The Bismarck Tribune Newspaper, January 31, 1922, Page 1

The Weather , COLDER TONIGHT THE BIS. - TRIBUNE Last Edition FORTIETH YEAR BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA, TUESDAY, JANU RY 31, ’22 PRICE FIVE CENTS RECORD TE STATE BANK'S AGENT HELPED | OUT MAGAZINE Advanced $400 After He Says That a Trusted Employe “Heatoned” the Place ODELL’S LETTERS PUBLIC Relations with Radical Publica- tions in East Shown in Correspondence Interesting correspondence in which | Spurgeon Odell, who represented the | Bank of North Dakota in the bond sale eampaign in the east, tells of how | he “saved” Pearson’s magazine, known ; as a national radica} publication, by | advancing $400 to it, hasibecome pub- | lic. It las been charged that funds ‘of! the Bank of North Dakota were used | to subsidize or aid national radical | publications in various ways. O’Dell’s own story of his “subsidy” to Pearson’s magazine is contained in| a letter he wrote on April 16,-1921, on! stationery of the Prince George ho- tel, Fifth avenue and Twenty-eighth | street, New. York, to H, A: Paddock, | secretary of the Industrial Commis- | sion. It follows: E i “Dear Mr. Paddock: \ | Captain ‘Fred Kechle, Alliance, O., has just been awarded the medal of “I am enclosing an order “on the'the Legion of Honor by the French government. He lost his right arm in Pearson account. I went in there the ‘heroic action in the Argonne with the 87th (Ohio) Divi \ other day and found them in‘panic. A! Jusserand presented the medal at Washin, trusted bookkeeper had Heatoned the other celebrated Ohioans lopked on. yvanch and stole them blind’ I came to | : the rescue with a check on my own ac- | OS 6 gton while President Harding and ‘ XPECT MILLER — CONFIRMATION Will Be Taken at Next Executiye Session \REPORT AWAITS ACTION | Senator Kenyon, of Jowa, Nom- inated for Federal Judge, Accepts Place Washington, Jan, 31.—(By the As- ate judiciary committee . said today that the nomination of Andrew Miller to be United States district judge for ;the committee would be confirmed by the senate at the next executive ses- sion, |. Although the nominfttion of Mr. {Miller was bitterly contested > before the committee by the clean court com- {mittee of North Dakota judiciary com- mittee members said’ today they did not look for any strong opposition in the senate. } BURKE APPEARS { Washington, Jan. 31.—Former Gov- ernor John Burke of North Dakota, | who subsequently became United | {States Treasurer and now is in. busi- ‘mess in the east, appeared before the | judiciary committee in behalf of An- on. Ambassador | drew Miller before the committee re-| ported the nomination favorably to \the senate, ~ ‘ f ' ! .C. W. Martyn, general counsel of the Standard Oil company, also appeared 10 COME SOON Committee Members Say Action -} question and final agree sociated Press)—Members of the sen- | {North Dakota favorably reported ‘by | count, therefore this order signed by Mr. Harris. “Kindly protect me for $400.00. We got in $1,200, today but toc late to re- mit and answer’ correspcndence. »All close down at.1 o'clock, I feel great-, ly encouraged. , “Sincerely, “O'Dell.” Classed as Advertising Arrangements were made to class | the “subsidy” to the magazine as ad- yertising.. On May 17, 1921, Paddock wrote to Odell at:Minneapolis: Dear Sir: ’ The bank is having difficulty recov- ering the $400 which it advanced to you in ‘connection with the Pearson Magazine matter, © 8 es" I am therefore asking that you pre- pare a receipt running to the Bank of North Dakota for the sum of $400 set- | jto explain the employment of Mr. ‘Miller in the matter of the oil tax leg- islation in North Dakota. He said he |met Mr. Miller once in- North Da- The 21st anniversary of Odd Fel- | kota. 5 lowship.in Bismarck will be celebrat- | Representatives of the protestants ed at the regular» meeting tonight of {demanded that L. C. Pettibone be sub- Capital. City Lodge No. 2, 1.0. O. F.,!poenaed to testify. Pettibone had been at 8 p.m. There will be initiation in| called once but sent word he was. ill. the third degree. Grand lodge officers 2 OFMOTOR TRUCK |HEAR FOR FIRE DEPT. City, Commission Urged to Pur- chase Less Expensive Ap- j paratus at This Time | ROAD” “PETITION TqTk APA { Members of the city, commission. at | ting. out that it is in payment of the their meeting last night informally | wil be elecced. AN past grands are urgéexl tio