTER-ACTION. Elovators aro ofton monopolics; our Iowa Grauges build olovators-of their own, Our ngri- cultural-implemont-makers combine to put up pricos; wo combiuo to put them down. Wo should insist as a principlo that coat, with a fair profit added, should fix tho price of all things as arulo, Itis for the intorest of the Nation that Dbrend, meat, fnel, clothing, and othor necossa- ries of lifo should bo chorp. To have these chenp, wo must have no inordinato profits in tho trnde, tramsportation, or production of thoso articles. Honco I oppose on prin- ciple whet has boen proposed as conntor and_dofensive action by some of our farmors,— combination to koop uptbe pricesof grain, pork, or boof. Lot us simply count tho cost of our products, aud got a fair ndvanco ns an avorage, and wo are giving, a8 well as agking, fair play. You will seo I attach grent importanco to or- ganization and to political action. In anago of nsuocintion, we musl organize or meet the con~ soquonces, In au n;iu ‘wheon wealth is manipu- latod with tho rapidity that railway-stock per- mits, our laudoed proporty can hardly. shine on thoe oxchanges. Tho bost opponont to unsoru- pulous wonlth or ity similitudo is VoTES, —votes unbought and ~ unbuyable,—which, thank God, thoe rural districts ot leasf can yot furnieh. Tho entrenchmont of tho ‘roilwny-power, a8 of tho slave- power, is in porverted decisions and blustering threats ; but theso haye lost their forco when tho masscs of the poople know their rights, and are rosolved to onforco them by placing good moen and truo in places of trust. But, to act wiscly and wall in all this, wo must FINST EDUCATE OURSELYES, ‘Wo muat know woro of trade, of transportation, of manufactures, of theories and practices of finance, taxation, and government, Wo must rond good mewspapors and good books. Iow many of tho 800,000 and moro adults engagoed in farming in Iltinols take an ngrienltural papor ?. Inquire of your noighbors, and you will bo ns- tounded ut the rosult. We do not inform our- solvon, and é)rnlmbly not ono in four has mado & fair attompt to do 0. The Farmers' Club, tho Grango, the Agricultural Socioty of any sort tends to wako upour sleopy mombers and sfimu- Into tho dosiro for kuowladgo. ‘We neod eapocially to know more of . FINANGE AND TAXATION, for our failures to securo the most desirable onds in theso has resulted quite as much from opular ignorance of what was best as from tho nfluonce of the spoculators who profit from our uncortainty. But lob ug consider ecavofully whethor our prosont systom of financo, without n gold basis, which practically gives £30 circuln~ tion per head,—moro than balf “of which, how- over, it disconnt notes of capitalints or spoculr- tors in bank,—ngainst 816 por head i 1860, 18 one from which tho farmer or Ilnhoring man dorives nny ndvantage, This inflstion in- crcasos tho wages of the Iaboring man, but it onhaunces the pricc of hia subristonce much more, It actually hardly nffcots the prico of farm-products, but incroasos all tho farmors’ oxpensos. Lot us considor cnro- fully our selionio of taxation, State nnd National, Iu dircct hottor than indirect taxation ; and,1f indirect taxation is approved, should it bo lovied upon luxurion, upen all articles nd valorom, ov for what is called protootion ? Theso aro grave queationn, |l])m\ which L have not now time to entor, but whoso considoration and propor Holu- tion nro eminontly desirable, I will only say that I holiovo the rosumptiou of spocic-pnymont, and confluing o tarlif strictly to tho ruising of a revenuo, nnd’ that, #o far a4 praoticablo, from nrticlos of luxury not produced in this couutry, to bo for TIE DEST INTERESTS of tho Inboring, honest, and non-npoculative mununen of the country, beeattdo tho simplost nys- toma are host for the great hody of tho people. It was_spoculators nnd shysters that rioted in tho gold-room duflufi(hn dark and dropry daya of tho olvil war; and sluce and horeafter, lf;n nationnl dorangoment of tho