The evening world. Newspaper, June 12, 1915, Page 2

4 ss e i. Si sy AISTRAN CTY MENACED THREE TALN ARNE Big Battle Is Raging Around |continuea for severai days, with the : Austrians stubbornly resisting. Gorizia and Along Isonzo | The bombardment of Tolmine oon: River. tinues without interruption, Several of the outer works have been badly damaged by Italian shells, but the dominating position of the enemy's wuns bas prevented any Gear &p- proach by Itallan infantry ‘The troops in the Tolmino regior have been clearing the surrounding peaks of small bodies of enemy sharp shooters, who soiped at infantry forces moving through the passes. In wome instances the Austrians havi rendered their positions on the moun- tain summifs impregnable by blocking = the paths with huge rocks, In these ROME, June 12.—Three Italtan or- | cases, the Alpiniste h rrounded Miss are Closing in upon Gorisia, cap-| the peaks with small squads of men {tal of the Austrian province of that | 8d are atempting to starve out thr name ragin mmipers. re acess he td Fighting in the Treating has consiet- weet of the city upon & ten-mile | oq largely of unimportant skirmished froat. for the past forty-eight hours, accord. The city is being shelled by Ttallan | ing to the War Office. Patteriee stationed north of Mossa.| MILAN, June 11, vin Parts, June ‘The Austrians are repiying trom a /Le7 TN Aunriane Hee we on the Be GieRy SErtD of ihe tow Fugassi Plateau, near Rovereto, a(- from Strongly fortified positions &t | coraing to a Becolo dispgton. the bridgehead of the Isenso. ‘The fortress sa mile from Vpllaran,) Bersagiiert forens which occupied! which has been occupied by the Ital- Gradinca are preasing north and are iiana, and wae one of the most for- ing to cross the ri near|midable Austrian défense in that amd Gttack Gorizia on the |snction of the Tyrol. It was built ‘The enemy has mounted email four years ago at large expense. eons on the tops of Mat care and NORWAY HAS LOST 29 Tur on the east bank of the laonac,| VESSELS DURING WAR; LOSS I$ $7,500,000, sweeping the west bank with # hot CHIRISTIANLA, June 13.—Norway Nas lost twenty-nine vessels of ali olaapes, through mine or torpedo ex- since the war started, the urance Bureau announced to- value of the ships ENEMY BLOWS UP FORT. Evacuate Position on High Plateau Near Rovereto— Fight in Mountains. 3 , Six miles porthwest of Gorisia an- Other Italian force is attempting to the river and descend upon the the north, Enemy guns ite Bahto are shrapnelling the | Wee ing foress and shelling thelr pon- ‘gay, ‘The battie around Plava has was 1,009, WAR NEWS 'IN BRIEF. On three of the principal battle fronts of Europe success for the allies are repurted—on the Russian and Italian fronts, and on Gallipoli Peninsula. Over the Franco-Belgian line no movements of more. than passing importance are under way, and neither side can claim conspicuous advantages. Recent Russian claims that the tide of battle has turned in Galicia accentuated by an official statement from Petrograd to-day. It 1s $aid the Austro-German forces south of Lemberg have sustained severe Geféats. Capture of several villages is announced, and it is said many pelsoners and much war material were taken, ‘The Italian advance across the Isonzo River has not been checked. Occupation of the town of Gradisca, six miles southwest of Gorizia, is weported by the Italian military authorities. Possession of this town pss near the Gulf of Trieste, would appear to give the 4 firm hold on the lower Isonzo, ’ Reports from Athens indicate that the allies have made greater advances than has been claimed in the official statements. It is said the allies are now close to the town of Gallipoli, which ts near the neck of the Peninsula, on the straits at the entrante to the sea of Marmora. ‘The allies are reported also to have occupied hills around Maldos, about fifteen miles from the tip of the Peninsula, f Two more British trawlers have been sunk by German submarines, with no loss of life. President Wilson is eager to use his good offices to bring rbout peace in Europe. Those who have studied his latest note to y see In it an entering wedge for further negotiations, ‘The American note has been telegraphed from Berlin to the Kalser, who is on the Galacian front. Berlin considers the note friendly, nouncement GERMAN LINES BEFORE ARIS a “1,000 Rifles, 15 Machine Guns and 800,000 Cartridges Found ‘in Ruins of Neuville, af rE Fy lf last night. We ing te going on at Labyrinth, region, ‘The men, twice reinforced, temporarily occu: pied our Fosttons, but were driven out with VY loses, We repulsed British. atteoks north and east of Ypres and French attacks on tho eastern ridge of the Lorette Hills.” —— ALLIES FIGHTING Now CLOSE TO GALLIPOLI; CAPTURE TWO HILLS. LONDON, June %&.