be present. ‘ The Rebekahs will serve {cllow the meeting and hour will be held. a lunch a soeial BARLY MORNING. FIRE DAMAGING $400 which was advanced by you to discussed the: matter of purchasing ay Pearson’s Magazine for advertising motor fire truck. i purposes. P. R. Fields appeared before the Make the recéipt in duplicate and &ommission, urging that while the best ae forward to us at your earliest con- and most elaborate equipment in fire i yenience. fighting apparatus is none too good |G. and W. Battery Shop: and Very truly yours, jfor Bismarck, there is a question of . ; H. A. PADDOCK, { | whether the best and most elaborate | Bismarck ‘Typewriter Com- Secretary of fhe Commission, can be purchased at this time. He; ;Suggested that the city buy a truck! pany Suffer Loss Odell as requested sent in the fol- and use the present body and appar-| — A lowing ‘receipt from Minneapolis on atug of the hose truck until such time; Fite which was discovered about 1 May 18, 1921: ias the city is able to buy the more | O'clock this morning caused heavy Washington, Jan. 31.—Senator Ken- jyon of Iowa, ‘announced. today he | would accept; the nominaion: ag fed- eral judge for the eighth circuit tend- ered him by President Harding and sent to the senate. The senate confirmed the nomina- j tonein ‘open exe. ulive” session, an honor only rarely paid:to nominees. The Iowa senator who is one of the leaders of the senate and chairman of [KENYON ACCEPTS APPOINTMENT | SHANTUNG PROBLEM { Washington, Jan, 31—(By the { Assoclated Pwreiss.)—Virtual set. | thement: by the Japanese and Chi- nese of the long debated Shantung nt on text of the five-power naval lim- i» Itation treaty had brought the ' Washington conferetiee very near to the conclusion of its labors to- day with some of the delegates éxpecting to be on their home. | ward journey possibly by the end of the week. COMMERCE CLUB | SECRETARIES MEET | Fargo, Jan, 31—Executive officers of many North Dakota Commercial clubs jand allied. organizations , discussed, ! problems of civic advancement at the {meeting of state, civic and commerce federation today. f WOULD PUBLISH ~ ADVERTISEN, D. i This Suggestion Was Thrown Out By Thos. H.: Sullivan In Meeting at Fargo APPEAL TO AUTO TRAVEL’ ets Fah a {| Fargo, N. D., Jan. 31.—Community | advertising for towns and _possibil-| ities of state: advertising for North; Dakota were discussed here today be- |fore the North Dakota Federation of | Civic and Commerce organizations by} | Thomas H. Sullivan of Mandan, secre- tary of the Mandan Commercial club | and also secretary of~the Associated | | Advertising Clubs of North Dakota. | Mr, Sullivan advocated the co-ordi- nation of state. x¢ffort in discussing} | North Daketa’s. problem an@ the pub-| lication of a pamphlet something like | the political publicity phamplet, with Lan especial: @ppeal-to- auto: travel. in {the form of up-to-date maps, pictures of interesting places in the state, etc. “You will.pardon me if I discuss the agriculture bloc in a formal state- ment: expressed .appreciation of ‘the President’s action which:he said would enable him to achieve his ambition to serve on the federal bench. The eighth circuit’ to which judges are assigned includes\ among others the states of Minnesota, Iowa, ‘and North and South Dakota, WELL KNOWN five } \ AY $400—Received from: The Bank of North Dakota, April 23rd, 1921, Four Hundred ($400.00) dollars, the same being the amount advanced by me to! the Pearson’s Magazine Co., 57 5th Avenue, New York City, for advertis- jing service of said Magazine Co., in: Hehalf of The Bank of North’ Dakot “SPURGEON ODELL.” ’ Details “Nation” Relations Further evidence of the “subsidiz- ing? ig contained in passages taken froma letter written by Odell March | 29, 1921. He .wrote to Mr. Paddock from New York as follows: “Dear Mr. Paddock: | “T have this day broken over and incurred a debt of $1,000 for advertis- yng. A four-page write-up in Pear- son’s which has a circulation of 40,- 000 and the outside full page ad, “A double page ad in The Nation with a strong write-up, “Have opened an office at 57 5th avenue with Pearsen’s Magazine. A roomy place on the ground floor. I ‘have agreed to take 5,000 copies of the next issue of Pearson’s for distribu- | tion at 8 cents @ach.. Newstand price} 25 cents. I thot to send 1,000 to head- | quarters at Fargo, 2,000 to M’p’!’s Star | office and 2,000 to Carl