The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, February 12, 1904, Page 8

THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL; FRIDAY FEBRUARY 12, 1904 —— = INSTR UC,JTU])ID\? | | | ! . > | cloping Tone. Dev Having learned to breathe properly, the mext step for the student of the| voice will be the proper production of tone. What is the sensation when singing a tone pr In the t place, with he lungs well filled and with freedom tion of the throat| hould seek as a focus of the face. But this| than done. There are a ed and fifty odd muscles in the| throat, and we all know what a small thing it takes to disturb the production | f a perfect tone. A slight chip on a diolin or mall thread on a piano may absolutely mar the beauty tone, and so. with the voice a t contraction of any of those 150 muscles which is not needed in the pro- | stri duction of & tone may destroy its beauty The throat, so far as the singer self concerned, in the production of a tone should play mo part at all. It is entirely passive. The deal to be obtained is a complete re- laxation of all the muscles around the t and the ab lute lack of any pressure which may disturb the natural | It is a good plan al- hink of the throat as if it were vibrations of tone. way wide open. Let one yawn, or perhaps | make 2 movement as if he expected to | drink. and he will have the sensation of | an open throat. Above all things, those | who are troubled with throatiness in singing should confine themselves to a | few tones which are easy and lie in the | natura and perfect these 3 ¢ enlarging the range around them until the habit of a | oose throat is established. A frequent | ause of a hard and throaty quality ot; > is found in the fact that the chin| d the lower jaw are stiff. There are a number of exercises which may be used with benefit by those who | have a tendency to stiffen the jaw. It | is @ifficult to describe just how a vocal | should be carried out, but one | 2 exerci: of the simplest for this defect is to use the tone “ma” four or five times in suc- | cession. In enunciating the “m" press | the lips together and then let the “a” follow quickly and in an almest explo- sive way, taking care that the lower| jaw drops down amd back quickly. | English-speaking people are troubled most of all by this defect, because their language calls for very few tones where the mouth is really open. One of the best cures for throatiness is to see that | the jaw is open in a relaxed manner and yet that it falls back toward the | neck. The lower teeth should always be | under—or farther back than—the upper | teeth. | In the stiffening and hardening of | the throat the tongue is one of the | t foes to freadom. Unfortunately | this unruly member the more it cussed with the student the worse it behaves itself. The iongue should also be a passive factor in the produc- tion of tone. It should maintain ts | normal position in the mouth and be aliowed full liberty for its work in enunciating words and changing vowel soupds. In irying to overcome the de- 1 fects of tongue and jaw there is no i better remedy than constant aily practice before the mirror. So much for the muscular difficul- | ties which every young singer will en- counter. Now as to the production of | tone, we shall concern ourselves with | its proper placement. Nature has made for the singer a | fine sound board in the roof of. his mouth. Besides this, in the large nasai and head cavities as well as in the walls of the jaw and teeth he has reinforce-| ments which give the voice sonority end power. The control of the breath after it has been converted into tone so that it fills ail. of these resonance chambers, thus producing beauty and power of tone, with the least possible physical effort, is the object of voice piacing. The external sensation of a tone thus brought forward should be felt through the front of the face. Exer- | cises for the accomplishment of this object are numberless. Among the most important is the use of the soft nasal bum. Many teachers do not use this because it is difficult to acquire always the proper mode of humming. | However, I think there is little danger if it is done softly and confined at first to the range of the speaking voice. A good way to bring this hum to its proper focus is to sing softly “mum- mum-mum” and watch the tickling sensation on the lips. This is an exer- cise which M. Jean de Reszke and Mme. Emma Eames use constantly. Behind the scenes one may frequently hear five or six worjd-renowned sing- ers “tuning up,” as N were, with this simple exercise. After practicing this exercise until the student is sure that the vibrations are front let him open the mouth and sing the tone “Aw,” striving to keep the tone where the hum was. In this way he will discover a number of tones in the middle voice, which are more or less perfectly placed. then be his endeavor to perfect these few tones easily within his reach, and from the experizace thas gzaihed he { to study his own voice, since the dura- { gition they occupied while “panting.” | portant of all vocal practices. | what the managemnt of the bow is| | of force. | find at cerfain | quired a perfectly free hum he will be 3 may enlarge his fange ag far as his voice will admit without forcing. The average person has as a rule about an octave of tones which can be sung without great effort. One of the most beautiful voices I have ever heard started with only three tones. The use of single sustained tones, while censured occasionally, is never- theless the Best means for the student tion of a note tones gives him time to makei of sensation, to hear clearly and to control the outlay of breath. Should his throat grew rigid in the effort to sustain the tone let him fol- ! low it. running a short scale of five tones 1 soft hum, taking care that the vibrations are felt on his lips. Another to loosen the throat is to come to the breath exercise of “panting,” singing softly “ha’ with each outgoing breath, taking care that the jaw and throat are thoroughly re- laxed. Then let the student make the effort to produce a tone, as if he were | sighing. first allowing the tone to be breathy and uncontrolled; then take the sam tone, using more ‘tone and less breath, and still keeping the jaw, tongue and throat in the relaxed con- vav Although this exercise appears to be very simple, it is one of the most im- * Strietly speaking, the two mechani- cal things with which the student of voice is occupied should be a correct attack and the egualization of vocal registers. The above exercises all have their bearing upon vocal attack, in so far as their object is to free the | voice from muscular pressure and to | bring it front. Attack in its proper use refers to the beginning of the tone: | The Germans have a better name for | it, “Ansatz,” which conveys the idea “to set on.” Attack for the singer is to the violinist. A tone should be com- | menced firmly, held steadily and end- ed smoothly without a tremor, with- | cut a scratch and without the sense | Even the smallest pianis- | simo should have all these qualities. | At the same time it is not desirable | for a young singer to attack his tonesj too softly, since by this the tone is/ liable to stick in the throat. Nothing | is more pernicious and productive of bad habits than singing too loud. It should be the young singer’s ambition to havé the mouth full of tone and the muscles concerned so free that the tone seems to “float.” Although the breath support and focus the singer may gain proper | and have a free throat | tones forward, he will | places in his voice the occurrence of a break, when some new mechanism or use of the voice seems to | take place. This brings us to the much | discussed question of vocal registers. Strictly speaking, the female voice has | a chest register, a medium register and | a head register, while the male voice, ! with the exception of the tenor, has| only twh registers, the medium and the | head. Just what causes the break in/ registers is a mooted subject and one ! which is not yvet settled. Certain it is| that for the singer there should at least mentally not exist the conception of | | the registers, although physically ne | must be intelligent enough to overcome | those breaks which occur. | In the equalization of registers the | upper should be brought down and lapped over, as it were, the register below, but the most pernicious of all habits is to force a lower register up into a higher register. This is the cauae | usvally of all breaks. A bad break | between the chest and the middle voice is of frequent occurrence among wo- | men. Here the constant practice of bringing the medium voice down into the chest register will gradually smooth over the difficulty. A splendid exercisg to keep the voice free from breaks is to sing softly the tone “Aw" with a slight nasal tinge, | increasing the nasality as‘one sings| high. A student may sing a whole scale of an octave, or even le!_l noltsl thus, and by emitting the tones very | carefully and softly will be able :o avoid the breaks and different qualities which occur frequently when using the | voice more powerfully. The use of | quick scales is also excellent, provided | care is taken not to smear the tones | into each other. If the singer has ac- able to accomplish much in the way of practice, because nothing so saves vocal force and at the same time condenses the voice into its proper channels. The study of a sustained swelling and diminishing of the tone should be the singer's daily practice. Joachim, the greatest violinist of our times, has all his life devoted some time every day to practicing long, sustained tones on the | violin in order to maintain a sure and steady bow. So with the singer, study of the swell and the diminuendo has the same purpose voecally. In this way the breath supply is regulated and, above all, the quality of tone from its commencement to its finish must be kept the