The Bismarck Tribune Newspaper, May 17, 1930, Page 4

e Bismarck Tribune Ap independent Newspaper THE STATE'S OLDES1 NEWSPAPER (Established 1873) Published by the Bismarck Tribune Company, Bis- ) Marck, N M.. and entered at the postoffice at Bismarcs ooe.President and Publisher year (ip Bismarck) |, Weekly by mail. in state, three years for " Weekly by mail. outside of North Dakota, Member of The Associated Press ‘The Associated Press is exclusively entitled to the use| for republication of all news dispatches credited to it or | not otherwise credited in this newspaper and also the local news of spontaneous origin published herein All rights of republication of al) other matter herein are also reserved. (Official City, State and County Newspaper) Foreign Representatives @MALL. SPENCER & LEVINGS (Incorporated) Formerly G. Logan Payne Co. CHICAGO NEW YORK BOSTON The Civilization of Drudgery ‘The growing use of machinery in the modern world ; has drawn a good many protests from men who fear that | we shall get mechanized out of all likeness to normal humanity; yet it is worth noticing, perhaps, that none of these protests come from the men whose lives are actually made over by the machine. Very likely it is true that the machine has many sins to answer for; but the critics ought never to lose sight of the one great fact in its favor—the way in which it has taken plain, age-old drudgery, of the sort that turned men into beasts of burden and made them old at 40 and pitched it forever into the discard. That, of course, is not to say that nobody works hard- er than is good for him any more. But there has been # tremendous change; and perhaps the best way to un- ‘derstand it is to take a good look at an industrial under- taking of the old type, as it existed before this much- hated machine had come on the scene. In the province of Szechuan, in China, there is the world’s oldest oil field—a field that has been in operation for more than 2000 years. This oil field, as described in the current Industrial Bulletin published by Arthur D. Little, Inc., is operated today precisely as it was 20 centuries ago. Its most important product is not oil but brine, from which salt is made. Fully a million men are employed in this vast field, at wages ranging from 15 to 25 cents a day. All of the work is done by hand. All of the ma- chinery is made of bamboo, from pipe lines, casings and bits to the drilling cable. A big bamboo plantation is maintained to supply the material. The wells vary in depth from a few feet to more than half a mile. All of them are drilled by hand, and it takes decades to complete the drilling of the deepest ones. ‘Think all of that over and you get a rather unpleasant picture--a picture of thousands upon thousands cf men slaving away at back-breaking toil for a hopelessly inade- quate pittance—slaving today precisely as their remote ancestors slaved 2000 years ago. What chance has a laborer for a decent life under con- ditions like those? How can he ever be anything but a drudge? ‘Then picture the change that would come if modern machinery were installed. Steel drills, gasoline and steam | Editorial Comment | engines, modern pumps—the drudgery would vanish. A Chinese coolie from this oil field would think that the lowliest worker in an Oklahoma oil field was on a per- vetual vacation. Our Disgraced Scenery If you want to see the ugliest country in the world, | travel America over its automobile routes. Shantytown can't beat it. It is a stretch of ramshackle hot dog shacks. Where there are none of these you will ‘9e sure to find other forms of ugliness. Advertising bill- boards, for instance. Roadsides gashed in making cuts. Gas stations. Nothing like it abroad. There the lovely scenery is scrupulously preserved. Outside of the Alps they haven't so much of it across seas, but in America such loveliness is cast into the discard. In this country scenery is jazzed up with soup signs, liver pill advertisements and porous plaster ads. Tourists by car, in fact, are driven to traveling fast, for, should they linger in the least, the roadside horrors would drive them into hysteria, if not into insanity. The spirit of America as it is reflected from the side of its reads is inexpressibly hideous. For the next three menths or more this all will be impressed on the touring motorists—a million of them possibly, for the game of tire-tracks is the great American sport these days. The nation’s great vacation tourist army will be on the road, and the motor car will be vindi- cating its important position in our national life once more. | A vacation trip by automobile, whether it last three ) days or three weeks, is about as fine a way to get recrea- | tion as a man can ask for except for the flies in the oint- } ment, and all of us who hit the open road this summer j will find them in full measure. ‘We have a lot of beautiful countryside to look at— America, when you stop to think about it, is an inex- pressibly lovely land—but