D. Thompson | of Chicago. If you think of a better) distribution, wire me on receipt of; this. They must kmow by Monday. | “Harris, the editor has pledged him- ; self,to do all in his power till we have ; put if across. Volunteers to write | from two to four pages in each issue ; and makes us a yearly subscription | rate of $1 per,year. I have it in writing. | The regular price is $2.50. €an you get someone to solicit subscriptions— | everyone should take it. My other scheme is working and am sure of; Janding them for a good bunch but not for the whole lot. take $2,000 with all his struggle to Keep his paper alive (The Nation). This expense of $1,000 is less than the edst'oi one meeting here and will talk f 5,000 people with coupon attached and office open—also instructions to write direct to the Bank.. “If Webb is there, call his attention to this detter, so we may not get our wires crossed. % “1 had not thot to do this but Harris was go impetuous and full of fire T\the job of going into tke timber, cut-|cold. : ~ went an _|ting logs and hauling them t the site g maha, Neb. Jan. 31,—More than. \ “What’a@bout the other papers—New | of the cabin. They worked diligently, Weather Conditions _|1,500 striking members cf the Amal- Republic, ete. Kindly write or wire. | sacrificing many 2 fine skating day to| The pressure has increased and the|gamated Meat Cutters and Butcher aN «Sincerely, , carry out their firm intention to build|temperature fallen over the per) Workmen of North America at a union é “Odell.” |4 snug cabin. The work had been | Mississippi and the temperatures con-|mass meeting last night voted to call tter from Paddock‘ to Odgll at \potts’ on May 12, 1921, said: herewith please find no-| . Minneapolis, northwestern sales man-|Space in the front of the*storéroom ‘elaborate equipment. loss to the G. & W. Battery Shop and | Mr. Fields spoke as a citizen andjthe Bismarck Typewriter Company, | algo talked as a representative of the /300 Broadway. The exact cause of the ' International Harvester, stating the;fire is unknown. The theory most \company, wished to submit a bid on its |frequently advanced is that it was jtruck if the city commission decided {caused by a short circuit. | | :upon this method. J. W. Nikon of/ The typewriter company occupied | ~ SCULPTOR DIB Solon H. Borglum, Brother of Gutzon, Succumbs Stamford, Conn., Jan, 31—Solon H. Borglum, an artist of nation-wide re- nown and head of a school of sculp- ture, is dead here after an operation for ‘appendicitis was performed on Saturday. His powers of resistance were lowkred by the effect of being gassed while in France during the war and the end came last night. He was a brother of Gutzon Borglum, himself a noted sculptor. His five col- ager, motor trucks, International Har-|@md the battery shop occupied ‘the vester Company, spoke. briefly upon|rear. The fire originated in the bat- |the merits of the truck. |tery shop. Commissioner Hensler declared him-|' New stock of the battery shop was self in favor of purchasing. the La | destroyed and several typewriters in France $12,500 truck at this time, sug- the typewriter company’s offiee were gesting that a fire truck fund be cre- \damaged. There were but two quarts lated from the money received from0f gasoline in the battery shop,. and ‘the state through a tax on insurance’!/although the flames played all around companies and that the truck be paid/the» container the gasoline did not jfor on the installment plan. Other|burn: Many valuable records were commissioners questioned the advisa-{destroyed in the typewriter com- ossal busts of Civil War generals are bility of spending so much money for | pany’s office. ; among his best works, a large truck at this time. It was de-|. The loss to the typewriter company icided to carry the matter over for a iis probably $300.to $400, partially cov- week [ered by insurance. The city has dve it from the state} F. J. Heintzman said that the loss (Continued on Page 3) lef the G. and W. could not be i ?mated until an inventory check w: made. He said it would be more thaa SEPARATE TRIAL SCOUTS LABOR LOST; LOGS FOR CABIN STOLEN : New Candidate for, Man” Class Discovered by Bismarck Boys “Meanest 000. The ‘fire ‘started om a short circuit, he said. probably SPEAKER OBTAINED Prof. C. H. les, Chief of the Jairy Division in the College of Ag- niversity of Minne- ired as one of the ‘North Dakota’ Dairy- at the s been not. if Today’s Weather | “FOR GOV, SMALL ‘Judge Grants Motion After; H Clashes By Attorneys Waukegan, Ill, Jan, 31.