same. The practice for high notes should be a matter of the greatest care and consideration. It is right here that the majority of young singers are imost reckless in the expenditure of wvoice. The high tones should be taken with the same ease as are the low tones. There should be no strain on the throat and there should be the utmost care 1o see that they ring in the proper resonance cavity. It is a bad habit of many young singers to strive for high notes at the expense of vocal beauty. The question too often asked is “How high do you sing?” And this is used as a criterion of one’s vocal endow- ment. The practice of the low notes, particularly the chest tones, should not be carried on by young singers. Above all things, the middle register should be beautifully and correctly developed. If this is once accomplished both the upper and the lower voice will yleld to the proper treatment and the whole voice will be improved in freshness and vitality. The young singer should make it a | rule not to practice over fifteen minutes at a time, and to give the voice at least a full hour between times. Prac- ticing in this way, he may use the voice altogether as much as an hour and a half to two hours a day with- THE SAN ‘FRA NCISCO CALL JOBN D. SPRECKELS, Froprietor » » » + » o+ . » . Address All Communications to JOHN McNAUGHT, Manager - = Pabliontion ‘Gice Y LT NAL e @ .....Third and Market Streets, S. ¥. FRIDAY.... .FEBRUARY' 12, 1904 . A BRISK WAR. OR a war less than a week old, the brush between F Russia and Japan has been not only brisk, but has furnished several surprises interesting to professors of the art of war. It is already evident that Japan has made the same studied, systematic and careful prepara- tion that Germany made pnior to the Franco-Prussian war. % In that struggle it was found that Von Moltke was m possession of the grade and condition of every *French road, had the measurement and weight capacity of every bridge, and knew the topography of the country around every French fortress and stronghold. Equipped with this knowledge, no time was lost in marching backward. The forts and their garrisons were left in the rear, while the German forces marched around them to attack unprotected cities and to return and invest the garrisons at their leisure, aiter isolating them. The leaders of the Japanese navy were educated in this country, learning their profession at Annapolis, and seem not only to have absorbed the tactical knowledge neces- sary, but to have become impressed with the dash and initiative which have characterized our navy from Paul Jones to Dewey. They know the waters on which they are fighting, and their gunnery is all that is to be desired. in that, too, they have taken a lesson from our navy. In the Spanish war we met ships that were our. eéual in all respects but that. One of the captured Spanish admirals explained his flight by saying that the Government had refused to furnish the navy with ammunition for gun practice, and, therefore, in action He found his armament useless because his men had no practice in handling it. Japan has not practiced that unwise economy, and so | her gunners are able to hit a ship in her vitals, either above or below the water line.” The next significant action may be expected on land. It is believed in mili- tary circles, here and in Europe, that the Russian mili- tary force in Eastern Asia has been purposely over- stated by that Government. This belief is strengthened by the capture of troop ships by the Japanese navy with 2000 soldiers on board. 1f Russia had the force she pre tended to have, with the railroad to bring more, it is hardly likely that she would be using transports and the slower route by water to recruit her strength. If it be true that the Japanese have cut the Siberian railroad beyond Port Arthur, their land tactics rise to an equaiity with thesr naval skill. With that road cut 1t is probable that the military force available by Russia 1s | less than that which Japan has within striking distance. It will be very interesting if the Japanese tactics succeed | in actually equalizing her land strength with that of her lgigamic enemy. If the railroad be permanently crip- pled, and Port Arthur be invested by land and sea, there will ensue a struggle of the most vivid interest to the whole world. 