The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, December 15, 1902, Page 2

2 TIDAL CURRENTS AGAIN MAKE TROUBLE THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, MONDAY, DECEMBER 15, 1902 AND ONLY PROMPT ACTION SAVES CABLE FA Landing Vessel Drags Her Anchor. Forced to Head Full Speed for Sea. HE steam schooner Newsboy left her moorings alongside the cableship Silvertown shortly after b o'clock yesterday morn- ing and headed slowly out of the harbor with six and a half miles of the shore end of the new trans- Pacific cable snugly colled in a great cir- cular mass on her forward deck. Its eighty-seven tons of precious metal strands were zealously guarded by & lusty crew of trained cable hands and engineers der the command of Chief Cable En- eer H. Benest, who has the general of ail the work. This man, gray and weather-beaten and bronzed by the 1s of many climes, was the life d mainspring of the whole enterprise. When he spoke action was the inevitable result. A sailor as well as an engineer, he governed everything and Captain T. H. C ng handled the ship under his di- rec on. was past 7 o'clock when the News- boy dropped anchor about half a mile southwest of the Cliff House. Some time was spent in adjusting the gear and the g sun had already crimsoned the of Twin Peaks when the Govern- feboat was seen fighting its way out through the breakers with the end of towline fastened astern. This y simplified one difficulty encount- on Friday, but it brought bitter dis- appointment to one man. Chief Officer C» C. Bruce of the Newsboy had counted pon the glory of taking the first line shore and he did not take kindly to be- ing robbed of it. However, he is a good scaman and cheerfully gssisted in bend- o a heavier line, which-was then ed ashore by the team of twelve big horses on the beach. TEE CABLE STARTS. This was soon accomplished, s the sea was smooth as a millpond, and at exact- o'clock the first end of the cable was reeved out and droppel into the sea with a balloon buoy attached to keep it »at. With occasional intervals of de- e big -coated wire was steadily floated by balloon buo; every until a line of seventeen of ulbous sentinels stretched from p to breaker line. Then, with a long strong pull the end of the cable auled up on the beach. The cere- s that followed could not be clearly ished by the envious ones on the but the f t, mellowed strains of a floated Gown the breese to tell the of complete success Mackay had insisted 'that Mr. rest should come ashore and join in the vities as well as share in the honors the landing was effected and the ise was given. Mr. Benest was just king ready to leave the ship for this Bt Ly purpose when the cry was raised that the sel was drifting on the shoals. The g tide had taken the ecable in its g embrace and the force was so dous that even the ship's heavy s could not hold her in place. ¥ AN ALARMING DISCOVERY. Then came the even more alarming dis- covery that the cable was doubling up under the stern and was in danger .of kinking. As this meant a certain break and a complete failure of all that had been done excitement reigned supreme for & few minutes. There was but one chance of avoiding disaster and Mr. Benest lost e in taking advantage of it. Obey- prompt and were raised and the Newsboy d ahead under a full head of steam. but surely she gained headway t the surging tide and foot by foot the threatened cable wa¥ sfraighten- ed and brought into a straight, taut line again As ‘there were too many possibilities of danger in lingering any longer in that neighborhood the Newsboy was -pointed straight for the sea with the cable reei- ing off at her stern. The ceremonies ashore no longer had any attraections. It had been planned to take the cable offi- cers and the buoys and other apparatus on board the Newsboy before starting for the Silvertown, but this was abandoned as unsafe and a tug was later sent ashore 2 them sweep of the tide cur- s easy and the six and cable constituting the were successfully laid B half miles shoal of water end by 12:% o'clock. The Silvertown, however, had anchored some distance farther out and it was de- cided to attach the end of the cable tc an anchor buoy and cast it off until the big ship could draw up eloser and begin the work of splicing it to the deep sea sec- tion. ENJOY A FEAST. Then with characteristic British con- sideration for physical comfort the cable layers knocked off for luncheon. It was & merr; t, too, and Englishmen and Ameri pledged a new brotherhood over the ripe red wines of young Califor- nia and the smoky brew of old Scotland. ‘When the vessels finally parted company the crews of each manned ship and gave the other three rousing cheers. The afternoon was devoted to picking up the buoyed end of the sBore section and splicing it to the main line on the Silvertown. This proved a long and in- tricate task, each separate strand having o be welded to its