The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, December 9, 1903, Page 8

— - right Joseph B. Bow es3 { Taking it for granted that between | and this our pupil | the former lesson has been working faithfully at his goale according to the explanation al- | ready given, by this time, in all prob- ability, he has become familiar enough | wi the single-octave scale, in its | slow form, to take up the two-octave scale and increase hie velocity at the same time Now, let him play his single octave through once, with the right d, ope slowly, at each relaxing between every two | usual. Ae soon as he finishes and descending scale, he ag: 1l counting ‘“one, before, but .this time the count falls on the next note, in- d of having both counts belong to two,"” ving count two same note, and thus the time is systematically doubled. he pupil counts “‘one, two,” “one, one, two,” straight on up the for two octaves, but “one” falls on D, the next “one” on 2, the next “two” on F, the next “one” on G, and so on. The counts must ail be as regular as the same amount of time but the accent is only given at every other note—that is, every lime “one” is said, the pupil em- phasizes that particular note, impart- ing a ringing tone to it, as much as is te” ever—just between each possible, while the alternate note in group (signified each time by the count “two”) is struck lightly, by s of whatever strength is left he forcible count “one.” :ct of this is similar to that i in ringing a bell by pulling »e attached to it. There are two , the first one, which is strong, a direct consequence of the strength of the pull given to the rope, d second, which is almost like echo of the first, as the bell re- turns to its y There is the same space of time allowed each sound, but the ond tone is much softer, while | the strength of the one stroke‘is enough to carry the sound through to >nd of the second note. pupil will see, as he tries this, is emphasizing just exactly as n his first scale, only that there note between each of the ac- cented notes, thus making him play twice as rapidly as before, although his counting is no more rapid. g it The boy must watch his fingers and listen 16 his counting at all times, lest, with this unusual method of accent- ing. his playing becomes in the least uneven. When carefully watched he an acquire by this method a remark- y clear, sweet-toned, rapid scale in a short time. If, however, he becomes | carel forgets to notice details and trusts to the accent alone to help him through, he is liable to create an effect | somewhat like that produced by the hoofbeats of a horse who is aflicted with “string halt.” Therefore, let our little boy keep his mind entirely on what he is doing, and all disaster will be avoided. If he is careful to hold the softer note exactly as long as the loud one, there is no chance of his los- ing the rhythm, and all will be well. When he comes to the end of the first octave he proceeds up the scale by using his first finger (thumb) in- stead of the little one, on the upper C, and is thus safely started on the sec- ond octave. If any doubt is felt as to just how this is done, let the pupil go back to the Jast lesson, where the movements of the passing fingers are fully explain- ed, and exerciges for the facilitation of this particular difficulty given. It is well to go back to- the other lessons every little while anyway, =0 as to keep all the important points fresh in the pupil’s mind. Each exercise is a help to the othere, and the more they.are all practiced the better will be the re- sult. en . * e In practicing the two-octave scale, the pupil will be unable to use the circle (relaxing) motion between the notes as in the single octave scale, for there is not time with the increased velocity; but he can chompli!h the re- quired relaxation by thinking the mo- tion each time he has struck a note; znd by this time the relaxing will have become such a natural thing to him that if he remembers to think “relax- ing” his muscles will keep from tight- ening, fust exactly as if he actually went through the whole motion. This does not mean. however, that | he can give up his relaxing exercises. On the contrary, they are more and more necessary as he begins fo play more rapidly: but he uses them on the slow scele only, the rhythm of the rapjd scale mustfiot be interfered with. In order to in-nm against any tight- ening of the muscles it is best to prac- tice the single octave scale (with the relaxing motion between every two notes) in connection with the two-oc- tave scale, first one and then the other, over and over again. If there is an inclination to tighten the muscles by the time the pupil reaches the top of the second octave, he may stop there just long enough to relax once before beginning the de- scent; but do not allow this