1f Port Arthur fall, the pride and prestige of Russia fall with i In possession of Japan the whole scheme and military purpose of the trans-Siberian railroad are lost to Russia, for Port Arthur is the terminal of that line, toward which it aimed from the time it left Slatoust, in European Russia, and jumped the Ural Mountains. Russia’s long lease on Port Arthur, for a ter- minal, was secured from China by craft and duress, and Russia immediately began fortifying it like another Gib- raltar, as an outpost of the empire. Of this there was no necessity if the purpose of Russia were peaceful and not sinister. The Canadian Pacific Railway has terminals in the United States, and extensive running connections with our roads, but they are for commercial purposes only, and are not treated as advanced posts of the British Empire. If the Japanese take Port Arthur, or by their naval primacy isolate it from the sea, Russia's covert plans will prove to have been merely putting her imperial foot where it gets stepped on. The Czar’s empire gets but little sympathy in the cap- itals of Europe and almost none in the United States. Along the Rhine the unspeakable inhumanity of the Cos- sacks is remembered, and the Western nations saw them duplicated in China during the Boxer war. If it be the destiny of Japan to avenge atrocities that are not in the record of any savage people, the world will owe her its thanks. The sensational announcement has been made that the Chinese Six Companies of Pittsburg have given material aid to the authorities in capturing coolies that have resi- dence in the country in violation of law. It is patent that the Six Companies of Pittsburg have absolutely nothing in common with the Six Companies of San Fran- cisco. The Pittsburg outfit is suspiciously honest. M and extraordinary things than have been said or done by any other American politician in all our history. He has seemed a mixture and combination of Jack Cade, John Wilkes, Robespierre, Karl Marx and Solon Chase and “them steers.” It seemed as though he had exhausted his capacity to originate novelties in ex- pression and dction. But, when he returned from Europe, saying that he had got one new idea, the country settled itself in its chair to hear what it was. There were no ‘means of guessing it. The only way to catch it was to watch Mr. Bryan until it escaped him, and then grab it. There is a suspicion that he let it go in a speech at Burlington, New Jersey, two wceks ago, in the form of this statement: “I was put in nomination twice by my party, only because it was known there 'was no chance for my election.” That is new enough and startling enough to have been discovered by him during his European tour. It is sug- gested by a Chicago paper that he got the idea from Tolstoi that a man who really serves humanity, greatly and beneficially, must be a martyr. It is in line with the usual working of Mr. Bryan's mental processes, that he regards his money theories as the offer of a sort of plan of material salvation, of such conspicuous importance to mankind that its author crowns himself with martyrdom. There is no doubt that in 1896 he felt a more than hu- man commission to this work, for repeatedly, when dlushed by speaking to a crowd, he said to those around him: “There is another evidence that I am divinely called to free these people.” It is entirely possible that WAS IT BUNKO? R. BRYAN has done and said more remarkable long contemplation has convinced him of his own in-| fallibility and has confirmed him in the belief that his financial theories are invested with a sort of supernat- ural sanction. In 1896 he declared this when he said that “God has stored silver and gold in the carth in the exact ratio of 16 to 1.” This made it a divine ratio and war- | ranted him in treating all who opposed it as enemies of a power higher than man. Gk By this analysis he appears as an instrument, an evan- gel, the visible manifestation of a power invisible. But all this being so, is it hir'in him to accuse his party of playing a bunko game on him in his two candidacies? If he is merely a hand lifted in the world by a power un- seen, was not the Democratic party under the same con- trol? An attentive reading of the Pentateuch excuses Pharoah ior his exactions of which the Israelites were Pharoah could not help this cardiac induration, and un- der the principles of the commor law would be acquitted Dy a jury, at least on the ground of contributory negli- gence by Moses and the others. The declaration of Mr. Bryan reclassifies him. It is easy now to understand his demand for disciples. He is a monomaniac, no doubt more honestly under an illusion than Dowie, the second Eli ‘At a recent poultry show in Salt Lake the imms(-! ing discovery was made that many a fine bird.there on appendage with which nature had adorned it. One does not have to go to a gpoiltry show to learn into the foyer on an opera night is a revelation. DESTROYING THE DEFECTIVE. P braska is the last college man to make a proposi- tion that attracts attention, not because it is novel, be benefited by destroying all weakly and defective chil- dren. The proposition is not new, nor is the plan un- infants, that they might die and not live to .impair the physical characteristics of the race; but there is in his- cally made good to them the loss morally. The races and nations around them, and in their time, were as potent in war, and the institutions they founded and defended were as long lived. Other contemporary gave to science, art and literature an impulse that is not yet spent. We do not recall a single case in which exhibition had