The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, May 11, 1901, Page 6

Che +Salo< Cull gATURDAY ............ v er e RA Y. K1, 200! JOHN D. SPRECKELS, Proprietor. T iitress Al Gemmuniestions to W. 5. LEAKE, Mamager. MANAGER'S OFFICE. .......Telephone Press 204 PUBLICATION OFFICE...Market and Third, S. F. Telephone Press 201. . EDITORIAL ROOMS. ....217 to 221 Stevenson St. Telephone Press 202, Delivered hy Carriers. 15 Cents Per Weel. Single Coplen. 5 Cents. Terms by Mail, Including Postage: JATLY CALI Oincluding Sunday), one year. TAILY CALL (inc cding Sunday), § month: DAILY CALDL (ncluding Sunday), 3 months. DAILY CALL—By Single Month. WEEKLY CALL, One Year. All postmasters are authorized subseriptions. Semple copies will be forwarded when requested. Matl subscrfbers In erdering chane of address should be particular to give both NEW AND OLD ADDRESS in order 1o insure a prompt and correct compliance with their request. ©AKLAND OFFICE ...111S Broadway GEORGE KROGNESS. Manager Foreign Advertising, Marguette Building, Chieage. ° (Long Distance Telephone “Central 2613."") NEW YORK REPRESENTATIVE: C. C. CABRLTON......cvvvssvess..Herald Square NEW YORK REPRESENTATIVE: STEPHEN B. SMITH. .. ......30 Tribune Bullding NEW YORK NEWS STANDS: ‘Waldorf-Astoria Hotel; A. Brentaso, 81 Union Square; Murrey Hill Hotel CHICAGO NEWS STANDS: Ehermen House; P. O. News Co.; Great Northern Hotel; Fremont House; Auditorium Hotel. WASHINGTON (D. C.) OFFICE....1408 G St., N. W. MORTON E. CRANE, Correspondent. BRANCH OFFICES—E2 Montgomery, corner of Clay, open unti] $:30 o'clock. 300 Hayes, open untfl $:30 o'clock. 633 McAllister, open until $:30 o'clock. 615 Larkin. open until $:30 o'clock. 1841 Mission, open until 10 o'clock. 2261 Market, corner Sixteenth, open until § o'clock. 109 Valencia, open unt] § o'clock. 106 Eleventh, open until 9 o'clock. NW. cor- ner Twenty-second and Kentucky, open untfl 9 o'clock. _— AMUSEMENTS. Columbla—*‘Sag Harbor. Alcazar—*The Conquerors.” Grand Opera-house—"Son of Napoleon.” lifornia—'‘The Lottery of Love.” “The Octoroon.” The Idol's Eye” pheum—Vaudeville. ympia, corner Mason and Eddy streets—Specialties. Chutes, Zoo and Theater—\'lude\‘lll.e\'fly afterncon and evening. Fischer's—Vaudeville. Recreation Park—Baseball Mechanics' Pavilion—Bench Show. > Metropolitan Temple—'‘Scenes From Animal Land,” Satur- day, at 1 a. m. Sutro Baths—Swimming. Emeryville Racetrack—Races to-day. AUCTION SALES. Wm. G. Layng—Tuesday, May 14, at 10 o'clock, Ger- ernment Artillery Horses, at 721 Howard street @:_“—._ 10 SUBSCRIBERS LEAYING TOWN FOR THE SUMMER. Caii subscribers contemplating a change of residcace during the summer months can have their paper forwarded by mail to their new addresses by notifying The Call Business Office. This paser will also be on sale at all summer resorts and is represented by a local agent ia ell towss on the coast. By ey R CALIFORNIA TO THE PRESIDENT C words, material, productive and industrial California stands erect under the crown of scenery and splendor so attractive to the eve and the ‘senses. President McKinley is upon the soil of the greatest of the sources which invite the energies of man for their de- velopment. Referring to the current report of .the State Board of Trade, the President and his Cabinet will find that the State north of the Tehachapi Pass shipped last year 8779 carloads of green deciduous fruits, and south of that pass nineteen carloads were shipped. ALIFORNIA is not a phylactery, but is the stuff of which that spell~is made. In other " Continuing the statistics as from the north and south | e, the north shipped of dried fruits, exclu- | of that Ii sive of raisins, 8490 carloads; the south 369. The north shipped 3421 carloads of raisins; the south 161. The north shipped of canned goods 7852 carloads; the south 492. The north shipped of green vegetables 2757 carloads; the south 2053. Of canned vegetables the north produced 307 carloads; the south 4 Now, when our visitors have got that far in the figures, showing the supremacy of Northern California in all those lines, let them turn to the citrus fruits, oranges, limes, lemons and shaddocks, and see where the su- premacy of the south lies. Southern California shipped last year of citrus fruits the enormous quan- | tity of 21,818 carloads, and the north 827. The north shipped of wine and brandy 889 car- loads; the south 277. The Secretary of Agriculture already knows our beet sugar industry. For the year ending May 31, 1900, California produced over half the beet sugar of the United States. The board’s report says: “It is not possible to exaggerate the impor- tance of the beet sugar industry to the farmers of this Statd” Figures are tiresome, but all administration is dealing with them, and the Cabinet transacts public business between banquets and receptions. nia produced in 1900 28,782,850 pounds of butter, 4,989.960 of cheese, 86,741,713 of sugar, 7,220,000 of ! hops, 973,102 tons of wheat, 27,500,000 pounds of wool, | 650,081.012 feet of lumber, and of metals and minerals 1y, asbestos, asphalt, bituminous rock, bo- cement, chrome, clay, coal, copper, fuller's glass sand, gold, granite, gypsum, infusorial iron ore, lead, limestone, lithia, mica, macadam, te, manganese, marble, mineral paint, mineral , natural gas, onyx and travertine, paving blocks, petrolgum, platinum, pyrites, quartz sand, quicksilver, rubble, salt, sandstone, serpentine, silver, slate, soap- stone, soda, —to the value of $31,000,000. Over all this was spread the canopy of our glorious climate, which we export in the blush and bloom of our fruits and the sparkie of our wines, without re- ducing the original stock in the least. California is glad to see the President, and she flat- ters herself that the gratification is mutual. If he doesn't see what he wants while here, will he please ask for it? The trials of Shamrock II, the new challenger for the America’s cup, show her to be a very fast boat, and the British are becoming sanguine they will at last carry the prize back to their waters; but they have been sanguine before, and Americans are not worrying. 3 ' Wall street may be a more comfértable place than Alaska to look for rapid money, but it is also a great deal more risky, and the frosts are harder, 1 tates in all the elements and capacities and re- | Califor- | THE CUBAN TANGLE. HERE was some surprise in this country that Tthe rather mild terms of the Platt resolution were made the subject of such heated discussion in Cuba. > The resolution ga{'e Cuba the use of our navy, sparing.her the expense of one of her own, and, at least temporarily, protected her against her own inex- perience in the matters of public debt and sanitation of her cities. There are indications now that while the Cubans are on independence bent they have a frugal mind. Their violent opposition to the Platt plan is sus- | ceptible of abatement and abolishment entirely in con- sideration of tariff arrangements which will give Cuban sugar and tobacco an advantage in our market. ! Much has been said about the peppery and per- nicious charactér of the Cuban politicians, but it is more and more apparent that they are nothing more than the moving instruments in a combination of cos- mopolitan planters of sugar and’ tobacco. These planters are Americans, Englishmen and Spaniards, | differing in nationality and race, but all fervently de- | voted to the eagle, and doubly devoted to the double | eagle as coined in our mints. They desire tc break into our market and therein to overrun and run out the domestic products with | which they will compete. American protectionists see | in this sugar and tobacco politics the placing of the | first mine to destroy cur protective system. It would be an economic romance certainly, and perhaps an economic tragedy, if England and the United States | change places in their trade policy. By stubborn ad- herence to the protective system this country has con- quested the trade of the world. We have distanced Germany and overtaken Great Britain. The results | have been so conspicuous that the opponents of pro- tection have almost ceased to make it a political issue. Is it desirable to confess judgment now, when they have no petition filed and no suit before the people? If we are to abate protection in the case of Cuban products, where will we find argument for its main- tenance against the products of any other country? Are we to maintain a sugar tariff, raised higher by countervailing duties, against Germany, Holland, France, Belgium, Russia and Austria-Hungary, while we let Cuban sugar come in free,"or with such abate- | ment of duty as will make the act a vicious discrimina- | tion against those countries, which are also producers | of a surplus of sugar? If we so abate protection in | favor of Cuba on the score of mutual trade, how will the account stand? In 1900 we exported to Cuba $26,000,000 of our products, but the same year Ger- many, Holland, France, Belgium, Russia and Austria- Hungary took of our exports $419,000,000! Henry Clay in 1846 warned the countzy against the danger to the American system involved in just such as this Cuban proposition. If there were reasons on | his side then, how much greater are théy now? In addition to a didcrimination against countries that took nearly a hali-billion of our surplus last year, the demand of the sugar politicians 6f Cuba strikes at a home investment and domestic industry that it would destroy, to the immeasurable harm of our own pro- ducers. There are in operation in this country forty beet sugar factories, with an invested capital of $30,- 000,000. The farmers of Michigan, Ohio, New York; Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Nebraska, Colorado, Utah, Oregon, Washington, Dakota and California have turned to the sugar beet as a profit- able rotating crop. ' Notwithstanding the very low | ruling price of sugar they have found the industry to pay. They cannot compete with Cuban sugar at any reduction in tariff protection. The capital in- vested in the mills would have to find its profit either in raising the price of sugar, which it cannot do, or in lowering the price paid to the farmer for the raw material. When this depression passed the point of his endurance the farmer would abandon beet culture, and our agriculture would lose that profitable varia- | tion in crops. It is known by protectionists that the latter strength of that policy has come from the alliance between the | manufacturing and the agricultural classes, and it is also known that this alliance