finances i thofr op- nortunity of gain at the exponko of tho pnoys’u who ara taxed, ‘Wo shiould study bottor methods of financo FOR OURSELVES, Wo should got down to cash-paymonts, Wo complain, ond Justly, of the high prices of muoh wo buy ; but tho dealer and the manufactuver may ho ablo to show that & part of thowo high prices is necossitatod by tho slow paymont of onr dobta, But, fullow-oitizons, I have eald_onough to ive you some iden of our danger and {ts romo- . Our dangor is, that moneyod monopolios will oppross the peoplo to an exteut that wfif dostroy our property, or provoke rovolution aud anarohy, Wo clalm - ‘Wa munt, ns onr olass has in timos now gone by, fit onvaclvon and nddross ottvaolves again to tho roforming of our politieal idons and practicos, Whont tho TiearL of one-half tho world doth beat Aldn to tho brava and thio truo, A the (ranp of Democraoy’s earthqunka foot Qoon hrilling tho wild \oeld heonigh We shauld not ho living In darknesn and dust, g And ayiuie iko lavon tn tho night Tut, big Witk tho might of tho inwurd # mugt,n + Wo shohild Batllo for Trcodown nnd Right 1 ey ~[Geralid Maasey, “THE PIONIO, ¢ This addross wan listoned to throughont with onrnost attontion; and, at Itu oloss, tho Prou- ident of tho Scott County Club gave tho oml to “ndjouin for dinneér, sud the ‘Exélor “Band slruck up ‘n lively strain, followed DLy tho Winchiostor Dand, during which young and - old Lostirred thomsclvos to ompty tho Dbaskots of . thelr tempting contonts, and sprond the tables that had boon extempor- izod out of tho rough planks aforosaid in the shadioat places, Wagons ladon with barrels of fco-wator, thoughtfully provided Ly tho entor- talning Olub, suppllod onch tablo with milk-pails fullof tho grateful fluid; and, amid tho din of orookory, the rattlo of kiives and forks, choorful Inughtor and hospitable commands from overy tnblo to slraying sirangoera to como and pariako of tho good things provided, tho hopr allotted for tho purpose spod away unnoticod, At 2 o'lock the Assombly was called to ordor, and Mr, Minor introduced 8. M. sxITH, Hoorotary of tho Btate Farmora’ Association, who, aftor some proliminary remnrks as to his porsonal shiaro in the now movement, dolivored an oration of upwards of two hours in duration, from tho hearing of which the andionca rose, aftor roponted applause, appavently deoply moved, Mr. Bmith spoko eubstantially as fol- lowa: SPEECI OF 8, M. SMITIT. Thono whom he nddressed wore mon and wo- mon of his own class. Ho was s working farmer, who Iabored on his own farm, every day, forn living, with tho excoption of those days when ho was called forth in tho sorvico of tho now cause, Holind only just como from work in the fleld, whero ho had put in six days’ as hard physical Inbor as ho had ever donoin his younger days, and ho found himsolf, an old man (62), but poorly propared that day to apoak to thom with that cloarnoss nnd vigor which bolonged to the unwonried framo and unclouded mind, He was o toiling farmor, like thoso around him, and had known what it was to plan how to make tho two ends moot. Iis wifo was n truo farmor's wifo, and his boys wero at work in tho corn-fleld, Ho was tho man whom tho politicians, part of tho political pross, and othors, had singled out to denounco as o demagoguo. If theso politiciang aud politiosl writors only know him as Lo wasl Thoy called him a broken-down demagoguo, If thoy only know him ag ho stood bofore thom, & TLODDING, TOTLING, BIMPLE FARMER, they would roserve thoir powder for more dan- gorous cnemios. Thoy called him, also, o bro- kon-down politician. One gontlemnn bind eaid, only the provious night: *The old follow is running for Governor ; that'a what ho's after, depend on it.” That's the way they talked of an old farmer whose wifo was hard puttoitto mend his bracches, whoso throo-colored patehics wore alroady blending into one. Thore wero many good wives nmong the crowd thero who woro for- ovor hopotossly mending the farmora’ broochos, 4l