bogus- tail feathers pinned to the scrubby that fine feathers do not make fine birds. A glimpse RESIDENT ANDREWS of the University of Ne- but because he indorses it. He thinks that society will tried. The Spartans exposed all weakly and defective tory no evidence that the benefit to the Spartans physi- that did not take such means to secure physical strength states left a much deeper impression on the world, and Sparta in this respect was imitated by any of the ancient civilizations; a failure which may be taken as evidence | that the results of the Spartan plan did not commend it. | But from the standpoint of that people it had some justification. They had to maintain the independence of their commonwealth by the fighting power of their people. War in that time was a matter of personal, physical strength. Battles decided by hand to hand encounters. Spears and missiles were effective only within the range determined by the strength of the arm ‘which cast them. B'efore we blame the Spartans for the cruel means they took to preserve their physique, all of these things must be considered. When it is pro- posed to copy them now, it must be remembered that their reason for such a policy no longer exists. Strength of arm no longer counts in battle. It is replaced by the expulsive force of powder. The weakest finger can pull a trigger that explodes a charge capable of carrying a bullet two miles. War is no longer hand to hand busi- An army of prize-fighters matching muscle were ness. against powder could be routed now by a company of | marksmen armed with the Krag-Jorgensen. We may turn then to the moral effect that may be ex- pected to follow adoption of President Andrews’ pro- posed revival of sacrifice of the weakly and defective. 1f he have a defective child, is he willing to begin? If not, that is the complete answer to the proposition. Nature has put in the parental heart an affluent foun- tain of love and care for a defective child. For its com- fort no sacrifice is too great, no care a burden, Instead of its poor and weak life being an injury to society, it keeps alive those tender impulses of the heart from which radiate all the humane element that in our laws and our habits. Destroy the defective and this humane impulse gradually dies. If so monstrous a thin were possible as for parents to assent to such a thing, the very halo of motherhood would fade away, and the hard heart of society would work out in laws and insti- tutions, and the charm of mercy and justice that is their panoply would disappear. We would save the expense of our institutions for the mute, blind and insane, of the children’s hospitals and the homes for the crippled and distorted, but we would be living in an intolerable world. Such a policy would have strangled Helen Keller in her infancy. President Andrews may ask: “What economic value is. there in the education of Helen Keller?” As well ask what is the economic value of the march of Xenophon and the 10,000 Greeks; in the story of the loyalty to Athens of the Plataeans; in that of Horatius at the bridge; in the victory of Hermann in the Teutoberger wald; in the sufferings at Valley Forge and the sea fights of old Ironsides! THey thrill in men that spirit that neakes states and institutions and defends them. When children read the story of Helen Keller, living in a world of everlasting darkness and grim silence, overcoming the iron jailers of blindness and deafness and muteness, and acquiring an education that opens to her the pleasures of all literature and a knowledge of all life, they are inspired to the best use of all their five senses and of all their faculties, to make of themselves the best. ; When President Andrews finds a cow so lean that she will not defend her helpless cali against the wolves, he is ‘m;y begin his search for human parents that will not defend their weakly and defective young. Dominican insurgents have murdered an American sailor. That should be the signal for Washington to exact immediate and terrifying vengeance. The mur- derous spitfires of Latin America need a lesson and they seem to understand nothing that is not px:cached to them in shot and shell. Ii these pests cannot be taught to respect the American flag they should be made to fear it. The last of Uncle Sam’s troops has left Cuba and the restless little island has been consigned by the United States to its own devices in working out its scheme of peace, prosperity and civilization. The date for the first Cuban revolution has not yet been fixed, but it probably will receive due announcement with all the necessary spectacular effect. iy g i 2 It required eight shots from a revolver into the body of a New Britain suicide to bri-' him the death he | sought. He could have saved time and energy by firing one bullet into his head. The missile would probably have encountered no resistance from wall to wall of his e e e el L — TOWN TALK OF THE The Price of a Life. Times-are hard with the fiends— opium and