depends upon the pro- tection of sugar, tobacco, rice and wool. In thé case of sugar and tobacco the influence is especially strong. | Every acre devoted to either is thereby taken out of competition in corn and small grain. Every acre upon which Cuban sugar and tobacco obsoletes the culture of either is returned to competition with corn and small grain. So this issue, by impingement, af- fects an immense class of agriculturists who raise neither sugar nor tobacco, but are the beneficiaries of | the withdrawal. of sugar and tobacco lands from com- petition. The demand of the Cuban planters may be more concentrated, its focus may be more powerful; it is capable of more effective organization; but we-raise the voice of warning now that the American interest in the issue affects millions, and the result will impress those States which control the politics of this country. | | \ \ | e s e | | | i The visit to San Francisco is to be the culmination of the President’s tour, and accordingly every citizen | should decorate his premises in a way to make the city more glorious in brightness and beauty than it has ever been before. THE PROGRESS OF CANADA. | FFICIAL statistics issued by the Canadian | O Government show that the population of Can- ada is now about 6,000,000, as compared with ‘4,800,000 a decade dgo. The increase is equal to 23 per cent, while that of the United States during the | same period was 21 per cént. The record is one with which most Canadians are satisfied, for it shows their country is increasing more rapidly than they expected, ! and that they are no longer losing an undue propor- tion of their young men to the United States. In fact it appears the drift of migration is for the present against us rather than in our favor, as it has been in the past. It is said that upward of 12,000 | Americans crossed the border and made their homes |in Canada last year, and it is estimated that during | the present year the number of such settlers will be not far, if any, short of 20,000. Moreover, the san- guine Canadians are calculating that the number of American immigrants will continue to increase every year for at least a quarter of a century to come. The Klondike boom had of course something to do gold country a considerable number of miners and adventurers. Such immigrants, however, can hardly be regarded as a permanent addition to the popula- tion. A more important attraction has been the lib- eral inducements offered by the Canadian Govern- ment to settlers on the public lands of the great northwest. In that vast region there are still. ample lands for the landless, and enterprising men from this as well as from other countries are hastening to take possession of them. 1t appears the Canadian Immigration 'Depzmmént has agents all over the farming States of, the Union, and that the bulk of the American settlers last year were drawn from Dakota, Minnesota, Nebraska, l with the American immigration, for it carried to the 50 GALL, SATURDAY, MAY 11, 1901 Illinois. The Government, it is said, not only offers its land free; but it grants subsidies for irrigation in arid regions. Over 200 canals have already been con- structed in various places, bringing a million waste acres under cultivation. Free land will of course always be an attraction to the Anglo-Saxon or Teutonic race. The great mass of men belonging to that race have ever had a desire to be land-owners. So long as the United States had good lands to give away we attracted thousands of immigrants, who came here as much for the sake of getting free land as for the sake of becoming citizens of the republic and enjoying the blessings of our form of government. Now that the best of our Government lands are exhausted the land-seekers turn to the fields of Canada. While everything is thus promising for the future and gratifying to the Canadian optimist there are of 6,000,000 for so large and so rich a country is noth- ing to boast of. One of that class, Seigneur Papi- neau of Montebello, a son of Louis Papineau, who led the revolt against Great' Britain in 1837, has recently published an open letter in which he says: “If Can- ada had joined the Revolution, instead of remaining a puny cofony of six millions it would now number over twenty millions and the whole trade of the Northern States would have followed the natural course of the St. Lawrence. The double belt of Custom-houses and obstruction would have had no existence.- Toronto would have outstripped Buffalo, and even Chicago; Montreal and Quebec would have eclipsed Boston and New York.” The soundness of Papifieau’s statement can hardly be questioned. However, it is now too late in the day to talk of what,would have happened had the French Canadians of the time of the Revolution sided with the American colonists. Having taken the course \ years, and if now there is a beginning of a new era in her history and a more rapid progress is about to be achieved by her people the United States will have nothing but congratulations for her neighbors, A FIGHT TO A FINISH. ETWEEN the British and the Boers there are B no signs of surrender or of compromise. Each side has evidently resolved to fight the war out until the other is completely beaten. Every offer of terms has been rejected by the Boers, and