they dropped almost to bite. e was ono of thoso farmors, aud kuow like them what it was to bear cruol hardships, to pinch, to serapo, to strivo, to economise,—what tho farmorhad to ondure. In stonding to address them, ho did so with a hoart full of sympathy for thom as for himoolt, Tho ovila thoy suffored wero in common; and, in Iaboring for reform, ho would participato with thom in tho bonefits, Ho had not s particlo of doubt that thoy would BECURF, TIE REFORM THEY SOUANT. Ho doscribed how, in his recent journeyingas through tho Stato, o bad looked at and ad- mired the glorious flolds of corn that spread out on all sidos, and, in the midst of thom, found & littlo speck in tho shape of tho dwelling of the owner of all that wealth ; hnd looked at tho speck, and found it a log-cabin,—alittlo shanty “with rgud stuck botweon tho logs to keep tho wind and rain out ; A TOVEL,— forit was nothing but a hovel,—12 faoet by 20, with baroly toom to atand up in, with never & flowor or sbrub noar, without the kindly shade of a treo; a bare, black, wretched nbodo, fit for nothing but tho squalid and tho pigs. No books thero; no gladsome music; no fragrant plants to scent the air; no gratefnl shndo to cool tho hentod frame of the man who had toiled all day in the glowing flolds, with tho sun at 90, It wag s etablo flt to put the straw in, Yot tho owner of those boautiful corn-ficlds was tho in- habitant of this placo. As hio (tho sponkor) wont furthor on past tho waving cornfleld and its poor master, he saw A PALACE, surroundod by all the improvoments that extrav- sgant tasto could sigh for, and fitted with all the luxuries that woalth could command. The abode of whom? Of tho wan who haudles his_poor noighbor’s wealth, nnd turns it into gold only for himgelf, : T'ho man who lives in a hovel gots too little, and tho man who lives in tho palaco gots too much, It was to pull down the palaco to the lovol of tho hovel, or build up tho hovel to tho proportions of the palace, that the farmers of this Btato had organized. Ho thon roforred to statistics by Willinm Ewart Gladstone, Premior of England, showing that tho accrotion of wanlth had_practleally bo- gun 300 yoars ago, but that, during tho past 20 yoars, a8 much was accumulatod ns during tho preceding 70 yoars, and wont on to ask who it was that hod SWALLOWED THIS WEALTH. Tt wasnot tho toiling pedplo, of whom the ITarmers woro n mn{inrlty (uco Flngg's addross). Tha pooplewora atill living from hand to mouth. Thoy lived from hand to mouth to-day, ns their toiling predocessors, who tilled the ground in anciont days, had dono, nolwithstanding thoso 800 yemrs during wlich tho matorial woalth of tho world had boon gathorod, Thore was uoth- ing but tho bare nocessaries of lifo left to them, Thoy could not, with nll their golf-doninl and toil,—not many of them,—put cnough by to holp thom through in tho day of sickness, If ong of them fall ill, what is to hacome of the wifo and family? A lifo's unromitting toil, and noth- mF to show for it hut mortgagod acros ! This stato of things ought not to be. It must not be. It AUALL NOT LE, Think of it: this wroug has beon going down through sll the agos; it waa asbad nowas when mon in tho Croator's image wore sorfs and bonds- mon. In support of this viow, he said ho was con~ stautly recoiving lotters of tho mont dia- couraging kind from ntruggling farmors, tho particulurs of which would moro than bear out hia ngsertions, if bo could panso to examine thom. 