The Bismarck Tribune Newspaper, July 27, 1918, Page 2

j | Events Big with the Fate Of Nations -Have -Marked Fourth Year of Great War (Continued From Page One.) exercised a fundamental influence on the course of its development. r Situation'a Year Ago. ‘The year opened with the fortunes; of war:apparently favoring the en- tente. The British had forced back the Germans to the famous Hinden- burg line. The French has establish-| éd themselves firmly along the Chem-| in des Dames, north of the Aisne. The echoes of Verdun were still ringing | the knell of German hopes in that sec- | tor of the battle area. The Italians were holding their lines along the Isonzo, The rejuvenated Russian “regiment of July First" had carried | the war far into the Austrian defenses | in Bukowina and Galicia Through August and September, 1917, there came rumors that Russia was exhausted hy the war, and quiet settled down along the lines from the gates of the Carpathians to the Bal- tic. Stories were heard of fraterniza~ tion of German and Russian troops but assurances came from Petrograd that Russia would stand true to her allies. Fall Offensive in Italy. The German and Austrian high com- | mands had no illusions as to further) belligerency. There came to the allies reports that the central empires were | taking the pick of their force from) the Russian front and concentrating | them for a drive against some part} of the line in the western theatre. Then came intimations that the blow was aimed against Italy. | The storm broke at Capporetto on October 26 and almost immediately | the whole Italian line was thrown in-| to disorder. Pouring through the passes, where in some: instances dis: | affected Italian troops held positions, | the Germans and Austrians made pro- gress which from the first was alarm- | ing. By wise generalship. the Italian | line was withdrawn from the Isonzo. | 1t paused at the Tagliamento and then | retired further until it rested on the Piave, almost domes of Venice. Here the Italian army reformed its columns. consoli- dated its positions by withdrawing | from the Rhaetian mountains to the| Asiago plateau, and, assisted by the French reinforcements brought to that battlefront, stopd at bay. pi Russian Collapse. Events in the meanwhile had been moving swiftly in Russia. On No- vember 1, while the offensive against Italy was under way, Alexander F. Kerensky, then the Rusisan premier, announced that Russia was worn out by the war-and that the allies must shoulder the burden thenceforward. Seven days later Kerensky was de- posed by the Bolsheviki. The fall ana flight of Kerensky was the signal for Germany and Austria to enter peace negotiations with Russia. On Novem- ber 30 the Bolsheviki announced that Russia was out of the war and pro-| posed that all the Alli tiations for an armistice. Russian and German representatives met at Brest litovsk on December: 22, and terms of peace were exchanged. No progress was made with the ne-| gotiations, and the conference was broken up.on.January 11. ‘In the meantime, -a new republic: had ‘sprung from the side of Russia. It was Ukraine, a territory extending along the Rumanian and Galician frontier from the Black sea northward to Cholm, in ancient Poland. With this republic, the central empires made peace late in January. _ The failure of the Bolshevik author. ities to reach any agreement with the Germans resulted in the renewal of hostilities on February 18, and the eGrman armies, moved forward once more. | Brest Litovsk Treaty. This brought about a renewal of the epace negotiations, and at Brest Lit- ovsk the Eolsheviki were given to understand that Germany would rec- ognize the tingdom.of Poland. the re- pubic of Ukraine, the independence of | Finland, and the separate government- al status of Lithuania, Esthonia and Livonia, Turkey, as an ally. of the central powers, was given a great area to the east of.the Black sea, including | the regions of Batum, Kars and Er-/ ivan. | With the announcement of the final signing of the treaty between the Be sheviki and Germany, the allies gave up hope that Russia would remain it:! the conflict, and at once they began! to strengthen their lines against the coming of the great German offensive by which Berlin and Vienna hoped to force the entente nations to make peace. | Rumania Capitulates. \ With the greater part of her terri- tory occupied by the Germans, Aus- trians and Bulgarians, with her gov- ernment driven from Bucharest to Jassey and with the Russian Bolshev- iki openly hostile toward her, Ru- mania found herself in a critical situa- tion. Rumanian troops during Febru- ary and March advanced into Bessar- abia, a part of the new Republic of} Ukraine, but they were hemmed in by the enemy forces and obliged ‘to ‘withdraw. At last, on May 6, Rus mania signed a treaty of peace with} the central powers: By this treaty Rumania lost the pro: | vince of Dobrudja, on the south side of