fany suggestion of abandoning the struggle for su- premacy is scoffed at by the British. It is now known that the stfuggle is to be a long and costly one to the empire and a disastrous and devastating one to the republic, but none the less néither side is willing to yield. The one will centinue to send to the front new troops, no matter how. high the taxgs rise, and the other will continue to uphold the cause of indepen- dence though all the skies be red with the glare of burning homes. In a recent speech in Parliament Balfour said the Boers must now be convinced that the resolution of the British people is unalterable. Sir Alfred Milner says the British in South Africa upon whom the | burden of the war has fallen are as determined as are the people at home. In speaking of them he said: “They are sick to death of the war, which has brought ruin to many of them and imposed considerable sacri- fices upon all; but they would rather see the war con- tinue for an indefinite time than run’ the risk of any compromise which would leave éven “the remotest chance of the recurrence of so terrible a scourge in the future. They are prepared to fight and to suffer on in order to make South Africa indisputably and forever one country under one flag, with one system of government, and that system British.” On the other side the Boers are equally determined to maintain their independence or perish in the at- tempt. Like the British, they are resolved to fight the controversy to a finish now so that it may never Lrise again to devastate their country. It is reported that a British commissioner sent out from Kroonstad recently tried to impress upon Dewet that it is a duty on his part to surrender and thus save his country from further ruin and a useless sacrifice of life; In reply Dewet said neither he nor his people had the slightest idea of surrender, and with respect to the devastation of the country he added the war would not begin in genuine earnest until the farms and towns had been so ruined the people would have no longer any thought about saving their possessions. The London Chronicle recently published an ac- count of Dewet furnished by a Dutch major who after serving with the Boers for six months has just returned home. In describing the Boer hero the writer says: “In spite of his 44 years he looked in the prime of life as he held out his hand to me with a smile of recognition. One can see that he is conscious of his fame, that he realizes the estimate the English have formed of him as the man who has been too slim for them all. He is, however, entirely devoid of pride or conceit. He looks upon himself always as a mere instrument in God’s hand, for his belief in a divine government of things is as firm as a rock. ‘If, he said once to. a pastor, ‘I had not seen things happen in almost every fight which the mere human intelli- gence would have thought impossible, and which clearly showed the hand of God, I should long ago have lost heart’ If the war should last for years longer he will accept it as a purifying trial, and will fight with the last 300 in the Northern Transvaal un- less killed or taken prisoner before.” Here, then, is a leader avho his jabsolutely irrecon- cilable, and who expects success through his faith in the justice of his cause. His followers are'as ardent as himself, and so long as the wilds of their country afford thém a place of security from their pursuers ism as was ever shown in any war, and with all their doggedness the British cannot face it without a feel- ing of anxiety. How long it will take to end the struggle no one can now foresee. Even the British prophets have ceased to predict that it will soon be brought to a close, for it now seems to be conceded that so long as any number of Boers remain with arms in their hands the fight will continue. E e — In a recent addréss at a Baptist church John D. Rockefeller said: “One of the best works a young man can do is to influence other people to give their money for the support of a church.” On the line of that rule Rockefeller’s own work must rank as extra best, for he has made people give up not only to churches but to everything else in sight—including large contributions to his private pile. 3 Boston is disturbed over the discovery that a num- ber of Harvard students have been paying 50 per cent for borrowed money, and now everybody is advising the faculty to start a business college as an annex Towa, Michigan, Kansas, Montana, Wisconsin and. many in the Dominion who insist that a population | they did, Canada has been sidetracked for all these | they will carry on the fight by raid after raid until their. strength is utterly exhausted. This is as true a hero- | to teach the Loys something about the value of money. | Fook. Pierpont Morgan :s having an easy 'éhing now, but | PAPERS ON All maritime natlons, recognizing their | large share of responsibility for the safety of the ships which frequent the navigable ‘waters within their domain, maintain es- tablishments crganized to chart the coasts, to mark the dangers, and as these safeguards at times In stress weather prove unavailing they provide a means to rescue life from imminent disaster. Quick voyages and light risks find their reflection in correspondingly small insur- ance