corresponding mate be- fore the outer covering is spliced and sheathed with a composition of tar and }ime to counteract the corrosive infiuences of the water. It was after 6 o'clock be- fore all was clear and the Silvertown started on her long, history making voy- ege to Hawaij. At 8:55 p. m. Mr. Benest cabled to Mr. Mackay that a successful start had been made and that all was well on board. The vessel was then about twenty miles out- side. Every day at noon & similar mes- sage will be sent during the voyage through the 2400 miles of cofled up wire from the Honolulu end, which rests snug- 1y in a small cabinet on the main deck. At e sy WIL TEST THE CABLE, Messages to Be Sent Repeatedly From Shore to the Silvertown. While the Silvertown is moving across the Pacific spinning out the Pacific cable the representative of the cable company in this eity will be in constant communi- cation with her. The cable will be tested night and dey, so that the moment any- thing’goes wrong it will be known. A testing-house, or, as it is called by the members of the Silvertown Company, a decisive orders the | cable hut, has been erected in the sand] Aunes not more than two blocks from the o Ship Silve;towir; i/:[akes Final Splice and Says Goodby. place on the beach where the land end was drawn out of the water yesterday, The testing will be under the super- vision of Herbert Cann, electrician of the Silvertown Company. He will be assisted by E. W. Beckingsale, R. H. Mance and §. E. Marsham, who are employed zlso by the company and ywho came to this city on the Silvertown, ' 'The rable hut is just off D street, which is below the CIiff House. B e e e e e e GALLINGER SMS GALSTI THINGS New Hampshire Senator Makes Sharp Reply to Dr. Keen. WASHINGTON, Dec. 14.—Senator Gal- linger of New Hampshire, who also is a member of the medical profession, to- night gave out a letter in reply to the published letter of Dr. W. W. Keen of Philadelphia, sent him about a week ago. It is In part as follows: UN ATES SENATE, WASHING- E J02.—Dear Sir: Reviewing your’ letter of December 5, 1902, which you Eave to the press of the United States, respect- ing your success in the case of Midshipman Aiken, I note four points. First—That self-advertisement is prohibited by the ethics of our profession. Secona—That misrepresentation is forbidden by the ethics of mankind. No measure that would prohibit vivisection or prevent any of the experiments which you claim were neces- sary to give you the requisite knowledge in the Aiken case has- ever been introduced by me in the Senate; nor has any such legislation been recommended by me to the Senate. Your statement that I have been engaged in efforts to secure “inhuman and cruel legislation’ Is without-the slightest warrant in tact. I have been engaged in efforts to secure humane leg- islation that would prevent crueity. Third—That your argument turns an as- sumption which cannot be maintained, namely, that the localization of the functions in the brain of man has been determined by experi- Mentation on animals. The brains of ani- mals differ from the brain of man and also differ from one another. Long history of ex- periment on the brains of animals has shown that it is only not safe to reason from the brains of animals to that of mmn,- but that such reasoning is not safe as between the brain of one animal and that of another. That such experiments upon man, as results of rea- soning from lower animals, have been to & great extent disastrous is certain, for it is the testimony of great surgeons and physiolo- Eists. Fourth—That you ignore in your direct ap- peal to selfishness that altruism which is the principle of moral progress, to practice cruelty, even in the hope of helping bumanity, is to Eurt it and to delay the advance of civiliza- tion. If to attempt to prevent barbarous practices brings me under your condemnation I am willing to have the case submitted to the judgment of the American people. On the general question of the value of vivi- section, which I have never undertaken to in- terfere with, when humanely practited, it may be well for me to say that I am fortified in my position by the opinions of many of the leading sclentists of the world, including such well-known names as.ihat of the late Lawson Tait, the greatest ovariotomist of the last cen- tury, and by Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson, the 'distinguished English physician, surgeon and sclentist, author of a remarkable book on “‘Biological Experimentation,” who acknowl- edged himself to be & vivisector, but who gives warning to the profession that modern experimentation tends to unfit the physician for the discharge of his duties, summing up his opinion in these words: ‘‘Were 1 again to deliver a course_ of physiological lectures to qualified hearers 1 should make the experi- mental demonstrations on living animals as few and far between as was comvpatible with dul)‘.d They would be painless from beginning to end.” CASTRO’S COURTEOUS ACT. Visits the Invalid Wife of the Ger- man Charge d’Affaires. CARACAS, Dec. 13.