—(By the Associated Press)—Judge Clair Ed- wards today granted the motion for separation of the trials of Governor; , Len Small and Vernon Curtis, Grant! | Park banker, charged with conspiracy ito embezzle state funds, The court over | | ruled the motion filed by the Govern- | ‘or and granted a similar motion filed | in behalf of Mr. Curtis, the decision forms of. community ‘advertising and publicity in which. my own city has been interested,” said Mr. Sullivan inj beginning his discussion. “It ig not} done for the purpose of urging you to adopt cur methods\ but! because’ I am more familiar with our own plans. | | “Our experience has been that a ; booster ‘tour offers the greatest op- | portunity for a city to distribute pub- | licity in their immediate territory and ‘to gain good will by personal contact. For reaching distant points a local booklet or auto map folder contain- | ing information about the city and| Surrounding points is most valuable. ' “Our local boosters have made many _ friends by their interest in the New! | Salem Dairy tour, the National Dairy | Shew, the John Dawson Barbecue, en- ‘tertainment of conventions, the Kow Karnival and other events. In each! instance no apparent effort was made; to secure publicity but the entertain- ment furnished by our band. Nut Quartette and boosters on several oc-| casions has resulted in much: favor-| able comment by the public and by the| press. ‘ ; “We intend very soon to make use | of a plan adopted by a Florida city. ; | They purchased attractive post cards jin large ‘quantities and then gave | prizes for those who addressed and | mailed the largest number before a given date. Mail sacks and places of registration were provided in differ- ent parts of the city.” HINES AGAINST | REDUCTION IN FREIGHT RATES Says’it Would be Against Public Interest to Cut Them at This Time ~ FORMALLY CONFIRMED BY HARDING: ° ~ ARMS CONFERENCE NEARS END MUCH VIOLENCE APAMPHLET 10 RRIFIC EARTHQUAKE A AIS ns 9 op RR Siro Nt SEGA | | _ WAR HEROISM JUST REWARDED ~ | ) IS SEITLED; 3 BARTHOUAKE Or Washington, Jan. 31—(By The Associated ‘Press)—Mueh fratiti- cation that the Shantung contro. versy had been settled was ex- pressed today at the White House where President Harding telt that the agreement reahced was one ot the important accomplishments of the Washington ‘negotiations, —« The White House comment was the first official expression con- firming formally that the Japan- RECORDED TODAY -Seismographs of Two Register- | - ing Stations Thrown Out i ron of Commission SHOCK SAID “ENORMOUS” ‘Esti mated at About 2,000 Miles ese had reached complete accord. QRGRE nL MaRS | South and West of Chicago FUNERAL RITES | Bureau FOR THEATER'S VICTIMS BEGIN ‘ | wie | FELT ON COAST. ~ San Francisco, Jan. 30.—Earth- quake shocks were felt early to- day along the Pacifie coast trom San Francisco to the Canadian line, according to reports receiy- ed here. No damage was reported. RELIEVED IN SOUTH AMERICA, New York, Jan, 31,—Geologists in New York seeking to locate the earthquake which today shattered National Capital Burys Many. Dead in Knockerbocker | Disaster | séeiomographs in several cities es- i a | is ated that the shock originated. | along the Pacific coast in South TWO PROBES America somewhere between the STARTED Canal Zone’ and Ecuador, | , ; ! ; Washington, Jan. 31—While the Washington, Jan. 31—An_ earth- city began the burial of its dead to- day District of Columbia authorities ,ordered investigation of the Knicker- jbocker theater disaster, and the sen- jate was expected to take action on the resolution of Senator Capper, Kansas, proposing an independent inquiry. by that body. A resolution for the same purpose was pending in the house al- though Representative Mondell, Re- publican leader, had announced that body would not authorize an inquiry pending ‘the outcome of those by local authorities. police today showed that the final to- tal outside of the expected deaths of injured of which there are now three Probably would be reduced to 95.from E.; the tota} of 108 carried-yesterday. H. Shaughnessy, second assistant postmaster-gencral, was said to be still showing improvements today, Col. Charles Keller, engineer com- missioner of the district, held ‘the jopinion today, after a personal SUPVRY