unless it is absolutely , as it is desir- 2bie to acquire the habit of making the ascent and descent m a break as soonupo-lble_ E Now we come to a still more rapid . scale, which will take the pupil thiree octaves. The same rule of progression applies at the end of each octave; that is, to substitute the thumb for the fifth fin- ger and start anew, whether the desti- nation be two, three or four octaves. We are now about to make a mnotice- able increase in tempo, and to accom- plish this the pupil must play three notes to a count instead of two as in the two-octave scale. He must count “one,” “two” all the way up, accenting on the “one,” just as before, and counting in exactly the same time as before—no faster and no slower. In this case} however, “two” falls on F, making three notes to a up count. Thus, C, D, E fall on “one”; F, G, A fall on “two”; B, C, D fall on “one”; E, F. G ml on “two,” and so on, until the end of the third octave is reached, and the pupil returns as he} came, without a pause, until he again reaches middle C. At first he will need much relaxing after his long journey of three octaves and back—in fact, it would be well to let him stop playing entirely for a | moment after finishing the use of the “water motion,” as the rest will be of great advantage to him at this junc- ture. - - Don't forget to go back to first prin- ciples every little while—it is impor- tant now, as at all times. In this three-octave scale the pu- pil's arm should be particularly free. In a frequent, natural progression up or down the scale as the case may be, the wrist plays a great part, 'mov- ing continuously up or down the key- board to assist the fingers to go over or under, and at the same time hold- ing itself in a parallel position and perfectly relaxed. In other words, its position is almost identical with that of the wrist in the “water mo- tion,” and as the scales become more and more rapid the similarity between the two motions is more marked. In fact, in a very rapid scale the wrist glides quickly from one end of the piano to another, while the notes fall from the tips of the fingers just like drops of water. Thus it will be seen that the “wa- ter motion” is to be more and more of a help as time goes on; in fact, scale playing is only one of many things whereln its great benefit will be proved. Right here T want-to remlnd -our pupil not to forget the necessity of raising his fingers as quickly as possi- ble, whether in a fast or slow scale, It is very important in rapid Apllylng, if one wishes to acquire a clean, clear- cut tene. Remember this, not once, but every time. Also watch the hand to see that it is keeping its proper position. Go back to the “hand shaping” exercise once in a while, comparing the *per- fect playing pesition” with the posi- tion of your hand when you are in the midst of your scale, and if the result is not perfectly satisfactory keep at it until it is. o T e A good aid to melodious and rhyth- mic scale playing will be found in the metronome, if prudently and judicious- Iy used. Mark my qualification, how- ever, for unless thé instrument is used understandingly, it is harmful rather than advantageous. 1t should never be used in playing, or in practicing pieces when taken as a | whoie, although when working out any knotty little piece it is of great help when used in the right way. Its original use was to set the proper time at which pieces of music were to be played, and the little numbers are often to be found at the top of a sheet of music, showing the desire of ‘the composer in this respect. I shall ex- plain all this more fully later on. For our present needs it is sufficient to say that the metronome is a time-beater, which one winds up like a clock and which beats rapidly or slowly at the will of the student, by raising or low- ering a little weight on the pendulum, easily adjusted by the finger. « s s In working up scales to greater and greater velocity, I know of nothing else of s0 much assistance to the pupil; and it does not tend to make the ypupil's playing mechanical in the very least when used for this purpose and no other. A good Maelzel metronome (to be purchased at any music store) costs only $3 or $4 and will last a lifetime. 