morphine slaves who infest the alleys in the Latin quarter. In this stormy weather visitors are few of course, are the nickels' and dimes | they usually throw to the creatures of the drug habit. The users of morphine | seek almost in vain for the wherewithal | to purchase the little white pellets that are to them food and drink, and the devotees of the lohg bamboo pipe con- sider themselves extremely lucky 1if in passing a “joint” they can get even a faint whiff of the Oriental drug. A few nights ago two of them were | standing in a dark doorway on Dupont street alternately cursing their luck, the weather and themselves. Suddeniy they saw a pedestrian approaching. | Their eyes lighted with a strange fire | and their faces wore a look of expect- ancy as they rushed toward him. “Give usg a dime, mister, for a cup of coffee,” they asked in the same breath. ! | Carelessly and with a knowing laugh | the stranger took from his vest pocket what looked like a coin and cast it into | the gutter. The drug-huhgered wretches | threw themselves on their hands and | | knees and unmindful of the filth and | slush that filled the gutter began a| search for the coin. For more than| five minutes they crawled about in the | slime and dirt. With their glassy eyes | strained they put forth their palsied | hands and raked over the dirt. Like hawks they watched each other, lndf when one made the least sound indic- ative of success the other pounced upon ; him only to retreat with a curse and | resume his search when he found the other empty handed. Finally the taller of the two yelled at the top of his weak voice and jumped {to his feet. As fast as his trembling limbs could carry him he ran in the direction of a drugstore a block away. His companion, with a snarl and a curse of disappointment, also rose and ran, striving with ail his might to overtake his lucky companion in mis- {ery and calling him all sorts of names | at every step. But the tall man only ran on and on, neter for a moment taking his eyes from the blue and green | jlights of the druggist's shop. His breath came in gasps, and more thaa | cnce he placed his hand over his heart. | Just as he reached the entrance to| | the store he fell on his face and with |a moan turmed over on his back. His !companion, with a wolfish shout, | spurred forward and fell upon the pros- | trate form. Eagerly he put forth a | shaking hand and grasped the tightly { clenched first of the man whom he had | fened fingers, so he raised the hand to { his mouth and buried his yellow teeth into the flesh. Still it refused to open and the frenzied creature burst into | sobs. When they found him there five min- utes later. crying like a chtld, they took {him to the hospital. The other was removed to the Morgue. fingers were straightened out in the ralm of his hand was found a tin to- Rare Michael Joseph. When Michael Joseph Conboy, now | iileutenant of police, was doing patrol duty at the base of Telegraph Hill he was approached one day by a very ex- cited Italian who complained to him | that a frolicsome nannygoat had come | near| eating up “his wife's baby,” quote the larfguage of the son of Italy. The substance of the complaint was ['that the TItalian’s wife put her baby | {on the back porch, wrapped with a white shawl, when the vagrant nanny | | came along, gobbled up the white shawl | {and dragged the innocent baby out of | its carriage. Conboy looked wise and scratched | his head a few minutes before answer- | 'ing the questions put to him. Then al! | of a sudden he replied: “Under the treaty made with the| commonwealth of Milpetis and the de- | cisfon of the Supreme Court of Sausil- | luto that nannygoat must be annihil- ated; that is the word, sir; annihilated; shure, sir.” “Oh, thank you, signor; very wlu3 good officer,” responded the Italian, re- moving his hat. “Annihilata—thasa ver’ gude word—annihflata.” | Pardonable Pride. It is pardonable that any individual or organization should take pride in l;.ralse for accomplishments well done. { The Call therefore offers no excuses for | offering to its readers the opinions of | others concerning its efforts. From the | Alameda Argus the following good will comes: “The Call is a commendable paper, | and we are glad to acknowledge the fact. Tt has submerged many of the traits that are too often found in the big modern papers and that have come: into fashion from the idea that the pub- lic demands them. The Call is giving its attention to supplying the news and the general reading in a rational man- ner. We are sure it finds that it pays. The public ought certainly to appre- ciate any effort that is being made in that direction.” The Modesto Herald has this good word for us: “The San Francisco Call is forging ahead as a bright, live, newsy sheet at a pace which is disconcerting to the other dailies of the city. In every,de- partment and in its general tone and make-up The Call is rapidly growing into favor as a home paper, this fact