ty, of the“wretkage ‘that the” collapse of . the oof was caused by a defect’ in material and not by a fault of design. A re-check of the death list by the: quake of greatest. intensity, probably: C0 to 2,600 miles south of Wash- ington, was registered early today at the Georgetown seismographical ob- servatory. The quake began at about ‘8:25 a. m. and 10 minutes: later the tremors had become so pronounced as to thiiow the register ‘needles off tho scale, The quake also was registered cn the seismograph of the weather (oureau officials of which described iz as “monstrous.” : The Kev. Francis Tondorf, director of the Georgetown ‘seigmographical observatory and.one of the foremost earthquake authorities of the world, said the quake was “enormous.” Both machines were still registering the quake at 10 o'clock, - eis |. Dr. W. J. Humphreys, the weather ‘bureau’s earthquake specialist, re- \ported at 11 o'clock ‘that.the tremors : were still continuing but had great- iy diminished in. intensity. | UNUSUAL IN INTENSITY. | Chicago, Jan. 31—A universally. se- Building Commissioner Healy also be- vere earthquake was recorded-on the lieved that plans for the roof were seismograph of the University of Chi- practical and sound, DEAD PLACED AT 97 | Washington, Jan. 31.—(By The As ciated Press)—!Ninety-seven persons, according to a final and official list i: isued by the Dist. of Columbia auth- ‘eritias, lost their lives Saturday night in the collapse of the Knickerbocker theater. Any additions to the list ‘it was said would result from the fatal ;termination of injuries sustained by iOther victims. 4 LOSE LIVES, AUTO CRASHES IN-FAST TRAIN | Mother of E. J. Conrad, of Man- dan, is Victim of Automo- bile Accident Mr. and Mrs. E. J. Conrad, of Man- dan, today are on their way to Spirit Lake, Ia., where they have been called by the death of Mr. Conrad’s mother, Mrs. W. A. Coffin, and Mr. and Mrs. Milton Williams, also related to Mr. Conrad., W. A. Coffin also was a vic- tim of the tragedy. Four lives were j cago. The distance was. ‘approxi- imately 1,970 miles from Chicago. Ac- cording to P. E, Johnson, observer at the University of Chicago weather bureau, the disturbances of unusual in- ‘tensity were more to the west than the south, ) THROWS 'NEEDLES OFF . Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 31—An earthquake shock, so violent that ‘it put the recording apparatus at the Harverd University seismograph sta- | tion. tempotarily out of commission ‘occurred today. Its scene was com- iPuted roundly at 2,778 miles from here es Prof. J. B. Woodworth, ; RECORDED IN MILWAUKEE. | Milwaukee, Jan. 31—An earthquake ‘of unusual severity was recorded by the Marquette university seismograph. GREATER THAN FRISCO QUAKE. Denver, Colo., Jan, 31.—The)seismo- graph at Regis college here today reg- istered the most severe earthquake reported in 15 years, according to | Father Forestall. | The recording needle was forced off at the drum of ; the instrument. The disturbance was ‘estimated to, be approximately 1,350 miles south of Denver.- The shock was even greater than that registered here at the time of the San Francisco quake. COALITION OF snuffed out when the automobile’ in; which they were riding was struck by} a train in the McGulla cut, a bad rail-| road crossing, five miles from Spirit! Lake. i The party, according to information! received here, was returning to Spirit ei Lake late Saturday afternoon after visiting in Estherville. They reached Meeting is Held in St. Paul To- the crossing where the Rock Island 4 See tee day to Discuss New Na- main line track runs in a deep curv-| ing cut in the hills. A gravel truck) tional Organization stopped on the far side and Mr. Cof-! fin is believed to have thought the ——- truck was waiting for him to pass. St. Paul, Minn., Jan. 31.—Delegates from Minnesota, North Dakota, Wis- Willard. will; 1 having the effect of putting the Gov- {ernor on trial first. .