premiums and low charter rates. These charges being placed on the com- modities of trade, any decrease in their amount benefits either producer or con- sumer, wherever he may be. The rapid development and enormous Increase of -| our commerce would have been impossi- ble without the faithful execution of the carefully planned measures of this Gov- ernment in the interests of the ocean car- rying trade. The United States coast and geodetic survey has -shared in the im- portant work designed to carry out this enlightened policy from the time of its organization. The survey had its beginning in 1807, when Thomas Jefferson recommended to Congress its establishment, and soon aft- erward Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury, addressed a circular to eminent scientific men inviting their views on the best method of conducting a systematic survey of our coasts. The plan finally adopted was submitted by Ferdinand Ru- dolph Hassler, a Swiss by birth, a man versed in the art of conducting extensive surveys and well fitted by his knowledge ! and indomitable spirit to 1naugurate a | great enterprise, { The task which he and his successors | set themselves to perform was to make a | trigonometric survey of the coasts 1n ac- | cordance with the most approved means | which modern science affords, using al- t ways the most approved methods and in- struments: the topography to be carried as far inland as might be necessary for proper delineation of the shore for pur- poses either of commerce or of defense, and with scundings of the adjacent waters within twenty ieagues of the shove, and inland to the liead of ship navigation or tidal influence. 3 Keeping pare with the territorial expan- sion of our country, the operations of the survey were extended successively to the Florida and Texas coasts, to California and the shores of the Pacific as far as the | Straits of Fuca, ard later on to Alaska, with its vast length of intricate shore line, stretching from the historical paral- lel of latitude * "' northward to the | | frozen ocean, and comprising witnin its | limits the remarkable chain of the Aleu- g tion Islands, projecting westward for a illsumce of over 1000 miles from the main- and. . Further Extension of the Work. In order to connect the surveys on the Pacific Coast with those on the Atlantic | 2 transcontinental triangulation extend- ing from shore to shore was authorized, and the word “zeodetic’. was added to the name of the organization, making it the I‘coast and geodetic survey. 2 Yet more recently, after the Spanish war, the survey was directed by Con- | gressional legisiation to include within its scope the coasts of the countries under the jurisdiction of the United States. | The plan upon which it was organized {and the methols it employs are the out- growth of trial and experience from the | time of its inception. Under the direction of a superintendent there are two great | divisions of its work—the field and the of- | fice divisions. The field includes all the | practical operations of the survey on land | and sea. 'The office is that part of the es- | tablishment where the results obtained in the fleld are received, digested. prepared ! for publication and finaliy published. | The chief product of its work is the | chart, which is an illustration of thé most 1t repre- ents in a most condensed form a large amount of information in a manner to be | quickly read and comprehended without jeffort. On account of its simplicity of | representation a slight alteration of any {of its characters may lead to dangerous | consequences. The -shifting of a light- house symbol here or the omission of a rocky ledge symbol there would be a suf- ficlent cause to wreck a ship. Value of the Charts to Mariners. There are few flelds of rwork where ac- curacy and faithful attention to details are more necessary than in chartmaking. The chart by showing the landmarks, beacons and- buoys in their true relation to the deep water and the shoals enables the mariner to pick his way over the shortest and safest course to his destin- ation. This is its chief value in fair weather. It renders a still more important service in foul weather, when these guid- ing marks are hidden from view. Sur- rounded on all sides by an 4mpenetrable| curtain of mist the navigator seeks below the surface of the waves the information denied him above them. By means of his lead line he measures the depth of the water and ascertains the nature of the bottom. Comparing these with the sound- inga on the chart he verifies, or, perhaps, modifies the position assumed by reck- oning from the last int of departure. He then proceeds on his way with confl- dence and if he is prudent repeats this process until the air clears or his course carries him far outside all danger. On apprcaching the coast, but still out of sight of land, the same method is pur- sued to check the reckoning and to add to the precision of the navigation of the ship. Precise navigation demands pre- cise surveys and the faithful and distinet representation of their results in the form of a chart. A perfect chart should be like Caesar’s wife, above suspicion. Gross inaccuracies are the fruitful source of disaster and a chart of doubtful ac- curacy Is the cause of delay. In this day of highspeed and quick sale for ready cargoes, time is money, and lost time means increased coal consumption and the increas; expenditures or smaller profits always coincldent with uncertain service. 