'hoy wera no bottor off than the diggers and tillors of the modiwval ages, Tho condi- tions which surrounded thom lad como down from foudal times, They lived by iving thoir sorvices to ~ othors forn plittnuuu that barely kept life togethor, in order that their oppressors might riot out thoir oxistonco. Unloss thoy righted thomuelves, thoy would forever romain TITE SLAVES AND STREA of Bonrda of T'rado and monopolists, Thoy woro prosonting a oirango nnomaly to tho world ; that of the only intorost that had no voico in tho prico ofita own labor and productn. ‘Thoso who consume tho farmer’s products them- nelvos fix tho prico they are to pay ; but, when tho farmor buys of othors,—the grocer, tho hard- waro donlar, tho manufacturor,—ho must pay tha prico Lhe sellors have fixad.” It wae all ono way, When ho wont to the store, and wanted to ot domothing,” aud asked tho prico, and wns old ao muol, and thon nuked {lio storakoopor how much he wenld give for his corn, or his whoat, or what not, Lo folt 80 unsponkably amall that ho would like to croop 1uto u small Liolo and PULL TUE TOLE IN APTER I The farmora must puK what othiors demand for what ho i obliged to buy of thom; but, when {hey buy tho fi«“’"‘ nocostity of 1ifo of tho farm- or, thoy givo him fust what they think propor, and no more; aud tho farmor has nothing to any in tho mattor, ’l‘hn{ must soon chango all this, Thoy must conso Lo bo slaves and drudgos nt other nien's command und for othor men's pleasure. Tho farmers wiil fix tho Frlcn of tholr produco by finding out how much {t has cost thom, and not soll it for losa; and, unless thoy get their rrlco, not allow tho producoe to pasi from their hands, Whon the prico in low, thoy tell na that thosupply bas beon larger than the demand, “heng til UMann cnmo to them for it. Liot thoro Crigon o On for 1ve yonra more, Ana thoy witl TANRRUDPT ONF-ITATLT of the farmern of tho Stato. It could not, and should mot go on, Thouo oriew woro Jmm- bug. 'Tholr teamn wero orowding too mucl corh Into Chicngo, mora than Chicago conld sond out againy and thon_thoro camo a surplus, and {n’lcnfl wonb down, Lot tho corn romnin In“tvllmlr ion Chiongo wanted the corn, and must hvo it, thon Tot tho farmora ylold nup of thelr boforo. Lot them censio to crowd in any of thelr Ymdud“ lot all tho marlkoly fool tho wankb of Lo, and . THE ORY WOULD DR NRYERAKD, ¢t Tho domaud,” 1t will nt lnat Lo enld, ‘*“excooda tho supply.” * Thora nover hns boon o timo in tho Distory of iho world whon tho supply of tho oari's produco oxcooded tho ‘domand. (Tho speaker . horo gavo novoral jllustrations, showing that groator plonty might Lring tho necossnrics of life choap- or, but tho chnnruous would enabls the poor t‘u buy moro plontifully, and thore would bo no sucl a thing as o surplus if rflcnn wore oquitn. bly baned on tho roal aul;xlp y nod ronl demand ; swhiorons, on tho othor hand, 10 mattor how groat the supply of grocerlos or othor goods that the farmor purchnsod might bo, it was nover old at 8 nm; tl]m t‘n:l}mr could lmrmf{!t b[\;l).e oxt, ho took up somo of tho Instancos given by Mr. Tlngg of tho 3 g EXORDITANT PRIOES OF MANUFACTURED IMPLE~ MENTS, and adyisod thom to dony' thomrelves reapers worth $50 that cont §180, ‘and sowing machines and othor articlesin tho samo proportion, rath- or thon go in dobt for them. Ho showed how tho farmor was onsily induced by smooth talkers 1o buy machinos thoy did not want, and to givo notos for thom, aud the nocossity that arose, when the notes camo duo, of their selling their produco at any prico it would bring 8o as to tako thom up. Ife himsolf had ropaired old imple- monts, and was now using thom, rather than buy now ones that ho conld not pay for. Ho gavo sovoral skotchies of tho wanith of various manttfaoturors and railroad-men, oasily acquired in n fow dyunm, without Inbory aud compared thelr condition with tho IARD LOT OF THE NONEST FARMER, who tna doh:F aomethlufi wondortul and un- usunl if ho pald his debts, kopt his land unin- cumborod, sud, by tho expendituro of his family's united muscle, oxertionn, aud solf-do- nial, “continued to put by a fow dollars at the ond of the yonr, Having proccedod in this strain for o whilo, and illustratod his points with various fensiblo oxamples, ho wont on to say that, whon ho took o dollar from o man, lo did so boenuge lio hnd given him tho dolar's worth., Had theso people given the farmors the worth of their monay? They had never dono 80, All who did not wore TODDERS AND THIEVES, Thoy clutchod