the Danube, which she had received after the Balkan war. and agreed to a rectification of her western frontier. Economic concessions also were made under pressure from the Teutonic al- lianc Peace Tentatives. The period between December 1, 1917 and March 1, 1918. may be callec the period of peace tentatives. It is true that before the end of the sum- mer Pope Benedict made an appeal to| French, who were holding the lines to the warring nations to enter into peace negotiations, the basis for pour- Parlors being the restoration of Bel-|stop. They -had driyen ahead for 35 | gium and Serbia and the return to “Germany of her lost. colonies. This appeal, made on August 13, was an- sweréd by. President Wilson on Au. gust 29, when the president announced that the German government as con. stituted could not he believed and that the United States was ready to enter into negotiations when the German people: showed ‘they desired peace and when they spoke through any author- ity which would be representative of them. The German answer to the Pope's appeal reached the Vatican on on Sep- tember 21. It expressed hope that further warfare could be averted through the good offices of the pope, ‘but declined. to enter into any agree- ment to m hat the-allies -had-de- clated to be ininimum war aims. German Peace Offer. German efforts ‘to secure a peace which would leave to Germany ail the MAY BE THE LA es What may prove to be the last meeting of magnates of the American league was held in Cleveland July 22, when Ban B. Johnson, president of the league, called the owners together to discuss the effect of the Crowder “work or fight” order on organized baseball. Standing, left to right, are Charles Navin, secretary of the Detroit club; Robert Quinn, business manager of the St: Louis club; H. H. Frazee, owner of the Boston club; William Harridge, secretary to President Ban: Johnson. Seated, left to right, Harry Grabiner, sec- + retary of the Chicago club; Connie Mack, manager and part owner of the Philadelphia club; F. J. Navin, president of the Detroit club; Ban B. Johnson, president ‘of the Ameri- can league, and James C. Dunn, owner of the Cleveland club. fruits of her victory gained through Russia’s collapse, and with Belgium and large portions of France to be used as pawns at the council table. nin, then Austrian foreign minister, at Brest-Litovsk, on December 26. The keynote of the address was general peace without annexations and indem: nities. On January 8, President Wilson, ad- dressing congress, said that the Unit- ed States must know for whom the German rules were speaking. The ad- dress was a complement to an address made on January 5 py David Lloyd George, the British premier. To these addresses reply was madé. by Imperial Chancellor von Hertling of Germany, and Count Czernin. The latter was pacific and conciliatory in tone, while the former. alluding to “the good German ‘sword.” showed he was speaking for the militarists of the Germanic powers. Fe “Four Principles” Enunciated. To these replies there was rejoiner by President Wilson, who, on Febru- ary 11, again addressing congress, laid down what ‘have come to be known as the “Four Principles” upon which peace can be based. Briefly, these principles were: Final settlement must be based on essential justice.) Peoples and provinces are not: to be bartered about like chattels, Every territorial settlement must be for the benefit and in the interest of the populations concerned. All well-defined national aspirations shall be met with the utmost satisfac- tion consistent with the future peace. ‘Pope Benedict, in a pastoral: letter issued at Easter, made another appeal for concord among the peoples of the world. but it brought forth no tangible results. At the pope’s behest, prayers for peace were offered in Catholic churches throughout the world on St. Peter's day, June 28. In April there came revelations; from Paris that Emperor Charles of Austrian had written letters to Prince Sixtus of Bourbon, a relative. In these communications the Austrian monarch conceded the claim of France to Al-/ sace and Lorraine and hinted that peace overtures would be welcomed. As the recult of this, Count Czernin, the Austrian foreign minister was re- moved from office. The most recent addresses on the ubject of peace have been delivered in the German Keichstag, one by Dr. Richard von Kuehlmann, the foreign minister; and the other by Imperial Chancellor von Hertliug. The former's sensational admission that the sword vy itself could not bring peace result: ed in his resignation, and von Hertl- ing’s address voiced the sentiment that as long as the allies were intent upon “destroying Germany’ ‘the war must go on. The Enemy Offeisives. Last winter jt became known that the Germans were massing forces on the western front. Repu;ts came that large units were training behind the lines and that new and more terrible engines, of war than had been known before were to be used in German ef- fort to break the allied lines, crush their armies and force them to-make peace. The drive was well advertised and even the place where it was to be launched was known with comparative | certainty. On the morning of March 21 the Germans began their attack from the icinity of Arras, on the north, to La Fere, on the south. and centering their heaviest columns against the British pee under General Gough, at Quen- tin. Staggering before the impact of the. blow, the British army fell back rap- idly.