The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, December 4, 1901, Page 5

THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 4.\ 1901. 'FIRM POLICY CONCERNING OUR NEW POSSESSIONS CUBA IS ENTITLED TO INDEPENDENCE WITHOUT DELAY Porto Rico and Hawaii Should Be Promptly Developed on American Lines. Continued From Page Four. = N an isthmian canal guarant ¥ at any time, and which ces to this nation every right that it ever asked in connection with the canal. treaty, .the old Clayton-Bulwer treaty recognized as inadequate to supply for the comstruction and mainte- @ necessarily American ship canal It specifically provides that the lone shall do the work of long guarding the canel and shall regulate its neu- iral use by all nations on terms of equality without the guaranty or interference of any ide nation from any quarter. The signed treaty will at once be laid before the Senate, and if approved the Congress can then pro- ceed to give effect to the advantages it se- cures us by providing for the building of the canal FPEACE BEFORE BLIGHTING WAR More Harmony Among Civ- ilized Pcoples Hoped for by the Executive of the | American Republic end Explanation of the Mon- roe Doctrine. The true end of every great and free people should be self-respecting peace; and this na- most earnestly desires stncere and cordial friendship with others. Over the entire world, of recent years, wars between the great vilized powers have become less and less ent. Wars with barbarous or semi-bar- | barous peoples come in an entirely different being merely a most regrettable but ernational police duty which must for the sake of the welfare of Peace can only be kept with cer- where both sides wish to keep it; but re and more the civilized peoples are real- ¢ w war and are attain- just and intelligent re- of others which will in and belteve, make world- The peace conference at finite expression to this marked a stride toward ke ndit 1y of ce conference acquiesced in our re Monroe dictrine as compat- purposes and aims of the con- ne should be the cardinal n policy of all the nations as it is of the United seventy-eight years have passed Mc the to be roe in his annual message American continents are considered as nization by any European r words, the Monroe doc- that there must be no aggrandizement by any non-Ameri- at the expense of any American American sofl. It is in no wise in- stile to any nation ese is it intended to give cover n New World power other. It is simply a toward assuring the he world by securing the permanent peace on this power se of any peace ¢ of ¥ other influences ha and rope. Through the doctrine we hope to be able to safe- like independence and secure like per- e for the lesser among the New World shed lier states of has nothing to do with the tions of any American power, “truth allows each of them to desires. In other words, it is ¥ of the commercial inde- the Americas. We do not ask s doctrine for any exclusive commer- ngs with any other American State guarantee any State against pun- it misconducts itself, provided that nt does not take the form of the ac- territory by any non-American Our attitude in Cuba is a sufficlent guaranty our own good faith. We have not the slight- Gesire to secure any territory at the ex- pense of any of our neighbors. We wish to with them hand in hand, so that all of ¥y be uplifted together, and we rejoice e good fortune of any of them, we gladly their material prosperity and political Y. and are concerned and alarmed if them f into industrial political We do not wish to see any Old World grow up on this continent, or to 1 to become a military power our- peopies of the Americas can pros- eft to work out their own salva- own way. | i subjects | in the Old | hemi- | independence | SRS — terms of ignominy to the craven and the weak- | ng. It is not possible to ! 4 improvise & navy after | | { war breaks out. The | | Training of na- | ships must be built and | wal men ean-| the men trained long in | not be mnes-| advance. Some lected during | fliary vessels can be aux- | | | ! | peace. | turned into makeshifts | | which will do in de- | 4 fault of ‘any better for | the minor work, and a proportion of raw men can be mixed [with tge highly trained, thetr short- | coming¥being made good by the skill of their | fellows; but the efficient fighting force of the | when pitted against an equal opponent will be found almost exclusively in the war- ships that have been regularly built and in the officers and men who through vears of faith- | ful performance of sea duty have been trained | to_handle their formidable but complex and | elicate weapons with the highest efficiency. | In the late war with Spain the ships that dealt | the decisive blows at Manila and Santiago had | been launched from two to fourteen years, and they were able to do as they did because the men in the conning towers, the gun turrets and the engine-rooms had through long years of practice at sea learnied how to do their duty. | Our present navy was begun in 1852 At that | period our navy consisted of a collection of antiquated wooden ships, already almost as out of place against modern war vessels as the gal- | leys of Alcibiades and Hamilcar—certainly as the ships of Tromp and Blake. Nor at that time did we have men fit to handle a modern man-of-war. Under the wise legislation of the Congress