—The Athens correspondent of the Dally Express eends the following despatch regard- Veg. cperatione at the Dardanelles: “The allies are now fightin, region of the town of Guilipsti: hee ing arrived within four hours’ march after terrific Aghting. The extrame Weft of the led forces threatens to encircle the enemy in the entrench. ments to the north of the town. “A great battle bas been in progress since Thuraday around Maidos. The + PARIS, June 12.—The French have Dent the German tine on a length of more than two kilometres (11-3 miles) and on 4 depth of one kilometre (two- thirds of @ miie) in the region of the Toutvent Farm, w the southweat of Heouterne tnortheast of Amicus, half Way between Array and the Aisne) 40 Officia! statement says. Bodies of @ead Germans in this section, 't ia J Ailes occupied two hills n Geclared, can be counted by the hun-| 4 Senegalese regiment Ras Maees.| dreds. hundred Turks prisoners on the ‘The positions captured by the | heights of Ortakeul, near Maidos. Froneh in (ront of Neuville St. Vaagt | | "The authorities ‘at Constantinopie| our east of Arras) have commandeered forty ships as floating hospital: en SON OF PRINCE ERNST, ONLY 19 YEARS OLD, HAS| FALLEN IN BATTLE.| beep fortified. In the ruins of Neu- ville were found 400,000 cartridges, 1,000 rifles. shells and 1b machine A thick fog eurtained the battle front north of Arras to-day and offi- @ial despatches reported a complete BERLIN (vi . — Geeension of militury operations. I" | Baron Ernst von wealterd hoe po fy Foyon the War Office gave out | years old, son of P ince Ernat of Baxe-| fittie ¥0 a66 to the an- ‘atest cousualty ling)" o* OF ‘he WHO i Nt ARES ANE RDS RAED RE se en eeacene armas ae ALLIED TROOPS CL | the VL, DENT, TAKES SUE WT WSO OM MERE Willing to Work for Peace, but Denies Charges and Says U.S, Aid Is Not Needed. *ARRANZA MAKES BID, Proclamation Foreshadows Pa- cific Answer and Seeks U. S. Recognition. - WASHINGTON, 18.-—-Gen Villa's reply to Premident Wilson on sonditions in Mexico has arrived here lpr presentation to the President. It \ deflant in tome, practically danies the right of the United States to in- Jui thot exiat not needed. 8 ‘He blames Gen. Carranza for. the fact that Mexico haa no government and also for the prevailing conditions. Villa i# careful to praise President Wilson for him efforts at relief, but Ponta fells him to keep handn off. The remy Wes to.be preaented to the Preatdent in Washington this af- ternoon by Enrique C. Liorente, per- sonal representative of Villa. “Do not judge us all aa eelfehty and stupidly ambitious and false to the principles for which we took up arms,” Villa told the President. “We are still ghting to affirm the same principles (of the Madero revolution) and for the welfare of the people.” The immediate cause of the break with Cartansa, Villa's reply pointed out, was the Constitutionalist Chiefo refusal to take the Presidency ad in- terim And call @ general election to. organise a conatitutionalist civil gov- Carransa ‘held ont for a tary government, enid Ville. “It to my duty-ee onalot the leaders of the Conventionallat party 20 défend. us from the charges that the note of Presidem ‘Wilton makes in. general terma,” ead Villa's tnéheage, “In that note tt ts said that as econ as a central authority arises it ie un- dermined and dented by those who supported it. Such @ charge camot be justly made against us. “The authority of Gen. Carransa was denied by the Division of the North because that chance prevented the carrying out of the programme that was the banner of the revolution, the fundamental principle of which was the restoration of our supreme “Later the cobvention of Aguas- calientes proclaimed its sovereignty, which all of us recoggized, and since that time we have loyally supported the convention and the supreme thority of that assembly, “It wae Senor Carranza and his fol- lowers who declared themselves in revolt against the revolutionary as- sambly, the convention which they themselves had called. “Another charge which is made against the factions which are now fighting Je that there are in reality ho guarantees or protection, either for citizens of México or for foreign- ers, and that Mexico is devastated and