The Bismarck Tribune Newspaper, December 13, 1917, Page 4

ean Bef BISMARCK MORNING TRIBUNE. THURSDAY DEC. 13, 1917. THE TRIBUNE! Entered at the Postoffice, Bismarck, as Second Class Matter. ISSUED EVERY DAY GEORGE D. MANN, - - - Editor palatine ac G. LOGAN PAYNE COMPANY, Special Foreign Representative. NEW YORK, Fifth Ave. Bldg.; CHI- AGO, Marquette Bldg.; BOSTON, 3 Winter St.; DE@ROIT, Kresge Bldg.; MINNEAPOLIS, 810 Lumber Exchange. MEMBER OF ASSOCIATED PRESS. The Associated Press is exclusively entitled to the use for republication ot all news credited to it or not other- wise credited in this paper and also tue local news published herein. Ail rights of republication of special dispatches herein are also reserved. — MEMBBR AUDIT BUREAU OF CIR- CULATION. SUBSCRIPTION RATES PAYABLE 1N ADVANCE Daily, Morning and Sunday yy Ss Carrier, per month ........ Daily, Morning, Evening and Su day, by Carrier, per month.... 90 Daily, Evening only, by Carrier, per month .....-.eseseeereeeee 56) Daily, Evening and Sunday, per | month .. {Geeesensece. 10) Morning or E g .by Mail in | North Dakota, one year ...... 4.00; Morning or Evening by mail out- side of North Datota, one year, 6.00} Sunday, in Conitination with Evening or Morning by mail, one year sadoeeeses ta THE STATE'S OLDEST NEWSPAPER (Established 1873) WEATHER REPORT. For Twenty-four hours noon, Dec. 13. ending at Temperature at 7 a. m.. Temperature at noon . {lighest yesterday . west yesterday . last night . Precipitation ... Highest wind velocity Forecast. For North Dakota: Snow tonight,| cold east and central portions; | colder north- probably west portions. fair, ‘ Lowest Temperatures. | Fargo .... —28 | Williston . | St. Paul | Winnipeg . | Helena . Chicago Swift Current Kansas City .. San Francisco PERNICIOUS REPORTS. It was not long ago that a vicious, | maligning article appeared reflecting | upon the patriotism of those engaged | in Red Cross work. luvestigation con- ducted by federal authorities showed | that behind. the. article, was. personal venom of the. giost’ bitter type. This attack, covert as it was, upon; the Red Cross local’ management, .is typical of what. pleases pro-German advocates. Wonderful to relate, ‘it came from a‘ source generally aa- | mitted to.b@:Joyal, but the. personal pique behind: ‘It forced the writer to| vent a spleen that bordered | upon the séditious and reflected any-| , thing but the kind of patriotism that should actuate American citizens. No one in Bismarck or elsewhere, employe or employer, is doing Red, Cross work under compulsion., Who-| ever contends otherwise is dealing inj Nes. i The Tribune will not review the situation in the limits, of this edi- torial. Many citizens received marked copies of a weekly paper published in a neighboring city. Upon its front page was perhaps the most unfair arti- cle published on the #iope in connec- | tion with Red Cross work. It was the more insidious, because by indirection, it sought through a subtle appeal to class prejudice, to imply that the rich were using the Red Cross movement for personaland class aggrandizement. Nothing could be further from the truth. The employer who gave his time and whose clerks voluntarily did Red Cross work, had none but the most patriotic of motives. He never | sought publicity and until now no| public mention has been made that certain stores in Bismarck are giving this patriotic service. There is no war work which is as disinterested as the Red Cross and the response in Bismarck has been practically unanimous. The Red Cross movement has been singled out for attack by pro-German interests. Stories of the most ex- treme type have been quietly whis- pered through every community to | American getting behind this move- able resources. |one of the most prominent of them | urges that it is utter folly to put off |unable to give you a picture of al and compleze retraction that will clear the atmosphere and restore confid- ence. Had it not been that the authors of this tirade took pains to circulate the offensive articles in the community to injure one who has contributed gen- erously in time and money to the Red Cross, the incident could well be ignored. Federal agents did well to run down the lie to its source and to insist up- on instant reparation for injury done. RAPPING THE FARMER. A Chicago banker, after recording a subscription of $5,000,000 for liberty) bonds, is reported to have taken a sharp rap