* For eight days - the Germans poured through the old allied line: in an effort to crush the British and drive a wedge between them and the the south. Then’ came a period. of reaction and the Germans came to a miles, along a front extending more than 50 miles before they were halted. | Hardly had their legions been: held before Amiens than a new. offensive was begun in Flanders, on .April 2. It swept the British back through At mentiéres, but did not break: -their lines. The British with the French who were rushed up to the front, stop- | ped the Germans after they ‘haa reached the hills southwest of Ypres. There, on April 9, the Germans suf- fered a terrible defeat that halted | their offensive in that quarter. | Foch in Supreme Command. |. In the midst of the drive in the sec- tor toward Amiens the allied nations took a vitally important named General Ferdinand: Foch, hero jeralissimo of the allied: forces’on the ae front, which includes all the ine in step. They | J of the first, battle of ‘the Marne, gen-|' Italy as well as in France. |< Kussia has been held to be under his command, After a period of quiet, the Germans attacked once more, this time on the, making a penetration of about 28 miles. -At, the Marne they. were check- ed and the impetus. of the blow was. broken. With hardly a day’s pause for reor- ganization of their forces, the Ger- mans again ‘attacked. choosing the sector between Montdidier and Noy. on, on the southern side of the salient driven into the allied line during the March offensive, as the stage of their onslaught. This offensive ran for five days and was stopped north of Com- piegne after losses which were de- scribed as unprecedented had been inflicted upon the Germans. From June 14 until July 15 the Ger- mans were engaged in shifting their. forces and then again struck. This offensive ran for five days and was stopped north of Compiegne after losses which were described as unpre- cedented had been inflicted upon the Germans. From June 14 until July 45 the Ger- mans were engaged in shifting their forces and the nthey. again struck. This time. the line of attack was from Chateau Thierry edstward, around to ‘the north of Rheims and then. down, the. Vesde -river to Prunay and: from. “hat village eastward to~ Massleee. This attack at the close ,of. the; year developed .into one of the most am- hitious. of the German ‘strokes. Italians Stand Firm. On June 15, the Austrians began a drive against Italy. | It was:a failure. The Austrians crossed the ‘Piave, ‘but on‘the west bank met with such ‘stub- born resistance that progress was im- possible. Slowly * the Austrians were driven back toward the. river, and then the Piave. swollen by rains in the mountains, completed the over- throw of Austria's hopes. After suf- fering terrible losses:the Austrians re- treated to the eagtern bank of ‘the Piave from the Montello plateau to the Adriatic. et Minor ‘Operations. Among the year’s operations of con paratively lesser importance were the British drives in Palestine and ‘Mes- opotamia the Turkish advance in the Caucasus; the French and ‘Italian offensive in Albania; and the fighting inthe German African colonies. Je- rusalem was captured by the British on December 10. and shortly afterward the’fal lof Jericho was announced. Since the taking of Jericho the Brit- ish forces in Palestine have not been active on the offensive. General Maude led the British troops into Bagdad on March 11, and shortly afterward died from cholera. His forces pushed further up the Ti- gris unti] the intense heat of sum- mer terminated operations. A The Turks after the, collapse of Russia, took advantage of the de- moralized condition of the Russian forces to advance’ through the Cau- casus and obtain possessior “of the regions subsequently ceded them by the treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The French and Italian drive in Al- bania begin on July and is stil! in pro- ress. , During the year. British forces in Africa drove German forces before them: in German Kast Afric and jv German Southwest. Africa and. finaliy compelled them to disperse or sniren- der. This took from Germany the last of the vast colonial. possessions held by her. when the war began.’ Submarine Warfare. 