we have, as said, permitted commercial interests to spoil a lot of it for us. | The American Nature association has been surveying } country highways recently, and it has turned in a pretty discouraging report. , Pointing out that our highways are built quite as much for pleasure driving as to speed up traffic, the associa- | tion’s report says: “The people of the state and of the nation pay for Unese roads. Consequentiy they are justified in getting the full recreational value for which the roads were created. But are they? “What happens when an expensive new highway that we have paved with our dollars is opened up? Hot dog stands, filling stations and billboards spring up like magic with no regard for the appearance of the roadside or its immediate vicinity. Raw cuts have been left in the con- j, struction of the road. Trees have been sacrificed by road builders and public utilities. The new highway, designed to open up the beauty of the state, has become in itself @ thing of ugliness.” All of this is putting it very mildly. The worst of it is that all of this ugliness is quite unnecessary. Hot dog stands and filling stations are necessities, but is there any reason why they have to be ugly? A little landscaping along a new highway is not so terribly expensive. And the billboards—is there any reason on earth why they + should be stuck up right at the most beautiful spots along the highway? Laws can't deal with these eyesores. Aroused public ' sentiment is the only hope. Each individual motorist can help by vowing not to patronize any refreshment stand } or filling station that is not at least passably presentable | in its outward appearance, and by slapping a one-man boycott on any business outfit that insults his sense of _ beauty with an ugly billboard in a spot where he wants i i Henry Ford’s Come-Back The amazing manner in which Henry Ford has re- gained the market that he lost in the summer of 1927, when he discontinued production of his famous old Model T, is strikingly shown in figures presented by the Busi- ness Conditions Weekly of the Alexander Hamilton In- stitute. During the first quarter of 1930 Ford suffered less/ severely from the current business depression than most! other automobile makers. His output in the first three months of the year was 400,000 cars, a decline of 20 per cent from last year's production. But the total output of all American auto factories during the same three months was 1,045,000, a decline of 32 per cent from the 1929 figure. Ford’s production during that period was 38 per cent of all cars made, as compared with 32 per cent in the first quarter of 1929. When Model T went on the scrap heap there were many who predicted Ford would never regain his old pre-eminence. Evidently be has regained it with a bang. He scems to be prepared to be the dominant automobile man for a long time to come. New Light on an Old Crime Well, we live and learn. The latest bit of knowledge to come our way is the disclosure that as long ago as 1907 the French and British gencral staffs had plans for the violation of Belgian neutrality in the event of war with Germany. The knowledge is indisputable, being contained in a volume of official documents on the origin of the war published by the British government. To be sure, this revelation does not make Germany's plunge into Belgium much less heinous; but it does shed a new light on the piteous cries of outraged virtue which the French and British governments emitted in the sum- mer of 1914. It is worth noticing, too, that it was none other than Georges Clemenceau who told the king of England—Edward VII—to have 300,000 British soldiers ready to march through Belgium as soon as war was declared. When 46 Is “Too Old” How old is “too old"? Sociologists are growing worried because many Amerl- can industrialists are replacing middle-aged workers with young men. A man of 50 very often has a hard time find- ing a new job. In many quarters, evidently, a man is believed to be close to senility when he passes 45, Most startling of all is the refusal of Captain John K. Davis to navigate the exploration ship Discovery on a voyage to the Antasctic. When the command was offered him, Captain Davis declined, saying that a younger man should be chosen. Yet Captain Davis is only 46! That is putting the age limit pretty low. 46 is too old for an important job the premium on youth must be even higher than we had supposed. Spats and a Nobleman Lord Derby, visiting this country to see the Kentucky Derby at Churchill Downs, has a grievance against American cartoonists. He says that they always draw him with spats, a cigar and a cane; and he insists that he never wears spats or carries a cane and that cigars acwuc.ly make him ill, | Tnas being the case, the noble earl no doubt has cause | for complaint. Just the same, it is doubtful if the car- toonists will Ii to him. Every British nobleman, ac- cordiz an conception of things, ought to wear sp2is. carry a cane and smoke