and the successful administration of | | a succession of patriotic Secretaries of the | Navy, belonging to both political parties, the | work’ of upbuilding the navy went on,” and | ships equal to any in the world of their kind were continually added; and what was even more important, these ships were exercised at sea singly and In squadrons until the men aboard them were able to get the best possible service out of them. The result was seen in | the short war with Spain, which was decided with such rapidity because of the infinitely | greater preparedness of our navy than of the | Spanish navy. ‘While awarding the fullest honor to the men who actually commanded and manned the ships | which destroyed the Spanish sea forces in the Philippines and in Cuba, we must not forget | that an equal meed of praise belongs to those | without whom neither blow could have been struck. The Congressmen who voted years in advance the money to lay down the ships, to | | build the guns, to buy the armor-plate; the de- | partment officials and the business®men and | wage-workers who furnished what the Con- | | gress had authorized; the Secretaries of the Navy who asked for and expended the appro- priations; and finally the officers who, in fair | weather and foul, on actual sea service, trained and disciplined the crews of the ships when there was no war in sight—all are entitled to a full share in the glory of Manila and Santiago, and the respect accorded by every true Ameri- | can to those who wrought such signal triumph for our country. It was forethought and prep- | aration which secured us the overwhelming tri- | umph of 1888. If we fail to show forethought and preparation now, there may come a time | when disaster will befall us instead of tri- {umph; and should this time come, the Ysult‘ will rest primarily, not upon those whom the | accident of events puts in supreme command at the moinent, but upon those who have falled | to prepare in advance. There should be no 4 cessation in the work | of completing our navy. | Additional bat- e So far ingenuity has | | tleships are| been wholly unable to | | required for| devise a substitute for | mafety of the| the great war craft | | mation. | whose hammering guns | | beat out the mastery |+ -—————4 of the high seas. It is unsafe and unwise not to provide this vear for several additional bat- tleships and heavy armored cruisers, with aux- fliary and lighter craft in proportion; for the exaft numbers and character 1 refer you to the report of the Secretary of the Navy. But there | is something we need even more than addi- | | ‘nrm.’s‘ ships, and this is additional officers and men. To provide battleships and cruisers and then Jay them up, With the expectation of leav- ing them unmanned until they are needed in | | actual war, would be worse than folly; it would be a crime against the nation. | To send any warship against a competent | unless those aboard it have been trained | ears of actual sea service, including in- | | cessant_gunnery practice, would be to invite | | not merely dinsaster, but the bitterest shame and humiliation. Four thousand additional | seamen and one thousand additional marines | should be provided; and an increase in the offi- | cers should be provided by making a large ad- | dition to the classes at Annapolis. There is | one small matter which should be mentioned | in connection with Annapolis. The pretentious | and unmeaning_title of *naval cadet’ sh | be abolished; the title of ‘‘midshipman, | of historic association, should be restored. | Even in time of peace a warship should be | used until it wears out, for only so can it be | | kept fit to respond to any emergency. The officers and men alike should be kept as much | as possible on blue water, for it is there only they can learn their duties as they should be | learned. The big vessels should be maneuvered in squadrons containing not merely battleships, | but the necessary proportion o cruisers and | 1l % NGRESSIONATE O b COMNGREDS 57 D T - - PACIFICATION OF PHILIPPINES IS ' AMERICA’S DUTY To Withdraw Troops From the Archipelago at Present Time |, Would Be Crimin al. Action should be taken In reference to the militta and to the raising of volunteer forces. Our militia law is obsolete and worthless. The organization and armament of the National Guard of the several States, which are treated as militia in_the appropriations by the Congress, should be made identical with those provided | for the regular forces. The. obligations and dutles of the guard in time of war should be carefully defined and a system established by law under which the method of procedure of raising volunteer forces should be prescribed in advance. It is utterly impossible in the excitement and haste of impending war to do this satisfactorily if the arrangements have | not been made long beforehand. Provision should be made for utilizing in the first vol- unteer organizations called out the training of those citizens who have already had experience under arms, and especially for the selection in advance of the officers of any force which may be raised: for careful selection of the kind 2 | necessary Is impossible after the outbreak of war. That the army fs not at all a mere instru- ment of destruction has been shown during the last three years. In the Philippines, Cuba and Porto Rico it has proved itself