The Bismarck Tribune Newspaper, February 4, 1931, Page 4

drug addicts in this count: THE BISMARCK TRIBUNE erate OLbeee iee where inbetween. THE S bi la But even one is too many. For to that one his afflic-; Published by The Bismarck Tribune Company. Bis- | Marck, N. D., and entered at the postoffice at Bismarck |. @8 second clas mail matter. George D. Mann .............. President and Publisher ie ic Somers onilick sehr nic Meares trier anotelrdsonsat Subscription Rates Payable tn Advance Daily by carrier, per year . Daily by mail per year (in Bi Dally by mail per year Gp state, outside Bismarck) .....0.. Daily by mail outside of North Dakota ... Weekly by mail in state, per year .. Weekly by mail in state, three years . ‘Weekly by mail outside of North Dakota, Der year ....... Mine eens eee ‘Weekl7 by mai! in Canada per year .. Member Audit Bureau of Circalation Member of The Associated Press The Associated Press ts exclusively entitled to the use| ., ¢ ti t stil tS tor republication of all news dispatches credited to it or | SPiration to fight still harder. Hot otherwise credited in this newspaper and also the) For, af local news of spontaneous origin published herein All | real artic! rights of republication of all other matter herein are | jifo itsclf also reserved. j fiends don't live long. {constantly pulling others down with them. 2.50 agol ane eff 2 |: To the imullions jend should serve as a waraing. ‘stamping gut this ld are honor, blood, tears, happiness and Nations and Humans (Official City, State and County Newspaper) i When Johnnie Jon speaks ill of Willie Smith, the Foreign Representatives SMALL, SPENCER & LEVINGS |back ailey is usually the scone of the next act Fistic( (Incorporated) {battles have al been popular. In fact, small boys| Formerly G. Logan Payne Co. lave a habit of objecting to a verbal apology. 1: spoils CHICAGO NEW YORK BOSTON | the show. i When one government makes a remark that isn't ac- Uncle Sam Misses the Point Tt isn’t often that we have opportunity to get fun out, With the high scas as the stage. Time was wien ene of the government's income tax but even in the grim-| Nation would have put cotton in its ears and shouldered Mest situation there may be elements of humor. ‘its guns if another one wanted to apologize fur some For example, the internal revenue bureau sends out to; Chance remark. But fortunately that is ending. Now newspapers a complete explanation of the income tax that the art of courtesy is being practiced the art of law and, contained in it, is a paragraph which the gov- Wat isn’t so powerful. ernment presents under the delightful title “Income Th? United States has made a formal apology to Italy Tax in a Nutshell.” Here is what the aforesaid nutshell | for stat s uttered by Major General Smedley D. contains: | Buller regarding Premier Mussolini, Mussolini, being WHO? Single persons who had net income jvery human, objected to some remarks of the Unived of $1,500 or more or gross income of $5,000 or States marine corps officer. The United States, having more and married couples who had net income [a sense of justice and fitness which demanded that it of $3,500 or more or gross income of $5,000 or ‘do the chivalrous thing, sent deep regrets. es i n, any more than it does “WHEN? | It never reflects on a nation, any 1931. The filing period ends March 16, |. man, to do the right thing. A noble gesture ts “WHERE? Collector of internal revenue for | never lost. Italy and America will be better Piends, in the district in which the person lives or has his |all probability, because the United States government Pripespay Place of business. Forms 140A and {Wasn't afraid to make atonement for the carelessness 1040; also the law and regulations. ue aildis We aj ust) “WHAT? One and one-half per cent normal | It is true that this is the first instance, so far as the tax on the first $4,000 in excess of the personal | state department has been able to ascertain, where it exemption and credits, Three per cent normal nas been necessary for us to apologize to another na- ‘tion for statements made by a ranking officer. tax on the next $4,000. Five per cent normal tax on the balance of net income. Surtax on net ‘: income in excess of $10,000.” It is unfortunate that the condition arose which made t such an action necessary. But it is no blot on our {escutcheon that we made atonement for it. Only a small Item No. 4, under the heading of “How” may mee with 1 of the government but it will be of/ A CAs ha a hier personality or nation will refuse to be gracious and admit {its error. i little use to the man who is paying the tax, for, like as not, his problem of “How” will be entirely different. What he would like to know is where he is going to; o . i get the money to pay the tax. This is true every year | You can’t fool the American people unless you're their for even to those fortunate persons who make enough, @=dicate. to warrant them in paying a tax, the government's levy always comes as something of a painful surprise. And) very often they have to scrape around and sometimes borrow to meet the bill which Uncle Sam presents to_ Editorial Comment torials printed below show the trend of thought — \] by other editors. 