cigars. They are part cf ic picture, just as a cet of eagle feathers is part of te picture of a red Indian. Lord Derby is an optimist if he thinks that he can change matters. Unaccountable Affection C&ansas City Times) ‘The Uaised States circuit court of appeals at Philadel- Phia upheld the revocation of citizenship of a loyal mem- ber of the communist perty, thus sustaining a decision of the feceral court at Pittsburgh. The appellate court held that communist principles to which the member stood pledged were so incompatible with those of the American constitution that no person could be faithful to both. That is understandable. What remains a mystery is that any devoted adherent of the communist party should find enough interest in America to attempt to become or remain a citizen of the country. Masefield, Poet Laureate (Minneapolis Journal) The choice of John Masefield to be poct laureate to succeed the late Robert Bridges has been well received | in England. It is, in fact, a happy choice. The Labor | Government could have felt no hesitancy, for Masefield is “of the people.” And all who are devoted to literature are satisfied, for Mascfield is a real poct. At twenty- eight he was a wanderer over the face of the earth and ten years later he won the $500 prize given for excellence in poetry by the Royal Society of Literature of London. In America, perhaps too much has been made of the | fact that for a time, when he was in need, Masefield worked as porter in Luke O'Connor's saloon at Green- wich Avenue and Christopher Street in New York. Yet the spot may some day have to carry a metal plaque stating the fact. Unless he should do something far greater than he | has yet done, Masefield will hardly rise to the rank given Tennyson. But Masefield has written noble poetry and the impetus of the laureateship is something that only the future can reveal. (Duluth Herald) The world is too full of barriers, international and in- dividual, which keep mankind from being one, though mankind is slowly and painfully finding out thal only in unity will it ever find peace and happiness. There are barriers of nationalistic pride and prejudice, of ignorance which makes surface differences between | Peoples occasions of offense, of shallow racial egotism | which makes people think that there must be something | Wrong with other peoples who speak different and dress different and look different. Out of these grow strife and war and human woe. barriers set up by individual isolation which is oft~er | due to shyness and diffidence than to vanity; barrierS of misunderstanding which better acquaintance would re- | Happily there are agencies working in thts world to break down these barriers that divide men and nations that should be undivided, and high among these is Ro- tary. So Duluth is happy today to be host to the district con- ference of the Rotarians of the Ninth district, which includes Minnesota, North Dakota and the city of Su- perior. It is particularly fitting that this conference should be the occasion of thinking of Rotary as a breaker cf human barriers, because it was in Duluth eighteen years ago tat Rotary, in national convention, ceased being national and became international. Then fifty clubs were represented. Now Rotary has 2,627 clubs with near- ly a hundred and thirty thousand members, scattered ae the world on every continent and in most coun- tries. Rotary, devised by a lonely man for lonely men, starts its barrier-breaking on the home ground by meetings where members call each other by their first names and learn to know each other better—an experience that is fatal to prejudice and dislike and even hate itself. Then, with its key-word of “service” which means giv- ing instead of getting, with gain a by-product and not @ major objective, it spreads around the world breaking international barriers by the universal solvent of good will. Men who have known each other across the Ro- tary board will find it hard hereafter to cultivate the hate which is the first essential of war. Rotary, with the pleasant brood of service clubs to which its example has given birth, is doing a great work in the world. and Duluth is grateful today for the privi- | 1 fo look at the open country. lege of entertaining the district conference of such a body. | ey | Today Is the | Anniversary of | > pelled, after the triumph of the allies, Ifa man of|to purchase peace by abandoning sovereignty over Norway. to what heights of lyrical expression he may rise under | & Rotary—A Breaker of Barriers | 3 There are individual barriers of class and condition; | & move. ig THE BISMARCK TRIBUNE, SATURDAY, MAY 17, 1930 INNOCENTS ABROAD! \ I, Pd WHILE f 7 AM STA NORWAY’S INDEPENDENCE the cause of Bonaparte, was com- Prussia for Lauenburg. | in her resources and almost bankrupt, | were agreed to and strictly main- Denmark was obliged to sign the | tained. Treaty of Kiel in 1814 by which beer should resign Norway to Sweden and} receive in return, by way of