tho wonlth of the paople by meany that aro infamous and uuscrupulous. Thoy ara boyond tho ronch of the poor, by reason of corrfit Judgos and thoir own vonal creatures who ndmiuistor tho luw. Thoy are as bad as the man who unoxpectedly holds a pistol to an nn- armod man's head, aud, under o thront of ehoot- ing, stonls his purso; bocnusp, beforo thoy rab, thoy mnko Buro, ns tfmy think, that they hava mk:n away tho moans of redress. It is snid a BEVEN-TENTHE OF TNE FARMS IN ILLINOIS ARE MORTGAGLD. Ho had boon told so by onoiho claimad to know; who 8aid, and ho knew it was true bim- self, that thoy ‘never oxpectod to eeo their ‘monay again, and eared not whothor they did or no. Thoy wantod tho farms, not tho mouney; and things wero coming to this pnss: Thnf oither tho farmors must bo _lelped, or they will- geothoir farma pass away from them, and what wag onco their own fair Iand thoy wifl live only to plow for othors. ‘I'hisis serfdom. This is tho same rosult that tho Barons reachod in foudal days. Thiais what our forofathors fought to nvoid. Thinis what blood has boon whed like water to provont. Next, ho went on with considerablo dotail to show, by figures which aro familiar to tho reador, that tho farmor has boon actually roceiving only twonty conts por bushel for what hag cost him thitty conts to produce, to denounco tho stato of affairs in o ccuutrK liko this, that could insuro such a xesult, to show that o farmer might as woll give way to : HOPELESSNESS AND DESPAIR, 4 if this was tho ond of it, and no romedy could bo found out of it ; and to prophesy that an end could bo_ensily discoyered if tho farmors wore truo to thomsolves, Ho complnined that farm- erg worked too many hours ; that they wore up at candlolight, and still at work by candlolight, whon othors had sought reposo; that thore was 10 rest for the farmer, or Lia wife, or his son, or DLin daughter; nnd fhat, after '900-odd days of such incossnut and wearing toil, that no other clags in the world ~would uubmit to, ho camo out, not hundrods of dollars ahead, a8’ ono would Rupposo, but actually in dobt, although he himsolf was almost in rags, his family in the last appearanco of ponury; and thoir ploasures fow and Frugal. Noxt, ho wont on to spoak of tho nacossity of the farmers EDUCATING THEMSELVES by reading tho papers and curront literature of tho dny, to an understanding of what way bain, onacted by tho pooplo’s servant in Congross and in tho Logislaturcs. 1t wns because they under- stood po littlo pud intorfored so little that those men had gone on 8o long undetorred and un- doteoted. Look how they mako tho taxes. Do they ovor think of tho men who are to pay? And, on the other hand, do tho furmers over rend what'they are doing ; obont tho taxes, or anything olse? Do thoy ovor scan tho accounts? He demanded o pystem of taxation in Ilinoig that permitted nn agsessmont on the value of the farmors’ land, and also on tho mortgage Lo owed thorcon, and mslatsd that tho peoplo will sco this infquity ro« movod, . Wo aro the people, snid he, and we voto thoso fellows into offico, and THEY MUST DO WHAT WE TELL THEM. ‘Wo nevor told them to mako such a tax as this, and wo will not put up with it. We nover congontad to such an infamous tax law, and it shall not stand on tho stntute-book, (Ho pro- ceoded to give instancos of tho_inequality with which it worked, and went on:) Is it right? Why s it that tho man bolding tho mortgago ia compolled to pay o tax on the debt owed on our land, and wo lLave to pay it over af\\iu? 1 say that, at the next Logislaturo, it shall be chavgod, or I for ono, and my sons, will Lelp to ride yomo of them out of town on o radl, with A COAT OF TAR AND FEATHERS. [ Bully for i'o“ 1" % Good, old fellow !” ' We will help you all you want!" and other encour- aging cries from all parts of the andionce.] Sponking of bis corrospondenco, Lo _snid that, durinz tho past month, ho had ro- coived probably 200 to 300 lotters, nsk- ing: Bhall wo go to voting, or wait for an indopendont party? Ho could only answer for himgelf ; and the answor was, that ho should vote. 1To wanied roform, and hoshould vote for it. He wantod honest candidates, and hio should voto for them, Bo it romombared that he spoks for himsolf nlono, “Theso scoundrols (tho cor- m‘)tlonium) will bo burned up by the flory indig- nation of rn outraged people. 