—President Cas- tro learned this 'morning of: the ill- ness of Madame von Pilgrim-Baltazzl end this afternoon, accompanied by his wife and a number of Venezuelan "officers, he called at the German legation. The visitors were received by United States Minister Bowen, ;who escorted them to the room of the invalid. President Castro greeted Madame von Pilgrim-Baltazzi and spcke to her of her husband in.a friendly way. saying he held the Germen envoy in Ligh regard. The President of Venezuela produced a favorable impressiop upon Madame von Pilgrim-Baltazzi, and before he léft the German legation he offered her the hospi- tality of the “Yellow House,” the Capitol in Caracas. TAYINNG ovzr SN THE CHBLE *=. — — % FOR THE GREAT SHIP THAT WILL CARRY THE WIRE TO HONOLULU. e —— Ay CHIEF CABLE ENGINEER OF THE SILVERTOWN, WHO DIRECTED LANDING OF PACIFIC CABLE FROM STEAM SCHOONER NEWSBOY, AND SCENES ON VESSEL DURING HER BRIEF CAREER AS TENDER — R Mayor Schmitz and Governor Gage Express Gratitude on Behalf of the People of This City and State : Continued From Page 1, Column 6. which is to bring the islands of the sea into closer relation with the mainland was dropped into the blie waters of the Pacific until the .great bundle of wir emerged from the waves and was chris- tened, was one of absorbing interest. Tt was a scene worthy of an event which will have a permanent place in the his- tory of the world. Gathered on the beach during the cere- mony were many of the city’s most prom- inent officials and business men. The landing of the cable, the most impressive portion of the work, occurred earlier in the morning than was expected. This sud- den change in the programme deprived thousands of people of the pleasure of witnessing the interesting ceremony, Even Clarence H. Mackay, Governor Gage and his daughter, Lucille, arrived just in.the nick of time, in fact, the landing of the wire had to be delayed a few minutes for their accommodation. When the sun rose in the morhing and the day broke beautiful and clear the Silvertown’s crew decided to get to work at once, The light draught steam schooner Newsboy, which had been chartered to facilitate the work of beaching the cable, was anchored about a quarter of a mile off the beach below the Cliff House as early as 6:35 o'clock. The preliminary work was much the same as that per- fopmed on Friday when the first attempt to land the cable was made. The marine conditions were much more favorable. The current was not running so strongly and the breakers which were dashing on the beach on Friday were much calmer. Captain Varney and his crew from the Cliff House Life Saving Station carried a smdl coil of rope from the shore, -where one end was fastened, out to the News- boy. By means of the rope a heavy towline was pulled ashore from the schooner. Then the actual work of land- ing the cable was commenced. CABLE IS LANDED. The towline was attached to the cable and it was pulled through the water by twelve powerful draught horses. The ‘work was slow and tedious. “At intervals along the length of the cable as it was drawn through the sea balloon bouys were attached. These huge, ungainly looking bags of air, bobbing up and down in the waves, had the appearance of mighty le- viathans of the deep about to crawl forth on the land to devour their prey. It was sixteen minutes past 9 o'cléck when the first section of the wire touched the water and it was five minutes to 10 o’clock when the end was pulled triumphantly up on the beach. > ‘When the cable’s end was within a counle of hundred feet of the land and Mr. Mackay and Governor Gage had not yet arrived, the faces of the representa- tives of the Silvertown began to wear a worried expression. At that time there ‘was not more than fifteen hundred peopie on the beach and probably not more than that number witnessed the actual landing. Captain Pattison had sent a telephone message to Mr. Mackay at the Palace Ho- tel and shortly before 10 o’clock the youthful looking president of the cable company, accompanied by Governor Gage and his wife and daughter reached the scene. Little Miss Gage was attired in a pretty light blue dress and carried a large bouquet of American Beauty roses. At last all was in readiness. All the imvortant guests were present and the long-awaited moment bad arrived. It was a moment tinged with solemnity. There were no wild cheers when the end of the cable was finally drawn out of the ocean into the sunlight. No one rushed forward to seize it. All seemed impressed with the dignity of the occasion. Way was made for Clarence H. Mackay, who led little Miss Gage down to where the cable lay in the wet sand so that in the name of the people of California she might dedicate the cable. The ceremony'was not witnessed by the