7 Without regurd ‘The “How” which Uncle Sam offers may meet his pur- | to whether they ag with The Trib- une's policies. poses but to the man footing the bill and contemplating the money he has spent, forms 1040 and 1040A look like a rather grim joke. He is likely ta feel that Uncle Sam has missed the| point. Careful, Governor! (Duluth Herald) | Governor Olson announces that he will have an| lo mination made of the expenditures of the Great Lakes--St. Lawrence Tidewater association from the be- Satisfacti r the Law-Abidin ' sinning down to date. Satisfaction for th ie That is perfectly legitimate. No doubt the association Action by a New York jury in convicting James A. wit) welcome the examination, and no doubt it will be Connolly, St. Paul broker, will meet with the approval of; able to account satisfactorily for every dollar received every law-abiding citizen. |from this and other states to be used to carry on the ‘The Minnesotan was fined $25,000 and sentenced to 10) fight to put through the St. Lawrence project. ; 7 : | But Governor Olson also announces that after the years in prison for using the malls in the sale of stolen examination is over he will ask the legislature not to securities. The prosecutors showed that he had mar-! appropriate any more money for this purpose. Keted $75,000 in bonds taken in mid-western bank rob- eri sed to repurchase them when their| Stupid mistake. aie Le vay lianas bali | If there had been no fight for it, the St. Lawrence ; | project would not be where it is, with the two govern- Boiled down to plain terms, Connolly was accused and ments on the point of planning joint construction of convicted of being a “fence” for a class of criminals the work. If this and other states had not financed which has overrun these midwestern and northwestern | pe Hebiing organise pon: the fight for it would have & : x, been impossible. states for several years, North Dakota and Bismarck |" °7,. rent is by no means over. know how they work. ,,,. When the governments agree on a plan, the project Back of the men who hold the guns in the “stickup’ | must be put through congress, and that means another of a bank, there is another and more cold-blooded eu |S uee ; ae ie ae fmal. He is the man who, under the guise of a broker | ‘0 abandon the effort now, with success almost within ; reach, would be to make the money already spent pure or financier, enables the lesser crooks to dispose of their | money ly spent p waste. loot at a profit. The governor does not say why he proposes this, but It is not a large profit, to be sure, for the man who whatever his reason, his plan would betray a very vital deals in “hot” securities knows the risk he may le tak- interest which is not the interest of Duluth only, but of ing and charges accordingly. every shipper in Minnesota and every citizen of the state. If it were not for such men, bank robbery would lose’ much of its lure, for a bond without a market ts just, another piece of paper to the bandit. With an un- scrupulous broker available to help him, it becomes an/ incentive to continued robbery. There are few businesses in which it pays to begin at The Capitol Removal (Valley City Times-Record) The Jamestown boosters have filed petitions contain- ing the names of something over 23,000 signers asking for removal of the capitol from Bismarck to Jamestown, and the Jamestown men appeared at Bismarck yesterday f arguing for delay in construction until the matter 1s the top, but it looks as though the crushing of crime '8| settied, the one thing the Jamestown people are asking ‘one of them. for particularly was to have the emergency clause Catch the “fences” and the brains of criminal organ- | Stricken out of the bill. tzations, jail the “man higher up,” and there will be little|, The state affairs committee, of which L. L. Twichell ; i4s chairman, promised fo take the matter under advise- trouble in dealing with the small fry which remain. ment, and while we do not know anything bout it from any contact with Mr. Twicheil or any member of his ae ” committee, we are going to predict that the committee An Uneonvincing Excuse will refuse to do this. No doubt the intention of the Among one of the minor matters now before congress | committee will be to try and get the legislature to ratify ds a bill relating to the bag limit on wild game. | the emergency clause so that operations for the building 1 rs i i all sides of the question f a new