without a Government. “Certain it is that there is no au- thority that im recognized in every pertion of the Republic, and it is only ih this meaning that the assertion in the statement of President Wilson that there js no Government ia true. ‘Tile, however, io the result of a civil War such as might occur | “4 x o in any na. “But I wish to strongly refute ena that in territory controliea by forces under my command there are no guarantees of protection for citizens of my country or for foreigners.” ra received from Duval Weat, President ison’ envoy, and from’ Cecil Spring-Ric pe Brition Ambassador at Washing- an. “It gives me great pleasure to as- sure the splendid impression that [ have received of the complete tranquility and good order which [ have observed, and which prevails in all sections where I have been,” Weat iw quoted as having written Villa bout March 10.” "The facilities and guarantecs that foreigners and the sone of your cou: try enjoy in the pursuit of their labor,” in kewiee praised by Went The Ambassador's — let! Maroh 27, 1915, expressed appreciation for the “prompt action taken for the protection of British interests.” Reverting to thé condition of Mex~- ico, the message said: “The war, A8 Was Inevitable, has Produced its crop of sorrows and h. retarded the development of our ni tural resources. The cost of living has increased and we no longer enjoy bundance of food that we were accustomed to in time of peace.” “Then he followed with the strong denial of misery and famino, “It is not true that we have arrived at a condition where outside aid necessary to untrue that our peo- that famine does ald he declares is Yyeeere os HE RVENING WORLD, BA OSING IN ON TO'VN Eight New York Fire Department Medal Winners, Who Achieved Fame by Life Saving and Efficiency TUR Day, 3 OF UNE 19, 19 + a GALLIPOLI AND MAID * ree W RUSSIANS DRIVING FOES FURTHER BAGK IN GALICIA Continued from First Page.) Stry and Mikolaiow, but the accurate fire of our guns compelled the train to beat a rapid retreat. In this ac- tion the head of our infantry column devel energetic offensive ant made the entire fifth com- pany of the Seventy-ninth Austrian Regiment, “On the left bank of the Dniester on the front of Olchowice and Bukss- sowice the fighting has been obstinate fince the 10th for the villagen of Otchowlce, Novochine, Wyschituve and Kosara, terminating In the com- plete defeat of the enemy who was thrown across the Dnisster. The enemy here suffered eppecially severe Jogses among « section of the Prus- sian Guards in ‘the vill of ‘Wyechnuve where we captured ten guns, eighteen mitrailleuses and many prisoners. “attacks by the enemy on the 9th on thé bridgehead near Halics were repulsed. The deployment of our troops on the lMno of the Dniester aboye Halicz rendered necessary a corfesponding modification of the front Of troops occupying the Pruth line, In exeouting this tuanoeuvre for the future such as they bave not 4 in the hundred years’ life o! lexican nation, aave for the short under the Madero Govérnment. opens SS a nies oul of President Wilson's “ spin of te and the respect in which he is held “both inside and out- side of his own country, and espe- clally by the thiddle class and the poorer people of Mexico, which I also hold for him, ‘After thanking the American people for their “generous sympathy and moral help in the Madero and Huerta revolutions,” Villa added: “And lam pleased to know that President Wil- son recognizes that the American people have no right to take any part in the settlement of our internal af- fairs.” Villa's supplomentray note to ¢ ranza, proposing an armistice and peace, is also mentioned at the close the formal of note to President reply to Preai- dent ade public through his lo copy of the proposal to Carranga that they ar- range a peaceful nettlement of Mex~- ico'a internal difficult —— CARRANZA MAKES BID FOR U. 8. RECOGNITION ; WASHINGTON, June m2. — Gen, Carranza has issued a proclamation at Vera Cruz making a bid for recogni- tion by the United States. American Consul Silliman telegraphed its text to the State Department to-day, This is supposed to foreshadow the reply of the Firat Chicf to President Wilson, What effect, if any, it will have on the President's Mexican policy can only be conjectured, Carransza’s proclamation calls on the other factions to aMiliate with bis government and claims that he now 4 of the population the of the territory in “One of the greatest diicultios in tho matter of foreign policy,” Carran- fa