indem-|to a demand for separate consular nity, some portion oy Swedish Fea | Nea and, after several years of ‘erania and the island of Rugen which | dispute, the Norwegians declared the On May 17, 1814, Norway, which for |were subsequently exchanged with 400 years had been united with Den- mark, was granted its independence. Norway became prosperous and de- veloped a large commerce. This led junion with Sweden dissolved in 1905. When the treaty of Karlstad con- CHOREA OR ST. VITUS’ DANCE tendency early in life. dren, if not fed properly, and if sub- | Jected to anxiety, fear or worry, may | develop chorea or St. Vitus’ Dance. | This disease usually makes its ap- | Pearance in early childhood between the ages of nine and twelve, although it may develop at other ages. Almost twice as many girls are affected as boys. ‘These children usually show | fidgeting and restless tendencies. The |first symptom is often a dragging of one leg while walking, after which convulsive movements in the muscles of one arm generally appear. A child affected with this disease can never keep still, but while awake is constantly twisting. The face may be twisted into a series of grimaces. In some cases the tongue may be pro- truded and jerked back, and the jaws snap. The angle of the mouth may change quickly, or the whole head may flop from side to side. In ag- gravated form, the violent movements may cause so much exhaustion as to result in death. Most of the mild cases become well in the couse of time. The start of this disease is in the brain and spinal cord, which are irri- tated by a toxin which seems to be closely related to rheumatism, as chorea often occurs following rheu- matic fever, and the heart trouble found in chorea usually resembles the heart trouble found in rheumatism. Most of the cases occur during the month of January. This is undoubt- edly due to the fact that many mild jeases are precipitated into a crisis |through the toxemia generated from the holiday season feasting. School children who have been made nervous from overwork are easy subjects for chorea and. in fact, for many other Ultimately the union with Sweden firmed this decision Prince Charles of | disorders when the poisons from in- Denmark, because of adhesion to|was made with the understanding Denmark was chosen king of Norway. | judicious stuffing add their burden that Norway should retain its newly! Promulgated constitution and enjoy| full liberty and independence within Crippled |its own boundaries. These conditions| a Children often show a nervous These chil- HEALTH DIET ADVICE GE ENCLOSE STAMPED AODRESSEO ENVELOPE FOR REPLY | ©4008 NE. COV HEALIN SERUCE £05 ANCELES- CAL. ment. The toxins should first be eliminated and for this short fasts are of great value, even with very Dr. McCoy will gladly answer Personal questions on health and diet addressed to tim, cars of The Tribune. Enclose a stamped addressed envelope fer reply. jyoung children. The diet between the fasts should be well balanced. Some- times it is good to follow a few days’ acid fruit fast with a course of the milk diet, having the patient take |from three to four quarts daliy, ac- cording to the age, for as long as three or four weeks. Cleansing the colon of toxic accumulations by fre- quent enemas will do much to im- Prove the physical condition. After this, the diet should be so planned as to permanently improve the bowel | elimination. Children with this disease should be allowed to rest and should be kept away from all studies and only al- lowed to play games which are not too exciting. The quickest results come when you begin the treatment during the early stages of the disor- der. Naturally, more time would be required if the nervous system has been affected for a length of time. Should the disease show an indica- tion of returning after this treatment, it is a good plan to repeat the short fruit fast again for a day or two. Often osteopathic or chiropractic treatments may be used to advantage. I have never seen a case of chorea which did not respond to this regime in a very short time. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Bumps and Character Question: M. W. asks: “Do you think that phrenological charts are accurate relative to the functions of jto the children’s irritated nervous “Sports writers are bisased. They System. write what thelr public wants.”