great body of spectators. The officers of the cable company and Mr. Mackay's ¢ special guests formed a compact circle around Misg Gage. A bottle of Califor- nia’s best vintage ornamented with silv, basket work had been provided for her break on the cable. As she stood by the verge of the ocean, with her feet almost lapped by the white foam of the breaking waves, with her glossy curls of a golden hue waving in the sunlight, she presented a beautiful picture of childish innocence. With right good will she dashed the bot- tle of wine against the cable, saying at the same time, “To the memery of Mr. John Mackay, I christen thee Pacific ca- ble. Good luck to thee. May you always carry messages of happiness.” At the conclusion of the ceremony -the crowd broke into cheers. The band struck up “The Star-Spangled Banner” and ‘“The Stars and Stripes Forever.” - ‘The cable was then drawn farther on shore and.the work of splicing the end which had been landed to that already laid on shore was commenced. This work proceeded slowly and did not furnish much of interest to the people. It was performed by two experts who had been brought from London by the Silvertown Company. While this work was going on Mr. Mackay was kept busy recelving the congratulations of the enthusiastic people who crowded around him. As soon as possible after the landing of the cable Mr. Mackay sent the following telegram to the President: ““Hon. Theodore Roosevelt, President of the. United States, Washington, D. C.—T have the honor to inform you that the end of the Honolulu cable ‘was success- fully brought on shore this. morning, Gov- ernor Gage being present. . | . H. MACKAY, “President of the Pacific Commercial Ca- ble Company.” l -+ After the christening ' ceremony had been completed the people commenced to arrive by the hundreds. Every car head- ed for the beach was packed to its utmost capacity, and in a short time there were fully 20,000 people surrounding the in- closure within which Mr. Mackay was entertaining his guests. CROWD GOOD-NATURED. Throughout the day people by the hun- dreds kept going and coming. The crowd was good-natured and seemed to appre- clate that the work which was being done meant that California was about to take & step in advance. The police regu- lations, unlike those of Friday, were per- fect. The crowd was kept well in check and was not allowed to crowd in on Mr. Mackay and his guests. Just before the splicing commencea Clarence Mackay procured two long pieces of heavy wire from the end-of the cable which had been -hauled ashore. He had these wires cut up into pieces and personally distributed the souvenirs to his friends. He succeeded in getting con- !tderahls ~amusement out of the dis- thibution of these mementos, and in giv- ing them displayed considerable partiality to comely young women who were among his guests. The wire unfortunately gave out long before the genial president of the cable company had supplied half the de- mand for souvenirs. In the distribution &f“souvenirs the first to be remembered was Miss Lucille Gage, the dainty little girl who won the admiration of all present by the charm- ing manner in which she christened the cable. “Miss Gage is but 10 years of age, but she i very bright, and the appro- priate words she uttered when christen- ing the great wire were arranged by her- self. After the splicing was well under way, Mr. Mackay, Governor Gage and his wife, Migs Gage, Mayor Schmitz, promi- nent business men of the city and the of- ficers of the cable company inspected the work. They found that the ends of the wires that compose the cable were being rapis fused together under the skillful management of the Silvertown experts. SPEECHES ARE MADE. In inspecting the splicing Mr. Mackay and his guests were compelled to climb up an embankment. They were quickiy surrounded by the crowd and a speech was demanded. "Mr. Mackay, Governor Gage and Mayor Schmitz all made brief remarks. The Governor and the Mayor both expressed the gratitude felt by the people of the State and of this city in partiCular toward: Mr. Mackay for con- tributing so much to their commercial welfare by the construetion of the Pacific cable. eMayor Schmitz spoke first and after his remarks the people called for Mr, Mackay. The modest young president of the cable company, whose wires stretch across a continent and beneath the wa- ters of an ocean, was too overcome to give expression to his thoughts. His voice quivered and after speaking a few sen- tences he broke down. JHe said:« HTBENEST ZHE BosS.y or 0 Souvenirs Are Distrib- uted Among the People. e s i “Ladies and Gentlemen—I assure you that I thank you from the bottom of my heart. No words can express my grati- tude for your kindness to me.” Mr. Mackay spoke in a voice so low that only those who stood near him could hear what he said. His face showed that he deeply appreciated the generous en- thusiasm which had been