says, “has been lack of under- standing of other governments, par- mountains, having no confidence in apy military party no matter to what faction It belongs, “On the contrary, the people geat ally throughout the territory con- trolled wy, the conventionallet army have in our power aaa hope to tloularly the United States. | In his proclamation Carranga lays down the following principles, b- viously to learn how the Washington ISSUES PROCLAMATION. | Our troops evacuated Stanisiau with- out fighting, Near Podlougie we re- pelled o German attack. Further eouth in the direction of Otynia we captured eleven hundred prisoners during @ dounter attac’ on the Sth.” Berlin Saye Germans Mave Re- pulsed Rus BERUIN (vin wireless to London), June 12.--Gen. von Linsingen has re- captured Zaravno, twenty miles east | Standard in an editorial article on the of StryJ, driving the Russians from | American note says: the Dridgehead and across the Dnics- ter, it was officially announced this afternoon, Boutheast of Zaravno, the War Of- fice admitted, the Russians are on the | offensive and attacking the German Positions near Halits and Stanistau. All enemy attacks, however, have been repulsed. This afternoon's official statement in- | dicated the resumption of the German offensive on two fronts near Warsaw. “We have stormed and captured a Russian position north of Praasnyss (forty miles north of Warsaw) and also near Bochacsef (eighteen miles west of Waraaw),” said the oficial statement. “Further east the situa. ton west of Lemberg is unchanged.” This is the first Indication from aither Berlin or Petrograd that the Rusalan drive had swept the Germans out of Zaravno, laws of Mexico, as to life, liberty and Indemnity for property damage} bo the revolution on @ just and fair Restoration of peace and order. In the settlement of the agrarian problem there should be no confisca- tion. ‘There shoula be an Saettanie distribution of the lands the vern- ment now possesses. Property illegal- ly possessed should be restored to rightful owners. @ Department of Public Education should be extended to all parts of the country. A national congress should be called to provide for the election of a President, The Firat Chief of the Conatitutionalists will deliver over executive authority to whomsoever shall be #0 elected. Ea SUPPLIES FROM JAPAN EXPLAIN LATE SUCCESS OF RUSSIAN ARMIES, WASHINGTON, June 12.—The sud- den change in the Russian armies from apparent collapse to a vigorous and successful offensive is explained here from the fact that the supply of arms and ammunition to Russia from Japan has been resumed after it was stopped, when trouble between Japan and China seemed imminent. At the beginning of the war Russia turned to Japan for a supply of war material. Japan sold large quantities of ammunition and small arme and even cannon after the successful alege of Kiaochow, when there was no longer need for maintining the large army mobilised for that purpose. ‘Then came the trouble with China and it was deemed prudent in Japan to retain these military supplies as a Precautionary measure in case the Chinese should actually go to war and also because of the possibility that some of the powerful nations which guaranteed Chinese integrity, even Rusala being kept in mind, might endeavor to intervene. It then developed that Russia had exhausted all thelr own reserve stock of ammunition, For a long while the armios were inadequately equipped. Now the current of supply has again been established, Japan having be- f | property. Government is them: Guaranty of igners of the rights which under the they are entitled jrmved Lhe! ‘ at Sark onger imminent danger with China, “ire WILSON THE FIRST. CITIZEN OF WORLD, ONE BRITISH VW But Some Papers Criticise the Spirit of Moderation in Note to Germany. LONDON, June 12.—The Evening “The first note submitted a point of view; the second demands assur- ances that this point of view will be accepted. By putting froward this definite demand the United States hus irrevocably committed itself. The | United States is pledged to action of some sort, though by no means war- Uke actions It all depends on the Germans.” Continuing, the editorial argues that the Germans, now their food supplies have been proved ample, can) afford to suspend the submarine; blockade. “This is the line President ‘Wilson evidently ts anxious for thi to take," the Standard says, “but, a» we have said, we do not believe Ger- man opinion, public or private, is ta @ mood to take