especially noticeable in the rural dis- tricts, where The Call has a constantly {and far between and so, as a matter | victims, because “The Lord hardened Pharoah’s héart.” | {an chased. He could not unbend the stif- | ‘When his cold | | baceo tag about the size of a dime. | to| | Aptos, | dress a | Filcher, State Board of Trade, Ferry | | | ing excellence the past few months. The new editor is taking care of his fleld, and he is making a public journal that is second to none at the metropo lis.” French Nerve. From one of the French naval ports - comes an interesting story of an ineci- dent which recently occurred there. A general holding a high command made his appearance suddenly a few days ago at the barracks of an infantry regi- ment, which in obedience to his orders was promptly drawn up in the yard. Then he explained the reason in a brief address. He sald that as he was walk- ing in the town attired in mufti on the previous day a man belonging to the corps, who was the worse for liquor, accosted him rudely and asked him to stand him a drink. “Let him step out of the ranks,” he concluded. Imme- diately a bugler emerged, and saluting said, “It is I, mon general.” The inci- dent is charagteristic, and apropos of it | we are reminded of such an adventure | which befell a certain French marshal. | A grenadier who was exasperated at some injustice that had been done him | pointed his pistol at him and pulled the trigger, but it did not go off. Without moving a muscle the veteran eried, “Four days in the cells for keeping your arms in a bad state.” The bugler's hanesty can scarcely have failed to be extenuation of his offense in the eyes of the general. Sculptor Harvey. The celebrated animal sculptor EN Harvey has just finished the execution of two statues for the Louisiana Pur- chase Exposition, a bull and a steer. | These statues are to be enlarged to | gigantic size and will flank the entrance to the agriculture building. The bull, ,which is of the Normandy breed, wi'l | be sixteen feet long, and was modeled | from a three-year-oid bull on the Sulli- | van County estate of Chester W. | Chapin. This animal is taken to typify | the highly bred domestic cattle, while the Texas steer represents wild cattle. | Mr. Harvey's success as an animal sculptor has been remarkable. His com- | mission to execute the sculpture for the new lion-house at Bronx Park, New York, was one of the most important {of the kind ever given an American sculptor. Harvey won his fame chiefly abroad and has often exhibited in the Paris Salon. He has won medals in Paris and at the Pan-American for his animal sculpture, and in 1900 in Paris he took the American Art Association (John Wapamaker) prize for seulpture. Answers to Queries. A DAY IN OCTOBER-—Subscriber, | Mountain View, Cal. The last Thurs- | day in October, 1879, fell on the 30th of the month. SUCCESSION- ‘W. H. H, City. The | bill providing for Presidential succes- sion in the United States was intro- duced in December, 1885, and was ap- proved by President Grover Cleveland January 19, 1886, CONSULS—D. M. F., City. If you will look in the San Franeisco Directory, under the head of “Consuls,” you will find a complete list of all foreign Con« suls residing in San Francisco, together with addresses of the same. ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION—F. E., Cal. For special information relative to the St. Louis Exposition ad« letter of inquiry to J. A, Building, San Francisco, Cal. CIVILIZATION—A Subscriber, Saus salito, Cal. This department suggests that you read up the latest encyclope= dias, under the head of “Civilization,™ for information as to which natfon is the most advanced in the matter of civilization. » JAPANESE WORD “MARU™— Subscriber, City. The Japanese word “maru,” used in connection with ships, means merchant. If used after thes name of a vessel it means that such vessel belongs to the merchant class, If maru is followed by the word “kahn” it means that vessels belong to the Government navy. THE HAIR—W. D. and Subscriber, City. If a person is troubled with an aflment that is causing the hair to fall out there must be some local or consti- tutional cause for it, and the person so affected ought to conmsuit a first-class produced by the same cause. EMPLOYMENT OFFICES-W. St. Helena, Cal. Any one who Is not growing circulation. Their new policy of special writing, devoted to the inte- rior portions of the State, telling of the various industries of these sections, their growth and development, and il- lustrating these articles with well- selected views, is especially pleasing and productive of much good in the work of development. The new Call is receiving many most favorable notices from the rural press of the State, and we are glad to record its progress.” /From the Santa Rosa Republican the following: must have noticed its steadily increas- satisfied with the manner in which em- ployment offices in California are cone ducted or wishes to have changes