shown toward him by the people of San Francisco. ' Mayor Schmitz said that the Pacific cable would unite the New West with the Old East and would make them both the New Wesc. He said that the laying of the cable was ohe of the greatest, if not the greatest event, in the history of San Francisco and that the people who had the pleasure of taking part in the christening ceremonies would consider it a matter of pride in years to come. He paid a high tribute to the late Juhn W. Mackay, who originated the plan of bridging the Pacific with a cable for the transmission of thought. He also spoke in words of praise for John W. Mackay's son, who had taken his place and carried planned. He declared that the vast mul- jitude which had assemhled to witness ‘the ceremony showed.that the people of San Francisco fully appreciated the bene- fits which would accrue to them from the cable. GOVERNOR GAGE SPEAKS. Governor Gage made brief but appro- priate remarks. He said that no event in the history of the State was more im- portant to the people of California than the laying of the Pacific cable. In the name of the people of California he thanked Mr. Mackay and the other of- ficers of the Pacific Cable Company for conferring this inestimable benefit on this State. At the conclusion of the Gov- ernor’'s remarks the crowd gave three cheers for Mr. Mackay. Every one pres- ent joined in the cheering. Even the sun- browned and toil-stained laborers laid aside their work for the time being to express their appreciation of the presi- dent of the cable company. In return he proposed three cheers for the Governor's little ‘daughter and the response was given with all the heartiness of the best of good will. The inspection of the splicing terminat- ed the formal ceremonies of the day. The guests and their host retired to the re- freshment tent, where there was much | toasting of Mr. Mackay, Governor Gage, Mayor Schmitz, Captain Pattison and other prominent people who were present. While the ceremony on the shore was being brought to a conclusion the News- boy had turned her prow toward the sea and steamed out to join the Silvertown, which was lying about gix miles off shore. As she moved out she paid out the cable, the end of which was transferred to the Silvertown when that ship was finally reached. After the two ends hazt beeg spliced together, the Silvertown turne hgrc:row fownrd Honolulu. Thither she will sail hight and day, paying out the cable as she goes until she reaches the shore of the distant islands. ¥ Dyring the entire afternoon, after a thev cegemonles had been completed, thousands of people wandered along the beach gazing in wonder at the cable which had already halt buried itself in the sand. They recognized that one step fur- ther had been taken in the advancement of California and one step further in the advancement of that sclence which has made the names of Morse, Field, Franklin and Edison immortal. il @ MOB'S FURY SENDS HIM TO DEATH —_— Continued From Page 1, Column 7. tire saloon on a side street. The boys shouted “‘scab” at them several times. The Greeks immediately came up close to the boys and entered into an argument with them. -A citizen went to one of the Greeks and asked him if he had a gun. The reply was ‘no,” but with that an- other Greek drew a pistol. The instant the pistol was drawn a crowd of Greeks numbering about thirty ran out of the sa- Ilcon, every man with a pistol in his hand. The men, women and chil of Beni- cia who were present fled before the mob, and the Greeks, apparently frenzied with excitement, began firing indiscriminately into the fleeing crowd. Their act was en- tirely without provecation, for not a hand bad been raised against them and none of the citizens had a gun. A large num- ber of the ‘men and women took refuge Elder Mackay’s Plans Are Heeded. Shore End Rests out the great enterprise which he had | on His Foot- print. Continued From Page 1, Column 3. thought-winged Puck of his fame as a messenger. g The work of closing the }m_gap in this magic circle was happily inaugu- rated yesterday by the successful lam} ing of the shore end of the new Pacific commercial Ccable on the sea-swept beach, where its mate of the land lay waiting for the wedding of hemispheres by the high priests of science. 