it.” The provincial press of Great Brit- ain generally approves the substance of the note, but generally criticises the spirit of moderation shown by President Wilson. an FIGHT HEROES GET MEDALS! AS 2.500 CITY FIRE FIGHTERS.» MARCH IN TODAY'S PARADE "at tn 100 ANERGANS ese LEAVE GERMANY WN LONDON TODAY = American Liner Has No Mort +4 ae Rvom for Citizens Eager to Return Home. OLD “VAMPS” LEAD LIN Fire Engines of 18th Century Shown Alongside Modern Motor Trucks. Twenty-five hundred of the fines! and bravest men in the world marched this afternoon in the parade celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the present New York ‘6 Depart- ment. They displayed every kind of apparatus used in fighting fire in New York, from the hand pump ongine of 1725 to the motor engines, wagons, trucks, searchlights and water tower: of to-day. ‘Thé head of the line started from Fifth Avenue and Forty-fifth Street at 1 o'clock. Firat came a big squad of mounted police and a still bigger band; then a division of old-timers. These were members of the Volunteer Firemen's Association, of the Uni- formed Company of the Association of Exempt Firemen, also veteran members of the paid department as it stands to-day, men who had been volunteers and came into the paid|to-day will be full, and there are department fifty years ago. scores of persons who have tried in “ These men were all white haired, | Ya!" to get bookings. So convinced | «s Dut it would have been a grave error |Of Coming trouble are some Amerie 7:9 to call them old, for they are as|°#™% that there are very few of them <5 strona and as Gall of gluse ab ever, |e the big hotels, all baving | ~ even if they couldn't shin up a ladder | either sailed last Saturday or being: 4 booked to sail to-day. One famous baat rea hat parade Mayor Mitenet| 20Rdon hotel for the first time tn stent pinned on the breasts of the are) "story hasn't @ single Amernem ites fighters of to-day the medals won!” 4 nong the passengers leaving tor during the last year for feats of con-| 4. are Frunk P. Aborn, H. Cums noo spicuous bravery and for efficiency. |i Owen, Edward C, Ewen, R, By sai The march was up Fifth Avenue to| Foster, Mrs. H. E. Gates, Samuel Lape): Fitty-seventh Street, to Pee ey ve pineott jr, Charles W. MoClurey SIF > ina and P, J. Minaban, MP. ment at One Hundredth Street, where | and Mrs. Minahan. the paraders were reviewed by the! Mayor, Comminsioner Agumwor. Car) ITALY BEDORTS TURKS ~ = ARE SEEKING PEACE: : ‘Wood and staff, Major Gen. O'Ryan, commanding the National Guard of New York, and by other notables EIGHT HEROES ARE AWARD FIRE MEDALS. LONDON, June 12.—"From authen- tle information which came into. my « | possession to-day,” wires the Rome, © correspondent of the Chronicle, “Iam * able to state that the pressat Gov- After the parade there was a dem- ernment of Turkey hus had enough. onatration of the new calisthenic drill whereby the firemen are kept in prime GL the German aliance. 1 us ured uf the war and urdentiy desires physical condition by fifteen minutes’ “It is worthy of hote that practice # day, T:.is 1s the invention bas not deciared war against Italy. LONDON, June 12.—Although the iy American Embassy has used every. ») endeavor to maintain secrecy con-..\9 cerning the fact, Ambassador Page was informed yesterday of the ine pending arrival of more than 00+ American citizens who had lett Ger- |, {many and probably will reach Londop ,), some time to-day. : ‘ The officials of the American “tom-, mittee are prepured to care for refugees, should relief be needed. It ie understood that there Is still avall- able for this purpose about $75,008 of the United States Government’ funds sent over last August and $16,- 000 of the relief fund rained at that time by Americans here. ‘ The American liner which salle ” a] ‘kd “we a id 101 2 ¥ of Capt. Charles B. Ficids of Hook Further, { am apie to stute that Bure » and Ladder No, 107, and he has re- ceived honorable metition for I key indirectly conveyed to Italy her. intention not to declare, war. ‘The medals for conspicuous bravery wero awarded as follows: Bennett ny medal and a department medal to | not so much a sign of friendship as. Capt. Thomas W. Smith, Engine No. 2, who on April 17 saved the life of Louis Berlin at No. 741 Eighth Ave- it is of Turkey's intention of divaras: » , ing herself from her present all: vhich has brought her to the verge.of ....., destruction. “Its language is scrupulously mod- erate,” said the Liverpool Post, “but thia