1 strongly advise one for our little pu- pil and he may begin to use it at once in this way: After wintiing up the metronome. place the weight at the figure 50 and start the pendulum going by touching | it with the finger. Fifty is a very slow count—just about what the pupil has been counting in his slow scale. Each time the pendu- lum ticks, he strikes a note, until he has played one octave scale through once. Then (while the metronome still goes placidly on, he begins his two-octave scale, playing two notes to the tick of the metronome, empha- sizing every other note, that is, the ones that come on the stroke of the metronome. Tips From Big Fair. Largest gas engine ever made, 3000- horsepower. The sum of $150,000 appropriated for athletic cvents. United States Fisheries building, 133 feet square. Revival of the Ob'mnltn games of ancient Greece. Fifteen exhibits departments, groups, 808 classes. More than 100 important buildings on the grounds. Over fifty foreign Governments to v ake eleborate displays. P Philippine exhibit, costing $1,000,000, covers forty acres. Anthropclcgy building, 263 by uz feet, cost $11£,000. Palace of Herticulturs, 400 by 800 fezt, cost $228,000. Palace of machinery, 525 by 1000 feet, cost $496,597. Palace of Liberal Arts, 525 by 750 feet, cost $475,000. - Palace of l-.n-:mrmre-. 525 by 1200 feet, cost $719,399. | Conservatory 200 fect square in Pal. ace of Horticulture. 134 WEDNESDAY .. THE MESSAGE ON LABOR AND CAPITAL. | UBLIC sentiment cognizes the issues arising in P the excessive organization of labor and capital as among the burning questions of the day. The enormous foreign immigration, mainly composed of people who do not speak our language, and who are not schooled in our institutions, and who come not from any sentimental attachment to our principles of govern- ment, makes an annual increment to our population equal to the annual vacancy to be filled in our industrial life. Its presence crowds out just that number of our own people who have arrived at the age of self-support. This process gives us a supply not trained in seli- government and puts out of useful occupation an equal number of our own people, who, in our public schools, have learned lessons of independence which they are not | permitted to apply to the great issues of life. So we | get industrial disorders that have all the violent fea- tures of warfare. On the other hand, capital, with the | mass of immigration to work on; which it finds capable of exploitation to an extent that would not be possible with independent native labor, meets organization® with organization, and both sides at times forget their allegiance to the country and their subjection to the law. | None of his just and sensible countrymen has ever doubted the President’s sincere devotion' to the. prin- ciple of eguality of right and of opportunity, and equal subjection to the law. In his message he deals with this issue with his usual fearlessness and candor, and it will be well for all concerned to read and remember what he says. It will produce the liveliest satisfaction in the third party, the unorganized majority, the great body of citizens who want justice, but who, because of the lack of a single medium of expressiom, are ruthlessly ex- ploited by both parties to the excessive organization of labor and capital. No other statesman has put more clearly the purpose and function of the Federal Gov- ernment than the President states it in these terms: “The consistent policy of the National Government, so far as it has the power, is to hold in check the un- scrupulous man, whether employer or employe; but to refuse to weaken individual initiative, or to hamper or cramp the industrial development of the country. We | recognize that this is an era of federatibn and com- bination, in which great capitalistic combinations and labor unjons have .become factors of tremendous im- portance in -all industrial centers. Hearty recognition is given the far-reaching beneficent work that has been accomplished . through both corporations and labor unions, and the line as between different corporations and different uniens. is- drawn as it is between different individuals; - that is, it is drawn on conduct, the effort being to treat both organized capital and organized labor alike, asking nothing, except that the interest of each | shall be brought into harmony with the interest of the general public, and that the conduct of each shall con- form to the fundamental rules of obedience to law, of individual freedom, and of justice and fair dealing to all. Whenever either corporation, labor union or individual disregards the law, or acts in a spirit of arbitrary and tyrannous interference with the rights of others, whether corporations or individuals, ‘then, where the Federal Government has jurisdiction, it will see to it that the misconduct is stopped, paying not the slightest heed to the position or power of the corporation, the wnion or the individual, but only to one vital fact—that is the question whether or not the conduct of the individual, or aggregation of individuals, is in accordance with the law of the land. Every man must be guaranteed his liberty and his right to do as he likes with his property or his labor, so long as he does not infringe the rights of others, No man is above the law and no man below it; nor do we ask any man’s permission when we require him to obey