—| Gene Tunney. ©1950 LY NEA BEGIN HERE TODAY poor neighbor ye NOW GO ON WITH THE STORY CHAPTER X om Phillipa’s desk, and over Phillipa, a young man was bent in an attitude that struck Alan dis- agreeably. Se seemed to be paying ber a flattering attention. As a matter of fact, Phillipa had been openly encouraging him. And Geoffrey Norman was a young man of highly chivalrous character. It made him vastly uncomfortable when a girl encouraged him—if he bappened not to care for her. And Phillipa was far from being the type of girl hé cared for. Neither did he like her an individual. His ideal was Natalie Converse. He was fiercely, but at all times silently, envious of Alan, Natalie might have guessed he was devoted to her, but he was very young. She called it puppy love—was under- standing and sympathetic. Natalie smiled over it at odd moments, and was glad that Geoffrey didn’t write notes to her. There had been a brief period when Phillipa had dreamed of be ing the right girl in Geoffrey's life. It was shortly after she'd come to work for Alan, at a time when she'd lost faith in her power to attract ber employer. Alan and Natalie had made up after a quarrel, and Phil- lipa began to think that this time it might “take.” She'd turned to Geoffrey. He was & good-looking boy, slender, black hair and blue eyes. Heir to a for tune. Phillipa’s interest embar- rassed him. He was glad when it subsided. Aside from Alan belng his broker, they were friends. Geoffrey liked to drop in occasion- ally, Phillipa saw where she might some day use him, and didn't quite give up her pursuit, While it was passive, Geoffrey tolerated it, He looked up now, saw Alan, and turned away from Phillipa with re- Net. ALAN came over and rather coolly took him into the private office. “What's on your mind?” he said snappishly. Geoffrey regarded him with in terest. He was sorry for Alan. He knew he often had a quarrel with qeHusban “Really, Geoffrey, are Natalie. But he did not know the cause. Natalie's obsession had never come directly under his observa- tion, He supposed the trouble was Alan's fault. Nevertheless, he was sorry for him. To quarrel with Natalie must be blasting, he thought. Once his mother had observed, after a musing study of him, that she thought it possible he was see ing too much of older women, “Older women?” Gfoffrey’s eur- prise was genuine, “Yes,” his mother had sald very soberly; “the wives of your friends, Geoffrey. They all seem to be older than you.” She sighed there. “I suppose that’s because you were precocious and got on too fast at school. But I wish you would pay more attention to boys and girls of your own age.” “Nonsense, Mother. aren't old. “Well . . . I don’t like to think that you might possibly be disturb- ing another man’s peace of mind, Geoffrey. I think you have too lit- tle to do. Perhaps you had better come to France with me this year.” “Meaning?’ “Some of your f\ends, one in particular, are much too charming, my son. Yes, 1 think you should come to France with me.” Geoffrey had no difficulty in guessing the friend she referred to was Natalie. Thereafter he buried his attachment even deeper, and tried to bide it from his mother's eyes. She grew more concerned bout it, and decided to see them together, if it could be arranged, My friends It was she who had sent Geoffrey dg Ain you telling the truth?” to Alan’s office this: morning. He lost no time in carrying out her in- structions. “What's the matter, rehearsing for a part in a bear market?” he chaffed. “Smoke?” Alan refused the proffered cig- aret. “Beg your pardon,” he apolo- sized for his lack of courtesy; “didn’t sleep well.” “You need a rest,” Geoffrey ad- vanced, “or a change. And that's what I'm here for. We're going up to Lake Placid over the week-end, Mother and I. We want you and Natalie to join us. How about it?” Alan took a second glance at his nice young countenance, before an- swering. Maybe, he told himself, it wouldn't be ® bad idea to spend a few days in the boy’s company. It might be good for Natalie too. The Normans, mother. and son, were charmingly regular; being with them would help to put you straight. eee ND it had come to him in a flash that he needed to- be put straight. That moment when he came in—he knew he'd been a noyed at finding Geoffrey with Phil- lipa. He was still annoyed, for that matter. Well, it wouldn't do. He wasn't going to get mixed up in any affair of the heart. “Call Natalie up and ask he! said to Geoffrey at last. “I right with me. I need something like that.” There was nothing languid in the way Geoffrey followed his sugges- tion. At the other end of the con- nection a mafd went to call Natalie to the telephone. But when she answered, Geoffrey asked: “Is that you, Natalie? What? Oh, your voice sounds strange.” Small wonder. It was almost the first time Natalie had spoken since Alan left the house. Her throat was still tight with pain, i Hunter Y RUTH DEWEY GROVES “Does Alan want to go?” she asked, when Geoffrey had delivered his mother’s invitation. “He's tickled a violent crimson,” Geoffrey declared. “Really Geoffrey? Are you telling the truth?” “Shame on you, Natalie. But I would lie if I had to. Well, what do you say, lady?” “I'd love it: Alan saw succes’ al! over Geof frey's face, as he put down the telephone. He thought of Phillipa out at her desk, and wished poig- nantly that Natalie were as simple | and swect as she. He'd be sure of his happiness over the week-end then. As it was. . . well, at least he could hope for best, and get to work. Natalie, at home, was flying about the innumerable things she had to do before train