renders its strength the deter- mination of the deadline.” “The second note ts dignified in tone, frm in its affirmation of facts and steady in its renewal of the American demands,” sald the Man- chester Guardian, “but the note is moderate to a fault in its manner.” A. G, Gardiner, editor of the Daily News, paid the greatest tribute to President Wilson in @ signed editorial to-day. He called Wileon “not merely the first citizen of the United States but the firat citisen of the world.” The chief theme of the Westminster Gazette's comment is that the Ameri- can people, usually upbraided for thelr commercialism, have astounded the world by their altruistic stand for the cause of humanity. “President Wilson places himself in the line of direct descent from the great Presidents,” this newspaper says. The Pall Mall Gazette says: “Presi- dent Wilson is determined that If Germany should force a rupture with the United States she shall do so with the colors of pi.. / “Irmly nailed to her flagstaff.” French Paper Surprised at Tone of Wilson Note. PARIS, June 12.—The Paris news- paper Patrie to-day expressed sur- prise at the tone of moderation in the second American note to Germany. “After Bryan's resignation because of his unwillingness to take responsi- bility for war, one naturally awaited an aggressive note, calculated at least 16 result in severan diplo- matic relations,” said Patrie, "On the contrary, the note is courteous and moderate, without a word of menace. While exacting In principle, its tone is conciliatory, leaving the way open for further discussion,” “It is also significant that Nall Bey, ./”) E Bey, 5 nue. A Iadder broke as the Captain) Stay tit,” Ambasaador was helping Berlin across ® shaft |ang hiy entire staff, are still here, In and he fell, dragging the Captain socordenee, tt is Care big apes p from his perch on a window sill, The | tions from Constantinople tacitly ape ved by the Italian Government. two were dragged back inch by Inob, | PROVED DY UNG ot murkey Is now et and thus saved from falling sixty feet |ing about for a suitable modus oper- ** to the pavement. andi for treating with the allies for @ Bonner medal and department | separate peace. meaal to James T. Daniels, fireman, = = of Hook and Ladder Company No. %, who passed 4 man and a woman across from window to window be- tween two houses at the fourth story. ‘Trevor-Warren medal a de- partment medal to Engineer William 3: Fealy, Engine No. 38, who on M. 7, at No, #01 St. Mark's Placi wrapped his coat around his head, plunged into a berpiog house sad carried Mrs, Regina Welss dowa four flights of sing stairs. Both were badly burned. Strong medal to Fireman Joho J. Gillen, Hook and Ladder No, 6. On June 10, at No, 90 Easex Street, be went upstairs past four burning floors, found year-old Benjamin Vine unconscious and carried him down the fire-escape, The ironwork was red-hot, and Gillen's hands were burned. ‘Wertheim medal to John W. Dono- hue, Engine No. 33, who on July 17, at No, 63 East Fourth Street, crawled under the protection of # stream of water to the room of Mrs, Teresa \chermer, Who was unconscious in a lazing room, and carried her down the stairs to the street, Brooklyn Citizen medal and depart- ment medal to Fireman Ferdinand ‘A. Beyer, Hook & Ladder No. 108, who, on Nov. 4, straddied a third- story window nd lifted over a woman from the next house, Hurley medal to Lieut. James H. McManus, Engine No. 219. He ran to the third floor of No. 317 Dean Street, Brooklyn, before a stream had been turned on and carried Mrs. Ella Deean down the atairs to the Capt, Frederick F. Mahone; gine No, 230, Brooklyn, recet Stephenson medal for best disciplined and most highly ef- ficient company, The Crimmins medal to Fireman Timothy F. O'Leary jr., Engine No. 280, Brooklyn, who rescued a baby from a burning crib in a house full Eliminates Fatigue and Nervousness Deliciously pata able—contains the minute quantity of less than 3 per cont. Alcohol of its own: creation, None te * added, il for famity table | Piyeicune once 106 The Qeania bears the, Dleture of Baron Justus Boilies ioe, STEAMSHIPS DUE TO-DAY, C, of Ot. Louie, Savannah Cymrie, Liverpodt,... Finiand, Ban Fravcicce doseria, Port Talbot... of flame. If a chance breeze had blown shut the door of the room he||* would have perished. The College Efficiency medals are awarded to the officers and ot En No, 267 of Rockaway, Borot ghgueens, for cpeee and efficiency thirty days. @een at any of The y of Th " me ‘Agencies, or er