'The past year has been marked by a. graudal decline ‘of submarine sink- ings as compared, with the humber of ships being built by the entente av lies. The operations of the British and. American destroyers have spread. terror among the “wasps‘of the sea,” while a great mine field com- pleted in May by the British navy con- verted virtually the whole North sea into an area closed against U-boat activities. -. The harbo! tend, from of Zeebruge and Os- +h German, submarines BISMARCK ——$——, Even the Murman. coast, in northern ST MEETING aKa ‘Aisne river, and in seven days they|raids by the British in May. within sight of the) oan with the address of Count Czer-|reached-the Marne at Chateau Thierry : i had been operated against entente shipping, were either sealed entirely or made virtually. valueless as sub- marines bases by daring naval and air U-Boats in American Waters. German submarines visited Ameri- can waters in. June and sank at least ten ships, the field of the U-boat oper- ations being trom the North New Jer- sey coast south to the Virginia capes afd easterly: half way to the Burmu- das. The only United States transport lost while carrying troops to Europe was the Tuscania, which was tor- pedoed off the north coast of Ireland on Fedruary 6, with a loss of 212 men.“ Hospital Ships Sunk. During the year eleven hospital ships have been sunk by submarines. the latest. and most flagrant case of this violation of the Geneva conven- tion ‘being the destruction of the Brit- ish steamer Liandoery Castle, carry- ing Canadian nurses and doctors. This took: place on June 27, only 24 of the 258:persons on board being rescued. The total shipping. reported sunk since* August 1, 1917, is more than 4,250,000 tons. } Against this destruction of shipping 'the ‘allies have combined their ship- building capacity. The actual num- ber of tons.of shipping lounched and put into service has got been’ publish. ed. Official announcements have been made in the recent past, however, to the effect that. more ships are being built than are being sunk. On July 4, ninety vessels were launched at Amer- ican shipyards. Losses in Battle. The year's fighting; has entailed great Josses for most of the belliger- ents. During the drive into Italy last October ‘and November the ‘Teutonic armies claimed the capture of more {than 180,000 Italians. In the German offensives in ‘France this year about 190,000 French, British, American and 'ortuguese were reported to have been taken prisoners. Added to these losses are the .cas- ualties in killed, and wounded. No def- inite figures have been issued -by Ger- many-and Austria but it has been re ported on what appears to be good au- thority ‘that in the fighting from ‘March 21 ‘till June 14 the’ Germans lost more than 500,000 men. The French and British losses were consid- jerably smaller, as the allies were \fighting from entrenched positions. Financial Aspects. The United States-has floated three great Liberty loans. The proceeds of these loans: have aggregated. $10,788, 541,900. The total’ war cost to the United States, according to latest available figures, is $13,800,000,000. Since the-nation entered the war. it has. extended credits to the allies ag- gregating, $6,091,590,000. “ ‘The total cost of the war to Englang up to December 15, 1911, was placed at $6,242,000,000, while French votes of credit;are somewhat smaller. At latest reports the eotal of the Ger man. war loans approximated $31,000, vwv9}000. Internal Disorders. There»have been. numerous reports of disorders in countries engaged in the war. Riots and bloodshed have been. reported from Germany and ‘Aus- tria many times during. the past spring and summer and there is little doubt that the slavic races of Austria are seething with discontent. ‘Ireland: same:to the: center of the stage in this connection early in May, when ‘a pro-German plot was detected but nipped in the bud, with the arrést ——S—> FOR SALE Good. horses of. all sizes. Apply to GEO. .GUSSNER You Can Enroll at This MODEL OFFICE PRACTICE school under guarantee of a sat- isfactory position as soon’ as competent or .your tuition re- funded. Send for particulars. When you know more about this college and what it has‘done for business men and women, you'll attend. Write - G..M. LANGUM, 'Pres., of seventy-elght leaders of the Sinn Bs) against the British in South Africa, out it has apparently been stamped out, 2 MORRO EERE HDT EEDA NR Oe SATURDAY, JULY 27, 1918. ee , national committee at. Washington i ry Absorbing the Sun’s Heat. and with C. A. Prouty, director of the According to an Ttulliin. selcnttst's division of public service, ‘n person-| ggyres a square mile of the earth's Mr. Prouty formerly was a member of} gurface in six hours of sunshine’ re- the interstate commerce. co:nmissivt; | cejyes heat equivalent to: t..e combus- he is regarded an expert traffic man, |. ton of more than’ 2,600 tons.of coal. Recently. disaffection was -reported One Monarch Died. the sultan of Turkey was announced ing he had been murdered. Assistance for Russia. Since the collapse