a great con- structive force, a most potent implement for th> upbuilding of a peaceful ctvilization. No other citizens deserve so well of the re- public as the veterans, the survivors of those who saved the Union. They did the one deed which if left undone would have meant that all else in our history went for nothing. But for their steadfast prowess in the sreatest crisis of our histery all our annals would be meaningless and our great experiment in pop- ular freedom and self-government a glpomy failure. Moreover, they not only left."us a united nation, but they left us also as a her- itage the memory of the mighty deeds by which the nation was kept united. We are now indeed one nation, ome In fact as well as in name; we are united in our devotion to the flag which is the symbol of national great- ness and unity: and the very completeness of our union enables us all, in every part of the country, to glory in the valor shown alike by the sons of the North and the sons of the South in the times that tried men's souls. The men who in the last three years have dome so well iIn the East and the West Indies and on the mainland of Asia have shown that this remembrance is not lost. In any serious crisis the United States must rely for the great mass of its fighting men upon the vol- unteer soldiery who do not make a permanent profession of the military career: and when- ever such a crisis arises the deathless memo- ries of the Civil War will give to Americans the lift of lofty purpose which comes to those whose fathers have stood valiantly in the forefront of the battle. - || MERIT SYSTEM SHOWS GAINS Government - Has Greatly Benefited by the Practice W hich Permits Only Per~ sons of Ability to Occupy the Federal Positions. | | i - The merit system of making appointments | 18 in its essence as democratic and American as the common school system itself. It sim- ply means that in clerical and other positions 2. | where the duties are entirely non-political all | applicants should have a fair fleld and no fa- | vor, each standing on his merits as he is able | to show them by practical test. Written com- petitive examinations offer the only available means in many cases for applying this sys- tem. In other cases, as where laborers are Piresident Roosevzt’s Message. petitors with American labor. SHOULD PROVE THEIR CAPACITY TO EARN AN AMERICAN LIVING | INALLY, ali persons should be excluded who arz below a certain, standard of economic fitness to enter our industrial field as com- There should be proper prooi o? per- sonal capacity to earn an American living and encugh money to insure a dfcent start under American conditions. This wouid stop the influx of cheap labor and the resuiting competition which gives rise to so | much of bitterness in American industrial life, and it would dry up the springs of the pestilential social conditions in our great cities, where an=- anchistic organizations have their greatest possibility of growth.—From employed, a system of registration undoubted- ly can be widely extended. There are of course, places where the written competitive examination cannot be ied, and others where it offers by no means an ideal solu- tion, but where under existing political con- ditions it is, though an imperfect means, yet the best present means of getting satiSfactory results. Wherever the conditions have permitted the application of the merit system in its fullest and widest sense, th& gain to the Government has been immense. The navy-yards and pos- tal service illustrate. probably better than any other branches of the Government, the great gain in economy, efficiency and honesty due to the enforcement of this principle. I recommend the pdssage of a law which will extend the classified service to the Dis- trict of Columbia, or will at least enable the President thus to extend it. In my judgment all laws providing for the temporary employ- ment of clerks should hereafter contain a pro- vision that they be selected under the Civil Service law. It is important to have this system obtain at home, but it is even more importaut to have it applied rigidly in our insular posses- sions. Not an office should be filled in the Philippines or Porto Rico with any regard to the man's partisan afflliations or services, with any regard to the political, social or per- . sonal influence which he may have at his command; in short, heed should be pald to | present session of the Congress. -— s unaffacted by partisan considerations. The guardianship and fostering of our rapidly expanding foreign commerce, the protection of American citizens resorting to foreign coun- tMes in lawful pursuit of their affairs, and the maintenance of the dignity of the nation abroad, combine to make it essentfal that our Consuls should be men of character, knowledge and enterprise. It is true that the service is now, in the main, efficlent, but a standard of excellence cannot be permanently maintained until the principles set forth in the bills here- tofore submitted to the Congress on this sub- Ject are enacted into law. In my judgment the time has arrived when ‘we should definitely make up our minds to rec- ognize the Indian as an individual and not as a member of a tribe. The general allotment act is a mighty pulverizing engine to break up the tribal mass. It acts directly upon the fam- ily and the individual. Under its