at the farmers, saying: “The one weak spot in the situation fs the attitude of the farmers. They will neither buy liberty bonds, pay taxes, sell their products, nor fight. I have asked many out of town callers here about farmers paying taxes and I have heard of only one instance of a farmer paying an income tax. They have profited throughout the period of the war, but are unwilling to help the government in any of the four ways mentioned. The farmers have been pampered by politicians until they seem to feel they are a privileged class.” , This may be true of some farmers. It is certainly not true. of the North Dakota farme®, who has just as much patriotism as the banker or any other citizen. If the farmer has been slow to respond in the liberty bond cam- paign it is because he has not yet been aroused to the necessity of every ment to the full extent of his avail- But in North Dakota the farmer.: are thoroughly awake to the liberty loan and Red Cross. FOR BUSINESS REASONS. Over in London they've got a breed of pacifists that should be labelled “pacifists for business reasons,” and peace, when Alsace-Lorraine is really the only impediment. Alsace-Lorraine is smaller than Yorkshire, has only about 2,000,000 people and, if put up at auction, wouldn't bring a sum to equal the British war expenditure for ye month. You have to be pretty thoroughly steeped in business to see only dol-| lars and cents as the issue respecting | Alsace-Lorraine. | However, a great many people saw} only freedom 6f the negro as chattel property, in our great civil strife. We surely could .haye bought all the slaves for less "ttam the war cost us: But there was anothér issue than that of slavery; the union was to be pre- served, In the latter the issue of the right vs. the wrong was certainly in- volved and that issue could not be settled by bargain and sale. So it fs, with Alsace-I@praine. The French do not look upon ‘that territory from’ a} financial coign. They consider it part of themselves of which they have been despoiled. If peace is a mere matter of dot- lars and cents, the British “pacifists for business reasons” might put up| Canada at auction. Speaking of his line, Von Hinden- burg refers_to the German policy of an “elastic defense.” . Sounds fine, old | man, until you count the missing men H and guns. s ‘ Pork promises to go’ to $50 per barrel. Having never seen more than a small piece of rind, our artist is| barrel of pork. The monarchs of Norway, Denmark | and Sweden have agreed to continue sticking together for neutrality. It’s some job, too, with little save home | made cheese in the house. Answering a communicant, we have to admit that a child born to pro-Ger- man Germans in this. country is an American citizen. It may be tough] on the parents, but we can’t help it. Commercial economy boards are go- | ing in for saving. a full yard of cloth |from every man’s suit. All right! We'll stand hitched until we see which yard they're reaching for, anyway. | “Tt is necessary to adopt queer | methods to win the war,” writes F. B. | “For instance, my mother-in-law rode discourage Red Cross workers. It is not material whether the arti- cle in a neighboring city was done with this intent, the brutal truth of the matter is that it served German interests just as efficiently as though there was a malicious desire to help the enemy. Authorship of this article has been definitely traced. Unfortunately it emanated from women who allowed their personal feelings to obscure for the moment patriotic considerations. There is no charge against their Amer- icanism, but the effect of the article was to throw a cloud over their loy- alty. In the final analysis, newspapers who give circulation to Hes, whether the copy is inserted for money or the space donated, are the guilty parties. There is but one reparation any honor- able editor can ‘give and,that is a full jin an elevator ‘manned’ by a woman j and in due time arrived in the ‘parlor’ | of a hairdresser, where her hair was| | combed, brushed and done up by a! spread broadcast ‘through the public man.” | Estimated that, with the country’s | Water power conserved and used, | 100,000 miners would be released for | more important work and over $200,- | 900,000 of railroad equipment made! available for crying war needs. Watch that General Electric lobby, at Wash- | ington! POWER ORDERED EAST Western Lines Must Furnish 100 | Locomotives. Washington, Dec. 13.