1 John W. Mackay did not live to wit- ness the culmination of - his dream, which means so much to California, but men were there who remembered and his wishes were faithfully fulfilled, while it was his idea _;nd his plans that were carried out. o him, therefore, all honor is due. Ten months ago John W. Mackay was seen to walk thought- fully that same dreary stretch of sand, with eyes cast down as though search- ing for something. Every now and then he would take a long look out to sea, but only to resume his steady, plod- ding walk. Finally he paused and aiter a moment of examination marked off a spot in the sand. Then he went away to visit the place no more in life. That spot, apparently so idly chosen by the elder Mackay, to-day marks ti junction of the ‘shore and land sections of the great cable, the first to span t! broad Pacific and bring Uncle Sa newest children within the family fold. TASK SEEMED EASY. To the layman the task seemed easy and simple, but it was not accomplished without great difficulty and at least one narrow escape from disaster. The day was fair and rosy and all nature seemed garbed for a holiday. Even the surly, uncouth sea was persuaded by the sistent sun. into showing its company manners and sprawled lazily over the yellow sands, all a-shimmer with the mir- rored glories of a draperied sky ‘and fil- tered sunshine. Still its jealous nature could not forget the intrusion of that new-fangled notion of its puny master, Man, and as soon as the cable had flo ashore in the leash of its protecting b: loon buoys old Neptune's spoiled chi grew restive under the ringing cheers of his conquering foes and kickéd up a swirl of under éurrents that dragged the ancHored Newsboy from her station anc swept Both ship and cable almost upon the shoals below the Clff House. The wire itself was doubled beneath the stern and for a moment disaster stared the en- gineers in the face. Should a kink form, a break was certain and the work would have to be done all over again after much arassing delay. h4‘4\11 lhfmghts of joining the festivities ashore, as previously planned, W promptly abandoned and Chief Cable gineer H. Benest ordered full ste ahead. The anchor was raised and slow- ly, laboriously, the Newsboy plowed her way into the teeth of the tide. HEADS FOR SILVERTOWN. There was a ten-minute interval of anxious suspense before the ship finally reached a point of safety and straight- ened the cable out behind her. There was too mnch danger in stopping again, however, So the officers and para- phernalia ashore were left to be taken ol jater by a tug and the Newsboy was headed on a straight course for the § vertown, which lay hull down in the dis tance. Two hours later the end of the six and one-half miles of shore ction buoy, ready to be taken up by vertown and spliced on to the deep wire. This' was accomplished durir afternoon and just at dusk the big cable ship pointed her nose into the he of the with the momentous band 24 nations reeling off into the humgry waters astern at the rate of seven miles an hour If no storms or other unforseen difficul- ties arise it s expected that the cable | will reach Hondlulu in time for Hawall to send her first glad Christmas greetings to the outside world from the coral beach of Waikikl. @ rimbrinleimivieil el @ a civilian in the United States arsenal here, did not succeed in getting insida and was caught by the Greeks, now in Sull possession of the streets. They beat him brutally. Only by a miracle did any of the crowd escape instant death when the volley was fired. One bullet whizzed through a citizen's clothing but did not touch the flesh. . The disturbance, however, was not over. The Greeis continued up the street unti¥ they came near a hotel which stands on the cormer of First and E streets, three blocks away from the scene of the first outbreak. KILLING OF JENSEN. There they met Jacob Jensen, who was talking to Mr. and Mrs. Bergstrom, whom he had beén visiting. One of the Greeks approached him and roughly asked where he was working. Jensen replied that ho considered it none of the Greek's busi- ness, and without another word the Greek pushed Jensen back and shot him thres times, one bullet penetrating the heart, onc the mouth and one the wrist. Jensen fell dead and the Greeks ordered Mr. and Mrs. Bergstrom to go home, en- forcing the command with their pistols. Jensen leaves a wife and nine children, the youngest only four months old. He was a quiet, inoffensive man who always avolded trouble. Two of the Greeks have been arrested, but it will be difficult to fix upon the murderer of Jemsen, as identification is almost impossible among the crowd who committ®d the crime. It is probable that more arrests will be made, and the Sher- #ff and District Attorney are hurrying to the scene. “At this hour the town Is quiet and ail saloons and public houses are closed. Feeling is running high, however. Constable Hyde late to-night arrested two Greeks for discharging firearms in the city limits, catching one of them in the act of placing the still smoking PW. in a drawer in his room. The shots al o'clock were evidently fired in the hol of creating still further excitement and awakening the citizens, as thése men do not seem to realize the seriousness of their escapade. The two men arrested for the murder of Jensen have been taken to in adjoining saloons and hotels and bolt- | Vallejo by Sheriff Savage as a precau- ed the doors. tionary measure, although no trouble is A stranger named Dixon, employed as | now anticipated. b J +——-——-——‘*' i