of Russia, the allied nations have sought to find a way to assist the people who are be- ing exploited’ by the eGrmans. Frenca British and American forces have heen landed on the Murman or Kola peninsula: on the north coast. They have not actively intervened however, being there only to protect allied prop- erty which had been landed at the port of Kola before Russia withdraw from the entente alliance. In Siberia: there is-a well-defined an- ti-Bolshevik movement which has built up around Czecho-Slovak prison: ers of war who armed themselves and inflicted defeats on the Bol new ‘government has been under General Horvath, the‘Chinese Eastern Railroad ese, Eritish and American nartaes have been in the city of Viadivostoic for months. . Neutrals. Countries which are not engaged in the war have suffered during the 1:,| months. - Switzerland and Holland, be- ing adjacent to Germany, have been threatened by the central powers a number of times in matters relative to economic concessions. Holland es- pecially, has been beset with difficul: ties, and at present the allies are pro- testing against her exporting supplies to Germany. ‘ ‘Norway has signed an agreement} with.the: United States by which com- mercial relations may be carried ‘on. ‘sweden has been dealing openly with Germany and has been threatened with a, virtual boycott by Great. Brit- ain, th nations have lost severely through: the depredations of German submarines. : Denmark is in a serious plight also and-it has been reported that there is great suffering among the people of that country. ya New ‘Belligerents. ‘Three new countries have declared war:on, Germany during the year. They ‘are Costa Rica. Guatemala and Hayti., The Argentine, although near a break because of the machinations of van Luxburg, the German ambassa- dor.at Buenos Ayres, has taken no step in that direction. Mexico has remain- ed neutral. — ‘ BUY W. 8.5. STATE RAILWAY BOARD AWAITS | WORD ON RATES| The state railway commission still] awaits word from Washington on its! protest against the exorbitant freight | charge. on lignite which the rail board alleges resulted from ‘the railways’ im- proper construction of Director Gen- eral McAdgo’s recent, orders for a gen- eral freight boost. ‘Tlie rail board claims that the North Dakota rail- ways ‘doubled their adyance on lig- nite, resulting in an increase ‘of 50 to 70 cents per ton to eastern points over: the rate which the national rail- way administration specified. The North Dakota commission. has filed its ‘complaint with ,'the regional ‘traffic committee at. Minneapolis, with the westefn bureau at Chicago, with the \ During: the year one ruler of a bel- and the North Dakota commission, i i ligerent country died... The death of|opes to secure early uctlor through, hye ako Fa aS him. | Tribune Want Ads Bring. Results? in June, subsequent reports imthim at: | ee —buy your silo now. silage will help win the war ET Hay is going to be scarce again this year, but we are going to have a good growth of corn ‘fodder. Why not preserve every ounce of this fodder for win- ter feed. A Silo will more than pay for itself this winter. We: would like to show you and talk with you about the merits of the Tung Lok Silo. It isa Silo that.can be bought at a reasonable price, and erected at a. reasonable cost, and will be: as good fifteen years from-now as'the day it was built. In. building a Silo one point ‘should ‘be kept -in mind above all others that a Silois for one pur- pose—that of making and curing silage, but the Tung Lok will do better, it will preserve the ‘silage after it-has been cured. The feed question is a serious matter, do not delay the building of your Silo, have it ready for the corn. We have the Silos in stock and can de- liver them to you-at once. * FLH.CARPENTER * LUMBER CO hundreds. of the most;suctéssful'| Bismarck, ‘N. D. How Tire Prices Battle War Costs ERE is new light.on tire-prices, old and new: War has sent all prices higher. You-can buy:Goodrich tires 55 per cent less:than:you paid for-tires nine years ago. And remember with Goodrich prices you get the sure, full value service of GOODRICH SERVICE VALUE TIRES, But Goodrich Tires have respond- ed least to the-rise. iid , A-glance.at Goodrich tire prices for nine ‘years reveals ‘a pleasing surprise to tire uscrs. i That is, the maximum of easy. rid- ing comfort, gasoline economy, and prolonged mileage — in service on your car:end on the road. Goodrich tires are not costly for -\var-times, or any other time. , This year’s increase of Goodrich tire prices is far below. general It is. good war cconomy to ‘buy price increases. : GOODRICH SERVICE VALUE TIRES, GOODRICI THEB..F, GOODRICH RUBBER COMPANY Fargo. Branch: 12-14 Roberts St., Fargo, N..D. ————) YEARLY PRICES 2 $4655 19ll | 34X4 SIZE i {1917 Extame: 1$24.60 fu Y i escReR EO RICH - AKRON, MOP ARLOCE ROPER ZOLA NITES LOT ae Z0T8: ie sof ' t 4 %, x ‘ , Did a i “6 he ) 4 ’