—Western lines were ordered by the railroad war board today to send east 100 loco- si he ME | BEING AS 11'S THE MERRY GHRISTMAS SEASON EVERYNHERE WE'RE WILLING TO DONATE A FEW PRESENTS TO THE KAISER'S EMPTY STOCKING Pill ath RAILROADS WILLING TO ACCEPT OWNERSHIP SAYS uw : liess courage which sees and under- War Board in Conference with, stands the worst, yet ‘fears not. President But no Policy | Nothing Suppressed. “And, having asked you to encour- Decided Upon. age others, let me énédurage you by |.giving you my solemn dsurance that you might search our ‘ifiost secret ar- chives at Washington in vain for any records of disaster or e¥en minor mil- GOVERNMENT OPERATION spread broadcast through the public press. Nor will you find in all our records any just ground for discour- agement, but on the contrary, if al Washington, Dec. 13~The railroad view of the ‘transportation’ problem and its solution was laid before Pres- en agate exch ane ty mene f on today, you wollld feel proud bers ob tue, sallroad waniboard:; jxvoo] lat our Country hab’ achieved 'al-| At the conclusion of the:conferoncd:'réady, towards 'tH8 certdin winning of | Fairfa” Hartigon, ‘chairman ' of’ the the war. ; ie : i ‘ | board, announced that the whole sit-! , “Deep as is the nation’s determina-| uation had been canvassed thoroughly Hon that: thei oworditaballsmover ibe dominated by force, it is.the glory of but that no decision had'been reached. America that.its voice is. the voice. of It was the general opinion tonight could read the full tale of what is Denial cf South America to As- ‘gression Breeds Malice Says Jim Ham Lewis. n resolution and justice, not of hate and that the president would study’ the vengeance.” | subject further before making known Whatever course he decides on will victory without our own ‘souls going draw the fullest co-operation from the down into the abyss of hate our na- strongly urged by many of his advis- Daniels said. ers. The railroads, however, the war, “Mind you, I counsel no smooth situation if given time. crats. I favor no quarter for the men Sipe Bees responsible for the world war. Napol- MOKROE DOCTRINE blood. His fate must be the fate of ’ those who have followed his footsteps. capable people freed from the master of militarism that has made every 'Cermany sought to sweep aside the Monroe IJoctrine and gel a foothold in western world. the American cause of pessimism re- agents was emphasized by Secretary | r Daniels here. tonight in an. address at National and American League ‘that all reports of disasters, or even minor military casualties, had been press. < New York, Dec. 12——Compared. with Senator J. Hamilton Lewis, another the excitement ajtending the National Germany’s assaults on this country’s his own terms and the sale of Phila- rights were prompted by. desire for delphia’s star battery, Alexander and invading South America. naies was without incident. Most of Dangers of Pessimism. ‘the business which occupied the club submarines or cannon more to be fear-|, The length of next season’s playing ed than armies. 1 speak of the danger | schedule and the possible reduction of for one moment to doubt that right in' unanimously deferréd until the Nation- this war will triumph. |al league representatives can get to more than men, more than ships, more clubowners on Friday or Saturday. It than money must our war weary as-; was announced tonight, that they motives to aid in relieving traffic con- gestion. Abyss of Hate—Beware. { his intentions. railroads, the president was told, even tion will have arisen to a glory hither- | board made clear, are of the opinion words in describing the, murderous eon coveted the earth. . His personal War Lords Disposed of. “We shall stay in this war until, 4 ;Germany shall see its ‘war lords de- home a house of mourning.” ; South America from which to invade ve tors beri ve vane co! OUNGIDER SCHEDULE sulting from the spreading of false the annual banquet of the Southern ‘ Representatives Soon Meet speaker, outlining, ‘the | ca of league meeting here yesterday, when vengeance for the action of the Killifer, to Chicago, were, the main “There may arise,” Secretary Dan-' owners up to adjournment at a late of pessimism,’ the danger of losing; the player limit were discussed, but “We are pouring out liberally our Chicago, where they will hold a joint; sociates across the water rely on this might leave for Chicago early Thurs-) “Tf Americans