capitol can start at once. The Jamestown Bapues were neid.on it.and a | people will probably fight that by compelling a special ‘were discussed. jelection through court action and much delay and bad One of the most surprising disclosures was made by feeling is going to come through such action. Paul H. Redington, chief of the bureau of biological sur-| It is a known fact that anybody circulating a petition vey, who said his department has authority to abolish | can get all kinds of signatures—partciularly from those the baiting of ponds and lakes with grain as a lure ‘a who do not bear the burdens of taxation but are voters ze | 78nd perhaps that is a good argument for having a ducks but will not do so because members of duck-' property qualification for voting. Most of our heavy shooting clubs contend such action would destroy the | bond issues, or matters pertaining to the spending of value of their lands. ; large sums of money for which the taxpayer has to pay, are settled by those who are over 21 and entitled to Without baiting to bring the ducks within <unshot, |, vote but do not pay a dollar's worth of tax—but they Mr. Redington is quoted as saying, members of the gun-/ vote and vote according to the way they are approached clubs “would be on a par witin the millions of farm boys | —and their vote counts just as heavy as the vote of the and ordinary citizens who once in a while go out hunt-| man or woman who pays a big tax. So it has been no cs a n trouble for Jamestown to get signatures—but it is going ing and earn what they get by tramping and rowing.” | + be much harder to get votes, because when the elec- What a pity it would be to have such a calamity occur | tion is called there will be a campaign of education put to those so-called “sportsmen” who prefer operation! on showing the foolishness of removal that will change of a slaughter house for God's birds of the air to an/ the opinion of many of those who signed those petitions. We attended a press meeting at Fargo yesterday, and honest hunt. |talked with a number of slate editors, and while none Sportsmen. Faugh. of these have yet taken any particular interest in this question we found that most of them regarded removal We Should Be Interested as unfair to Bismarck and entirely uncalled for and Bic aay were not going to support any removal pro- Pt in. We found little sentiment in Fargo for a change. Many signatures were obtained in that city just have said—people giving it no thought, but sentiment at all strong for removal. From west end of the state, particularly, we found were not favorable to removal, so that if the matter come to a-vote, and it seems highly probable time, we do not look Tor any change in capitol A special election is going to cost the of money, the Jamestown people a lot of when the smoke of ballots has blown away building will be put up on Capito) Hill stitution put it at the time the public located and at which time Jamestown secured the largest in the state—the insane asylum. Why give them another? . Call for the fifth annual observance of narcotic educa- tion week from February 21 to 28 probably will go un- noticed. This is a busy world and the use of narcotics is so far removed from the thoughts of most normal persons that we will see in it little to interest us. ie seeeeten re She namet ot dei gets 8 the United States are not available. The last thing the “dope fiend” does is make his weakness public. He hides this secret as a-mother cherishes her child and only until hhe fs too far gone to save does the public learn of his affliction. Even then, it learns largely because of the | victim's physical appearance or because of some overt “Soe opine eotinaors place te 50a rt z ‘most optimistic estimators place the number of 7 at ebout 100,000, The more | pessimistic place it at over 500,000. Probably it is some-| tion almost inevitably means the loss of position, home, ; love, happiness and eventually of life itself, for dope) Multiply this condition by as many dope addicts as! there may be and we have in our midst an appallingly | large number of people who, taken in the mass, con- | stitute a cancer in the breast of society. They have been} | pulled down themscives—and what is worse they are/ It was only a few days ago that this and other news- | papers carried the story of the death of a once-famous | motion picture actress, She became a victim of drugs to fight free of its clutching embrace) who once admired her this untimely To those engaged in| damnable traffic it should be an} all, the drug traffic is one in which the! ‘ceptable to another the same thing is likely to happen, And that, at this time, would be a tragic folly and ay / A ‘The answers to questions printed | here each day are specimens picked | from the mass of fi handled by our great information bureau main- tained