provisions some 60,000 Indians have already become cfti- zens of the United States. We should now break up the tribal funds, doing for them what allotment does for the tribal lands; that ia they should be dividel into individual heldingf. There will be a transition period during which the funds will in many cases have to be held In trust. This is the case also with the lands. A stop should be put upon the indiscriminate permission to Indians to lease their allotments. The effort|should be steadily to make the In- @lan work like any other man on his own ground. The marriage laws of the Indians should be made the same as those of the ‘whites, In the schools the education should be ele- mentary and largely induftrial. The need of higher “education among the Indians Is very, very limited. On the reservations care should be taken to try to suit the teaching to the needs of the particular Indian. There is no use in attempting to induce agriculture in a country suited only for cattle raising, where the Indian should be made a stock grower. The ration system, which is merely the corral and the reservation system, is highly detrimen- tal to the Indians. It promotes begary, per- petuates pauperism and stifles industry. It Is an effectual barrier to progress. It must con- tinue to a greater or less degree as Tong s tribes are herded on reservations and have everything in common. The Indian should be treated as an individual—like the white man. During the change of treatment inevitable hardships will occur; every effort should be made to minimize these hardships; but we should not because of them nhesitate to make the change. There should be a continuous re- duction in the number of agencies. In dealing with the aborigmnal races few things are more important than to preserve them from the terrible physical and moral degradation resulting faom the liquor traffle. We are doing all we can to save our own In- dian tribes from this evil. Wherever by inter- national agreement this same end can be at- tained as regards races where we do not pos- sess exclusive control every effort should be made to bring it about. * — EXPOSITIONS ARE FAVORED Congress Is Asked to ‘Aid Great Enterprises That Help to Display the Won- ~ derful and Growing Re- sources of the Union. | + 1 bespeak the most cordial support from the Congress and the people for the St. Louls Ex- position to commemorate the one hundredth anniversary of the Louistana purchase. This purchase was the greatest instance of expan- sion in our history. It definitely decided that ‘we were to become a great continental repub- e, by far the foremost power In the Western Hemisphere. It is one of three or four great landmarks in our history—the great turning points in our development. It Is eminently fit- ting that all our people should join ~with heartiest good will in commemorating it. and he citizens of St. Louis, of Missouri, of all the adjacent region are entitled to every aid in making the celebration a noteworthy event in our annals. We earnestly hope that foreign nations will appreciate the deep interest our country takes in this exposition and our view of its importance from every standpoint. and that they will participate in securing its suc- cess. The national Government should be rep- resented by a full and complete set of exhibits. The people of Charleston, with great energy and civic spirit, are carrying on an exposition which will continue throughout most of ths 1 hearcily commend this exposition to the good wili of the people. It deserves all the encouragement that can be given it. The managers of the Charleston Exposition have ested the Cabinet officers to-place thereal the Govern- ment exhibits which have been at Buffalo, promising to pay the necessary expenses. I have taken the responsibility of directing that this be done, for I feel that it Is due to Charleston to help her in her praiseworthy ef- fort. In my opinfon the management shoull not be required to pay all the expemses. I earnestly recommend that the Congress appro- & %+ | scouts. The torpedo-boats* shouid be handled | absolitsly: nothing: ewvs NG’ sa(wiawn char | 25 A % 8 e | | by the younger officers in such manner as wills| in time of war. It should be composed of | and management of his horse and in his abll- | the Great Lakes, the army corps when as- | 8cter and capacity and the needs of the PUTFOST W .o 0 ooboiiion at Buffalo las RICHTS OURS, best fit the latter to take responsibilty and | graduates of the naval academy, graduates of | ity to fight on horseback. sembled could be marched from some inland | Service. | just closed. Both from the industrial and the meet the emergencles of actual warfare. the Naval Militia, officers and crews of coast- | A genera! staff should be created. As for the | point to some point on the water, there em- | The administration of these islands should | JUC C0SPP POl TSR W8 (HLTHE R, Seen BUT ALSO DUTY Every detail ashore which can be performed | iine steamers, longshore schooners, ishing ves- | present staff and supply departments, they | barked, disembarked after a couple of days' | be as wholly free from the suspicion of par- | SFUERE FETERC T Fhn SERaR o o mot mere. by a clvilian should be 0 performed, the offl- | sels and steam yachts, together with the coast | should be filled by detalls from the line, the | journey at some other point and again marched | tisan olitics as the administration of the | %S Guffilo, but to the United States. The { e cer being kept for his special duty in the sea | population about such centers as life-saving | men so detailed returning after a while to | Inland. -Only by actual handling and providing | army and nawy. fra 'P',’,mvfi“:: orPorto | terrible tragedy of the President's assassina- Development of the Navy Is | service. Above all, gunnery practice should be | stations and lighthouses. * | their line dutles, It is very undesirable to have | for men in masses while they are marching, | Public servanf . h try | tion interefered materially with its being & i evelopment of the Nav | unceasing. 