4 Former Ignorance of Our Coasts. ‘What the Coast and Geodetic Survey has accomplished toward the safety of naviga- tion along our coasts can be more clearly illustrated by giving some of the notable examples of the condition of the charts of our coasts existing at the time it be- gan work. 'The charts of that period appear to have been compiled from surveys made by the English and Spanish previous to the War of the Revolution. ere was_then no systematic plan of operation based on correct methods, as at present, and car- ried on by a body of men trained in the practice of surveying fcr years and pur- suing it as their life’s vocation. Some of these instances of uncharted dangers, or glaring errors of position are of such a character and relate to such important localities that if they existed to-day they would effect an embargo on modern ‘commerce little short of that which would follow a state of war. For example, the vast area of shoals extend- ing south of Nantucket Island was only pnrua.xy developed. the outer- most_shoal lying six beyond the supposed extremity was unknown. And vet these shoals ar¢ a serious menace to are, at the navigation, situated, as the; tu;?\g point of the track of Burope to New York, Prgl‘u vessels from CURRENT TOPICS, PREPARED BY EXPERTS AND SPECIALISTS FOR - THE SaN FraNCISCO CALL. What ,tlhe Federal Governmént Does to Les- sen Dangers to Men Who Go Down- “to the Sea in Ships. By O. H. Tittmann, SUPERINTENDENT OF THE UNITED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SUR- VEY. —_— (COPYRIGHT, 130L) XIII—COAST AND G EODETIC SURVEY. ized work of the coast survey developed its existence. Had it been known in D'Esfaing’s fleet might have passed into the bay, the British fleet might have been destroyed and the Revolutionary War might have been shortened by several e Work Done by the Coast Survey. To further illustrate, take the facts in the case of the early maps of Delaware Bay. Cape Henlopen and Cape May lights were laid down all the way from four and one-half to seven miles too far apart. A survey based on shore points accurately determined developed other errors in this bay equally larges The light at Bombay Hook, the leading mark for running up the bay, was found to be five miles out of position. The deepest and most sheltered channel in the widest part of the bay was supposed to be al- most a shoal. The list of such inaccur- acies could be lengthened indefinitely. If such were the conditions along the main thoroughfares of trade it may be imagined how _little reliance cquld be placed on charts of other portions of the Atlantic coast. If they were less faulty it is no doubt owing to the fact that the nature of the region afforded fewer op- portunities for error. The charts of the gulf coast were made up from a patch- work of heterogeneous information, while those of the California coasts were tne re- sults of exploring expeditions and had no exact basls. 5 Fortunately these conditions are a mat- ter of history now, in so far as they relate to the Atlantic, gulf and Pacific coasts of the United States and a portion of Alas- ka. Over 500 charts of different scales to suit the various wants of the mari- ner are published. They range from a salling chart of a small scale covering long stretches of coast to the large scale harbor chart. On the latter the topogra- phy has been so minutely detailed that in many cases individual houses are repro- sented. The adjacent water areas have likewise received the closest examination to develop the characteristic features of the bottom and to discover all hidden dan- gers. At critical places the depths are Flven to the nearest half foot. Since it s impossible to put all the navigzational information on the charts they are sup- plemented by such publications as the “Coast Pilots,” the “Tide Tables” and the ‘‘Notices to Mariners.” Constant Changes of the Coast. The work of an organization devoted to the survey and charting of a coast like ours never ceases. Under water, as well as along the water's edge, tidal currents and storm waves are constantly operating to produce change, while on shore the aspect of the country is being continually altered by a denser settlement, old land- marks being destroyed and new ones ap- pearing. Therefore, the shores and ad- jacent-waters of our immediate coasts will always need constant supervision and pe- riodical revision, while Alaska and the Philippine Islands will tax the energies of the survey for years to come. Few people are aware of the number and relative importance of the different operations which precede the constric- tion of a modern chart. Since its chief function is to_show the depth of the water the hydrography generally occa- ples the larger space and is the most con- Ipicuous feature. It should, however, be | understood that it is but one of the op- | erations. Like the soundings btained by the leadsman, which form the larger part of the hydrographic notes, it is dependent for its value on other work quite as im- portant. . The topography, next to the hydrogra- phy, occupies on the