it. Obedience to the law is de- anded as a right, not asked as a favor.” That is a refreshing and timely restatement of the supremacy of the law, and of its power to protect indi- vidual rights, the privilege of private contract and the rights and uses of property.” It should be translated into the Babel of tongues spoken by our incoming mil- lions of immigrants, and, as the illiterate are in a majority, it should be read and expounded to them. Then their habit of dragging the American flag in the dirt, as has been recently done by the foreign miners in Utah, would be checked. To American capitalists and corporations it needs no translating nor expounding. It is notice to them that there is a line of law drawn between gains and gnilt, and that trade has its right to freedom as well as men, and must not be restrained to satisfy the spirit of avarice and greed. This part of the message is properly supplemented by the recommendations on-immigration, separating it into the right and the wrong kind, and asking that the law exclude the latter more rigorQusly than now. The evil of congested .immigration is noted, and the demand is made that more attention be given to its distribution. No doubt if it were spread over the country and 'pre- is ~ vented lodging in masses where our language is not learned nor spoken, and essentially foreign customs are stubbornly maintained, the process of digesting and | assimilating would produce less disturbance. > T The Spanish Cabinet has drafted a law compelling | men to vote. And yet Spain believes that she is called upon to face problems of national life before which the bravest must tremble in their struggle for solution. Wait until she has to adopt laws compelling men to vote only once. Then we will shake her hand in common sympathy. S ——— 5 REMEMBER CALIFORNIA. ALIFORNIANS who are now engaged in select- ‘ ing holiday gifts and souvenirs to send to their Eastern friends should remember their State, as well as their friends, and try to select some article whose arrival in an Eastern home will benefit the Cahfdrman producer, as well as the Eastern recipient. No gift sent East could possibly be more acceptable than one that is distinctively Californian. The holiday toys, bric-a-brac and art work of the East and of Europe are of course, excellent, but they are on display in all the Eastern stores, as well .as’in those of California, and to Eastern people there js no novelty about them. A con- siderable proportion of the holiday things of California production, on the other hand, are unknown in the East, and consequently they would have a double chafm' for the recipient. The season of glf giving, in fwt,. affords us a most adva.ntageous opportuhity to make known the delicacies produced in our orchnrds and vineyards, and the beauti- ful work of our various artists and craftsmen. If our enterprising merchants would make a conspicuous dis- play of their California goodl duting the holiday shop- ping season, they might aid altefillly in m their. own trade in such goods, and thus derive a g _riparian proprietors, the court holds that such’ parts of | ciples, to conform to the wants of the ¢ received an impetus® and as well as conferring one on the State as a whole. A good i many thousands of déllars’ worth of giits of one kind or another are going to be sent out from California between now and January 1, and if those who are to send them would give some thought to the State whilé selecting the A Life. Only the ni'xched faces of so many of those w! we meet in the daily rounds of life betray the heart hunger- presents, the results would help to make Christmas ings which Ife-hidden from the sight of merry for folks at home as well as for those beyond the u,e world. Day after day we see these Rockies. On her recent trial trip the cruiser Des Moines, faith- ful to precedent in such matters, excéeded her contract speed, to the natural gratification of contractors and everybody else concerned. Isn't it curlous that on these there is shown a speed that is never attained That “tired feeling” seems to be con- trial affai in commission? tagious, even to machi nery. S — THE RIGHT TO GROUND WATERS. HE State Supreme Court, in Katz et als. vs. Walkin- | T shaw, has c_iecided certain issues of very great }n- terest to a large number of our citizens. The decision was rendered:on a rehearing, the case having | been decided before in an: opimion of the court written by the late Justice Jackson Temple, which opinion is | now reaffirmed by the full bench. \ The issue relates to the ownership and use of grounfl waters, regardless of whether they exist in an under- ground stream or inverted gones or gravel beds. Iti being contended that each Jand owner owns absolufely | the percola!mg waters under his land, with the right to | use of dispose of them as