can press this war to if his plan is government operation, to deemed impossible among men,” hat they themselves can meet the deeds conceived, by the.German auto- ambition made Europe reek with posed, and we shall live to see that HATRED OF YANKEE SIL SE | Senator Lewis told how years ago j and overthrow the democracies of the New York, Dec. 13—The danger to FOR COMING SEASON, reports of disasters by German ; | Society, in which he gave essurances at Chicago. America's entry into the. war, said the re-election of President, Tener on Jnited States in preventing her from, features, today’s session of the mag- iels said, “a danger greater than of; hour tonight was of a routine order. heart, the danger of allowing oneself! no action will be taken. Both were national wealth to the cause; but conference with the American league strong:young country for that bound- day. { MEETS NO OPPOSITION) itary casualties that Have not been |’ . the attack was arrested. with a barrage put down between the | meeting the Russian delegates will at-, CREAT SLAUGHTE ATTENDS EFFORTS TO COUNTER BING Germans valle, Artillery Attac’ with Infantry Charges of Great Force. Ss SLIGHT GAIN MADE AT TERRIBLE COST Heavy Fighting: tn ‘Italy’ ond Russia Makes Farce of Gers ipbep A man. Peace ‘Parley: wi , London, Dec.,12.—A fierga\maga at; tack was made by the Germans’ today against the elbow in the bend of the Britislk line between Bullecourt and Queant (about ten miles west of Cambrai), says the Reuter correspon- dent, at British headquarters in France. Their intention was to over- whelm their opponents by sheer weight of numbers. Owing to the staunchness of the British opposition the attack only enabled the Germans to get a footing in about five hundred yards of the British front line, when fos £ Thus the attack was reduced to the limits of a very small local success at the most. The correspondent adds that it is difficult to get details, but the fighting lasted from dawn until 1 o'clock in the afternoon, and the con- tinuance of firing after that sugested a British counter attack. In his discription of the battle, the correspondent says: “What apparently was intended as a determined German attack on the sector of our line east of Bullecourt was delivered shortly after dawn, and owing to the staunchness of our troops was reduced to the limits of a very small local success at the most. The Spot the enemy chose was the elbow in the bend of our line between Bulle- court and Queant. “The Germans opened an intense bombardment as the first streaks of a frosty dawn were paling the eastern sky. Our artillery, promptly replied opposing trenches, in order to catch any infantry advance. _ “Assaulting waves ‘of Bavarian troops came over in close formation. It was the manifest intention to throw great pressure on the front of the at- tack and overpower the defenders, if possible, by sheer weight of numbers.” POKES FUN AT GERMANS. Farcical Advice From Socialist Organ as to Peace Parley. Stockholm, Dec. 12.—The Petrograd newspaper, Dyelo Mardea, publishes what it alleges to be the instructions of the German general staff to the German representatives entrusted with conducting the truce negotiations on the Russian front. The instructions, as thus given, lay weight on the fact that the men who engage in the parley must be of a serious temperament, capable of controlling facial muscles in the most ridiculous situation. If the Russian negotiations demand that the German emperor should issue an order for his own arrest and the German people should organize a soc- ial revolution the German represen- tatives, according to the instructions, must say gravely: his matter will certainly receive consideration.” The instructions, according to the newspaper’s version, continues: “It may happen that at the first ‘HinSpiration Copper... . FUTHER GRUMBLING | IN LEAD STOR Rails Down Four Points to the , Lowest Maximum in Recent Liquidation. INDUSTRIALS AND OTHERS REFLECT GENERAL TONE New York, Dec. 12.