chart the greatest s?ce and attracts more attention than the remainder of the information. Be- sides being useful to the mariner to To- cate his whereabouts on the water, it is studied with reference to military defense, harbor improvements and other engineer- ing problems which come up for solution in the vicinity of great commercial thor- oughfares. The topographer, like the hy- drogapher, is also dependent on the Ia- bors of others for the necessary trigo- nometric control which gives his work the required accuracy. Magnetic Currents. The magnetic work of the survey is only represented on the chart by one or more compass diagrams, which show the amount of the deviation of the needle from the north for a certain date, and its annual change. In order correctly to draw these dlagrams, make the predictions for them and study the laws governing the movements of the needle, the survey has determined the magnetic elements ai a large number of stations along the coasts and throughout the interior of our terri- tory, and is constantly adding new sta- tions and revisiting the old ones. The results of this work are not onlv of vital importance to the mariner but of the greatest necessity to every survevor of the land. Many boundary disputes invoiv- ing large sums of money have been defin- itely settled by recourse to the surveyor's publications on_this subject, which are received as final authority by the courts, The results of another field of observa- tion and research, the tides, only appear on the chart in the form of a small table. Yet to obtain the necessary data for its construction, the observations of the tides at many points along the coasts, and cov- ering a period of many years, hav collected and studied. e tables, ®hich are published in book form, are predicted in the office of the survey a year in ad- vance, and are ready for_ distribution in ample time for mailing to distant agencies before the date when they come into use. Their contents appear in the daily press of the country in the shape of daily pre- dictions of local tide. Other Features -of the Service. From the astronomical work of the sur- vey is derived the small table containing the geographical positions (the latitudes and longitudes) of the principal light- hcuses which are shown on the chart. It also controls through the triangulation all other geographi positions. Besides this, every city and town in the United States which has its longitude accurately known is indebted to the telegraphic long- itude system of the survey. That branch of the work which fur- nishes the framework for constructing the chart is not represented on the published chart at all. This is the triangulation. It controls the work of the topographer and hydrographer by supplying points whose distances and directions are known, and bz means of which each feature on the chart is properly related to every other feature and is assigned its correct geo- graphical position. The completed trian- gg}u:lon sdyltm ~ hextcnl(lllng the sts, and also through the inte: the continent, furnishes te three- lm.}rteg:' of the States of the Unlon exact distances nd ‘eofra ical positions on which to their topograrhic surveys. addition, as part of the trigonometric systems, the eastern half of the. United States has been covered with a network of precise level circuits, and bench marks glving the heights above mean sea level havc been freely distributed over the %x&h l:;en t:rn ’t.hbe' benefit of system nded cific Coast. o » Itsl‘; t at all surprisi g not af ng that from the earliest time man shoul ted concerning the size and AL - on which he lives. The a base In shape of the earth first definite step _— size and shape of the earth has been com- puted, but the problem is so complex that, for its solution, the co-operationsof all civilized nations has been invoked and obtained by international ment. Coast and Geodetic Survey has contrib- uted as its share toward our knowledge of -this important question one of the longest measured areas, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, along the thirty-ninth parallél of latitude, and a shorter one extencjhg from Maine to Louisiana. Since the work of the Coast and Geodetic Survey covers such a wide territory and consists of such varied operations, it has been possible only to sugfest in the fore- goirg outline its general character and utility. The methods and results have been pronounced by many eminent men who were themselves in charge of survey work to be unexcelled by those of any other nation. PERSONAL MENTION. Mose Gunst starts to-day for a trip to Europe. D. J. B. Hamilton of Los Angeles is at the Occidental. C. G. H. McBride, a capitalist of San Jose, is at the Palace. Louis Kaizer, the American Consul at Mazatlan, Mex., is in the city. He is at the Grand. W. P. Dunham, a prominent mining man of Denver. arrived from Los Angeles yesterday and Is at the Palace. Colonel John Bradbury, Mrs. S. M. Bradbury and L. Bradbury arrived from Los Angeles yesterday and are registered at the Palace. J. H. McNally, United States Consul General at Guatemala, arrived yesterday on the steamship Coptic on a leave of abserce of a few weeks. e CALIFORNIANS IN NEW YORK. NEW YORK, May 10.