he pleases, is part of the ‘;Oll- mon law, on all fours with the common law right qf the common law as are not adapted to our conditions are not in force here, because they fit physical conditions widely different from ours. The true doctrine.s held to be that the common law, by its own pflnclples, adapts itself to varying conditions and is modified so as to serve the ends of justice under different circumstances. A rule of law applicable to the fresh- wnzr streams of England may be.wholly inapplicable to the same char- acter of streams in this country, because of dferent capacity, or because the adjoining country fus'shes a commerce for them unknown in England, in which case the common law modifies its rules, upon its own prin- munity. H The court elaborately states the difference between conditions here, in respect to waters and their uses, and | in England. In a large part-of California, and especially in the southern half of the State, with some exceptions | insufficient to serve. as the basis of, community life, artificial irrigation’is necessary, and has been customary ever since Spanish occupation. The court notes the ex- tension of itrigation south of. the Tehachapi, where al series of wet years encouraged the bringing under till- | age, or planting to vines and fruit trees, of an area so extensive that in the ;ucégeding dry years there was not water enough to maintain the fertility, and it was demonstrated that the ‘surface streams were insufficiens Then began the search for percolating ground waters by artesian wells, horizontal tunnels, pumping and every other available means to ‘increase the supply from below ground and keep the land from lapsing from tillage. As | the population is rapidly increasing, the struggle for | water is greater, and it becomes the duty of the courts | to inquire whether the owner who, by use of ground waters, has irrigated his land/and made it fruitiul can be protected in that use, or whether a later comer can | intercept his supply and destroy the property and the value it has created. The defendants contended that no property right to ground water exists in the land owner except while | they are im his soil, and that he has no right to havci them continue to pass into his land, or to prevent them | being drawn out of his land by an interference with | natural conditions on adjoining land. His right, there- fore, could not be protected nor enforced, and he would | be in constant peril of the loss of all property thate; depended on his use of the percolating waters in his | own soil. The court says that if this rule is the law, or no law, of the land; it would bring in peril the property of the defendants themgselves, since if they may inter- cept #he ground waters of another, or draw them out | of his land, the same may be done to them, and it is impossible to see how a doctrirfe offering no protection at all to property that depends on the use of water can tend to promote future developments, or preserve those already made, and, therefore, such a doctrine is not consistent)with public policy, or conducive'to the general welfare. The court reaffirms Judge Temple's opinion, there- fore, and declares not only ownership in the landholder of ground waters, but the right of action to protect himself against interception or other interference with that property in water” This is modified by the rule of reasonable use, which also applies to Surface waters. Under this decision the land owner cannot be deprived of his, ground waters, either to irrigate the lands of othefs or to create a supply of potable water for a city population. No later comer has the right to sink wells or make subterranean intercepting dams to dra\v off, divert or intercept his supply. The decision is of great interest to the planters of the Santa Clara Valtey, and other parts of Central and Northern Califormia, as well as to those in the South. The defendants in the case made the point that Jusuce Tempie's decision would apply to oil lands, but the court especially meets this by showing that oil is not mined to apply to the surface of the land, nor does it percolate from that surface to its ground reservoirs. ‘The court, thérefore, says that, in any controvery over oil, it will follow the decisions rendered in the oil States, | inasmuch as California shares with them the physical features, and the legal principies applicable to them. But, in respect to grmmd waters, our physical features are,ficuhar and individual to this State, and we do not i 'slyre them with States or countries where abundant mors!ure makes drainage more necessary than irrigation. General Reyes has presented h-s ctle to the Presi- dent and, as far as persuasion may mflnen him, is con- vinced that Colombia, in reference to nama, has no standing at . Washington. Colombia is bow