1lo was not going to rost till his miesion was accomplishod, and roform was won. It wna nousa to say you would not vote ; you might as woll try to paddle up sgaivet o stroam, ~ You might na well give it up. iy own opinion was that tho farmora HAVE GOT TO GO TO VOTING, Tho farmors have many votes, and tho vnfln;f- machine counts in this world. In this Republi- can Govornment, voting can bo made felt, You don’t know how muoh maro respoctablo you nre whon a candidato wants your voto ; how ho will flntter you, and dandlo tho baby, and hold tha cow while your wifoe milks| “Thoy cull us ¢ damned old plugn™ when thoy have got Into the Logislaturo, but thoy call us gentlomen whon they want to gob in, “I'his votingin o lover that will turn the world, i Ho then spotte taintingly of tho Republican moctings Intely hold, aud their gilt-edged roso- lutions, which WENE MENF FROTIT, and promises novor menné to bo realized; and thon wont on with incroastng sulwation to ohargo political Lrickators of nll shedos with vio- Iating the most sacrod pledgey, nud committing outragos that would Lo inconceivabla if iho lmupla‘n nousos had not beon blunted by euch long sorios of seandals, and *tho slckoning speutaclo of thoir inactinto greed.” 18 thoro no remedy ? Buroly thore muat be, Thore has got to bo somo change; or somo of thioso chaps will bo DANGLING PROM TIE TIOUGHS OF TREES aronnd this country. What ia tha lifo of ono of thoso scoundroly worth, compared to the honor, linppinoas, ovon tho oxistonco of our childron ? Qo furthor, and sny, all that is worth living for. Huch o lifo doos not wolgh a fonther in tho bal- anoo," ‘Tho orator spoko for a considorable timo in o aimilar strnin, warning corruptionists of all shades that tho peoplo had borne with thom loug onough ; that o remody must bo fonnd,—ponco- ful'y, if posuiblo ; but, ub ol costs, & romody must bo found, W EVEN 17 00D DE SPILT." e concluded by thanking them for {heir atton- tion ; and, aftor resolutions thauking the orator, the porty broke up. Ml:. lemx was aftoriards intorviowed by Tuzm plenty, aud not |, Tnmunn roportor, and roltorated Tis hiatomont thiat " thoso pcoundrols " must bo mado to fool, nt whatovor cost, that an oud is vory shortly to bo put to thoir viclons careor 3 and that, mn “say- ing 80, ho was not merely giving uttorance to Inis own thoughts, but coliolig THE STENN DETERMINATION of tha vnst majority of tha agricultural clansen. Ilo did not, of” courne, oxpect bloodshed; bub tlio poople woro dotermined on roform at whal- ovor linzard or cost. —_— PERU. 'Forriblo Rain=Stormn and Most Hisnge .trous Conseguoncous=The Oty of Lihmo Inundatede=Damoges Nolf o Tiilion of Dollurse Lima (July 18) cm;rc?gnfln'flm of the New York rald, A provorb has long been popular In Poru that 1o rainfall ocours along the const. Tho belovors in this tradition, and thoir namo was Logion, woro painfull; dfummlnlod on tho night of tho Uth instant, whon tho cltios of Lima and Oallao wero falrly flooded by the drippings from tho clouds, which foll in such quantitios as to eauso 6 damago in o fow honrs of moro than haif a million” of hord dollars. Tho gonoral iden iy that whon Pizarro’ landed {n Poru onoof the officors in his train protonded to a cortsln knowlodgo of archifooture, and to tho olimatorlo infiucncos on difforont zones. Bupposing that Lima twas cxompt from all ~ losvenly molsturo, this would-bo anvant advised that the roofs of the dwollings should bo constructod ng lightly as possible, (n order to afford froo vnnml%lcn, no fours boing ontortained of watory visitations, Tho indica- tion was ndoptod, and tho houses wero covered