time. Her hair—she’d give it an egg and lemon shampoo herself, no time to go to Pierre for it. And her skating things; where were they? She hadn't used them this year. Alan's too? . Grace Norman should have given her more time . . . no, it was a nice thought, even at the last min- ute . . . it was a wonderful thought, really, She was sure Mrs, Norman didn't know she and Alan were at the breaking poiut, but she felt like kneeling to her in gra‘ tude just the same. eee pers did not feel the same toward Grace. When Alan told her he would be away for the week- end, where he was going, and who he would be with, she was furious. But she told Alan it would do him a world of good. = “They're just trying to patch up fF things between Alan and Natalie,” she thought of the Normans. The week-end was delightful for everyone but her. Mrs. Norman Saw nothing between Natalie and Geoffrey to worry ‘over. Natalie let herself go, and was delightfully happy. Alan was more restrained. He'd seen Natalie's mood change too often to bank upon its endure ance. The ever-present fear of fu- ture eruptions took the edge off their reconciliation for him. He loved Natalie, wanted to be happy with her, but be knew that she could no longer blind him com- pletely even for a moment. The habit of taking joy with her with his fingers crossed had become too fixed to be broken at her will. Geoffrey was happy in Natalie's happiness. It was right that such @ woman should be gloriously ecstatic, he told himself, when they arrived back at the “hut,” breath- less and flushed with their exer cise, Geoffrey decided, settling himself before the roaring fire, that no man’s life counted against Nata! « He'd rather love her, and die of than give a thought to anotic a woman, he believed. 5 She was a lovely creature, seu «+ there with the firelight flickering over her. Wind-painted cheeks and glinting hair; a foreign, childish abandon in the way her eyes danced with elfin delight, in her manner of snuggling down to sip the pale, fragrant china tea up from her cup with laughingly pursed lips. Her exotic, patrician beauty made her ageless. She was young, but Alan had forgotten that she could be like this—almost a youngster, frankly enjoying her wrong man- nered way of drinking tea. “You'll have your nose in it next,” he teased. Phillipa seemed very far away at that moment, but Monday was sure to come, (To Be Continued) | Chorea usually responds in a very; Short time to the right kind of treat-| | | jthe brain, and can one actuaily de- termine character by this method?” Answer: The functions of the brain cannot be determined by lumps on the skull, as the brain does not en- large outwardly when certain parts are developed. The more devcloped the brain, the more grooves and con- volutions it develops, but not jumps. An Irishman once visited a phrenolo- gist. and was telling a friend about it afterwards: “He said that the bumps on my head would sure indicate my character, but I told him that they showed my wife's character.” Silicon for Hair Growth Queston: Mrs. H. G. writes: “In one of your articles you say we should feed our hair with silicon by using those foods which are rich in this mineral. Is there not some form of silicon that could be rubbed into the scalp?” Answer: Silicon rubbed on the scalp would be of ‘no value. To get the desired results from silicon, use a Plentiful supply of those foods con- taining it. Many Kinds of Blood Tests Question: M. H. asks: “Will you please tell me if a test made of blood taken from the ear would disclose a disease, such as tumor or cancer, in- dicating just what organs are affect- ed? Is such a test possible or plau- sible?” Answer: Perhaps this may be pos- sible some day, but not at present. Some blood tests are helpful in mak- ing a diagnosis in conjunction with a physical examination. I know the kind you inquire about, but do not consider it reliable. (Copyright, 1930, by The Bell Syndicate, Inc.) —— 1 BARBS | OO Thomas A. Edison, in quoting four lines of Gray's “Elegy,” made a mis- take in each line. That is what you might call carrying invention too far. sa With the report that citizens of Emporia, Kan., possess but three dress suits among them, you may ex- pect that city to be filled soon with men who are compelled each year to dress for the opera. * * * To many who have visited Italian sections in cities in this country, it won't be immediately clear why Mus- solini has offered rewards to encour- age a campaign for “more Italian babies,” * ok * A missionary says that America is corrupting India with cigarets anc films. Laying down a sort of smoke screen. xk * Have you got around to reading the naval treaty? (Copyright, 1930, NEA Service, Inc.) “Irishmen fight through necessity and not through choice."—Secretary of War Patrick Hurley. —____ “Our national voice is a cross be- tween a bray, a peanut whistle, and the call of youth.”—Fannie Hurst. FLAPPER FANNY SAYS: A new through an old rug. broom sweeps clean— s L\ heed |i