1t is important to have our navy | The American people must either build and | the sentor grades of the army composed of | camping, embarking and disembarking will it | Rico Is that he reflect honor on his country | o0 0" (uccess. The exposition was pecu R ved for the Greaier of adequate size, but it 1s even more Important | maintain an adequate navy or else make up | men who have come to fill the positions by | be possible to train.the higher officers to per- | by the way in which he mfikes that country's | | B F0 L trCny with the trend of our pub- i equi f T2 that ship for ship it should equal in efficiency | their minds definitely to accept a secondary | the mere fact of senfority. A system should | form their duties well and smoothly. rule a benefit to the peoples N i mex. o3 | lic policy, because it represented an effort to Succe. f Our Merchant | any navy in the world. This is possible only | position in international affairs, not merely in | be adopted by which there shall be an elimina- A great debt Is owing | under it. This is all that we showd ask. and | /" into closer touch all the peoples of the Success o, ] 1 | with nighly drilled crews and officers, and this | political, but in commercial, matters, It has | tion. grade by grade, of those who seem. un- 4 from the public to tho | We cannot afford o be content wieh 16 | Western Hemisphere, and give them an i. Varine and for Protection | |1 tar imperatively demands continuous and | been well said that there is no surer Way | At to render the best service In the next grade, | men of the army and | The merit system Is simply one method of | ' oo songe of unity. Such an effort was Marine and fo [ | progressive instruction in target practice, ship | of courting national disaster than to be *‘0pu- | justice to the veterans of the civil war who | [Publie owes &| navy. They should be | Securing honest and efficlent administration of | J7 o) ine service to the entire American pub- 2he milrs [ | handling, squadron tactics and general discip- | lent, aggressive and unarmed.’’ are still in the army would seem to require great debt| so treated as to enable | the Government; and in the long run the sole | 7, ' of the Country. | line. Our ships must be assembled in squad- that in the matter of retirements they be given to the army| them to reach the | Justification of any type of government Ifes | " The advancement of | | rons actively cruising away from harbors and | % | by law the same privileses accorded -to their and to- the| highest point of effi. | In Its proving itself both honest and effictent. | , ° O, SCTATeement of - 8 . | never long at anchor. The resulting wear upon comrades in the navy. navy. | clency, so that they | The consular service is “""E;"P‘“l‘;.;“ ‘"",;";I' natlonal sclence and engines and hulls must be endured; a battle- | | A RMED FORCES The process of elim- | may be able to respond | the provisions of a law passed in 1336, whic Museums and| learning and the cus- ship worn out in long training of officers and | 4 ination of the least fit 4 instantly to any de. |Is entirely inadequate to existing conditions. Mbvuvies sre| tody of cbjects of ot The work of upbuflding the mavy must be |men g well paid for by the results, while, on | ARE ADEQUATE | should be conducted in mand made upon them | The Interest shown by so many commerclal idered = | and of the valuabl steadily continued. Neo one pomt of our policy., | the other hand, no matter in how excellent | - Good of the| a manner that would | to sustain the interests of the nation and the | bodles throughout the country In the reorgan Srent publte| sl of Sieatii et Zoreign or domestic. is mere Imporiant thas | conaition, it i useless It the crew be not x- —_ mervice must| render it practically [honor of the flag. The individual American | ization of the service ls heartlly commended iy | G et o th J 0no; 1 - b/ - Dert. - always he the | impossible to apply’| enlisted man is probably on the whole a more | to your attention. Several - = = the Units 2 above all to the peace, of vur nation in the - We now kave seven- No Important Reason Exists Bhram 6 un £ political or social et | formidable dghting man than the regular of | & New consular service have in recent years } toun Sammitid & Be future. Whether we Gesire it or not, we must | 4 ~—————4 teen battleships appro- 5 consideration | sure on behalf of any | any other army. Every consideration should | been submitted to the Congress. They are based Sliensinn . Tasiten henceforth recognize that we have international | | priated for, of which | at the Present Time far f { candidate, 8o that each | be shown him and in return the