with slight canos, on which was placed a compo= sition oI. mud A_n& rofuse, techuically known ns “lorts,” and fhraugh tho intorsticos of which n now Asmodeus could onsily: %\rcnlvo tho peculiari- ties of tho family circlo.” This compound offer no resistance to tho rain, and, Indeod, no barris endowas deomod nocessary. At sbout 4 o'clock p, m. on the day I have montioned the sky nssumed o throatoning au- gem., and & fow momonts after tho strosts ore oloquont ovidonco of tha mtrougth of tho waterfall, might havo boen scon in ovory quartor of tho town hurrying to their dwollings, or from thonce to tho nonrest shops in soarch of India rubber cloth and othor impormoable aids, But of no avail 3 tho rain pourod down, causing aa much constornntion a¢ would o snow-storm in the Hoyann ; the fraglle roofs immedintoly cons fossed thomsolves vanquished by thoir unex- peotod cnemy, and would gladly have thrown “{: tho spongo hind thoy possorsod that dosirablo object, for tho presorvation of tho goods thoy wero supposod to protect. Thoe maguificont in« torlor of the Lima houses, furnished, as pos- sibly aro thoso of fow capitals in tho world, with tho most oxtravagant products of the looms of Brussols and tho mos? oxpenaiva arti- cles from Parisian factories, npund&y nssumed a dishoartening aspoct. Tho wator rushod unine torruptodly ¢l \mnlgh the fragile defonces ; the ace cumulatod filth of conturics was flitored through on tho velvet carpots, the silken curtains, nnd tho ormulu furniture of the old palaces, ralsed in nccordance with tho suggostions of the con- uoror's architect, Fathers, mothors, sons, and sughtors, aided by tho inovitablo Ifonthon Chinen, an exotio plant flourishing fincly in Po- ru, organizod into battalions for Lome dofonso, snd the instruments used against the foo woro Inu%hnbln onough. Undor tho streams of wator falling on their deyotod Lioads were placed bath- tubs, spittoons, pitchors, brsing, glassos, fishe bowls, washstands, mafs, aud extraordine looking objocts of Chinawaro, Bods and bod- ding woro of second considoration, Iirst the family crucifix, or enint, was romoved to o placo of eafoly; socondly, the carpets nnd piano woro placed under gunrd, and lastly the distracted pavents wera induced to bestow somo of thoir attontion on the wardrobos of thoix afflicted danghtors. Tho church bells tollod out the plegaria or tha prn{ur to IToavon for o cessation of tho dire in vaslon ; the {)uofllo boggod the oloments to chnugo thoir attack ; oven an errthquako would have boen heiled us o relief to such an infliction. But tho henvons soomed pitiloss. About 1 o'clock in the morning the deluga censed, and thon tho misorsble inhabitants of tho city found that thero was no rest, no com- fort for thom in their dripping beds. Tho damago istwofold. ‘Tho publio health haag beon soriously endaugored. Thysicians say that colds and coughs are unprocedentodly Fuuurnl, and no placo in the world i8 more fatal for lung sufferors than Lima. T'ho injury to houschold goods is stupondons. Many wells " wero underminod and fell to the ground, burying all beneath tho dobris. *“AlL" fortunately, doos not imply a loss of lifs. In ong ostablishment alone, that of oneof the most wonlthy banlers of tho city, £30,000 worth of sumptuous furniture was uttorly Tulnod. The Palaco of Justico, whoro the Suprome and Buporior Courts hold their sittings, was con- vorted into o lake, and the litigants have been compelled to abstain from tholr legal quarrols until tho floors are dry onough for tho contin- uanco of tho business. The graat library was drenched from tho top- most to tho bottom sholves. Many incstimablo yolumes of manuscript relating to tho early his- tory of Poru sronow but masses of worthlcss Pooplo pulp. T&’m streots wore intransitablo, and oven nt tho prosont moment locomotion I8 dangerous over the muddy and s]lp&mry stonen. DPoople in tho Unitod States, providod against such ovonts, rogard o rain-storm with oquanimity, socuro in their well