—The further crumbling of values in the stock mar- ket today was/gain traceable to ob- vious causes, foreign and domestic de- velopments intensifying the general feeling of discouragement. Cumula- tive evidence that the government pur- poses taking over the railroads under conditions not previously reckoned with and a news ticker dispatch from Washington quoting an eminent mili- tary authority as saking that all priv- ate munition plants should be placed under direct federal ‘control contri- buted measurably to the widespread reversal. Strongly Downward. Rails, including many issues for years classed among these yielding substantial dividend returns, fell two to four points, with scarcely a note- worthy exception touching their low- est range in the current period of liquidation. In some instances today's minimum established new records for a decade and even a generation. United States steel’s uninterrupted decline of 35, to 81% represented a new. low for this year and an extreme reversal of 55 points from its max!- [TRIBUNE FINANCIAL DEPARTMENT | PRESISTENT SELLING OF CORN ON BULGES ‘Storms and Cold ‘Wave Operate | To Keep Terminal Stocks Very Low. OATS ATTAINS NEW HIGH PRICE RECORD Chicago, Ills., Dec. 12.—Unfavorable weather conditions made corn prices average higher today, but there was persistent commission house selling on the bulges. The market closed un- settled, Jan. $1.2154 and May, $1.19%, with the final range as a whole vary- ing frem %c off to %c advance, com- pared with 24 hours before. The out- come in oats was again of % to 2%c. Provisions declined 25 to 30c. Prevalent low temperatures, snow storms and a new cold wave in sight rendered the prospect adverse to any likelihood of immediate substantial enlargement of corn receipts. The. dif- ficulties of efficient railroads opera- tion under such circumstances and with inadequate car supply tend- ed until nearly midday to reduce of- ferings to a minimum, and to bring about a moderate advance in prices. During the last part of the session, however, considerable aggressiveness developed on the selling side of the market, and there was a correspond- ing reaction of values. Renewed an- nouncements were being circulated at this juncture that no shipments of mum of the midyear. Practically every grade of stock in the industrial, shipping and allied di- rected against the leaders, showing recessions of two to five points. Oper- ations embraced a wide area, the movement bringing out many dormant issues. Sales amounting 780,000 shares, Foreign Bonds Weak. - Foreign flotations again featured the weak bond market, Anglo French 6’s and Paris 6’s, as well as French municipals recording greater depre- ciation with the Russian 514’s on the “curb”. Library 4’s ranged from 97.26 to 97.46 and the 3%’s from 98.48 to 98.56. Total sales (par value) aggre- gated $5,260,000. Old United States bonds were unchanged on call. “iy, NEW YORK STOCKS. , American Beet Sugar .. «(67 Ameriean ‘Can .... BM. American Smelting | American Tel. Snd Tel. « sere 100% American Zinc ........ 12 Anaconda Copper . 538% Atchison ...... . 185% Baltimore and Ohio ... Butte and Superior . California Petroleum . 10& Ganadian Pacific. <<. £127., Central Leather .... 575% Chesapeake and Ohio . 42% Chicago, Mil. and St. P: 36% Chino Copper ...... «+ 39% Colorado Fuel and Iron . 30 Crucible Steel .... . 418% Cuba Cane Sugar 26 Tirle 4 Great, Northern ‘Great,Northern pfd .. } Mer. Marine pfd cfts Kennecott Copper ...... Louisville and Nashville 12% Mexican Petroleum . m1%% Miami Copper ... 25% Missouri Pacific ... . 21% Montana Power ... . co New York Central . 65 Northern Pacific 80 Pennsylvania ... ... - 43% Ray Consolidated Copper 21% Reading ...... ss.+5+ + 65 Republic Iron and Steel 70 Southern Pacific ... . 78 Southern Railway ... 21% Texas Co. ... 129% Union Pacific ..... 106%: U. 8. Industrial Alcohol United States Steel .. Utah Copper ... tempt to kiss the negotiators. They must be prepared for that, and if the commander in chief, Ensign Krylenko, rushes toward them with open arms, they must in turn press him to their hearts and say repeatedly ‘Tavarish’ (comrade). The Fatherland demands this sacrifice of the negotiations. “They should also have at their tongue’s end the following favorite Fussian phrases: “Universal democratic peace; peace without annexations and contri- butions.’ ” need not trouble to note the Russian positions and compute the number of guns, as “ihis will be attended to by Staff ‘officers especially designated.” If Leon Trotzky, the Bolsheviki for- eign minister, was present the nego- tiators were “to conduct themselves as if they stood in the presence of Bismarck, Talleyrand or some other wise chap.” NOTE—The instructions quoted by the Dyelo Naroda, (the Peoples’ Work), a social revolutionary news- paper of Petrograd, although indicat- ing the prebability that its humorist was attemptingggo poke fun both at the Bolsheviki m¥gotiators and those not out of harmony in the general trend with reproductions previously printed in other Russian newspapers of German instructions for conducting propaganda among the Russians along the front. In one recent instance, ac- cording to the Den, a German army divisional order for such propaganda called for “appeals in a soft tone, fill- ed with comradeship.” CAILLAUX GREATLY AGITATED Former Premier Appears in Chamber to Dissipate Gossip. Paris, Dec. 12.—Former Premier Joseph Caillaux, who was absent from the chamber of deputies yesterday when authorization was asked by General Dubail, military governor of Paris, for proceedings against him fol- lowing accusations that he had been guilty of unpatriotic conduct, was in| Tribune. visions succumbed to the pressure di-| id Refining. 6754... | The negotiators were told that they on the German side, are nevertheless | grain could ‘be made through the embargoed territory eastward from Chicago. Oats ascended to new high price records for the season. Meagerness of receipts acted as the chief bullish fac- tor. Besides export demand by way of the gulf cut a figure. Provisions sagged owing to gen- eral neglect. | OMAHA LIVE STOCK. Omaha, Nebr., Dec. 12.—Hogs—Re- ceipts, 11,200, lower; heavy $16.90@ 17.25; mixed, $17.10@17.20; light, $17.00@17.38; pigs, $10.00@17.50; bulk $17.10@17.26; Cattle—Receipts, 9,100; slow; na- tive steers, '$9.00@15.00;,. cows and heifers, $6.50@10.00; western steers, | $8.00@12.00; cows and heifers, $6.25@ 9.35; -cannerg $5.25@6.00; stockers ‘and feeders, $6,00@11.50; calves, $8.50, ,; + @12:50;. bullby. stags, etc., $6.00@8,h0. ° " Sheep—Receipts,, 5,300; stronger;,, yearlings, ,.$11.75@13.25; wethers, $11.00@12.50;, , ewes, $9.75@11.25; lambs, $14.75@16.75. CHICAGO GRAIN. Option. Open High Low Close Corn— (Jan, 6. 121% 2.21% 121 1.21%, May 19% 119%) 1.19% 1.19% Oats— ~ is Dec. TAY 15% AMT May ... .71% °'.72% = .71% 72% . MINNEAPOLIS GRAIN. | Minneapolis, Mipn., Dec. 12.—Flour unchanged.;:.Shipments 81,266 har- rels. oii Qo oa + abe Barloy—$1.21@152. 4 Rye--$1.81@ 1.62. i »Bran—$4000@ 40.50. ) Wheat—Receipts,, 146 cars, pared with 372 a year ago. Corn, No. 3, yellow—$1.70@1.75. |. Oats, No. 3, white+74@75%c, Flax—$3.37@3.39. | ST. PAUL LIVE STOCK. St. Paul, Minn., Dec. 12.—Hogs—Re- ceipts, 12.000, steady: range $16.75@ 17.15; bulk, $16.85@17.00. 1 Cattle — Receipts, 4,0000: killers, slow and lower; steers, $5.50@15.50; cows and heifers, $5.75@7.50; veal calves, 50c higher, $5.75@14.00; stock- ers and feeders, weak and dull, $5.00 @10.00. | Sheep—Receipts, 500, steady; lambs $8.00@16.00; _wethers,' ' $7.00@13.00; ewes, $5.00@10.75. CHICAGO LIVE STOCK. Chicago, Ills., Dec. 13—Hogs—Re- ceipts, 7,000, weak; bulk, $17.15@ 17.55: light, $16.70@17,40; mixed, $17.00@17.60; heavy, $16.95@17.60; rough, $16.95@17.15; uigs, $13.00@ 16.65. | Cattle—Receipts 18,000, steady; na- tive steers, $7 25@14.50; western sters | $6.30@13. stockers and feeders, $6.10@10. cows and helfers, $5.10 @11.20; calves, $8.50@15.50. ‘ Sheep—Receipts, 14,000, firm: weth- ers, $8.90@13.00; ewes, ‘$7.90@11.00; lambs, $12.50@17.00. com: the house, flushed and agitated, when today’s session opened. ‘ “Had I been here yesterday,” he cried, “I would have leaped to the | platform of the house. I am here today ‘and at an early date I will dissipate {this cloud of gossip and will take oc- casion to explain to the chamber all my policy before the war.” 4 M. Caillaux was interrupted by a confusion of shouts but when order was restored the former premier fin- j ished his few sentences and left the chamber. ‘3 There were neither hisses nor ap- | Plause. t Before coming to the chamber, M. Caillaux stopped in the lobby to speak to a few deputies. \ |_ “I have nothing to say except that , Lam in good health and undisturbed” he told them. It was remarked that be was deeply flushed, his features drawa and his large black eyes wide opem and brilliant. Ladies:—If your hubby, brother or sweetheart has his measures with 4 —why not surprise him at Christma: with a new suit or overcoat. We won't. tell him. Klein, tailor and cleaner. 12 11 2t Whether it be a meatless day or a wheatless day, ‘tis never an eatless day at the McKenzie dairy lunch. BOYS WANTED. Not going to school or otherwise employed to sell papers. For any ambitious boy this is an excellent Proposition. Apply, Dept. aA ‘gh