highest stand. | upon the just principle that appointments to | . ===~ 4 s reance of fts declared purpose— duties no less than International rights. Even | | Anflity to com-| nine are completed and 4 44— 4 man may be judged |ard of usefulness should be exacted from him, | the service should be made only after a prac-| W, B, OO SRR 2o if our flag were hauled down in the Philippines | | “inand men m| have been comml Increase in the Strength of puzely on his own mer- | It is well worth while for the Congress to con- | tical test of the applicant's fitness, that pro- | for the "increase an . and Porto Rico, even if we decided not to build | | gremt requis-| sioned for actual serv- 7o S its. Pressure for the promotion of civil offl- | sider whether the pay of enlisted men upon | motions should be governed by trustworthiness, the Isthmian canal, we should need a thor-| | jte fn mca| ice. The remaining the Military Organizaiion clals for poiltical reasons Is bad enough, but | second and subsequent enlistments should not | adaptabllity and zeal in the performance ot | Continued on Page Nine. oughiy SriRE SEVY ©X BAeURES Mo, 5 oo | | Jeervice. | etght will be ready in [ it is tenfold worse where applied on behalf | be increased to correspond with the increased | duty, and that the tenure of office should be { e prepered denmitely and for all time o aban- | | | from two to four years, of the Country. of officers of the army or navy. Every pro- | value of the veteran seldier. on €he San That our Bation is Smoag those | o 4 but it will take at least motion and every detail under the War De- | Much good has already come from the act Sewnt doms 00 0N €0 Xhe n I8 Wiipe. Mo~ that time to recruit’| g 4 | partment must be made solely with regard to | reorganizing the army passed early in the pres- s our commerce 'mu*l Ahl\'e wer craft to and train the men to fight them. It is of vast the good of the service and o the capacity | ent year. The three prime reforms, all of them foreign bottoms we mus | concern that we have trained crews ready for | Tt js not necessary to increase our army be- | and merit of the man himself. No pressure, | of literally inestimable value, are, first, the Y -1 > protect it. the vessels by the time they are commissioned, | yond its present size at this time. But it is | political, social or personal, of any kind, will | substitution of four-year details from the line ar - Y Yns rea QVQ' Inasmuch, however, as the American people | Good ships and good guns are simply g0od | necessary to keep it at the highest point of | be permitted to exercise the least effect in any | for permanent appointments in the so-called have no thought of abandoning the path upon | weapons, and the best weapons are useless | cfficlency. The individual units who as officers | question of promotion or detail; and if there | staft divisions; second, the establishment of a which they have entered, and especially In|save in the hands of men who know how to | and enlisted men cgmpose this army, are, we | Is reason to believe that such pressure is ex- | corps of artillery with a chief at the head; view of the fact that the bullding of the Isth- | fight with them. The men must be trained and | have good reason to belleve, at least as effi- | ercised at the instigation of the officer con- | third, the establishment of a maximum and mian canal is fast becoming one of the matters | qrijled under & thorough and well-planned sys- | cient as those of any other army in the entire | cerned, it will be held to militate against him. | minifoum 1limit for the army. It would be hich the whole people are united in demand- ing, it ie imperative that our navy should be st and kept in the highest state of efficiency 2nd should be made to answer to our growing needs cation to war, an adequate and highly trained navy is the best guaranty against war, the cheapest and most effective peace Insurance. The cost of bullding and maintaining such a navy insuring peace which this nation can possibly pay. Probably no other great mation in the world is so anxious for peace as we are. There i not & single civilized power which has anything whatever to fear fromi aggressivemess on our part. All we want is peace; and toward this end we wish to be able to secure the same re- | #pect for our rights from others which we are eager and anxious to extend to thelr rights in return, to insure fair treatment to us com- mecially and to guarantee the safety of the American people. Our people intend to abide by the Monsoe foctrine and to insist upon it as the one sure eans of securing the peace of the Western Hemisphere. The navy offers us the only means of making our insistence upon the Monroe doc- trine anything but a subject of derision to whatever nation chooses to disregard it. We esire the peace which comes as Of right to o Just man armed; not the peace granted on So far from being in any way a provo- | represents the very lightest premium for | tem of progressive instruction, while the re- | cruiting must be carried on with still greater | vigor. Every effort must be made to exalt the | main function of the officer—the command of men. The leading graduates of the Naval Acad. emy should be assigned to the combatant | branches, the line and marines. ~ | Many of the essentials of success are already | recognized by the general board, which, as the | central office of a growing staff, is moving steadily toward a Droper war efficiency and a | proper efficiency of the whole navy, under the | Becretary. This general board, by fostering the creation of a general staff, is providing for the official and then the general recogni- | tion of our altered conditions as a nation and of the true meaning of a great war fleet, which meaning is, first, the best men, and, second, | the best ships. The Naval Militia forces are State organiza- tions, and are trained for coast service, and in event of war they will constitute the inner line of defense. They should receive hearty encouragement from the General Government. But in addition we should at once provide for a national naval reserve, organized and trained under the direction of the Navy De- partment, and subject to the call of the Chief Executive whenever war becomes imminent. It should be a real auxiliary to the naval sea- going peace establishment, and offer material world. It is our duty to see that their train- ing is of a kind to insure the highest possible expression of power to these units when act- ing in combination. The conditions of modern war are such as to make an infinitely heavier demand than ever before upon the Individual character and capacity of the officer and the enlisted man, and to make it far more difficut for men to act together with effect. At present the fight- ing must be done in extended order, which means that each man must act for himself and at the same time act in combination with others with whom he is no longer in the old- fashioned clbow-to-elbow touch. Under such conditions a few men of the highest excellence are worth more than many men without the | special skill which is only found as the result of special training applied to men of excep- tional physique and morale. But nowadays the most valuable fighting man and the most difficult to perfect is the rifieman who is also a skiliful and daring rider. The proportion of our cavalry regiments has wisely been increased. The American cavalry- man, trained to maneuver and fight with equal facility 'on foot and on horseback, is the best type of soldier for general purposes now to be found in the world. The ideal cavalryman of the present day is & man who can fight on foot as effectively as best infantryman, 10 be drawn on at once for mauning our ships | and who is in addition unsurpassed in the care In our army we cannot afford to have rewards or dutles distributed save on the simple ground that those who by their own merits are en- titled to the rewards get them, and that those who are peculiarly fit to do the dutles are chosen to perform them. Every effort should be made to bring the army to a constantly increasing state of effi- clency. WHen on actual service no work save that directly in line of such eervice should be required. The paper work in the army, as in the navy, should be greatly reduced. What is needed s proved power of command and capacity to work well in the field. Constant care is necessary to prevent dry rot in. the transportation and commissary departments. Our army 15 50 small and so much scattered that 1t 1s very difficult to give the higher offi- cers (as well as the lower officers and the enlisted men) a chance to practice maneuvers in mass and on a comparatively large scale. In time of need no amount of individual excel- lence would avail against the paralysis which would follow inability to work as a coherent whole under skiliful and daring leadership. The Congress should provide means whereby it will be possible to have fleld exercises by at least a division of regulars and if possible also a division of national guardsmen once a year, These exercises might take the form of field maneuvers, or, if on the Gulf Coast or the Pa- cific or Atlantic seaboard, or in the region of | emergency. | difficult to overestimate the improvement in the efficiency of our army whieh these three re- forms are making and have in part already effected. The reorganization provided for by the act Las been substantially accomplished. The im- proved conditions in the Philippines have en- abled the War Department materially to reduce the military charge upon our revenue and to arrange the number of soldlers so as to bging this number much nearer to the minimum t] to the maximum Ilimit established by law. There 1s, however, need of supplementary legis- lation. Thorough military education must be provided and in addition to the regulars the advantages of this education should be given to the officers of the National Guard and others in civil life who desire intelligently to fit them- selves for possible military duty. The officers should be given the chance to perfect them- selves by study in the higher branches of this art.” At West Point the education should be of the kind most apt to turn out men who are good in actual fleld service; too much stress should not be laid on mathematics, nor should proficlency therein be held to establish the right of entry to a corps d'elite. The typical American officer of the best kind need not be a good mathematiclan, but he must be able to master himself, to control others, and to show boldness and fertility of resource In every Portion - Labor The Chicago Post says: ¢It shows tie work of a master haad.” IMlustrated, $1.50 Franklin New York €quare City ‘Harper & Brothers