fortifled homes, while Poruvians, un- acquainted with the fury of tempeats, look upon thom with 08 much awe ns tho donizens of New York would the shock of an_carthquake. Tho paratlol is correct. Rain in Lima and tho fenr- ful rocking of tho earth in New York are com- Enmtivn]y aqnnlldy destructive. For earthquako tmn 18 propared and watchful,—I may say to tho manor born ; for rainfall New York has lor patont roofing and hor umnbrellas. The totsl damage will rosch tho noighbor- hood of half an million of soles, or hard dollars, What tho rosult will bo ns ro- spocts tho hoalth of tho ]ropulufion the rocords of the comotory will deciaro, DBut tho losson has beon ealutary. Ilouscholders havo unanimously decided to throw ovorbonrd the toachings of tho old Bpenish builder, and tho romantio dwellings of Lima will shortly bo cov~ ered by substantial dofonres of corrugatod iron, n anfliciont obstaclo to the new antagoniet, One of tho principal causes of so gonoral n disnstor waa tho fact that many familics were residing in Chonillos, the fashionablo watering-placo about nino mileg distant from Lima, aud had their liousos closed hero; consequontly, whon the doors woro oponed on the morning after, tha discomfited proprietors gazoed gloomily upon the wrock of what was onco splendor and elegance. Speaking commeroinlly, trade will Lo bonetited. —_—— The Mon. It appents that the mon, tho namo given by tho Now Zenlandors to tho fargo wingless birds whose boues are occasionally found in swamps, forosts, and other ont-of-the-way places in thab conntry, is not yot oxtinct, no has beon gonerally supposcd. It i stated, according to tho Dol- hourno_ Argus, that s vory larga bird—much Iargor than” any omu—exists in tho back por- tions of & run in tho Waiu District, on tho wost gido of tho Waiu, and adjoining tho large bush which stretohes o tho wost coast of Now Zon- land. Its tracks and footsteps havo been re- peatodly soon, and on & recont oceasion n shophord started the bird itsolf out of o patoh of manuka serub with bis sheep-dog. The bird ran from tho dog until it renchod the brow of a torraco abovo him, and somo thirty or forty yavds off, whon it turned on the dog, wio immodiately and wisoly roturnod s fast s it could to the shophord'a hool, Tho mon staod for fully ton minutes on the brow of tho torraco, bouding its long nock up and down oxactly as tho blnclksyan does when disturbed, Itis doscribed s being very much higher than auy emu ever soen in Australin, zud as stuuding vory much movo erect on its legs. Tho color of ita feathors is n sort of silvory gray, with groenieh stronke through it it émryy' 1 trties it dontroys tho notion which bas hithorto provailed, that 1o largo mons have boeun gaon alive sinco about 16560, ——e Hho Bolles of Sovilles Bovillowonion justify the ropntation for ha.\n':; moro thoroughly than thoso of any othor Bpani clty; probtinoss {s o more npproprlgte torm to apecify thoir porsonsl attractions. They resom- h&o conch other to o surprising dogreo, as fu all pure racos of a marked typo. ‘Choir oyes, fringed with long_black lashes, produce an offcot of white and black nuknown to our coldor, loge passionate clime. It soems as if tho sun had oft its roflection in thoso magnificont orbs, oqually noliceablo in tho faco of somo 2-yont old ¢hild aund in_the gipsy girls of France, I'ho gleaming oud glancing ond the burning of theso oyes hns & very oxpregsivo word in Spnulsh called ojear, which s full of subtlomean- ing, although these eyc-thrusts, so embarrassing to strangors, have nothing partionlarly aignifl- cant. Tho largoe, ardont, volvaty oyouofnyaunfi Hovillano glanco upon » dog _in’the atreot wit tho samo intensity sho would bestow upon soma more worthy objoot. The exquisite smallness of tho Indlos' foot 18 too woll known to dwoll upon mnufi could e oasily hold in a child'y band, and the fair Andalusians are justly proud of this l}unmy, and woar shoos accordingly, ult:t diftoring 80 vory muoch from tho Chinoie 8hoos,