in Washington, D. C. This | Valuable service is for the free use of | the public. Ask any question of fact yo may want to know and you will get an immediate reply. Write plain- jly, enclose two cents in coiff or , stamps for return postage, and ad- dress the Bismarck Tribune Informa- tion Bureau, Frederic J. Haskin, Di- rector, Washington, D. C. | @. Which member of the Wash- | ington family is helping to furnish the replica of Mount Vernon in Paris? R. M. ‘ A. Miss Anne Madison Washing- j ton, great-great-great niece of the | first president of the United States, orations of the replica of Mount Vernon which is being erected in Paris for the International Colonial and Overseas Exposition to be held from May 1 to October 31, 1931. Q. When was the first radio pro- gram received in the United States from Italy? J. R. A. The National Broadcasting {company says that the Yirst Inlerna- | tional program ever broadcast from Italy to the United States was staged on January 1, 1931, when Premier Benito Mussolini, speaking from Fa- scist headquarters in Rome, sent his New Year's greetings to America hrough coast-to-coast networks. This j Was the first program ever heard in this country originating on the Ital- jan mainland. Twice before, how- ever, listeners had heard programs {trom Italian waters—from the yacht of Senatore Guglielmo Marconi, the father of radio, anchored off the coast of the peninsula. Q. What book of John Fox's was published shortly after his death? Ss. J. B. . A. John Fox, Junior, diec in 1919. The year following, his bonk called Erskine Dale was published. @. How far inland is Canberra, the new capital of Australia? J. L. A. is connected with a land-lovked bay by a railroad. Q. How many students can West Point and Annapolis take? W.C. K. A. The authorized strength of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, is 1374 cadets, and four Filipinos. The authorized OUT OUR WAY AWAY FROM { | i It is seventy miles inlend, but! amazing march on Rome WHOT? You'RE Ag DETECTIVE , STRUGGLIN’ WITH A TOUGH GANGSTER, ot TAKE WIS GON | im? HE LOOKS LIKE HE | | WANTSA “GWE IT T You, T' GIT RID OF MY jcan be readily had, however, in the strength or the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, is 2743. Who planned the seal of Virginia? Low. A. The design of the seal of the state of Virginia was propossd by George Withe. It consists of a fe- male figure representing Virtus, her foot resting upon a figure represent- | ing Tyranny. The motto—s: per Tyrannis—describes this allegor- ical representation. Q. Does the heat of the sun pro- | duce sunburn? I. Ww. A. It is not the heat of the sun but the ulira-violet rays which produce | sunburn. i | @. What percentage of caurch ry is at present in Paris, where she is|membership ‘comes from sunday{| Anniversary of supervising the furnishing and dec- | schools? E. M. K. ) 9—___—_—____—__—_e A. It is estimated that at least 70, per cent is recruited from the Sunday | school. Q. How was cooking done in the | old brick oven which had no fire | under it? M. L. H. A. The old-fashioned outside oven had a domed chamber built of brick | heated by means of light wood; ‘and sticks burned inside. When the | bricks were well heated the ashes and! embers were raked out and the floor swept.and the food to be cooked in- /earlier denounced secession as “the! troduced by a flat, wooden shovel | with @ long handle and the door was | then closed. Q. Piease give the dimensions of the clock on the Houses of Parlia-; ment. E. T. R. | A._ The dimensions of the clock on the Houses of Parliament are as fol- | lows: Four dials, each 23 feet square; | figures two feet; minute hand 14 feet. | The famous bell Big Ben weighs 1312 | tons. Q. Where did Hannibal cross the Alps with some elephants? O. W. C. A. Dorothy Giles in The Road Through Spain says: “This meant! that we must reach the frontier at{ Le Perthus and cross the pass—the; same by which Hannibal brought his | army and his 20 elephants on that! Q. Of what wood should chessmen | be made? W.C.D. | A. The Forest Products Labora- | spoiled. So I make as few as I can.— tory says that the best chessmen are | probably made from genuine box- wood, ‘This wood is imported in rel-| atively small quantities because of its scarcity and high price. It probably | * s i Sem- * small sizes required for chessmen. West Indian boxwood should also be suitable for chessmeh. This wood is much more common and is consider- ably lower in price. Among Ameri- | can species holly is probably best suited for chessmen. This wood is light colored, rather heavy, and quite hard. It carves well and takes a smooth finish. Q. How many kinds of equipment are used by a telephone company? N. EB. A. About 110,000 dissimilar parts ‘re produced and assembled. Q. What country has a flag most nearly like ours? P. L. A. The flag of Liberia is identical with ours except for the fact that it has a single star upon its field. In fact. our flag was taken as a modei for theirs. ? “Today Is the ] CONFEDERATE CONGRESS On Feb. 4, 1861, delegates from all the seceded states met at Montgom- ery, Ala., and framed a provisional government for the “Confederate States of America.” Montgomery was made the capital of the new slaveholding republic. Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was elected president far six years with Alexander H. Stephens of Georiga as vice president. An interesting fact in connection with Stephens is that he height of madness, folly and wicked- ness.” In March, 1861, the Confederate! states adopted the “stars and bars” as their national flag and ratified a permanent constitution. It differed from that of the United States in a number of important points, four of which may be mentioned here: 1, The president could not be re- elected. 2. He could veto any appropriation {and at the same time approve of any jother appropriation in the same bill. 3. All protective duties and pro- tective bounties were prohibited. 4. Slavery was nationalized, was Protected and recognized in ali new territory which the Confederacy might acquire. Quotations j A_movie not made is a movie not Ernest Lubitsch. ee The man who knows least about women is the one who has had the, most love affairs, and the man who way, IT, Sos Yen-Buy ‘aTS wHy THis 15 A EXTER DESPAIT STRUGGLE ~ LT HAFTA STRUGGLE WITH HIM T' HOLD MEAT FOR CHILDREN So many parents have a mistaken idea that for some reason meat is not j good for children, How often I have | heard mothers say when they have brought their children to me for ¢x- amination that they do not under~ stand why their child is sick because | they almost never give him meat. Children usually like meat from carly babyhood, but are constantly told by their parents that “meat is [not good for little boys and girls. { Perhaps, in some cases, where the family has a limited income, the mother thinks it is necessary to cut down expenses by not allowing the children to have meat which, of jcourse, is more expensive than [muushes, bread and gravy, but T be- lieve that the trouble usually comes from the mother having improper in- formation on the subject. ‘The growing child needs protein food even more than the adult, and meat is one of the finest of all pro- teins. ‘There are two principal types of children who will have enough trou- ble to be brought to the doctor for advice. One is the fat-faced child with the-drooping mouth and phleg- matic disposition. This child usually has adenoids and enlarged tonsils, caused by using too much milk and carbohydrate foods. This is the di- gestive type, and the child of this type is able to digest fats, sugars and starches, but develops various glandu- jar troubles and becomes overweight jfyom the very fact that he can so easily digest. these kinds of foods. The other type of child is the thin faced one with poor digestion and subject to nervousness, liver troubles, bad breath and constipation. The fat faced child should be given less of | the fattening foods, and proteins such as meat, combined with greens, should be substituted. The thin faced child j Will always be able to digest meat and other proteins better than fats and carbohydrates and under a high pro- tein diet will have less stomach and liver disorders with a sweeter breath and more normal bowel movements. Every child over three years of age should have at least one meat meal a day, using one-fourth to a half pound of lean meat, together with any of the cooked and raw non- starchy vegetables which he likes best.. Starches should be left out of this meal At least one egg daily should also be used, and if the child dislikes eggs, in many cases it is wise to substitute a small amount of meat | in place of the egg which is usually taken at breakfast. In my private practice I have nev- er observed a child who could not hn benefit use At least one meat ie ‘a day and in some cases I have Dr. McCoy will gladly answer personal questions on health and diet ei to him, care of The ie. Enclose a stamped addressed envelope for reply. put small children on an almost ex- clusive meat diet for a week or two in order to cure them of the anemia which existed because of a diet too tow in protein. | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS } Occupational Strain Question: J. F. W. writes: “T have been a watch-making jeweler for nearly forty years and am still at my trade, but have now somehow de- veloped a stiffening pain just above the middle of my shoulders. Can scarcely lift my head or turn from side to side. I had tuberculosis in the second stage when 16 years old, but overcame that trouble. I am wondering if that left me weak, and if a little hard work causes my