—The following Californians are in New TYork: San Francisco—P. H. Boyle, at Grand; E. P. Danforth, at Holland; T. Harris, at Grand Union; A. F. Judda, at Herald Square; W. C. Matthies, at Grand Union; C. B. Spalding, at Hoffman; F. E. Ware, at Astor; F. Hylton, at Broadway Cen- tral; W. P. Matthies, at Hoffman; B. L. Quayle, T. Quayle and wife, Mrs. E. Van Cott, at Continental; W. D. Clark, at Hol- land; N. J. Koshland, at Herald Square; E. Livingston, at Cadillac; H. J. Otten- heimer, V. R. Ulman, at Herald Square. ANSWERS TO QUERIES TWO ISLANDS—A. 8. M. C., City. The area of the island of Haytl, or Haiti, is 401 square miles; that of the island of a;]r;: Hawailan Islands, is 600 square miles. A LETTER-R. E., City. There is no letter delivery in San Francisco on Sun- days. If you desire to have a letter de- livered to a business place in the city on that day, you will kave to engage mes- senger service or deliver it yourself. WASHINGTON CENT-J. C. J., City. The market value of a Washington cent of 1783 bearing the legend ‘“Washington and Independence” on the obverse, and “Unity States of America” on the re- verse, is from 50 to 75 cents. Dealers do not offer any premium for such a coin. PROOF READER—P., Oakland, Cal. A person desiring a position as proof reader should go to the foreman of the office in which he would like to work, state his qualifications and tell him that he is looking for employment. The chances of obtaining a situation are the same as in all occupations where there is only a limited demand. COLORING MATTER-Inquirer, City. The color of the hair seems to depend on the presence of a peculiar ofl, which is of a sepia tint In dark hair, blood-red in red hair and yellowish in fair hair. This oil may be extracted by alcohol or ethey, and the hair is then left a grayish-yellow tint. The grayness of hair in advanced life is due to a deficiency of this oil. There are those who hold that there is nothing that will supply that deficlency, and that the hair is like the branch of a tree in which nature has shut off the sap supply: the branch remains and withers, In fact turns gray, but no amount of cultivation can re- store the sap. There are others who claim that they have discovered the secret by Whl‘l.;h hair is supplied with the coloring matter. PLACER CLAIMS—C. R., Woodland, Cal. Claims usually called ‘placers,” in- cluding all forms of deposits excepting veins of quartz or other rock in place, are subject to entry or patent under like cir- cumstances and conditions and upon sim- ilar proceedings as are provided for vein or lodge claims; but where the lands have been previously surveyed by the United States the entry in its exterior limits should conform to the legal subdivistons of the public iands. A location shall not exceed 1500 feet in length nor 600 feet in width. Placer lands are open to explora- tion and gurchase and to occupation and purchase by citizens, or such as have de- clared their intention to become such, un- der regulation prescribed by law and ac- cording to the customs of the local miners in the several gistricts, so far as the same are applicable 2nd not inconsistent with the laws of the United States. One who wants to locate a placer claim should visit the land office of the district in which it is located. S g P P A CHANCE TO SMILE. Fulton Street—That was a very sweet kiss you gave me at the ball last _evening. Miss Bay Ridge—Impossible! I was masked; so you could not be sure that you kissed me. Mr. Fulton Street—Oh, but I am; I kissed every girl there!—Brooklyn Eagle. They were talking of a baby that had quite enraptured her. d “Isn’t she just sweet enough to kiss?” she asked. “Not yet,” he replied thoughtlessly, Mr. “not by about sixteen or teen years. " Tid-Bits. s It was evident in his that he was a sclon of the British aristoeracy, and the most casual observer could not have failed to note that he was a stranger to the city. He touched a well dressed, auburn haired young man who was lolling in front of a Broadway hotel on the shoulder. “Pardon me, me dear man, but could I trouble you for a match?”’ After lighting his cigar he continued: “Bah Jove, this is a remarkable city. This Is me first visit to New York, d've know? I'm a deuced stranger, but on the other side I'm a pe: son of importance; 1 am Sir Franecis fy, Knight of the Garter, Knight of the Bath, Knight of the Double Eagle, Knight of the Golden Fleece. Knight of the Iron Cross. D've mind teiling me your name, me dear man?”’ Replied he of the auburn hair, in a deep, rich brogue: ‘‘Me name is Michael Murphy, night be- fore last, night before that, last night, to- ht and every night—Michael Murphy.” dlandpolis . Choice candies, Townsend's, Palace Hotel* Cal. glace fruit 50c per Ib at Townsend's.* Best eyeglasses, specs, 10c to 40c. Look out 81 4th, front of barber and grocery. * e — Townsend’s California glace fruits, 50c a in_fire-etched boxes bas- Potn s sarket. Batace Hoter g:&:mu sl ool S Decorate for v 30,000 rolls red, white and blue = per.” Immense dolored pictures of MeRin on stretchers. Bunting, festooning, elds and flags for the million. Sanborn, 'vfi-n & Co., 41 Starket nn.mt_ 5 in Atchison, 20 years old, has “doets " o three years past. She is niom: —_———— : Are you prepared to stand the severity - ter? Dr. Stegert" b 4 —_— One of the handsomest girls