—6! The granting of the motion and ar- 6 vaignment of the Governor came as —6 a dramatic climax to a morning 3 marked by clashes between attor- None neys. Weather Forecast 12 —— For Bismarck and Vicinity: Prob- PACKING PLANT ably snow tonight and Wednesday; | . continued cold. i For North Dakota: Probably snow Lo a tonight and Wednesday; continued For twenty-four January 31. hours ending at | A new candidate for the “meanest - man” class is being sought by the T | Methodist Boy Scouts tnoop No. 2. He is the man who stole a wagon-load | of logs which the Boy Scouts worked diligently to cut and haul to the site of their new cabin on the banks of ' Apple Creek. | “When the Poy Scouts decided to build a cabin, permission was obtain- ed to place it on government land on Apple Creek, seven~ miles south of Bismarck on a th bench. The boys gave up their Saturday holidays to yesterday . esterday off the strike in the local packing plants. The resolution endjng the walkout was adopted almost unani- tinue considerably below Zero thence northwestward over North Dakota and the Canadian northwest. A low pres- progressing ll lately, All of the logs necessary had been hauled to the site. Then someone came along | Washington, Jan, 31—Walker D. | Hines, former director-general of the \railroad admintsteation, called today as a.representative of the pub- lic by the Interstate Commerce Com- mission in its investigation of trans- {portation rate levels, testified that in | hig opinion railroad earnings wer’ + ta allow general reduction of ac: freight charges and that busine: 1. J wualu aot be stimulated by sucl a step. Mr. Hines estimated that “in the public interest it probably is nec- essary for the railroads to spend or betterments and facilities at least one billion dollars a year for sometime tc come.” “Looking over the statistics of rail- road earnings during 1921,” Mr. Hines said, “we can take it for granted tha general rate reductions are not calle for on the ground that earnings are too high. We must all admit railroad He started his car forward just as a fast Chicago train dashed out the cut. The car crashed into the train, the steps of the smoking car catching the front end of the machine end whirling it into the cattle guard. Then the rear steps of the smoking ‘ar struck the back of the automobile, throwing it over, dragging it into the cut alongside the track, and demol- shing it, consin and Iwa were here today to discuss the formulation of a national farmers’ organization which~ would unite agricultura lorganizations under one head. The purpose of the unifi- cation of these organizations accord- ing te H. A. Fuller, of Mankato, is to advance the economic interest of the farmers throughout the nation. ; Mr. Fuller declared that the various organizations ncw existing “are los- The occupants were thrown out, ing ground” and that the once flour- ‘oth of the women being killed in- xtantly, the two men dying in the hos- nital three hours later. FUNDING BILL Washington, Jan, 31—A provisicn in ‘he allied debt refunding bill which | CLAUSE LOST, ishing farm organizations are so rapid- ly decreasing in membership that they are unable to function to the best in- terests of the farmer. Mr. Fuller an- , that the organization will co- with the farmers’ . national council at Washington, D. C., and through it urge legslative action for | the farmer. FARGO MAN IS would have given the proposed debt | commission: authority to “adjust and mously, according to local leaders. Large crowds of former packing house workers gathered at employ- sure area accompanied by general | precipitation covers the southwestern states’ 4 —ORRIS W. ROBERTS, ae Meteorologist. Thirty thousand pérsons are injured daily in the United States, and stole a wagon load of logs—five big o The boys must now obtain permission to cut more logs and do this work over again. The man who stole the logs has al- ready been voted intio the “meanest arrange-| man” class and if he is found he will 3) [be duly initiated, it is promised. rates are high now but in my opinion ertie, all claims, the United States has current business depression is not due]. hereafter may have against any ment offices in the packing house dis-! to that fact but to conditions that are] foreign government’ was stricken out trict Seeking reemployment, accord- ‘fundamental and world-wide. Chief-| hy the senate. ing to reports from that section: A‘ ly it is the effort of people to get a considerable percentage of the, men} normal adjustment after strained con- jhad to be turned away. | ditions.” ticé of express package containing 2,- 000 copits of Pearson's magazine, riffith has apparently not Menographer 15, 1921, to abut GIVEN “DRY” JOB Washington, Jan. 31.—Appontment lof federal’ prohibition agents an- jnounced today include: North Dakota—George 0, Tufford, es a Every minute five meet death by accident. persons