reported to have an army in the field and on the march to Panama. It is unfortundte that the patriotic spifit of General Re’a will ‘probably Q_nlpxre him to lea nt befnre he hu an opportunity to know us. By a few scratches of a pen C\lrfilmfl science has hearing which years of stul md“dlfi&un ~advocacy have not gained for it. A few days ago Mrs. Eddy was offered a house valued 4‘,! more tlmn one_miflion Mrs. Eddy kindly “sincerity | wonder!” » mfl:efie\cfl respectiul | 2 arved. souls looking through the eyes of fln J_lfnfllir figures on the streets, gfl theén suddenly they‘are no more— e morgue wagon and the potters’ jfield tell the tale of the life at last shuffed out. Quit in the Almshouse, a few days ago, there was the little ‘stir of the black wagon driving up ¢o the doors and moving off again at lhs slow plice to which the horses have been trained by long experience. Within the clasped doors there lay the poor, bent ‘My of. Jennie Blapk, goln‘g to a name- less grave. Twenty-five yeéars ago Jennie Blank was. the leader in the gay social swim of the new city.. Upon the very crest of the giddy wave of life rode this Southern beauty, whose adorers num- Bered all of the moneyed dandies of the days of much gold. Champagne froth and diamonds sparkled then. Five years ago 'Jenny Blank, the slattérn and vagabond, again and again listened to the’ terse “thirty days” of the Police Judge while stand- ing tottering on her feet in the dock. ,Rags and filth were her por- ends, - money, €. - - 20t Jenny Blnnk the arrogant queen, of -Jenny Blank, the dgunken vaga- bond, there is 16w but tha¥ pitiful lamp of clay lying in a nameless grave. San Francisco, Latw-Giver. honor — everything }xfi then; drunkenness and squalor. 1 - Bome._time ago Superior Judge Ells- worth of Alameda County was exam- ining an applicant for citizenship. The man answered correctly until the Judge asked him where the laws of California weére made. The applicant promptly answered: “San Francisco, your Hon- or.” The Judge said: “Why, you just told me of the three branches — the legislative, executive and judicial; and of the legislative being divided irito’ the Senate apd Assembly, Now who makes the laws?" The applicant replied: “The Legislature, comprised of the Senate and Assembly.” Well {then,” sald his Honor “Where are the laws made?” “San Francisco.” The Judge saw it was hopeless and, smiling broadly, said: “No. San Francisco usually has a lot | to say about it, but she doesn’t make | ! all our laws, my dear sir!"” The Cat Came Back. Councilman Baccus .of the Sixth Ward, Oakland, has a cat and thereby hangs a tale. It is that kind of a cat. Assemblyman Phil Walsh heard of the feline and wanted it. Phil hadn’t seen it. "Neither had it seen Phil So things were even. Pussy was war- ranted the best ever; a good singer, eighteen karat purr, whiskers and everything. So it came about that last week Felis Domestica was put in a basket and sent far from its ancestral hearth to the Walsh home. The As- | semblyman awaited its = arrival and, when the door bell rang, stepped out prepared to hand out gladness. The basket was opened and Phil beamed. Fells took one startled look upward and, with a scream as though it had hit a live wire, Jeaped madly into darkness and was gone. The next morning it purred forth its safe de- liverance to Councilman Baccus. Phil says he never before frightened any- thing less than desperate criminals at {bar, and that the cat must have had something awful Baccus only on its conscience. smiles and says: “No The Nobler Life. Let ug build upon Life's way Oh the wrecks of vesterday; See the nobler!structure rise ‘Where the ¢'d in ruin lies! In the barren fields and drear Sow the seed of harvests fair; In the gardens, lost in gloom, See the sweeter roses bloom; Knowing ever that we stand In the hollow of God's hand— Let us build upon Life's way On the wrecks of yesterday. —Atlanta Constitution. ‘A King's Album. Fetes were held throughout Denmark redently in Fonor of the fortieth anni- versary of King Christian’s accession to the throne. The people everywhere rendered homage to their aged and be- loved sovereign, who received many gifts and souvenirs. It is sald that the King was best pleased with a unique work on the “Danish Royal Orders of Knighthood,” which contains pictures,. biographies and mottoes of all Danish citizens and foreign royalties decorated with Danish orders. The editor of the monumental work applied in Denmark alone to 6000 persons for pictures and autographs, and nearly all of them complied with the requést. Old war- rfors, who after a battle were presented 'by the King with medals. wrote long letters to greet the King. Those re- quested to send in their photographs "ir'o free to have their pittures takcn ntcen photographer, aad . Qays re were hundreds, of ts