trou- ble, Otherwise, I am hearty and hale, and weigh 190 pounds.” Answer: You are no doubt strain- ing yourself by sitting in one position too long. You may be able to over- come your trouble by taking exer- cises for your neck and upper back. This will strengthen the muscles which would allow you to stand the strain of your daily work. Onions Question: R. A. D. writes: “I would appreciate it if you would an- swer this in the paper. I am a big onion eater. Everyone says that they are not good for me. Kindly advise if it is harmful to eat so many.” Answer: Some people who are ac- customed to onions are able to eat them without apparent harm, but they have a tendency to produce ex- cessive gas. Even if they build you up physically, they tear you down socially, and your best friends may even tell you about it. Loss of Hair Mrs. K. P. asks: “Would Question: jan operation for the removal of the appendix cause the hair to fall out in great lots?” Answer: If your hair started com- ing out shortly after the operation, it must have been due to the surgi- cal shock or to the fever you had be- doubt grow back again if you regulate your diet so as to get plenty of silicon and other minerals out of which the body manufactures hair. knows the most is the one who has had but two teachers—his mother and his wife—R. C. Sherriff. se 8 | If a girl goes out into the world) and tries to ape men too much she is bound to lose something intangible and subtle which belongs naturally to her.—The Marquess of Zetland xR * i The greatest danger in Christianity lies not in unbelievers who attack it but in believers who belittle it—Rev. Harry Emerson Fosdick. eke As it is being practiced, divorce is striking at the entire social structure of the world—G,. K. Chesterton. — | BARBS i eet) These are certainly trying times for General Smedley Butler. eae The wife of the flying squadron hero is probably the only one who can trump an ace and get away with it, es * & “One good, tu:n deserves another,” said the girk #4 the window, as she fNipped anothw’ pancake, 2&8 8 Men will get so tired of women using cosmetics, says @ beauty expert, | that they will turn in relief to milk. maids. But on cold winter mornings, even milkmaids handle cold cream. see “I like to sleep in old houses with wind-creaking shutters,” says @ noted columnist. He may be brave, but like- ly he’s saying this for a blind. (Copyright, 1931, NEA Service, Inc.) ne | Today in Congress | ? WEDNESDAY ENATE Continues consideration of in pendent offices appropriation bill, Takes up conference report on in- de- it CN STRUGGLE WITH Hin T! TAKE iT AWAY FROM H iM. 8 A, terlor appropriation, Bill. Retonsiders _nominati members of power com! Owen D. Youn, FEBRUARY 5 w—545.1 Meters THURSDAY, er 0—Farm flashes, 0—Weather report. 5—Farm reporter in Washington, 0—Old-time music. }5—Meditation period, 0—Around the Tow: See on an, 0—Weather report; opening grain markets. 0:10—Aunt chat. Hosi program. Arlington time signals, irain markets. 5—German program. :30—Organ program: Clara Morris, :00—Grain markets; Bismarck Tribs ‘une news and ‘weather; lunch- . eon program, :00—Grain markets» high, low, and lose: Bismarck Tribune news, weather, and St. Paul livestock. 2:15—Musical ‘matinee melodies. '30—Federation Women’s Music Club gram. xd News radio magazine, ts. Sammy: daily household Genoese Uncle Paul's kiddie tt: s—Stocks and bonds. em ismare! ‘ribune 8—Rismarck Tribune news. som usic. 0—Dinner hour organ recital: Clare Morris, ©" Tecital: 0—Studio program, '5—Newscasting. usic. egislative tidbits, 5—Sportsmen's chats, of the week program, —Hazel Johnson, musical mem: ea aaaIase 45—Rveni :45—Bvening stars, :00—Musie, FOLEY-GRAM For coughs, genuine Fol and Tar Compound. Nationally known Cough Syrup. 55 years a household remedy. Over 10€.000,000 bottles sold. Quick and dependable for coughs, croup (spasmodic), dry tickling throat, nervous icking, troublesome night coughs. Sedative and comforting without opiates. Mildly laxative. Children ike it. Careful Mothers everywhere endors: wee ees Suits Elderly Persons. for Foley's. Sold everywhere.—. Advertisement. ial ears before investigating banking — committe banking. conditions. Continues debate on District of Co- lumbia annual appropriation. ‘Ways and means committee resumes hearings on veterans compensation payment plans. ‘1 an! and currency committe: considers bill to clarity state taxation of national banks, [” Stickler Solution gt Pauls Feb, de tene . 4 . 44P}—Ho} Clarke, 77, noted for his contributions to the development of mining in northern Minnesota, died at his home here after a long illness. FLAPPER FANNY Says: ‘The most aeite Tivolows of women often & weighty fore the operation. The hair will no. — ee 1 ' 1 ‘ uw a ee ee react ernnaarHe Loy wo Borage & th al 4) se wo gi < waewa Aidewvectad et a> a