in the studio; high “officials, en of parishes and aged vat- e One 0ld peasant woman, who in way country town once saved fl;e ‘people’s lives, had been decorated noble deeds.” Her town v-ld by mflc subseription for her trip to Co- fi en, and she ived a prominent “ ths book. foreign royal- ally occupy a large n;erht- Ioudcm:Roman Wall. The man hesitated a mo- | | ment and then answered again: e Church of St. Giles, Cripplegate. The ground of London is estimated to have risen at the rate of nearly a foot a century, and doubtless from time to time many rich finds of antiques will be unearthed, especially if a start is made to construct high buildings on the American plan. Spirited Race. Much interest was excited in England recently in a contest between the sister cruisers Medea and Medusa, which was undertaken for the boiler committee, to test two different types of water botlers, and was concluded on Monday morning, when both ships arrived at Plymouth at an early hour after a race from Gibraltar. The Medea is fitted with the Yarrow large tube boller and the Medusa with the Dhurr. On the way -out tg Gibraltar the Medea was able to run for five hours longer than the Medusa, both ships starting with the same quantity of coal and working at the same horse-power. On the run home four boilers in each ship were working to their utmost horse-power. After leaving Gibraltar on Friday, the Medusa soon gbtained a lead of half a mile and, maintaining her advantage throughout, won by three minutes. During Friday three of the fans of the Medea failed to act properly and by Sunday morning the Medusa was lead- ing by nine miles. The Medea's fans having been revaired, she be to galn on her rival and the distance sep- arating the two ships was gradually {lessened until 9 o'clock on Sunday evening the Medea was only three- quarters of a mile astern. But the ves- sel failed to overhaul the Medusa, which rounded the Eddystone at five | minutes after midnight, the Medea fol- lowing five minutes later. Allowing for the Medusa's start, she actually won by three minutes. Care of af ump. To care properly for a purp one must understand its mechanism and the principlgs involved which cause it to lift water. In mine pumps there are two sets of valves, known as suction and discharge valves; if either set of valves is out of order the efficiency of the pump will be decreased. The sur- face of all water exposed to the air has the pressure of the atmosphere upon it; therefore, if one end of a ‘tube is closed by a valve and the other end lowered into water, it will be pos- sible to cause the water to rise in the tube by drawing the air'out of it. The plunger of the pump, by creating a vacuum in the suction pipe, draws the water up until it passes into the pump through the suction valves. If the suction pipe is not air tight, or if the suction valve leaks, the plunger cannot draw water, from which it follows that the efficiency of a pump depends upon the suction mechanism, and that must be made air tight se that no air enters the suction pipe from above the valves. —Mings and Minerals. True \Friendship. - sl The New York Sun prints a story which only serves to show the true channels of lasting friendship. Here it is: “Ggorge Rice. a porter at the New Amsterdam Hetel, Twenty-first street and Fourth averue, walked into the Twenty-second street station yesterday afternoon, showed Sergeant Ryan a fractured jaw, a broken nose and a dis- colored eye. Rice sald that he had had an argument with Thomas Casey as to which could lift the heavier trunk and that Casey in the course of .the dispute kicked him in the face. “Sergeant Ryan sent Rice to Bellevue and had Casey arrested. “ “Who's your friend?" asked Dr. Cris- ler, when he took Rice's pedigree, at the hospital. “‘“Thomas Casey,’'.he replied. “ “Yes, but do you want the man who kicked vou notified in case you die” contined the doctor. 2 “ “Tom Casev’s the best friend I go8’ said R'ce.” "?* One for Us. It is very pleasing to receive nlee compliments from our contemporaries. ‘We feel that our readers may sharc with us the kind things which are said and therefore present the following from the Modesto Herald: “The San Francisco Call has added [ & very interesting and valuable feature to its splendid news and editorial ser- vice, devoting a page every week to mq\lmtlnn- from authorities on the various nhases of agricultural develop- ‘ment. INustrations lend force to the articles. In the issue of November 30 we find an exceedingly interesting and instructive article by General N. F. Chipmau, president of the State Board of Trade, embodying a comprehensive review of the growth of the fruit indus- tary of the California Fruit Agency, on the benefits co-overation has brought to the growers of oranges. The Call's | new featurs will do the State signal